\n| 6<\/td>\n | Aurangzeb<\/td>\n | 1658 -1707 AD<\/td>\n | Son of Shah Jahan. He conquered Bijapur and Golkonda.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n a. Name the first Mughal ruler who practiced the idea of “universal peace”.
\nAnswer:
\nAkbar.<\/p>\n b. Who built the Red Fort from where the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on Independence day?
\nAnswer:
\nShahjahan.<\/p>\n c. Who was the first Mughal emperor defeated by other kings?
\nAnswer:
\nHumayun.<\/p>\n d. Name the emperor who ruled the Mughal dynasty for the longest duration?
\nAnswer:
\nAkbar and Aurangzeb.<\/p>\n ![\"AP](\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\") <\/p>\n
Question 3.
\nDescribe the religious policy of Akbar.
\nAnswer:
\nAkbar was interested in the religion and social customs of different people. He wanted to bring together people of diverse faiths. He started discussions on religion with scholars of all religions. This eventually led Akbar to the idea of sulh-i-kul or \u201cuniversal peace\u201d. His idea of tolerance did not discriminate among people of different reli\u00acgions in his realm. With the help of Abut Fazl Akbar framed a vision of governance,
\ni.e., the emperor would work for the welfare of all subjects irrespective of their religion or social status and not for the welfare of just one community. Akbar believed that by having friendly relations with the native kings of all religions and with the co-operation from the people of all religions Mughal kingdom could last long. So this policy of Sulh-i-kul helped him a lot.<\/p>\n Question 4.
\nDescribe the mansabdari system, (or) Describe the role of mansabdars in the Mughal administration.
\nAnswer:
\nMansabdar was a military, administrative and revenue officer of the Mughal empire. Mansabdars were directly under the control of the emperor. He could be allocated any work by the emperor – like guarding his palace, governing a province, conquering a new kingdom, or suppressing a rebellion. The mansabdars should maintain a number of cavalrymen. Mansabdarship was not hereditary. Mansabdars received, their sal a\u00acries as revenue assignments called jagirs. Mansabdars would not act independently but follow the order of the emperor. The Mughal emperors transferred mansabdars from one place to another every two or three years so that the mansabdars could not become powerful and independent.<\/p>\n Question 5.
\nWhat were the differences between a mansabdar and a zamindar?
\nAnswer:
\nThe officials who were recruited to do any work allotted to them by the emperor were called mansabdars. The zamindars were the rural elites, i.e., the headmen or the local chieftain. The zamindars were not appointed by the emperor. The office of mansabdar was not hereditary whereas the office of a zamindar was hereditary. But like the mansabdars, who had the responsibility of maintaining a specified number of cavalry, the zamindars too had contingents of armed followers. While the office of a zamindar was permanent and static, the office of mansabdar was transferable and the mansabdars were expected to serve in some parts of the country. While mansabdars were expected to work under the direct control of the emperor, the zamindars acted as the representatives of the local people in dealing with the Mughal officials.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 6.
\nCompare the position of a nayaka and a mansabdar.
\nAnswer:
\nThe mansabdars of the Mughal empire should not act independently, but they should act as per the wishes of the emperor. Nayakas in the Vijayanagara empire could become inde\u00acpendent and powerful enough to challenge the authority of the king. Mughals pre\u00acvented this by constantly transferring the mansabdars from one place to another ev\u00acery two or three years. Thus a mansabdar could not become settled and powerful in any one place. Both the nayakas and mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments. But unlike the nayakas most mansabdars did not actually reside in or administer their jagirs. They served in some other parts of the country.<\/p>\n Question 7.
\nRead the following passage and answer the questions.
\nMughal rulers campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their authority. But as the Mughals became powerful many other rulers also joined them voluntarily. The Rajputs are a good example of this. Many of them married their daughters into Mughal families and received high positions. But many resisted as well. The Sisodiya Rajputs of Chittor refused to accept Mughal authority for a long time. Once defeated, however, they were given their lands back as assignments. The careful balance between defeating but not removing their opponents enabled the Mughals to extend their influence over many kings’ arid chieftains. The Mughals married princesses of many of the local rulers as a mark of friendship.
\na. Who did the Mughals campaign against constantly?
\nAnswer:
\nMughal rulers campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their au\u00acthority.<\/p>\n b. Which native rulers joined the Mughals voluntarily?
\nAnswer:
\nThe Rajputs joined the Mughals voluntarily.<\/p>\n c. Which Rajput kingdom resisted the Mughals?
\nAnswer:
\nThe Sisodiya Rajputs of Chittor refused to accept Mughal authority for a long time.<\/p>\n d. How did the Rajputs maintain a relationship with the Mughals?
\nAnswer:
\nThe Mughals married princesses of many of the local rulers as a mark of friendship.<\/p>\n e. How did the Mughals treat the native kings who had been defeated by them?
\nAnswer:
\nThe defeated kings were treated honorably and their lands were given back to them as assignments.<\/p>\n f. How could the Mughals extend their influence over many kings and chieftains?
\nAnswer:
\nBy carefully balancing between defeating but not removing their opponents the Mughals could extend their influence over many kingdoms.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 8.
\nRead the following passage and answer the questions.
\nMansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs which were somewhat like Vijayanagara Nayankaras. But unlike the Nayakas, most mansabdars did not actually reside in or administer their jagirs. They could only collect the revenue due from their jagir villages and send it to the emperor. This was collected for them by their servants while the mansabdars themselves served in some other part of the country. The jagir was administered by other officials directly under the emperor. These officials tried to ensure that the jagirdars agents did not collect more from the farmers than permitted. The jagirs too were constantly transferred every two or three years.
\na. How did mansabdars receive their salaries?
\nAnswer:
\nMansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs.<\/p>\n b. What were jagirs?
\nAnswer:
\nRevenue assignments are given to mansabdars as salaries are called jagirs. Jagirs are rev\u00acenue units.<\/p>\n c. How were jagirs called in the Vijayanagara kingdom?
\nAnswer:
\nIn the Vijayanagara kingdom, the jagirs were called Nayankaras.<\/p>\n d. Who were the equivalent officers of mansabdars in the Vijayanagara kingdom?
\nAnswer:
\nIn the Vijayanagara kingdom, the equivalent officers of mansabdars were called nayakas.<\/p>\n e. What was the main difference between nayakas and mansabdars?
\nAnswer:
\nNayakas exercised their authority so freely that they could become powerful. But mansabdars could not act independently They had to act as per the wishes of the emperor.<\/p>\n f. Who collected revenue in the jagirs?
\nAnswer:
\nRevenue’ was collected, by the servants not by the mansabdars.<\/p>\n g. How did the Mughals check the jagirdars?
\nAnswer:
\nThe jagir was administered by the officials directly under the emperor. These officials tried to ensure that jagirdars\u2019 agents did not collect more from the farmers than per-mitted,.<\/p>\n h. What was the duty of mansabdars
\nAnswer:
\nMansabdars\u2019 main duty was to collect the revenue. But it was done by the other servants. Mansabdars had to do any work allocated to them by the emperor like guarding the palace, governing a province, conquering a new kingdom, or suppressing a rebel\u00aclion.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 9.
\nRead the following para and answer the questions.
\nIn most places, peasants paid taxes through the rural elites, i.e., the headman or the local chieftain. The Mughals used one term – zamindars – to describe all intermediaries, whether they were local headmen of villages or powerful chieftains. The zamindars were not appointed by the Mughal Emperors but existed on a hereditary basis, that is, sons succeeded when the fathers died. They too had contingents of armed followers.
\nThey received from the jagirdars a share of the revenue collected from the area and also some dues from the farmers and others. They often acted as representatives of the local people in dealing with the Mughal officials.
\na. Who were zamindars?
\nAnswer:
\nZamindars were the revenue officials.<\/p>\n b. Who could be the zamindars?
\nAnswer:
\nThe zamindars were the headmen of villages or the local chieftains.<\/p>\n c. How did zamindars get their office?
\nAnswer:
\nThe office of a zamindar was hereditary.<\/p>\n d. What were the responsibilities of zamindars?
\nAnswer:
\nThey should maintain the contingent of the army and they should collect revenue from the jagirs.<\/p>\n e. What was the position of zamindars in the administration of Mughals?
\nAnswer:
\nThey often acted as representatives of local people in dealing with the Mughal officials.<\/p>\n Question 10.
\nRead the following passage and answer the questions.
\nAkbar was interested in the religion and social customs of different people. Akbar wanted to bring together people of diverse faiths. This eventually led Akbar to the idea of Sulh-i-kul or \u201cuniversal peace\u201d. This idea of tolerance did not discriminate among people of different religions in his kingdom. Instead, it focused on a system of ethics – honesty, justice, peace – that was universally applicable. Abul Fazl helped Akbar in framing a vision of governance around this idea of Sulh-i-kul. The Emperor would work for the welfare of all subjects irrespective of their religion or social status. This principle of governance was followed by Jahangir and Shah Johan as well.
\na. What was it that led Akbar to the idea of Sulh-i-kul?
\nAnswer:
\nHis interest in religion and his desire to bring together the people of diverse faiths led Akbar to the idea of Sulh-i-kul.<\/p>\n b. What does Sulh-i-kul mean?
\nAnswer:
\n\u2018Sulh-i-kul\u2019 means universal peace.<\/p>\n c. What is the idea of Sulh-i-kul?
\nAnswer:
\nSulh-i-kul is the idea of tolerance. It should not discriminate among people of different religions in his realm.<\/p>\n d. What were universally applicable ethics?
\nAnswer:
\nHonesty, justice, and peace were universally applicable ethics.<\/p>\n e. Who helped Akbar in framing the vision of governance?
\nAnswer:
\nAbul Fazl helped Akbar in framing the vision of governance.<\/p>\n f. What was Akbar\u2019s vision of governance?
\nAnswer:
\nThe emperor would work for the welfare of all subjects irrespective of their religion or social status.<\/p>\n g. Who followed the principle of governance?
\nAnswer:
\nAkbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan followed the principle of governance.<\/p>\n h. What was the basis for the principle of governance?
\nAnswer:
\n\u2018Sulh-i-kul\u2019 (universal peace) is the basis for the principle of governance.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 11.
\nStudy the following table.<\/p>\n \n\n\n| S.No.<\/td>\n | Name of the officer<\/td>\n | Responsibilities<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 1.<\/td>\n | Mansabdars<\/td>\n | Mansabdar was a military, administrative and revenue officer of the Mughal empire. They were directly under the control of the Mughal emperor. He had the responsibilities of guarding his palace, governing his province, conquering a new kingdom, or suppressing rebellions. Their servants could collect the revenue due from jagir villages and send them to the emperor. The office of Mansabdar was not hereditary.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 2.<\/td>\n | Zamindars<\/td>\n | Zamindars were rural elites i.e the headman or the local chieftain, to whom the peasants paid taxes. Zamindars were not appointed by the Mughal Emperors but existed on a hereditary basis. They had contingents of armed followers. They received from the jagirdars a share of the revenue collected from the area and also received dues of taxes from the farmers. They acted as the representations of the local people in dealing with the Mughal officials.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n a. Write about the responsibilities of Mansabdars.
\nAnswer:
\nMansabdar was a revenue, military, and administrative officer of the Mughal empire.
\nHe had the responsibilities of guarding the emperor\u2019s palace, conquering a new kingdom, or suppressing a rebellion. Their servants could collect revenue from the jagirs.<\/p>\n b. Write about the responsibilities of Zamindars.
\nAnswer:
\nZamindars were rural elites i.e., the headman or the local chieftain, to whom the peasants paid taxes. They had contingents of armed followers. They received from the jagirdars a share of revenue collected from the area and also received dues of taxes from the farmers. They acted as the representatives of local people while dealing with the Mughal officials.<\/p>\n c. What were the differences between the position and authority of Mansabdar and Zamindar?
\nAnswer:
\nThe mansabdars were directly under the control of the Mughal emperor. The office of the mansabdar was not a hereditary one. But zamindars should not be directly under the control of the emperor. Their office was hereditary. Unlike the mansabdars, the zamindars were not appointed by the emperor. Zamindars acted as representatives of the people while dealing with the Mughal officials.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 12.
\nStudy the following table.<\/p>\n \n\n\n| Name of the officer<\/td>\n | Information about their position, authority, and responsibilities<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Nayakas in Vijayanagar kingdom<\/td>\n | Nayakas of the Vijayanagara empire were the military, revenue, and administrative officers. The nayakas in the Vijayanagara empire could become independent and powerful enough to challenge the authority of the emperor. The nayaka received the nayankaras or land assignments as salaries. They had to maintain a stipulated army. They had the responsibility of collecting revenue and administering land assignments.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Mansabdars<\/td>\n | Mansabdars of the Mughal empire were the revenue and military officers. They were directly under the control of the emperor. They had the responsibilities of guarding the palace, governing a province, conquering a new kingdom, or suppressing a rebellion. The mansabdars should not act independently but they should act as per the wishes of the king. The mansabdars were transferred from one place to another every two or three years so that they could not become powerful.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n a. Write about the nayakas in the Vijayanagara kingdom.
\nAnswer:
\nNayakas in the Vijayanagara empire were the military, revenue, and administrative officers. They were independent and could become powerful enough to challenge the authority of the emperor. The nayakas received nayankaras – the land assignment as salaries. They had to maintain a stipulated army. They had the responsibility of collecting revenue and administering land assignments.<\/p>\n b. Write about the position and responsibilities of mansabdars.
\nAnswer:
\nMansabdars of the Mughal empire was the revenue and military officers. They were directly under the control of the emperor. They had the responsibilities of guarding the palace, governing a province, conquering a new kingdom, or suppressing a rebellion. The mansabdars should not act independently but they should act as per the wishes of the emperor. The mansabdars were transferred from one place to another every two or three years so that they could not become powerful.<\/p>\n c. What differences do you find between the positions of nayakas and mansabdars?
\nAnswer:
\nThe nayakas of the Vijayanagara kingdom didn\u2019t have any direct control over themselves.
\nThey could exercise their authority freely. They were free enough to become powerful and could challenge the authority of the emperor. The nayakas had the responsibilities of collecting revenue, maintaining a stipulated amount of army, and administering the land assignments. On the other hand, mansabdars were directly under the control of the emperor. They should act as per the wishes of the emperor. They would be asked to guard the emperor\u2019s palace, govern a province, conquer a new kingdom, or suppress a rebellion. Mansabdars could not exercise their authority freely. They were checked at every stage by the emperor.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 13.
\nRead the following table.<\/p>\n \n\n\n| Name of the Emperor<\/td>\n | Ruled from<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Babur<\/td>\n | 1526-1530 A.D.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Humayun<\/td>\n | 1530-1556 A.D.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Akbar<\/td>\n | 1556-1605 A.D.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Jahangir<\/td>\n | 1605-1627 A.D.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Shah Jahan<\/td>\n | 1627-1658 A.D.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Aurangazeb<\/td>\n | 1658-1707 A.D.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Now answer the following questions:
\na. Who was the founder of the Mughal kingdom?
\nAnswer:
\nBabur<\/p>\n b. Who ruled for the least period?
\nAnswer:
\nBabur<\/p>\n c. Who was the father of Akbar?
\nAnswer:
\nHumayun<\/p>\n d. Who ruled for the most years?
\nAnswer:
\nAkbar and Aurangazeb<\/p>\n e. Who was the father of Aurangazeb?
\nAnswer:
\nShah Jahan<\/p>\n f. When was the Mughal empire founded?
\nAnswer:
\nIn 1526 A.D.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 14.
\nStudy the following table.<\/p>\n \n\n\n| Name of the emperor<\/td>\n | Significance of their rule<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Babur<\/td>\n | 1.\u00a0\u00a0 Founded the Mughal empire
\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Introduced guns and cannons into Indian warfare<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Humayun<\/td>\n | 1.\u00a0\u00a0 Defeated by Sher than
\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Spent most of his rule in exile<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Akbar<\/td>\n | 1.\u00a0\u00a0 Consolidated the Mughal empire
\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Formulated the principle of Sulh-i-kul and the vision of governance.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Jahangir<\/td>\n | Continued military campaigns started by Akbar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Shah Jahan<\/td>\n | 1.\u00a0\u00a0 A war of succession occurred during his reign.
\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He was kept in prison by Aurangazeb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Aurangazeb<\/td>\n | 1.\u00a0\u00a0 He was victorious in the war of succession.
\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He deviated from the principles of governance.
\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He favoured Sunnis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nNow answer the following questions:
\na. Who, do you think, was the greatest ruler of the Mughal dynasty?
\nAnswer:
\nAkbar<\/p>\n b. Who, do you think, were the fundamentalist and the cruel of all the Mughal emperors?
\nAnswer:
\nAurangazeb<\/p>\n c. Who introduced guns and cannons into Indian warfare?
\nAnswer:
\nBabur<\/p>\n d. Who consolidated the Mughal empire?
\nAnswer:
\nAkbar<\/p>\n e. During, whose reign the war of succession took place?
\nAnswer:
\nDuring Shah Jahan\u2019s reign<\/p>\n f. Who started the principle of Sulh-i-kul?
\nAnswer:
\nAkbar<\/p>\n g. Which Mughal emperor spent most of his life in exile?
\nAnswer:
\nHumayun<\/p>\n h. Who formulated the vision of governance?
\nAnswer:
\nAkbar<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 15.
\nHow do you think the Mughals were able to build a system where the emperor\u2019s wife was supreme?
\nAnswer:
\nWe have seen that the nayakas in the Vijayanagara empire could become independent and powerful enough to challenge the emperor. The Mughals prevented this by constantly transferring the mansahdars from one place to another every two or three years. Thus a mansabdar could not become settled and powerful in any one place. The Mughals developed a political system in which the mansabdars would not act independently but-only as per the wishes of the emperor.
\nMansabcjarship was not hereditary. The emperor should decide whether or not to appoint a son as a mansabdar. The mansabdar brought his cavalrymen for review, got them registered, their horses branded, and then received money to pay them as salary.<\/p>\n A. Map Reading:<\/p>\n Question 16.
\nStudy the following map:
\n![\"AP](\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/AP-7th-Class-Social-Important-Questions-Chapter-14-Mughal-Empire-1.png\")
\nNow answer the following questions.<\/p>\n a. Whose empire does this map show?
\nAnswer:
\nThe map shows the empire of Akbar.<\/p>\n b. What were the places that were annexed by Akbar in the northwest region?
\nAnswer:
\nQandahar and Kabul.<\/p>\n c. Identify the important battle place which has its own significance in the history of the Mughals.
\nAnswer:
\nPanipat.<\/p>\n d. Name the kingdom annexed by Akbar in south India.
\nAnswer:
\nAhmednagar.<\/p>\n e. Name the kingdoms of the South that were annexed by Aurangazeb.
\nAnswer:
\nGolkonda and Bijapur.<\/p>\n f. Where did Akbar conduct his religious discussions?
\nAnswer:
\nFatehpur Sikri.<\/p>\n g. What was the capital city of the Mughals?
\nAnswer:
\nDelhi.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 17.
\nStudy the following map:
\n![\"AP](\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/AP-7th-Class-Social-Important-Questions-Chapter-14-Mughal-Empire-2.png\")
\nNow answer the following questions.
\na. What were the capital cities of the Mughals?
\nAnswer:
\nDelhi, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri.<\/p>\n b. Where did the war take place between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi?
\nAnswer:
\nPanipat.<\/p>\n c. What were the southern kingdoms annexed by Aurangazeb?
\nAnswer:
\nGolkonda and Bijapur.<\/p>\n d. The only southern kingdom captured by Akbar was ……..
\nAnswer:
\nAhmednagar.<\/p>\n e. Name the Rajput kingdom that resisted the authority of Mughals.
\nAnswer:
\nChittor.<\/p>\n f. Name the kingdoms in the northwest of India captured by Akbar.
\nAnswer:
\nKabul and Qandahar.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n B. Map Pointing:
\nQuestion 18.
\nLocate the following on the map of India.
\n1. Delhi
\n2. Agra
\n3. Panipat
\n4. Fatehpur Sikri
\n5. Ahmednagar
\n6. Ajmer
\n7. Chittor
\n8. Kashmir
\nAnswer:
\n![\"AP](\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/AP-7th-Class-Social-Important-Questions-Chapter-14-Mughal-Empire-3.png\") <\/p>\n Question 19.
\nLocate the following on the map given below.
\n1. Kabul
\n2. Qandahar
\n3. Multan
\n4. Bijapur
\n5. Golkonda
\n6. Bengal
\n7. Berar
\n8. Amber
\nAnswer:
\n![\"AP](\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/AP-7th-Class-Social-Important-Questions-Chapter-14-Mughal-Empire-4.png\") <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 20.
\nHow is Akbar\u2019s policy of universal peace or Sulh-i-kul relevant to the condition of present-day Indian society?
\nAnswer:
\nIndia is a poly religious, poly linguistic, and poly cultural society. In India, we have all kinds of religions and faiths. We should all live in harmony and without discrimination. All the subjects are equal before the law. So the constitution made India a secular state. Still, communal feelings are very high in India. Religious fundamentalist groups of Pakistan and India are causing insurgency in the country. Thus communalism has become a threat to the national integration of our country.<\/p>\n So Akbar\u2019s Sulh-i-kul or universal peace or the idea of tolerance is very much relevant to present today’s Indian society. Akbar\u2019s idea of tolerance did not discriminate among people of different religions in his realm. It is based on the universally acceptable principles – honesty, justice, and peace. Akbar\u2019s vision of government says that the emperor would work for the welfare of all the subjects irrespective of their religion or social status and not just for the welfare of one community.<\/p>\n | | | | |