{"id":15149,"date":"2023-06-05T12:05:09","date_gmt":"2023-06-05T06:35:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/?p=15149"},"modified":"2023-06-05T17:10:58","modified_gmt":"2023-06-05T11:40:58","slug":"ap-board-10th-class-physical-science-notes-chapter-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/ap-board-10th-class-physical-science-notes-chapter-4\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Board 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 4 Refraction of Light at Curved Surfaces"},"content":{"rendered":"

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Physical Science Notes<\/a> Chapter 4 Refraction of Light at Curved Surfaces to understand and remember the concept easily.<\/p>\n

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 4 Refraction of Light at Curved Surfaces<\/h2>\n

\u2192 The lens is an optical system with two refracting surfaces.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The lens which is thicker at its centre than edges is called a convex (or) converging lens.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The lens which is thicker at its edges than the centre is called a concave (or) diverging lens.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The lemon in the water of the glass tumbler appears bigger than its actual size when viewed from the sides of the tumbler due to refraction.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The relation between refractive indices of media, object distance, image distance and radius of curvature is given by
\n\\(\\frac{n_{2}}{v}-\\frac{n_{1}}{u}=\\frac{\\left(n_{2}-n_{1}\\right)}{R}\\)<\/p>\n

\u2192 In the case of plane surfaces, R & f are infinity. Power is equal to zero.
\n\u2234 \\(\\frac{n_{2}}{v}=\\frac{n_{1}}{u}\\)<\/p>\n

\u2192 Each curved surface of a lens is part of a sphere.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The centre of the sphere which contains the part of the curved surface is called the centre of curvature.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The midpoint of the lens is called a pole (or) optical centre.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The point from which rays seem emanating is called focal point or focus (F). (or) The point where rays converge is called the focal point of focus.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

\u2192 Every lens has two focal points.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The distance between the focal point and pole is called focal length which is denoted by f.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The line that joins the centre of curvature and the pole is called the principal axis.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The distance between the centre of curvature and pole is called the radius of curvature (R).<\/p>\n

\u2192 Any ray passing through the principal axis is un-deviated.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Any ray passing through the pole is also un-deviated.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The rays passing parallel to the principal axis converge at focus or diverge from focus.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The ray passing through the focus of the convex lens will take a path parallel to the principal axis after refraction.<\/p>\n

\u2192 When parallel rays fall on the lens making a certain angle with the principal axis the rays converge at a point or appear to diverge from a point lying on a focal plane.<\/p>\n

\u2192 If the size of the image is larger than that of an object, it is called a magnified image.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Lens formula is \\(\\frac{1}{v}-\\frac{1}{u}=\\frac{1}{f}\\)
\nv = image distance
\nu = object distance
\nf = focal length.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Lens maker formula is \\(\\frac{1}{f}\\) = (n -1)\\(\\left(\\frac{1}{R_{1}}-\\frac{1}{R_{2}}\\right)\\)
\nn is the absolute refractive index
\nR1<\/sub> R2<\/sub> are radii of curvature.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Lens: A lens is formed when a transparent material is bounded by two spherical surfaces.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Focal Length (f) The distance between the focal point and optic centre (pole) is called the focal length of the lens. It is denoted by f.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Focus (F): The point of converging lar) the point from which rays seem emanating is called focal point or focus.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The optic centre or Pole (P): The midpoint of a thin lens is called a pole or optical centre.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Principal axis: The line joining the centre of two curved surfaces is called the principal axis
\n(or)
\nThe line joining the centre of curvatures and the pole.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

\u2192 The radius of curvature (R): The distance between the centre of curvature and the optic centre is called the radius of curvature.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Centre of curvature (C): The centre of the sphere which contains the part of the curved surface is called the centre of curvature.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Focal plane: A plane that is perpendicular to the principal axis at the focus is called the focal plane.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Beam: A number of rays combined together are called a beam.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Ray: The straight-line path along which the light travels, in a homogeneous medium, is called a ray.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Convergent beam: When a group of light rays fall on a convex lens after refraction meets at a point is called a convergent beam.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Divergent beam: When a group of light rays fall on a concave lens after refraction move away from a point is called a divergent beam.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Parallel beam: When a group of light rays parallel to each other is called a parallel beam.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Real image: The image formed on the screen is called a real image.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Virtual image: The \u00a1mage which cannot be formed on the screen is called a virtual image.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Aperture: The effective width of a lens through which refraction takes place \u00a1s called the aperture.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Magnifying glass: A glass, which enlarges an object.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Biconvex or Double convex lens: A lens that may have two spherical surfaces bulging outwards is called a double convex lens.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

\u2192 Biconcave or Double concave Pens: It is bounded by two spherical surfaces curved inward.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Lens formula: \\(\\frac{1}{\\mathrm{v}}-\\frac{1}{\\mathrm{u}}=\\frac{1}{\\mathrm{f}}\\)
\nv = image distance
\nu = object distance
\nf = focal length of tens<\/p>\n

\u2192 Lens maker\u2019s formula: \\(\\frac{1}{f}\\) = (n -1)\\(\\left(\\frac{1}{R_{1}}-\\frac{1}{R_{2}}\\right)\\)
\nn = Absolute refractive index
\nR1<\/sub> = Radius of curvature of the first surface
\nR2<\/sub> = Radius of curvature of the second surface<\/p>\n

\u2192 Enlarged image (Magnified image): If the size of the image is greater than that of an object, it is called an enlarged (or) magnified image.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Diminished image: If the size of the image is less than that of an object, it Is called a diminished Image.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Object distance (u) : Distance between object and lens (optic centre).<\/p>\n

\u2192 Image distance (v) : Distance between image and lens (optic centre).
\n\"AP<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

\u2192 Sir David Brewster (11 Dec. 1781 – 10 Feb. 1868):<\/p>\n