{"id":22881,"date":"2024-01-27T12:54:05","date_gmt":"2024-01-27T07:24:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/?p=22881"},"modified":"2024-01-29T16:07:18","modified_gmt":"2024-01-29T10:37:18","slug":"ap-inter-2nd-year-economics-study-material-chapter-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.in\/ap-inter-2nd-year-economics-study-material-chapter-2\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material Chapter 2 Population and Human Resources Development"},"content":{"rendered":"

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP\u00a0AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material<\/a> 2nd Lesson Population and Human Resources Development Textbook Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n

AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material 2nd Lesson Population and Human Resources Development<\/h2>\n

Essay Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nExplain the theory of Demographic Transition.
\nAnswer:
\nThe theory demographic transition postulates a three stages sequence of birth and death rates as typically associated with economic development.
\n1. First Stage : According to this theory, death rates are high in the first stage of an agrarian economy on account of poor diets, primitive sanitation and absence of effective medical aid. Birth rates sire also high in this stage as a consequence of widespread prevalence of illiteracy, absence of knowledge about family planning techniques, early age of marriage, social beliefs and customs about the size of the family etc. In this stage, the actual growth rate of population is not high birth rate is balanced by high death rate.<\/p>\n

It is a stage of high growth potential but of low actual growth. This stage prevailed in India before 1921.<\/p>\n

2. Second Stage : Rise in income levels enables the people to improve their diet. Economic development also brings about an all-around improvement including the improvement in transport which makes the supply of food regular. This stage is characterized by rapid growth of population because the substantial reduction in the death rate as there is no corresponding decline in the birth rate. With the beginning of the process of development, the living standards of the people- improve education expands, medical and health facilities increase and government makes special efforts to check small pox,.malaria, cholera and plague etc. These developments generally bring down the mortality rate. But as long as society remains primarily agrarian and education remains confined to a narrow section of the society, attitude of the society towards the size of family does not change radically and birth rate remains high.<\/p>\n

In this situation, population increases at an alarming rate. Economists call it population explosion. This stage has been prevailing in India since 1921.<\/p>\n

3. Third Stage : A country can hope to overcome the problem of population explosion if the process of industrialisation accompained by urbanisation grows fast and education becomes wide spread. Only in this situation birth rate shows a tendency to fall. Life in a city is not the same as in village. Industrialisation results overcrowding in cities and the housing problems compel people to revise their attitudes towards size of family. When the process of economic development gets accelerated, women seek all kinds of employment in order to supplement family earnings for working women, up bring of children is not an easy task consequently.<\/p>\n

The birth rate declines significantly and thus the rate of population growth remains low.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nWhat are the causes of high birth rate and low death rate in India ?
\nAnswer:
\nPopulation increases because of high birth rate, low death rate and immigration. The birth rate has not declined significantly in India during the last five decades because of a number of economic and social factors.
\nCauses of the high birth rate :
\nI. Economic factors :
\na) Predominance of Agriculture : India is a predominantly agriculture economy. In an agrarian economy, children are considered assets and’ not burdens as they help in agricultural fields and also other sectors.<\/p>\n

b) Slow urbanization process and Predominance of villages : The process of urbanization has been slow in this country and it has failed to generate social forces, which usually bring down the birth rate. The social system and family structure of rural life seem to survive transplantation to the town or city quite remarkably. According to sociological studies.<\/p>\n

c) High incidence of Poverty : There is high incidence of poverty in India. Poor people tend to have large families as they consider every child as earning hand. In a poor country like India children are considered as an asset of generating income.<\/p>\n

II. Social factors:
\na) Compulsory Marriage : Marriage is both a religious and social necessity in India. Presently in India by the age of 50 only 5 out of 1000 Indian women remains unmarried. More marriages means more population.<\/p>\n

b) Early Marriage : Not only marriages are almost compulsory, they take place at quite young age in India, which provides more time for women to give birth to children.<\/p>\n

c) Religious beliefs and Superstitions : Most Indians due to their religious and superstitions desire to have more children having no regard to their economic conditions. Every child is considered as “Gift of God”.<\/p>\n

d) Joint family system: Joint family system in India also encourages people to have large families.<\/p>\n

e) Illiteracy: Lack of education among people especially among women causes people to have irrational attitudes and hence big families.<\/p>\n

Causes of the low death rate :
\na) Control over famines : Famines, which were widespread before independence have not occurred on a large scale since independence.<\/p>\n

b) Control over epidermics : Cholera and smallpox often resulted in epidemics before independence. Now smallpox is completely eradicated and cholera is very much under control. Similarly there has been decline in the incidence of malaria and tuberculosis. These have resulted in reducing the death rate.<\/p>\n

c) Other factors : Other factors which have reduced death rate are :<\/p>\n