{"id":22731,"date":"2023-07-24T14:33:54","date_gmt":"2023-07-24T09:03:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/?p=22731"},"modified":"2023-07-24T17:39:22","modified_gmt":"2023-07-24T12:09:22","slug":"ap-inter-2nd-year-civics-study-material-chapter-11","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/ap-inter-2nd-year-civics-study-material-chapter-11\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material Chapter 11 Elections and Representation"},"content":{"rendered":"

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material<\/a> 11th Lesson Elections and Representation Textbook Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 11th Lesson Elections and Representation<\/h2>\n

Long Answer Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nWrite an essay on the Election System in India.
\nAnswer:
\nElections are very important for the political system of modem democratic states. Modem democratic states have representative governments. People participate in the process of government through their elected representatives. The election system is a political device through which the modern state creates among its citizens a sense of involvement and participation in public affairs.<\/p>\n

Features of the Indian Election System :
\nThe following features of the Indian Election system highlight its good structure nature.<\/p>\n

1. Direct Election of Representatives:
\nThe Constitution provides for a direct election of the representatives of the people. Members of the Lok Sabha, the State Legislative Assemblies, Municipalities, and Village Panchayats are directly elected by the people. These legislative bodies are the real centres of people’s power in the Indian democratic system.<\/p>\n

2. Indirect Election for some Institutions :
\nHowever, the Constitution also provides for an indirect election in respect of the Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Councils, and the President and the Vice President of India. These are elected indirectly and in accordance with a system of proportional representation vote.<\/p>\n

3. Universal Adult Franchise :
\nThe constitution provides for a uniform Franchise to all the citizens. The right to vote was granted to all the citizens of 18 years of age without any discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, gender, education, property and place of birth. All the citizens whose names appear in the electoral lists, are eligible to exercise their vote in elections.<\/p>\n

4. Reservation of seats for SCs and STs :
\nWith a view to safeguard the interests of the people belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, the Constitution provided the reservation of seats for them. Article 330 of the Constitution provides the reservation of seats to these classes in the Lok Sabha and Article 332 lays down this provision in respect of elections to every state Assembly. In the reserved constituencies, persons belonging to SC and ST only can contest in the elections.<\/p>\n

5. Provision for Nominations :
\nThe Constitution, under its Article 337, lays down that the President may, if he is of the opinion that the Anglo-Indian community is not adequately represented in the Lok Sabha, nominate not more than two members of the community to the Lok Sabha. Likewise, the Governor can also nominate not more than one person from this Anglo – Indian community to the State Legislative Assembly.<\/p>\n

6. Regular revision of Electoral Rolls:
\nThe Election Commission revises and prepares the electoral rolls enumerating the names of the eligible voters for every ten years. Besides this, the Election Commission can order the revision of electoral rolls before any election. Provision also exists for a regular annual revision of electoral lists. Only those persons whose names appear in the electoral rolls of the constituency can exercise their franchise on the Election Day.<\/p>\n

7. Territorial and Single Member Constituencies :
\nIndian Election System provides for the creation of single-member territorial constituencies. All the voters living in a particular and defined territory constitute one constituency. Each territorial constituency elects one representative. Each state is divided into as many territorial constituencies as is the number of seats of its Legislative Assemblies and Parliamentary Constituencies and each constituency elects one representative.<\/p>\n

8. Delimitation of Constituencies :
\nAfter every census the boundaries of the constituencies are delimited. This work is done by a three member Delimitation Commission. This commission can change the boundaries of constituencies, and its decision is final. This cannot be challenged before any court of law.<\/p>\n

9. Secret Ballot:
\nSecret voting enables the voters to exercise their votes in accordance with their wishes and opinions. Special steps are taken in elections for maintaining secrecy and for checking impersonation in voting. This system is essential for making elections free and fair.<\/p>\n

10. Introduction of Voting Machines :
\nThe Election Commission has introduced the using of electronic voting machines (EVMs) for casting of votes by people and counting of votes in India.<\/p>\n

11. Relative Majority of Votes System :
\nIn the election, the candidate who secures more votes than every other contestant in his constituency is declared elected as representative to the Lok Sabha or the State Legislative Assemblies. In this system, valid votes are taken into consideration for counting.<\/p>\n

12. Independent Machinery for the conduct of Elections in India:
\nAccording to the Article 324 of the Constitution, the conduct of elections in India is the responsibility of the Election Commission. It is the Constitutional body which is conducting the elections freely, fairly, impartially and independently.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nExplain the Functions of Election Commission in India.
\nAnswer:
\nArticle 324(1) of the constitution provides the Election Commission to supervise and conduct the elections to parliament, state legislatures, the offices of the Preside ans the Vice-President of India.<\/p>\n

Composition :
\nThe Election Commission of India consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and Two other Commissioners.<\/p>\n

Appointment :
\nThe Chief Election Commissioner and other commissioners are appointed by the president of India.<\/p>\n

Tenure :
\nThe Chief Election Commissioner and other commissioners hold office for a period of 6 years or until they attain the age of 65 years whichever is earlier.<\/p>\n

Removal:
\nThe Chief Election Commissioner and other commissioners can be removed by the president on the basis of a resolution passed to that effect by both the Houses of Parliament with special majority either on the ground of proved misbehaviour or in capacity.<\/p>\n

Salary and Allowances :
\nThe Chief Election Commissioner and two other commissioners shall receive salary and Allowances which are similar to that of a Judge of the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n

Powers and Functions of Election Commission:
\nThe Constitution of India in its Articles 324-328 enumerates the powers and functions of the Election Commission. These can be mentioned here under.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. It prepares all periodically revised electoral rolls.<\/li>\n
  2. It makes every effort to ensure that the voters’ list is free of errors like non-existence of names of registered voters or existence of names of that non-eligible or non\u00acexistent.<\/li>\n
  3. It notifies the dates and schedules of election and scrutinizes nomination papers.<\/li>\n
  4. During this entire process, the Election Commission has the power to take decisions to ensure a free and fair poll.<\/li>\n
  5. It can postpone or cancel the election in the entire country or a specific State or constituency on the grounds that the atmosphere is vitiated and therefore, a free and fair election may not be possible.<\/li>\n
  6. The Commission also implements a model code of conduct for parties and candidates. It can order a re-poll in a specific constituency.<\/li>\n
  7. It can also order a recount of votes when it feels that the counting process has not been fully fair and just.<\/li>\n
  8. The Election Commission accords recognition to political parties and allots symbols to each of them.<\/li>\n
  9. It advices the President whether elections can be held in a state under President’s rule in order to extend the period of emergency after one year.<\/li>\n
  10. It advices the Governor on matters relating to the disqualifications of the,members of Stage Legislature.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Question 3.
    \nWhat is Representation? How many types of representative systems are there in India?
    \nAnswer:
    \nRepresentation:
    \nIn Democracy people elect members to the Legislatures. The elected members are the representatives of the people. They represent the people in the Legislature. This process is called representation.<\/p>\n

    Types of Representative systems in India:
    \nMany methods are in practice for electing the representatives of Legislative bodies in India. They may be explained under the following heads :<\/p>\n

    i) Direct Method :
    \nThis is widely practiced and easy method. The voter takes part in the election directly and casts his vote to the condidate of his choice. The elected representatives serve for a fixed term.
    \nEx : The members of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies are being elected through this method.<\/p>\n

    ii) In Direct Method :
    \nIn this method the voters elect their representatives indirectly. Accordingly, first voters (Primary electors) elect the Intermediatoiy electors known as secondary Electors. These secondary electors in turn, elect the Representatives on behalf of the first voters. The sequence is
    \nVoters \u2192 Intermediatory voters \u2192 Representatives
    \nOr
    \nPrimary voters \u2192 Secondary voters Representatives
    \n(Members of Electoral College)<\/p>\n

    Ex: In India, voters elect the members of Legislative Assemblies in the states, who in turn, elect the members of Upper house, Popularly known as the RAJYA SABHA in the centre in accordance with the provisions, Rules and Regulations in force. They also elect the members of Legislative council and form a part and parcel of electoral college for electing the President of India.<\/p>\n

    iii) Territorial Representation:
    \nUnder Territorial Representation, the country will be divided into geographical units called “Constituencies”. Voters in every constituency elect their representatives in periodically held elections, i.e., for every five years.
    \nEx : a) Representatives of Local bodies.
    \nb) Members of State Legislative Assemblies and
    \nc) Members of Lok Sabha<\/p>\n

    iv) Functional Representation:
    \nUnder this method people are divided into functional groups, such as for example Doctors, Lawyers, Engineers, Teachers, Graduates, Capitalists, Workers etc. representatives from each functional group will be returned to legislative bodies. It is hoped that these representatives will ventilate all the problems related to their occupations.
    \nEx: In India<\/p>\n