{"id":22333,"date":"2024-01-16T10:11:39","date_gmt":"2024-01-16T04:41:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/?p=22333"},"modified":"2024-01-17T16:13:33","modified_gmt":"2024-01-17T10:43:33","slug":"ap-inter-1st-year-chemistry-study-material-chapter-11","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/ap-inter-1st-year-chemistry-study-material-chapter-11\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements &#8211; Group 14"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Andhra Pradesh BIEAP <a href=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/ap-inter-1st-year-chemistry-study-material\/\">AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material<\/a> 11th Lesson The p-Block Elements &#8211; Group 14 Textbook Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n<h2>AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material 11th Lesson The p-Block Elements &#8211; Group 14<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Very Short Answer Questions<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 1.<br \/>\nDiscuss the variation of oxidation states in the group -14 elements.<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The common oxidation states exhibited by group &#8211; 14 elements are +4 and +2.<\/li>\n<li>Carbon exhibits negative oxidation states.<\/li>\n<li>Heavier elements exhibits +2 oxidation state.<\/li>\n<li>The tendency to show +2 oxidation state increases in the order Ge &lt; Sn &lt; pb.<\/li>\n<li>pb exhibits +2 oxidation state as stable state because of inert pair effect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 2.<br \/>\nHow the following compounds behave with water<br \/>\na) BCl<sub>3<\/sub><br \/>\nb) CCl<sub>4<\/sub>.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\na) BCl<sub>3<\/sub> reacts with water (hydrolysis) to form boric acid.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24611\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-1.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 1\" width=\"253\" height=\"73\" \/><br \/>\nb) CCl<sub>4<\/sub> does not undergo hydrolysis due to lack of d-orbitals in the central atom &#8216;C1 and due to its highly non polar nature, CCl<sub>4<\/sub> does not acts as Lewis acid.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 3.<br \/>\nAre BCl<sub>3<\/sub> and SiCl<sub>4<\/sub> electron-deficient compounds ? Explain.<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>BCl<sub>3<\/sub> and SiCl<sub>4<\/sub> are electron-deficient compounds.<\/li>\n<li>These two compounds behave as Lewis acids.<\/li>\n<li>These compounds are electron pair acceptors.<\/li>\n<li>The following reacts support the electron deficiency of BCl<sub>3<\/sub> and SiCl<sub>4<\/sub>.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24612\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-2.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 2\" width=\"444\" height=\"76\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 4.<br \/>\nGive the hybridization of carbon in<br \/>\na) CO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>-2<\/sup><br \/>\nb) diamond<br \/>\nc) graphite<br \/>\nd) fullerene<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\na) In C0<sub>3<\/sub><sup>-2<\/sup> carbon atom undergoes sp<sup>2<\/sup> hybridisation.<br \/>\nb) In Diamond carbon atom undergoes sp<sup>3<\/sup> hybridisation.<br \/>\nc) In Graphite carbon atom undergoes sp<sup>2<\/sup> hybridisation.<br \/>\nd) In Fullerenes carbon atom undergoes sp<sup>2<\/sup> hybridisation.<\/p>\n<p>Question 5.<br \/>\nWhy is&#8217;CO&#8217;poisonous ? [T.S. Mar. 16]<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\n&#8216;CO&#8217; gas is highly poisonous because it has the ability to form a stable complex with haemoglobin.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24613\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-3.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 3\" width=\"446\" height=\"46\" \/><br \/>\nCarboxy haemoglobin is 300 times more stable than oxyhaemoglobin.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 6.<br \/>\nWhat is allotropy ? Give the crystalline allotropes of carbon. [Mar. 13]<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The phenomenon of existence of an element in different physical forms having similar (or) same chemical properties is called allotropy.<\/li>\n<li>Crystalline allotropes of carbon are<br \/>\na) Diamond<br \/>\nb) Graphite<br \/>\nc) Fullerenes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 7.<br \/>\nClassify the following oxides as neutral, acidic, basic or amphoteric,<br \/>\na) CO<br \/>\nb) B<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><br \/>\nc) SiO<sub>2<\/sub><br \/>\nd) CO<sub>2<\/sub><br \/>\ne) Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><br \/>\nf) PbO<sub>2<\/sub><br \/>\ng) Tl<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\na) CO is neutral oxide.<br \/>\nb) B<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> is acidic oxide.<br \/>\nc) SiO<sub>2<\/sub> is acidic oxide.<br \/>\nd) CO<sub>2<\/sub> is acidic oxide.<br \/>\ne) Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> is amphoteric oxide.<br \/>\nf) PbO<sub>2<\/sub> is amphoteric oxide.<br \/>\ng) Tl<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> is basic oxide.<\/p>\n<p>Question 8.<br \/>\nName any two manmade silicates.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nGlass and cement are man made silicates.<\/p>\n<p>Question 9.<br \/>\nWrite the outer electron configuration of group -14 elements.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe general outer most electronic configuration of group &#8211; 14 elements is ns<sup>2<\/sup>np<sup>2<\/sup>.<br \/>\n1) Carbon &#8211; [He] 2s<sup>2<\/sup>2p<sup>2<\/sup><br \/>\n2) Silicon &#8211; [Ne] 3s<sup>2<\/sup>3p<sup>2<\/sup><br \/>\n3) Germanium &#8211; [Ar] 3d<sup>10<\/sup>4s<sup>2<\/sup>4p<sup>2<\/sup><br \/>\n4) Tin &#8211; [Kr] 4d<sup>10<\/sup> 5s<sup>2<\/sup> 5p<sup>2<\/sup><br \/>\n5) Lead &#8211; [Xe] 4f<sup>4<\/sup> 5d<sup>10<\/sup> 6s<sup>2<\/sup> 6p<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 10.<br \/>\nHow does graphite function as a lubricant ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nGraphite is soft and it has layer lattice. In this structure one of the layer slided over another due to weak Vander Waal\u2019s force of attraction. These layers are slippery. Hence it is greasy and function as lubricant.<\/p>\n<p>Question 11.<br \/>\nGraphite is a good conductor &#8211; explain.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nIn graphite carbon undergoes sp<sup>2<\/sup> hybridisation. Each carbon forms three a &#8211; bonds with three neighbouring carbon atoms. Fourth electron forms TC &#8211; bond and it is delocalised. Due to the presence of these moving (or) free electrons graphite acts as good conductor.<\/p>\n<p>Question 12.<br \/>\nExplain the structure of silica.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24614\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-4.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 4\" width=\"208\" height=\"218\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Silica is a giant molecule with 3 &#8211; dimensional structure.<\/li>\n<li>In Silica eight membered rings are formed with alternate Silicon and Oxygen atoms.<\/li>\n<li>Each \u2018Si\u2019 is tetrahedrally surrounded by four Oxygen atoms.<\/li>\n<li>Each Oxygen at the vertex of the tetrahedron is shared by two Silicon atoms.<\/li>\n<li>In SiO<sub>2<\/sub> Silicon atom undergoes sp<sup>3<\/sup> hybridisation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 13.<br \/>\nWhat is \u2018Synthesis gas\u2019?<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Water gas is also called as synthesis gas.<\/li>\n<li>It is a mixture of CO and H<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<li>It s prepared by passing steamover hot coke.<\/li>\n<li>It is used for the synthesis of methanol and a number of hydrocarbons. Hence it is called synthesis gas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 14.<br \/>\nWhat is producer gas?<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Producer gas is mixture of CO and N<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<li>It is prepared by passing air over hot coke.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 15.<br \/>\nDiamond has high melting point &#8211; Explain.<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In Diamond each carbon undergoes sp<sup>3<\/sup> hybridisation and it is surrounded by four other carbon atoms with strong a &#8211; bonds tetrahedrally.<\/li>\n<li>The C &#8211; C bond energy in diamond is very high and it has 3 &#8211; dimensional structure.<\/li>\n<li>Due to these reasons diamond has high melting point.<\/li>\n<li>It has melting point 4200 K.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 16.<br \/>\nGive the use of CO<sub>2<\/sub> in photosynthesis.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe process of converting the atmospheric CO<sub>2<\/sub> into Carbohydrates by green plants is known as &#8216;photosynthesis&#8217;.<br \/>\nIn Photosynthesis CO<sub>2<\/sub> changes to carbohydrates such as glucose.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24615\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-5.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 5\" width=\"383\" height=\"51\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 17.<br \/>\nHow does CO<sub>2<\/sub> increase the green house effect ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Green plants absorbs CO<sub>2<\/sub> gas for photosynthesis and releases O<sub>2<\/sub> gas.<\/li>\n<li>Due to deforestation, decomposition of lime stone and burning of fossil fuels CO<sub>2<\/sub> concentration is increased in atmosphere.<\/li>\n<li>The increase of CO<sub>2<\/sub> level disturbs the O<sub>2<\/sub> &#8211; CO<sub>2<\/sub> balance in the atmosphere and it is responsible for green house effect (or) global warming.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 18.<br \/>\nWhat are silicones ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Silicones are the organo Silicon polymers containing R<sub>2<\/sub> SiO &#8211; repeating unit.<\/li>\n<li>These are synthetic compounds containing Si &#8211; O &#8211; Si.<\/li>\n<li>Linkage preparation : These are formed by the hydrolysis of chlorosilanes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 19.<br \/>\nGive the uses of silicones.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nUses of silicones :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>These are used in surgical and cosmetic plants.<\/li>\n<li>These are used in preparation of silicone rubbers.<\/li>\n<li>These are used as sealoant, greases etc.<\/li>\n<li>These are used in preparing water proof clothes and papers.<\/li>\n<li>These are used as insulators.<\/li>\n<li>These are used in paints and enamels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 20.<br \/>\nWhat is the effect of water on tin ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tin metal reacts with steam to form tin dioxide and dihydrogen gas.<\/li>\n<li>In this reaction steam is decomposed.<br \/>\nSn + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O <img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24616\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-6.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 6\" width=\"49\" height=\"23\" \/> SnO<sub>2<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 21.<br \/>\nWrite an account of SiCl<sub>4<\/sub>.<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Silicon tetrachloride (SiCl<sub>4<\/sub>) is also called as tetra chloro silico methane.<\/li>\n<li>SiCl<sub>4<\/sub> can acts as Lewis acid due to availability of 3d orbital in &#8216;Si&#8217;.<\/li>\n<li>SiCl<sub>4<\/sub> undergoes hydrolysis due to presence of vacant 3d-orbital. Here water molecules forms dative bonds with empty 3d-orbitals of Siratom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Uses :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>SiCl<sub>4<\/sub> and NH<sub>3<\/sub> mixture used to produce smoke screens.<\/li>\n<li>Ultra pure Silicon is used to make transistors.<\/li>\n<li>SiO<sub>2<\/sub> prepared from SiCl<sub>4<\/sub> used in epoxypaints, resis etc..<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 22.<br \/>\nSiO<sub>2<\/sub> is a solid while CO<sub>2<\/sub> is a gas &#8211; explain.<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Silica (SiO<sub>2<\/sub>) has giant molecular structure.<\/li>\n<li>In SiO<sub>2<\/sub> &#8216;Si&#8217; undergoes sp<sup>3<\/sup> hybridisation.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0It is a 3 &#8211; dimension structure in which each &#8216;Si&#8217; atom is tetrahedrally surrounded by four oxygen atoms.<\/li>\n<li>Hence it exists as solid compound.<\/li>\n<li>CO<sub>2<\/sub> has linear structure.<\/li>\n<li>In CO<sub>2<\/sub> &#8216;C&#8217; undergoes sp hybridisation.<\/li>\n<li>In between CO<sub>2<\/sub> molecule weak Vander Waal&#8217;s forces are present.<\/li>\n<li>In CO<sub>2<\/sub> molecule two double bonds are present.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Hence CO<sub>2<\/sub> exists as a gas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 23.<br \/>\nWrite the use of ZSM &#8211; 5.<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>ZSM &#8211; 5 is a zeolite.<\/li>\n<li>It is used to convert alcohols directly into gasoline.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 24.<br \/>\nWhat is the use of dry ice ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Solid CO<sub>2<\/sub> is called as dry ice.<\/li>\n<li>It is used as refrigirent for frozen food and ice &#8211; creams.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 25.<br \/>\nHow is water gas prepared ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nWater gas is prepared by passing superheated steam over hot coke.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24617\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-7.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 7\" width=\"421\" height=\"69\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 26.<br \/>\nHow is producer gas prepared ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nProducer gas is prepared by passing air over white not coke.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24618\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-8.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 8\" width=\"297\" height=\"68\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 27.<br \/>\nC-C bond length in graphite is shorter than C-C bond length in diamond &#8211; explain.<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>In graphite each carbon undergoes sp<sup>2<\/sup> hybridisation and hence bond length is 1.42 A\u00b0 (or) 141.5 pm.<\/li>\n<li>Graphite has hexagonal layer like lattice. It is a 2-dimensional structure.<\/li>\n<li>In diamond each carbon undergoes sp3 &#8211; hybridisation and hence bond length is 1.54 A\u00b0 (or) 154 pm.<\/li>\n<li>Diamond has regular tetrahedral giant polymeric structure. It is a 3-dimensional structure.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 28.<br \/>\nDiamond is used as precious stone &#8211; explain.<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Diamonds are used as precious stones.<\/li>\n<li>Diamonds are clear, colourless form of pure carbon.<\/li>\n<li>These are hardest substances occurring naturally.<\/li>\n<li>The weight of diamond expressed in carats.<br \/>\n1 carat = 200 mg.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 29.<br \/>\nCarbon never shows co-ordination number greater than four while other members of carbon family show co-ordination number as high as six &#8211; explain.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nCarbon never shows co-ordination number greater than four because of absence of d-orbitals in carbon atom.<\/p>\n<p>The other members of carbon family show co-ordination number as high as six because of availability of d &#8211; orbitals.<\/p>\n<p>Question 30.<br \/>\nProducer gas is less efficient fuel than water gas &#8211; explain.<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Producer gas has calorific value 5439.2 KJ\/m<sup>3<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Water gas has calorific value 13000 KJ\/m<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>Due to high calorific value of watergas, it is more efficient fuel than producer gas (or) producer gas is less efficient than watergas.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 31.<br \/>\nSiF<sub>6<\/sub><sup>-2<\/sup> is known while SiCl<sub>6<\/sub><sup>-2<\/sup> is not. Explain. [A.P. Mar. 16]<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nSiF<sub>6<\/sub><sup>-2<\/sup> is known while SiCl<sub>6<\/sub><sup>-2<\/sup> is not because<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Si<sup>+4<\/sup> has small size so it cannot be accomodate six large chloride ions.<\/li>\n<li>The interaction between lone pairs of Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> ion and Si<sup>+4<\/sup> is not very strong.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Short Answer Questions<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 1.<br \/>\nExplain the difference in properties of diamond and graphite on the basis of their structure.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nDiamond<br \/>\na) Each carbon is sp<sup>3<\/sup> hybridised.<br \/>\nb) Each carbon is bonded to 4 other carbons tetrahedrally.<br \/>\nc) It has a 3 dimensional structure.<br \/>\nd) C &#8211; C bond length is 1.54 \u00c5 and bond angle is 109\u00b0 28&#8242;.<br \/>\ne) Carbon atoms are firmly held with strong covalent bonds.<br \/>\nf) Diamond is very hard.<br \/>\ng) Density = 3.5 g\/cc.<br \/>\nh) Graphite is a conductor due to the presence of free electrons.<br \/>\ni) It is transparent to light and X-rays. It has high refractive index (2.45).<\/p>\n<p>Graphite<br \/>\na) Each carbon is sp<sup>2<\/sup> hybridised.<br \/>\nb) Each carbon is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms to form hexagonal rings. It has sheet like structure.<br \/>\nc) It has a 2 dimensional structure.<br \/>\nd) C &#8211; C bond length in hexagonal rings is 1.42 A\u00b0 and bond angle is 120\u00b0.<br \/>\ne) The distance between two adjacent layers is 3.35 A\u00b0. These layers are held by weak Vander Waal&#8217;s forces.<br \/>\nf) Graphite is soft.<br \/>\ng) Density &#8211; 2.2g\/cc.<br \/>\nh) Diamond is an insulator due to the absence of free electrons.<br \/>\ni) It has layer, lattice. The layers are slippery. Hence it is greasy.<\/p>\n<p>Question 2.<br \/>\nExplain the following.<br \/>\na) PbCl<sub>2<\/sub> reacts with Cl<sub>2<\/sub> to give PbCl<sub>4<\/sub><br \/>\nb) PbCl<sub>4<\/sub> is unstable to heat,<br \/>\nc) Lead is not known to form PbI<sub>4<\/sub>.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\na) PbCl<sub>2<\/sub> + Cl<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 PbCl<sub>2<\/sub><br \/>\nBut PbCl<sub>4<\/sub> is unstable than PbCl<sub>2<\/sub>. Because compounds of lead in +2 oxidation state are stable than +4 oxidation state.<\/p>\n<p>b) PbCl<sub>4<\/sub> is unstable to heat:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In PbCl<sub>4<\/sub> lead exhibits +4 oxidation state.<\/li>\n<li>he compounds of lead in +2 oxidation state are stable than +4 oxidation state. Hence PbCl<sub>4<\/sub> is unstable to heat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>c) Lead is not known to form PbI<sub>4<\/sub>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pb &#8211; I bond formed initially during the reaction does not release enough energy to unpair the 6s electrons.<\/li>\n<li>Lead compounds in +2 state are stable than +4 state.<br \/>\nDue to inert pair effect Pb exhibits stable +2 oxidation state.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 3.<br \/>\nExplain the following :<br \/>\na) Silicon is heated with methyl chloride at high temperature in presence of copper.<br \/>\nb) SiO<sub>2<\/sub> is treated with HF.<br \/>\nc) Graphite is a Lubricant<br \/>\nd) Diamond is an abrasive.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\na)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Methyl chloride reacts with silicon at high temperature in presence of copper catalyst to form various types of methyl substituted chlorosilane of formula MeSiCl<sub>3<\/sub>, Me<sub>2<\/sub>SiCl<sub>2<\/sub>, Me<sub>3<\/sub>SiCl with small amount Me<sub>4<\/sub>Si.<\/li>\n<li>Hydrolysis of dimethyl dichloro silane followed by condensation polymerisation forms a straight chain polymer (silicone) (Me = CH<sub>3<\/sub> &#8211; group)<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24619\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-9.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 9\" width=\"584\" height=\"187\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>b) SiO<sub>2<\/sub> is treated with HF to form SiF<sub>4<\/sub>. Which on hydrolysis to form H<sub>4<\/sub>SiO<sub>4<\/sub> and H<sub>2<\/sub>SiF<sub>6<\/sub>.<br \/>\nSiO<sub>2<\/sub> + 4HF \u2192 SiF<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O<br \/>\nSiF<sub>4<\/sub> + 4H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u2192 H<sub>4<\/sub>SiO<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>SiF<sub>6<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>c) Graphite is soft and it has layer lattice. In this structure one of the layer slided over another due to weak Vander Waal&#8217;s force of attraction. These layers are slippery. Hence it is greasy and function as lubricant.<\/p>\n<p>d) The covalent bonds in diamond are very strong and difficult to break, Hence diamond is used as an abrasive for sharpening hard tpols, in making dyes and in the manufacturing of tungsten filaments etc.<\/p>\n<p>Question 4.<br \/>\nWhat do you understand by<br \/>\na) Allotropy<br \/>\nb) Inert pair effect<br \/>\nc) Catenation.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\na) Allotropy :<br \/>\nThe phenomenon of existence of an element in different physical forms having similar (or) same chemical properties is called allotropy.<br \/>\nCrystalline allotropes of carbon are<br \/>\na) Diamond<br \/>\nb) Graphite.<\/p>\n<p>b) Inert pair effect : The reluctance of &#8216;ns&#8217; pair of electrons to take part in bond formation is known as inert pair effect.<br \/>\n(or)<br \/>\nThe occurrence of oxidation states two units less than the group oxidation states is known as inert pair effect.<br \/>\nEg : Lead exhibits +2 oxidation state as stable oxidation state due to inert pair effect. (Instead of +4 state).<\/p>\n<p>c) Catenation : The phenomenon of self linkage of atoms among themselves to form long chains (or) rings is called as catenation.<br \/>\nCarbon has highest catenation tendency due to its high bond energy (348 KJ\/mole).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 5.<br \/>\nIf the starting material for the manufacturing of Silicons is RSiCi3. Write the structure of the product formed.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nWhen RSiCl<sub>3<\/sub> type of compound is used for the manufacturing of silicones a cross &#8211; linked silicon is formed.<br \/>\nEg : When Methyl trichloro silane (CH<sub>3<\/sub>SiCl<sub>3<\/sub>) undergoes hydrolysis to give monomethyl silane triol. This undergoes polymerisation to form a very complex cross-linked polymer (Silicone).<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24620\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-10.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 10\" width=\"516\" height=\"271\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 6.<br \/>\nWrite a short note on Zeolites.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nZeolites : The three dimensional structure contain no metal ions. If some of the Si<sup>+4<\/sup> in them is replaced by Al<sup>+3<\/sup> and an additional metal ion an infinite three dimensional lattice is formed. Replacements of one or two silicon atoms in [Si<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>8<\/sub>]<sup>-2n<\/sup> form zeolites. Zeolites act as ion exchanges and as molecular sieves. The structures of zeolites permit the formation of cavities of different sizes. Water molecules and a variety of other molecules like NH<sub>3<\/sub>, CO<sub>2<\/sub> and ethanol can be trapped in these cavities. Then zeolites serve as molecular sieves. They trap Ca<sup>+2<\/sup> ions from hard water and replace them by Na<sup>+2<\/sup> ions.<br \/>\nUses of Zeolites :<br \/>\nZeolites are used as catalysts in petrochemical industries for cracking of hydrocarbons and in Isomerisation.<br \/>\nZeolite ZSM &#8211; 5 is used to convert alcohols directly into gasoline.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 7.<br \/>\nWrite a short note on Silicates.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nSilicates : Many building materials are silicates.<br \/>\nEx : Granites, slates, bricks and cement. Ceramics and glass are also silicates. The Si &#8211; O bonds in silicates are very strong. They do not dissolve in any of the common solvents nor do they mix with other substances readily.<br \/>\nThe silicates can be divided into six types. They are mentioned here.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Orthosilicate or Nesosilicates : Their general formula may be M<sub>2<\/sub><sup>11<\/sup> (SiO<sub>4<\/sub>).<br \/>\nEx : Willemite Zn<sub>2<\/sub> (SiO<sub>4<\/sub>).<\/li>\n<li>Pyrosilicates or sorosilicates or Disilicates : These contain SiO<sub>7<\/sub><sup>-6<\/sup> units. Pyrosilicates are rare.<br \/>\nEx: Thorveitite Ln<sub>2<\/sub> (Si<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>7<\/sub>).<\/li>\n<li>Chain silicates : They have the units (SiO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>n<\/sub><sup>2n-<\/sup><br \/>\nEx : Spodumene LiA\/ (SiO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>.<br \/>\nAmphiboles are one type chain silicates. Generally double chains are formed in them.<\/li>\n<li>Cyclic silicates : They are silicates having ring structures. They may be formed of general formula (SiO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>n<\/sub><sup>2n-<\/sup>. Rings containing three, four, six and eight tetrahedral units are known. But rings with three and six are the most common.<br \/>\nEx : Beryl Be<sub>3<\/sub>Al<sub>2<\/sub> (Si<sub>6<\/sub>O<sub>18<\/sub>)<\/li>\n<li>Sheet silicates : When SiO<sub>4<\/sub> units share three corners the structure formed is an inifinite two dimensional sheet. The empirical formula (Si<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>5<\/sub>)<sub>n<\/sub><sup>2n-<\/sup>. These compounds appear in layer struc-tures. They can be cleaved.<br \/>\nEx : Kaolin Al<sub>2<\/sub> (OH)<sub>4<\/sub> Si<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>5<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<li>Frame work silicates or three dimensional silicates : Sharing all the four corners of a SiO<sub>4<\/sub> tetrahedron results in three dimensional lattice of formula SiO<sub>2<\/sub>.<br \/>\nEx : Quartz, Tridymite; Cristobalite; Feldspar and ultramarine (Na<sub>8<\/sub> [Al<sub>6<\/sub> Si<sub>6<\/sub> O<sub>24<\/sub>] S<sub>2<\/sub>), zeolites.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 8.<br \/>\nWhat are Silicones ? How are they obtained ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Silicones are the organo silicon polymers containing R<sub>2<\/sub> SiO &#8211; repeating unit.<\/li>\n<li>These are synthetic compounds containing Si &#8211; 0 &#8211; Si.<br \/>\nPreparation : These are formed by the hydrolysis of chlorosilanes.<\/li>\n<li>Methyl chloride reacts with Silicon at high temperature in presence of copper catalyst to form various types of methyl substituted chlorosilane of formula MeSiCl<sub>3<\/sub>, Me<sub>2<\/sub>SiCl<sub>2<\/sub>, Me<sub>3<\/sub>SiCl with small amount Me<sub>4<\/sub>Si<\/li>\n<li>Hydrolysis of dimethyl dichloro silane followed by condensation polymerisation forms a straight chain polymer (Silicone) (Me = CH<sub>3<\/sub> &#8211; group).<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24621\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-11.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 11\" width=\"583\" height=\"189\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 9.<br \/>\nWrite a short note on Fullerene.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nFullerenes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fullerenes are one type of crystalline allotropes of carbon.<\/li>\n<li>These are formed by heating graphite in an electric arc in presence of inertgases such as Helium (or) Argon.<\/li>\n<li>These have smooth structure without dangling bonds. Hence Fullerenes are the only pure forms of carbon.<\/li>\n<li>C<sub>60<\/sub> molecule is called Buck minster fullerene and it&#8217;s shave was like a soccer ball.<\/li>\n<li>C<sub>60<\/sub> contains twenty 6 &#8211; membered rings and twelve 5 &#8211; membered rings.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24622\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-12.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 12\" width=\"245\" height=\"285\" \/><\/li>\n<li>\u00a0In C<sub>60<\/sub> 6 &#8211; membered rings can combine with 5 (or) 6 &#8211; mem-bered rings while 5 &#8211; membered rings only combine with 6 &#8211; membered rings.<\/li>\n<li>In Fullerens each carbon undergoes sp2 hybridisation.<\/li>\n<li>Fullere has aromatic nature due to delocalisation of electrons in unhybrid p-orbitals.<\/li>\n<li>The C &#8211; C bond length in these compound lies between single and double bond lengths.<\/li>\n<li>Spherical fullerene are also named as bucky balls.<\/li>\n<li>The ball shaped molecule has 60 vertices.<\/li>\n<li>The C &#8211; C bond distances are 1,43A\u00b0 and 1.38A\u00b0 respectively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 10.<br \/>\nWhy SiO<sub>2<\/sub> does not dissolve in water ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nSilica (SiO<sub>2<\/sub>) is a non reactive compound in it&#8217;s normal state.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>This non reactivity is due to very high Si &#8211; O bond enthalpy.<\/li>\n<li>Silica is a giant molecule with 3-dimensional structure.<\/li>\n<li>In Silica each silicon atom is covalently bonded in a tetrahedral manner to four oxygen atoms<\/li>\n<li>Hence SiO<sub>2<\/sub> is insoluble in water.<\/li>\n<li>But slightly dissolves at high pressures when heated.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 11.<br \/>\nWhy is diamond hard ?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nIn diamond, each carbon undergoes sp3 hybridization. A carbon atom is bound to four carbon atoms, arranged in a tetrahedral symmetry, with single bonds. A three dimensional arrangement of the tetrahedral structures result in giant molecule. The bond energy is very high (348 kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup>). It is very difficult to break the bonds. So, diamond is hard.<\/p>\n<p>Question 12.<br \/>\nWhat happens when the following are heated<br \/>\na) CaCO<sub>3<\/sub><br \/>\nb) CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> and SiO<sub>2<\/sub><br \/>\nc) CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> and excess of coke.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nCaCO<sub>3<\/sub> up on heating gives Quick lime.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24623\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-13.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 13\" width=\"221\" height=\"56\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24624\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-14.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 14\" width=\"219\" height=\"33\" \/><br \/>\nQuick lime (CO) with silica gives Calcium silicate.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24625\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-15.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 15\" width=\"203\" height=\"46\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24626\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-16.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 16\" width=\"215\" height=\"33\" \/><br \/>\nCoke reacts with Quick lime and form Carbides.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24627\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-17.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 17\" width=\"358\" height=\"41\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 13.<br \/>\nWhy does Na<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub> solution turn into a suspension, when saturated with CO<sub>2<\/sub> gas.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAn aq. solution of Na<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub> when saturated with CO<sub>2<\/sub>, gives Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO<sub>3<\/sub>).<br \/>\nNa<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O + CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 2NaHCO<sub>3<\/sub><br \/>\nNaHCO<sub>3<\/sub> is less soluble compared to Sodium carbonate, hence suspension is formed.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 14.<br \/>\nWhat happens when<br \/>\na) CO<sub>2<\/sub> is passed through slaked lime<br \/>\nb) CaC<sub>2<\/sub> is heated with N<sub>2<\/sub>.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\na) Slaked lime, Ca(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> is turned milky on passing CO<sub>2<\/sub> with the formation of insoluble calcium<br \/>\ncarbonate Ca(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> + CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O on passing more &#8216;CO<sub>2<\/sub>&#8216;, CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> is converted into Calcium bicarbonate.<br \/>\nCaCO<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O + CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 Ca(HCO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub><br \/>\nb) CaC<sub>2<\/sub> on heating with N2 gives calcium cyanamide.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24628\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-18.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 18\" width=\"279\" height=\"82\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 15.<br \/>\nWrite a note on the anomalous behaviour of carbon in the group -14.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nCarbon shows ariamalous behaviour in group &#8211; 14 elements. The following facts support that anamalous behaviour.<br \/>\nExcept carbon all other elements of group -14 has available d-orbitals and can expand octet in valency shell.<br \/>\nCarbon occurs in free state but not the other elements of this group.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Maximum covalency of carbon is four but for silicon is six.<\/li>\n<li>C &#8211; C bond energy is very high (348 kJ\/Mde).<\/li>\n<li>Carbon can form multiple bonds with C, O, S, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Hydrocarbons are more stable thermally than silanes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Long Answer Questions<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 1.<br \/>\nWhat are Silicones ? How are they prepared ? Give one example. What are their uses?<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Silicones are the organo silicon polymers containing R<sub>2<\/sub> SiO &#8211; repeating unit.<\/li>\n<li>These are synthetic compounds containing Si &#8211; 0 &#8211; Si.<br \/>\nPreparation : These are formed by the hydrolysis of chlorosilanes.<\/li>\n<li>Methyl chloride reacts with Silicon at high temperature in presence of copper catalyst to form various types of methyl substituted chlorosilane of formula MeSiCl<sub>3<\/sub>, Me<sub>2<\/sub>SiCl<sub>2<\/sub>, Me<sub>3<\/sub>SiCl with small amount Me<sub>4<\/sub>Si<\/li>\n<li>Hydrolysis of dimethyl dichloro silane followed by condensation polymerisation forms a straight chain polymer (Silicone) (Me = CH<sub>3<\/sub> &#8211; group).<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24621\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-11.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 11\" width=\"583\" height=\"189\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Uses of Silicones:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>These are used in surgical and cosmetic plants.<\/li>\n<li>These are used in preparation of Silicons rubbers.<\/li>\n<li>These are used as sealoant, greases etc.<\/li>\n<li>These are used in preparing water proof clothes and papers.<\/li>\n<li>These are used as insulators.<\/li>\n<li>These are used in paints and enamels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 2.<br \/>\nExplain the structure of Silica. How does it react with<br \/>\na) NaOH and<br \/>\nb) HF.<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Silica is a giant molecule with 3 &#8211; dimensional structure.<\/li>\n<li>In Silica eight membered rings are formed with alternate Silicon and Oxygen atoms.<\/li>\n<li>Each &#8216;Si&#8217; is tetrahedrally surrounded by four Oxygen atoms.<\/li>\n<li>Each Oxygen at the vertex of the tetrahedron is shared by two Silicon atoms.<\/li>\n<li>In SiO<sub>2<\/sub> Silicon atom under goes sp<sup>3<\/sup> hybridisation.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24629\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-19.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 19\" width=\"192\" height=\"183\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>a) Silica reacts with NaOH and forms Sodium Silicate (Na<sub>2<\/sub>SiO<sub>3<\/sub>)<br \/>\nSiO<sub>2<\/sub> + 2 NaOH \u2192 Na<sub>2<\/sub>SiO<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<p>b) SiO<sub>2<\/sub> is treated with HF to form SiF<sub>4<\/sub>. Which on hydrolysis to form H<sub>4<\/sub>SiO<sub>4<\/sub> and H<sub>2<\/sub>SiF<sub>6<\/sub>.<br \/>\nSiO<sub>2<\/sub> + 4HF \u2192 SiF<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O<br \/>\nSiF<sub>4<\/sub> + 4H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u2192 H<sub>4<\/sub>SiO<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>SiF<sub>6<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>Question 3.<br \/>\nWrite a note on the allotropy of carbon.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe property of an element to exist in two or more physical forms due to difference in the arrangement of atoms is called Allotropy. Allotropes have more or less similar chemical properties but different physical properties.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24630\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-20.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 20\" width=\"240\" height=\"237\" \/><br \/>\nDiamond, graphite and fullerenes are the crystalline allotropes of carbon.<br \/>\nStructure of Diamond : In diamond, each carbon atom bonded to four carbon atoms situated tetrahydrally around it.<br \/>\nIn diamond, each carbon atom is in sp<sup>3<\/sup> hybridisation and is linked to four carbon atoms by single covalent bonds.<br \/>\nC &#8211; C bond distance in diamond is 1.54 A\u00b0.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24631\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-21.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 21\" width=\"77\" height=\"41\" \/> bond angle in diamond is 109\u00b0 28&#8243;.<br \/>\nUses of Diamond :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Diamonds are used as precious stones for jewellery because of their ability to reflect light.<\/li>\n<li>Diamonds are used for cutting glass and drilling rocks due to their remarkable hardness.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Structure of Graphite : Graphite consists of a series of layers in which hexagonal rings made up of carbon atoms.<br \/>\nIn Graphite, each carbon atom undergo sp<sup>2<\/sup> hybridisation and forms three covalent bonds with three other carbon atoms.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24632\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-22.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 22\" width=\"168\" height=\"50\" \/><br \/>\nThe fourth electron present in the pure \u2018p orbitaI which is unhybridised. The electron become Free Electron.<br \/>\nThe C \u2014 C bond length in graphite is 1.42 A\u00b0.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24633\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-23.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 23\" width=\"242\" height=\"293\" \/><br \/>\nThe distance between the two layers in graphite is 3,4 A\u00b0.<br \/>\nThese layers are held together by Vander Waal\u2019s forces which are weak.<br \/>\nGraphite is a layer lattice structure.<br \/>\nUses of Graphite:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Graphite is used as a lubricant.<\/li>\n<li>It is used in the manufacturing of lead pencils.<\/li>\n<li>It is used in the manufacturing of Electrodes and Refractory crucibles.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Fullerenes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fullerenes are one type of crystalline allotropes of carbon.<\/li>\n<li>These are formed by heating graphite in an electric arc in presence of inertgases such as Helium (or) Argon.<\/li>\n<li>These have smooth structure without dangling bonds. Hence Fullerenes are the only pure forms of carbon.<\/li>\n<li>C<sub>60<\/sub> molecule is called Buck minster fullerene and it&#8217;s shave was like a soccer ball.<\/li>\n<li>C<sub>60<\/sub> contains twenty 6 &#8211; membered rings and twelve 5 &#8211; membered rings.<\/li>\n<li>In C<sub>60<\/sub> 6 &#8211; membered rings can combine with 5 (or) 6 &#8211; membered rings while 5 &#8211; membered rings only combine with 6 &#8211; membered rings.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0In Fullerens each carbon undergoes sp<sup>2<\/sup> hybridisation.<\/li>\n<li>Fullere has aromatic nature due to delocalisation of electrons in unhybrid p-orbitals.<\/li>\n<li>The C &#8211; C bond length in these compound lies between single and double bond lengths.<\/li>\n<li>Spherical fullerene are also named as bucky balls.<\/li>\n<li>The ball shaped molecule has 60 vertices.<\/li>\n<li>The C &#8211; C bond distances are 1.43A\u00b0 and 1.38A\u00b0 respectively.<\/li>\n<li>Amorphous allotropes of carbon are coal, coke, animal charcoal wood charcoal, lamp black, carbon black, gas carbon, petroleum coke and sugar charcoal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 4.<br \/>\nWrite a note on<br \/>\na) Silicates<br \/>\nb) Zeolites<br \/>\nc) Fullerenes.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\na) Silicates : Many building materials are silicates.<br \/>\nEx : Granites, slates, bricks and cement. Ceramics and glass are also silicates. The Si &#8211; O bonds in silicates are very strong. They do not dissolve in any of the common solvents nor do they mix with other substances readily.<\/p>\n<p>The silicates can be divided into six types. They are mentioned here.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Orthosilicate or Nesosilicates : Their general formula may be M<sub>2<\/sub><sup>11<\/sup> (SiO<sub>4<\/sub>).<br \/>\nEx : Willemite Zn<sub>2<\/sub> (SiO<sub>4<\/sub>).<\/li>\n<li>Pyrosilicates or sorosilicates or Disilicates : These contain SiO<sub>7<\/sub><sup>-6<\/sup> units. Pyrosilicates are rare.<br \/>\nEx : Thorveitite Ln<sub>2<\/sub> (Si<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>7<\/sub>).<\/li>\n<li>Chain silicates : They have the units (SiO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>n<\/sub><sup>2n-<\/sup><br \/>\nEx : Spodumene LiAl (SiO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>.<br \/>\nAmphiboles are one type chain silicates. Generally double chains are formed in them.<\/li>\n<li>Cyclic silicates : They are silicates having ring structures. They may be formed of general formula (SiO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>n<\/sub><sup>2n-<\/sup>. Rings containing three, four, six and eight tetrahedral units are known. But rings with three and six are the most common.<br \/>\nEx : Beryl Be<sub>3<\/sub>Al<sub>2<\/sub> (Si<sub>6<\/sub>O<sub>18<\/sub>)<\/li>\n<li>Sheet silicates : When SiO<sub>4<\/sub> units share three corners the structure formed is an inifinite two dimensional sheet. The empirical formula (Si<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>5<\/sub>)<sub>n<\/sub><sup>2n-<\/sup>. These compounds appear in layer struc-tures. They can be cleaved.<br \/>\nEx : Kaolin Al<sub>2<\/sub> (OH)<sub>4<\/sub> Si<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>5<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<li>Frame work silicates or three dimensional silicates : Sharing all the four corners of a SiO<sub>4<\/sub> tetrahedron results in three dimensional lattice of formula SiO<sub>2<\/sub>.<br \/>\nEx : Quartz, Tridymite; Cristobalite; Feldspar and ultramarine (Na<sub>8<\/sub> [Al<sub>6<\/sub> Si<sub>6<\/sub> O<sub>24<\/sub>] S<sub>2<\/sub>), zeolites.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>b) Zeolites : The three dimensional structure contain no metal ions. If some of the Si<sup>+4<\/sup> in them is replaced by Al<sup>+3<\/sup> and an additional metal ion an infinite three dimensional lattice is formed. Replacements of one or two silicon atoms in [Si<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>8<\/sub>]<sup>-2n<\/sup> form zeolites. Zeolites act as ion ex-changes and as molecular sieves. The structures of zeolites permit the formation of cavities of different sizes. Water molecules and a variety of other molecules like NH<sub>3<\/sub>, CO<sub>2<\/sub> and ethanol can be trapped in these cavities. Then zeolites serve as molecular sieves. They trap Ca<sup>+2<\/sup> ions from hard water and replace them by Na<sup>+2<\/sup> ions.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Uses of Zeolites :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Zeolites are used as catalysts in petrochemical industries for cracking of hydrocarbons and in Isomerisation.<\/li>\n<li>Zeolite ZSM &#8211; 5 is used to convert alcohols directly into gasoline.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>c) Fullerenes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fullerenes are one type of crystalline allotropes of carbon.<\/li>\n<li>These are formed by heating graphite in an electric arc in presence of inertgases such as Helium (or) Argon.<\/li>\n<li>These have smooth structure without dangling bonds. Hence Fullerenes are the only pure forms of carbon. .<\/li>\n<li>C<sub>60<\/sub> molecule is called Buck minster fullerene and it&#8217;s shave was like a soccer ball.<\/li>\n<li>C<sub>60<\/sub> contains twenty 6 &#8211; membered rings and twelve 5 &#8211; mem- bered rings.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24622\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-12.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 12\" width=\"245\" height=\"285\" \/><\/li>\n<li>In C<sub>60<\/sub>. 6 &#8211; membered rings can combine with 5 (or) 6 &#8211; membered rings while 5 &#8211; membered rings only combine with 6 &#8211; membered rings.<\/li>\n<li>In Fullerens each carbon undergoes sp<sup>2<\/sup> hybridisation.<\/li>\n<li>Fullere has aromatic nature due to delocalisation of electrons in unhybrid p-orbitals.<\/li>\n<li>The C &#8211; C bond length in these compound lies between single and double bond lengths.<\/li>\n<li>Spherical fullerene are also named as bucky balls.<\/li>\n<li>The ball shaped molecule has 60 vertices.<\/li>\n<li>The C &#8211; C bond distances are 1.43A\u00b0 and 1.38A\u00b0 respectively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Solved Problems<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 1.<br \/>\nSelect the member(s) of group 14 that<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>forms the most acidic dioxide<\/li>\n<li>is commonly found in +2 oxidation state<\/li>\n<li>used as semiconductor.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Solution:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Carbon<\/li>\n<li>lead<\/li>\n<li>Silicon and germanium<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 2.<br \/>\n[SiF<sub>6<\/sub>]<sup>2-<\/sup> is known whereas [SiCl<sub>6<\/sub>]<sup>2-<\/sup> not. Give possible reasons.<br \/>\nSolution:<br \/>\nThe main reasons are :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Six large chloride ions cannot be accommodated around Si<sup>4+<\/sup> due to limitation of its size.<\/li>\n<li>Interaction between lone pair of chloride ion and Si<sup>4+<\/sup> is not very strong.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/AP-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14\" width=\"196\" height=\"17\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 3.<br \/>\nDiamond is covalent, yet it has high melting point. Why ?<br \/>\nSolution:<br \/>\nDiamond has a three &#8211; dimensional network involving strong C &#8211; C bonds, which are very difficult to break and in turn has high melting point.<\/p>\n<p>Question 4.<br \/>\nWhat are Silicones ?<br \/>\nSolution:<br \/>\nSimple Silicones consist of <img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24634\" src=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/AP-Inter-1st-Year-Chemistry-Study-Material-Chapter-11-The-p-Block-Elements-Group-14-24.png\" alt=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements - Group 14 24\" width=\"75\" height=\"72\" \/> chains in which alkyl or phenyl groups occupy the remaining bonding positions on each silicon. They are hydrophobic (water repellant) in nature.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material 11th Lesson The p-Block Elements &#8211; Group 14 Textbook Questions and Answers. AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material 11th Lesson The p-Block Elements &#8211; Group 14 Very Short Answer Questions Question 1. Discuss the variation of oxidation states in the group -14 elements. Answer: &#8230; <a title=\"AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements &#8211; Group 14\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/ap-inter-1st-year-chemistry-study-material-chapter-11\/\" aria-label=\"More on AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements &#8211; Group 14\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22333"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22333"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22333\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22334,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22333\/revisions\/22334"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22333"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22333"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22333"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}