{"id":15916,"date":"2023-06-20T16:11:26","date_gmt":"2023-06-20T10:41:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/?p=15916"},"modified":"2023-06-21T17:39:11","modified_gmt":"2023-06-21T12:09:11","slug":"ap-board-9th-class-biology-notes-chapter-10","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/ap-board-9th-class-biology-notes-chapter-10\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Board 9th Class Biology Notes Chapter 10 Soil Pollution"},"content":{"rendered":"

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Biology Notes<\/a> Chapter 10 Soil Pollution and Functions to understand and remember the concept easily.<\/p>\n

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Biology Notes Chapter 10 Soil Pollution<\/h2>\n

\u2192 Our environment is composed of the atmosphere, earth and water.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The interaction of the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere is continuing for years together.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Soil is one of the marvellous products of nature and without which there would be no life.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Soil formation is a long and complex process and it can take 100 to 10,000years to create one inch of topsoil<\/p>\n

\u2192 Crop quality directly depends on the quality of the agricultural soil in which it is grown.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The soil properties can be divided into three major categories. Physical, chemical and biological properties.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Soil consists of nutrients necessary for plants growth such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The pH of the soil is important in determining the type of vegetation that will grow in the soil and the type of organisms that will live there.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Soil is the most abundant and diverse ecosystem on the earth.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Soil microbes convert organic forms of elements to their inorganic forms and liberate carbon dioxide, ammonia etc., by a process known as mineralization.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Fertility of soil is closely associated with the properties of soil and is defined by its capacity to hold water and nutrients and supply them to plants when they need them, independent of direct application of nutrients.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Proper soil fertility management is very important for successful crop production and farming.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The waste generated from various sources can be categorized into two types like biodegradable waste and non-biodegradable waste.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

\u2192 Decomposition is the process of materials being digested and broken down into simpler substances making nutrients more available to plants.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Soil or land pollution can be understood as the addition of substances that adversely affect the quality of soil or its fertility.<\/p>\n

\u2192 On the basis of sources of pollutants, soil pollution can be classified into three categories.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Agricultural soil pollution<\/li>\n
  2. Soil pollution by industrial effluents and solid wastes<\/li>\n
  3. Pollution due to urban activities.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u2192 A soil pollutant is any factor that deteriorates the quality, texture and mineral content of the soil or which disturbs the biological balance of the organisms in the soil.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Pesticides not only have a toxic effect on humans and animals but also decrease the fertility of the soil<\/p>\n

    \u2192 The process of increasing the concentration of chemicals through the food chain is known as biomagnification.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Solid waste may be defined as the organic and inorganic waste produced by various activities of the society which have lost their value to the first user.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Solid waste on the basis of its sources of origin can be classified as municipal solid waste, hazardous solid waste and infectious solid waste.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Soil erosion occurs when the weathered soil particles are dislodged and carried away by wind or water.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Forests and grasslands are an excellent binding material that keeps the soil intact<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Urban activities generate large quantities of city wastes including several biodegradable materials.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 If solid waste is left uncollected and decomposed, they cause problems like clogging of drains, the barrier to the movement of water, foul smell, increased microbial activities etc.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 To prevent soil pollution, we can limit construction in sensitive areas.<\/p>\n

    \"AP<\/p>\n

    \u2192 In general, we would need less fertilizer and fewer pesticides if we could all adopt the four R’s: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Incineration of wastes is expensive and leaves a huge residue and adds to air pollution.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Pyrolysis is a process of combustion in absence of oxygen or the material burnt under a controlled atmosphere of oxygen.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Bioremediation means using a biological remedy to reduce or clean up contamination.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 We can conserve soil by planting trees, terraces, no-till farming, contour ploughing, crop rotation, soil pH, watering the soil, salinity management, soil organisms and indigenous crops.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Atmosphere: The gaseous envelope surrounding the earth constitutes the atmosphere.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Lithosphere: Solid rocky layer covering the entire surface of the planet.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Hydrosphere: Contains all of the earth\u2018s bodies of water.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Biosphere: All the life-supporting zones on earth are together called the biosphere.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Topography: It \u00a1s the shape or configuration of the land represented on a map by contour lines.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Parent material: Any type of substance or material which undergoes some process to produce another material.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Weathering: Breakdown of bigger rocks into smaller mineral particles.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Thawing: The process whereby heat changes something from a solid to a liquid.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Crumb: A very small quantity of something.<\/p>\n

    \"AP<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Leaching: To be removed from soil by water passing through it.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Stench: A strong, very unpleasant smell.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Trash: Things that we throw away because we no longer want or need them.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Smelt: To heat and melt ore.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Ooze: The liquid flows from the place slowly.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Clog: To block or become blocked.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Inundate: To cover an area of land with a large amount of water.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Dire: Very serious.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Pyrolysis: It \u00a1s a process of combustion in absence of oxygen or the material burnt under a controlled atmosphere of oxygen.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Incineration: To burn substance until it is completely destroyed at high temperature.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Omnipresent: Present everywhere.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Tillage: The process of preparing and using land for growing crops.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Abode: Living place.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Gophers: Animal that lives in holes in the ground.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Soil fertility: The soil containing rich nutrients and is suitable for plants to grow.<\/p>\n

    \"AP<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Mineralization: It \u00a1s the process of converting organic forms of elements to their inorganic forms by soil microbes liberating CO2<\/sub>, NH3<\/sub>, sulphate, phosphate.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Biogeochemical cycle: The cycle that involves the flow of nutrients on earth from the environment to organisms and back through certain pathways are known as the biogeochemical cycle.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Biodegradable waste: Substances that can be degraded by microbes into harmless and non-toxic substances.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Non-biodegradable waste: Substances that cannot be easily degraded.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Soil erosion: Loss of top layers of soil by wind or water \u00a1s known as soil erosion.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Biomagnification: The process of increasing the concentration of toxic chemicals through the food chain.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Bioremediation: It means to use a biological remedy to reduce or clean up soil contamination.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Soil pollution: Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in soils of persistent toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease-causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Organic soil: Soil that contains 30% or more organic matter (residues of dead plants and animals) is considered organic soil.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Abate: Reduce<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Mycorrhiza: It is the symbiotic association that is taking place between a fungus and the roots of a plant.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Fragility: Easily broken or damaged.<\/p>\n

    \"AP<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Subtle: Not very noticeable.
    \n\"AP
    \n\u2192 In one acre of land where the topsoil is eight inches thick nearly five and a half tons of Bacteria are present. 50,000 Earthworms are also present in it.<\/p>\n

    \u2192 James Hutton (1726 – 1797):
    \nJames Hutton: Father of Modern Georgy<\/p>\n