AP Board

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the three types of methods to get high yield?
Answer:

• Improving high yielding varieties.
• Using high yield management methods.
• Crop protection management.

Question 2.
What are macro nutrients? Give examples.
Answer:
Minerals that required by plants in larger quantities are called macronutrients.
E.g.: Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Sodium.

Question 3.
What are micronutrients? Give examples.
Answer:
Minerals required in small quantities are called micro nutrients.
E.g.: Iron, Manganese, Boron, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum, Chlorine, etc.

Question 4.
What is the major difference between short term varieties and long term varieties?
Answer:
Short term varieties produce grains more than long term varieties.

Question 5.
Give Examples of chemical fertilizers.
Answer:
NPK, Urea and Superphosphate are the examples of chemical fertilizers.

Question 6.
What is a vermi compost?
Answer:
It is the product or process of composting using worms usually earthworms is called vermi compost.

Question 7.
What is Kharif crop? Give two examples.
Answer:
Cultivation and harvesting of any domesticated plant sown in the rainy season.
Ex : Paddy, sugarcane, maize, etc.

Question 8.
What is Rabi crop? Give two examples.
Answer:
Agricultural crops sown in winter and harvested in the summer season.
Ex : Wheat, barley, sesame, etc.

Question 9.
What are mixed crops? What is the advantage of growing mixed crops?
Answer:
If more than one crop is cultivated in the same field then it is called mixed crop. Because of mixed crop cultivation, the soil becomes fertile.

Question 10.
Give a list of green manure crops.
Answer:
Crops which are grown in field and can be ploughed back into the soil for soil fertility are called green manure crops.
Ex : Sanhemp, Lobia, Green gram, Kulthi, Berseem.

Question 11.
Write two uses of biofertilizers?
Answer:

• Biofertilizers are useful to maintain soil health and productivity.
• They synthesize nutrients from environment and soil.

Question 12.
What is the benefit of crop rotation?
Answer:
Crop rotation help the farmer by adding nutrients in the place of lost nutrients.

Question 13.
What is hybridization?
Answer:
Hybridization is a process to yield high yielding variety of crops.

Question 14.
What is GMS?
Answer:
Genetically Modified Seeds are called GMS.

Question 15.
What is NPK?
Answer:
NPK is the chemical proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash. These are partially or completely synthetic in origin.

Question 16.
What are weeds?
Answer:
Unwanted plants which are grown in the crop field along with cultivated crop.

Question 17.
What are insecticides? Give one example.
Answer:
These are the poisonous chemical substances which destroy the insects in the crop field. These are sprayed on the insect affected crops.

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the factors that cause increase in production of crop?
Answer:

• Production of crop depends on several factors.
• Only when there is a proper combination of several factors, the production can increase.
• Some of these factors include the kind of seeds planted, the properties of the soil, the availability and proper application of irrigation and fertilisers, the weather, con¬trolling insect attacks, the growth of seeds, and soon.

Question 2.
How to increase the food production?
Answer:

• Increasing the area of cultivated land.
• Increasing production in the existing land.
• Developing high yielding varieties.
• Alternative crops.
• Mixed crops.
• Cultivating short term crops like Rabi.

Question 3.
What is drip irrigation? What is its use?
Answer:

• Drip irrigation is a good practise in agriculture to prevent water wastage.
• In drip irrigation, water is supplied through small pipes.
• These pipes have small holes through which water passes drop by drop.
• Drip irrigation prevents wastage of water.

Question 4.
What is crop rotation? What is the benefit of crop rotation?
Answer:

• Crop rotation is the process in which one crop is followed by another crop on an agricultural field.
• When cereals are cultivated, more nutrients are utilised.
• If legumes are grown in the soil, less nutrients are utilised.
• Not only this, they synthesize some nutrients in the soil.

Question 5.
What is mixed crop? What are its uses?
Answer:
If more than one crop is cultivated in the same field then it is called mixed crop.
Uses:

1. Because of mixed crop cultivation the soil becomes fertile.
2. The nutrients which are used by one crop will be regained by cultivating another crop.
   E.g.: Soya grown along with Pea.
   Pea grown along with Green gram.
   Cotton grown along with Groundnut.

Question 6.
What are Green Manure Crops? Give examples.
Answer:

• Some crops are grown so that they can be ploughed back into the soil. They are known as Green manure crops.
• Some examples are berseem, kutthi, sunhemp, lobia, green gram, etc.

Question 7.
What are the functions of soil testing centre?
Answer:

• At these centres the soil technologist collects soil samples from fields and tests the fertility levels of soil.
• They give us knowledge about the soil.
• The testing centres are situated in division and district levels.

Question 8.
What is organic farming? What are its uses?
Answer:

• To maintain soil productivity organic farming came into existence.
• In this type of farming, farmers use natural manures and natural pest controlling methods and they also practise crop rotation and mixed crop systems.

Question 9.
What are the advantages of water shed management?
Answer:

• The water shed increases the moisture in the soil and prevents soil erosion as tree roots hold the soil firmly.
• When there are many trees close by as in a forest, all of them together hold large quantities of water.

Question 10.
Write briefly about hybridization.
Answer:

• By using hybridization methods the seeds with desired characters are developed.
• Biotechnologists develop hybrid varieties by crossing between two plants which have genetically different characters and they developing new variety with useful characters.
• The hybrid varieties that are produced by hybridization techniques are high yielding, disease-resistant can thrive on less rainfall, and will grow in acidic soils also.

Question 11.

Now answer the following questions.
1) Name the nutrient that is responsible for formation of new fruits and leaves.
2) Name the nutrient that is responsible for increase in the quality of smell, colour, and taste of fruits.
Answer:

1. Nitrogen
2. Potassium

Question 12.
Write the differences between mixed cropping and intercropping.
Answer:

Question 13.
What are the advantages of hybridisation?
Answer:

• Due to this, high yielding plants are produced.
• It makes varieties in disease resistant plants.

Question 14.
Write the differences between manure and Fertilizer.
Answer:

Question 15.
Write the uses of manures.
Answer:
Manures helps in

1. improvement of soil structure
2. increase in water holding capacity
3. soil enrichment with nutrients

Question 16.
Why is soil replenishment essential? State one natural method of soil replefiishment.
Answer:
By growing same crop year after year in the same soil, the soil shows depletion in certain nutrients. Cropping in this field year after year leads to drop in production of crops. Crop rotation and mixed cropping are very useful in soil replenishment.

Question 17.
What are the major group activities involved for improving of crop yields?
Answer:

•  Crop variety improvement programme
• Crop production improvement
• Crop protection improvement

Question 18.
How do deficiency of nutrients affect the crop?
Answer:
Deficiency of any nutrient affects physiological process in plants including reproduction, growth, and disease resistance.

Question 19.
What are the uses of crop rotation?
Answer:

• Improves fertility of the soil.
• It minimises the pest diseases.
• It controls weeds.
• It avoids depletion of a particular nutrient from soil.

Question 20.
The fields, in which legumes are grown, get enriched with nitrogen why?
Answer:
The roots of legumes have nodules on their roots which fix the atmospheric nitrogen due to which the land gets enriched with Nitrogen. Therefore, legumes are grown in a season alternating between cereal crops such as wheat and millet.

Question 21.
What is drip irrigation?
Answer:
Drip irrigation is a practice in agriculture to prevent water wastage. In this method, water is supplied through small pipes. These pipes have small holes where water pass through drop by drop.

Question 22.
Write some suggestions to improve food production.
Answer:
We should use

1. High yielding seed
2. Suitable irrigation system
3. By using fertilizers and pesticides in a prescribed way
4. Right time of sowing seeds.

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a short note on organic manure.
Answer:

• The organic manure is produced by decaying the plant and animal wastes.
• The manure produced from decomposed plants and animal products has more organic material.
• This gives good nutrients to the soil. It makes the soil fertile.
• Because of humus, the natural manure, water holding capacity of soil is increased.
• Natural organic manures are generally divided into two types. One is concentrated organic manure and the other is macro organic manure.
• Groundnut, gingilli, castor, coconut, neem, jatropa seed powders are the examples of concentrated organic manures.
• Animal excreta, compost, deep hitter are the examples of macro organic manure.
• Nutrients are rich in the concentrated manures than in macro organic manures.
• Plant and animal residues in the field such as stalks and roots, cow dung, urine, etc as organic manure.

Question 2.
How is the natural manure Panchagavya is prepared?
(OR)
An Agricultural Officer who encourages Organic farming wants to demonstrate preparation of natural manure by using five main ingredients of cow products. Prepare a note on it as a lab record.
Answer:

• The main ingredients of Panchagavya are milk, curd, ghee, dung, and urine of cow.
• Mix cow dung and cow ghee.
• Settle it for four days. On the fifth day, add urine, milk, and curd of cow.
• Also add kallu, coconut water, and sugarcane juice to the mixture and then add banana paste.
• Settle it for ten days. Stir the material morning and evening.
• Then we will get panchagavya the only sprayer type of manure.
• 3% of panchagavya is helpful to grow crop with higher yielding.
• It is also used as food for hens and fish in ponds.

Question 3.
What are the uses of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium?
Answer:
Uses of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium :

Question 4.
What are bio-fertilizers? Give examples.
Answer:
Some microorganisms which are useful to synthesise nutrients from the environment or from soil to plants. These are called microbial cultures or bio-fertilizers.

Question 5.
How vermi compost is prepared?
Answer:

• Construct 10 × 1 × ½ metres vermi compost beds in sheds which protect these beds from direct sunlight and rain.
• Collect coconut, banana, and sugarcane leaves, coconut coir, and dry black gram plants.
• Made them into 3 to 4 inches layer. This layer was wet with water.
• Collect house hold waste of dry cattle dung from the village to fill the bed.
• After two weeks of making bed, they kept thousand earth worms per square meter and covered the bed with gunny bags to maintain 30/6 to 40/6 of moisture.
• After 60 days we can collect our first manure.
• Second time, we will get the manure within 40 to 45 days.
• Every year we get the manure 6 times from these beds.
• Thus, vermi compost is prepared.

Question 6.
How Green revolution has changed the life style of farmers in India?
Answer:

• By Green revolution, the production of crops has been increased tremendously.
• Agriculture has become an industry and provides new avenues for work and fulfilment. Ecological balance may occur by the product of the green revolution.
• The soil may become fertilizer dependent. Plants are more dependent on pesticides which affect soil fertility man and animal health.

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Absorption of salts by different crops (Units: Kg/Hectares/Season)

a) In which crop new leaves arise fast? Why?
b) In which crop roots do not penetrate deep into soil?
c) Which crop show more resistance to pests? Why?
d) From the above table, cultivation of which crop yields more to farmer?
Answer:

1. Sugarcane crop. Because it utilise nearly 90% of Nitrogen. Nitrogen is responsible for formation of new leaves.
2. Millet crops.
3. Sugarcane
4. Sugarcane

Question 2.
How do you appreciate the role of earthworms in helping farmers?
Answer:

• Earthworms are known as “friends of farmers”.
• Earthworms make the soil loose and enables it to aerate.
• They make the soil rich with organic fertilizers and reduce the farmer’s investment on chemical fertilizers.
• They also help the farmer in improving the crop productivity and soil quality.

Question 3.
If a farmer cultivating one type of crop then what happend?
Answer:

1. The crop productivity decreases.
2. Soil fertility gradually decreases.
3. Attack of pests on crops will increase.

Question 4.
Read the paragraph carefully and answer the questions given below.
Generally farmers use synthetic pyrethroids like pesticides, insecticides to control pests on crops. Farmers are also using so many natural pest controlling techniques.
1. Which concept in agriculture explains the above information?
2. Name some synthetic pesticides and insecticides.
3. Distinguish between synthetic insecticides and natural insecticides.
4. Write about any two natural insect control methods.
Answer:

1. Crop protective methods.
2. D.A.P. super phosphate, D.D.T, Heptachlore.
3. Artificial pesticides are nothing but poisonous chemicals. They harm and kill the pests but also the useful friendly insects which are useful in pollination. Natural pesticides are the insects which feed on pests that destroy crops.
   Ex : Dragon fly, spiders, mirids, lady bird beetle.
4. a) By introducing “Bacillus thuringiensis” we can protect our crops,
   b) By adapting mixed crop cultivation we can reduce pests naturally.

Question 5.
The fields of Ramaiah and Somaiah are in the same area. Both cultivated the cotton crop. Ramaiah got good crop yield than Somaiah. Guess the reasons for low crop yield of Somaiah.
Answer:

• He selected high crop yield variety of cotton.
• He used better crop management methods for high yielding.
• He used better pest controlling method to get high crop yield.
• He used soil friendly fertilizers to get high yield of crop.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What is the importance of different biogeochemical cycles in the nature? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Biogeochemical cycles enables the transformation of matter from one ecosystem to another.
• Biogeochemical cycles enable the transfer of molecules from one locality to another.
• Some elements such as nitrogen are highly concentrated in the atmosphere, but some of the atmospheric nitrogen is transfer it to soil through the nitrogen cycle.
• Biogeochemical cycles facilitates the storage of elements.
• Biogeochemical cycles assists in functioning of ecosystem.
• Biogeochemical cycles link living organisms with living organisms, living organisms with non-living organisms and non-living organisms with non-living organisms.
• Biogeochemicals regulate the flow of substances.

Question 2.
What do you understand by Ozone layer? Write an essay to participate in elocution competition on importance of ozone layer. (AS 6)
Answer:
Ozone is concentrated in a layer in the stratosphere, about 15-30 kilometres above the earth’s surface. Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen atoms. It is blue in colour and has a strong odour.

Significance of ozone layer :
Even the small amount of ozone plays a key role in the atmosphere. The ozone layer absorbs a portion of the radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the planets.
Most important of all it absorbs the portion of ultra violet light which causes many harmful effects including various types of skin cancer and harm to some crops, certain materials and some forms of marine life.

Ozone depletion :
Certain industrial processes and consumer products results in the emission of ozone depleting substances to the atmosphere. Chlorofluoro carbons used in almost all refrigeration and air conditioning systems destroy ozone layer. The ozone hole is not really a hole, but it was observed that there is less ozone in Antarctica than in arctic region.

Conservation of ozone layer :
The discovery of an ozone hole over Antarctica prompted action to control the use of gases which have a destructive effect on the ozone layer. From this concern emerged the Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer signed by 24 countries in 1987.

Question 3.
What emissions from human activities lead to ozone depletion? And what are the principal steps in stratospheric ozone depletion caused by human activities? (AS 1)
(OR)
Which human activities emit gases that lead to Ozone depletion. What measures you suggest to control the emission of these gases?
Answer:

• Certain industrial processes and consumer products result in emission of ozone depletion substances to the atmosphere.
• These gases bring chlorine and flourine atoms to the atmosphere when they destroy ozone in chemical reactions.
• Important emissions from human activities are chlorofluoro carbons used in all most all refrigeration and air conditioning system.
• Most of these gases accumulate in the lower atmosphere because they are unreactive and do not dissolve readily in rain or snow.
• Natural air motions transport these accumulated gases to the stratosphere, where they are converted to make reactive gases.
• Some of these gases then participate in reactions that destroy ozone.

Measures to control these gases :

• We should control and phase out the production and supply of ozone depleting chemicals specifically CFCs and their derivatives.
• We should control and phase out of Halons, which destroy the growing plants in waste lands and starting reforestation works.

Question 4.
Why could we say that biogeochemical cycles are in “balance”? (AS 1)
Answer:

• We can say that biogeochemical cycles are in balance because the composition of various gases present in atmosphere does not change.
• And also even the substances of the biogeochemical cycles change from one ecosystem to the other, their percentage in soil, water and atmosphere remain same.
• By this, we can say that the biogeochemical cycles are in balance.

Question 5.
What role does carbon dioxide play in plant life processes? (AS 7)
Answer:

• The fixing of carbon in biological form takes place within plant and other organisms known as producers – in a process called photosynthesis, by which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical form.
• In photosynthesis, light energy helps to combine carbon dioxide and water to create the simplest of sugars, the carbohydrate molecules known as glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).
• The carbohydrates then become the source of chemical energy that fuel living cells in all plants and animals.
• In plants, some carbon remains as simple glucose for short term energy use, while some are converted to large complex molecules such as starch for longer term energy storage.

Question 6.
If all the vegetation in the pond died, what effects would it have on the animals? Why? (AS 2)
Answer:

• If all the vegetation in the pond dies, the animals which are herbivores also die due to the lack of food materials.
• So, the herbivores depend on vegetation for their food, dies immediately.

Question 7.
Burning of fossil fuels a concern for scientists and environmentalists. Why? (AS 6)
Answer:

• There are two problems associated with the use of fossil fuels.
• The first problem is that they are non – renewable resources.
• In other words as we use these fuels, their supply gets exhausted.
• It is estimated that the available supply of fossil fuels will get exhausted in another 50 to 100 years.
• The second problem with the use of fossil fuels is pollution.
• When these fuels are burnt various gases are produced.
• These are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide etc.
• Carbon dioxode is responsible for green house effect in the environment.
• As its concentration increases, more heat is retained in the atmosphere and the temperature all over the world increases and this is called global warming.
• Global warming causes floods in some areas and droughts in some areas.
• Sulphur dioxide released by the industries in to the atmosphere mixes with water vapour forming sulphuric acid and sulphurous acids. These are known as acid rains.

Question 8.
How human activities caused an imbalance in biogeochemical cycles? (AS 7)
Answer:

• In recent years human activities have directly or indirectly affected the biogeochemical cycles that determine climatic conditions of earth.
• Use of fertilizers mainly has affected the phosphorous and nitrogen cycles.
• Plants may not be able to utilize all of the phosphate fertilizer as a consequence, much of it lost from the land through the water run off. This result in pollution of water bodies.
• Humans have interfered with carbon cycle where fossil fuels have removed from the earth crust.
• Additionally, clearing of vegetation that serve as carbon sinks has increased the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere.
• Human impact on the sulphur cycle is primarily in the production of sulphur dioxide from industry.
• Sulphur dioxide can precipitate on to surfaces where it can be oxidized to sulphate in the soil, reduced to sulphide in atmosphere, or oxides to sulphate in the atmosphere as sulphuric acid.
• As a result of extensive cultivation of legumes, creation of chemical fertilizers, and pollution emitted by vehicles and industrial plants, human beings have more than doubled the annual transfer of nitrogen in to biologically available form.

Question 9.
List three ways we, as humans, have affected the water cycle. (AS 7)
Answer:

• The earth’s water supply stays the same but humans can alter the cycle. As population increases, and living standards rise this can increase the demand for water.
• Human impact the water cycle by polluting the water in rivers, streams, reservoirs etc.
• We are polluting it with harmful chemicals and disgusting substances. Technically we cannot alter the water cycle, however we can mess it up by dumping waste in to the ocean.

Question 10.
Describe interdependence of biotic and abiotic components by taking Nitrogen cycle as an example. Draw Nitrogen cycle. (AS 5)
Answer:
Interdependence of biotic and abiotic components in nitrogen cycle :

• Atmospheric nitrogen is present in inert form.
• From abiotic atmosphere nitrogen fixing bacteria abiotic component fixes nitrogen and uses it and stores in the body cells.
• Nitrates can also be converted to ammonia by the denitrifying bacteria in the soil.
• From soil plants take up nitrates as well as ammonium ions from the soil to convert them to proteins and nucleic acids.
• When animals and plants die, the nitrogen in the organic matter reenters the soil and water bodies.
• There the decomposing bacteria releases ammonia into soil and water.
• From abiotic soil component nitrogen makes its way back into atmosphere through a process called denitrification in which soil nitrate is converted back to gaseous nitrogen.

Question 11.
Go to a nearby pond observe organisms living in the pond and biodegradable substances mixing in water. How they effect on those organisms? Write your observation. (AS 4)
Answer:

• Biodegradable pollutants could have serious environmental consequences if large quantities are released in a small area.
• For example, dumping of biodegradable waste in to a small pond will deplete the •pond’s oxygen supply.
• Microorganisms in the ponds uses oxygen for degrading biological wastes.
• More amount of oxygen will be utilised by microorganisms for degradation.
• Left with no oxygen the aquatic organisms like fish die.
• Thus biodegradable substances become pollutants.

Question 12.
Prepare an article for newspaper on the item “How human activities effects the environment”. (AS 7)
Answer:
When the human population was smaller, people lived in small communities, so the effects of their activities were small and localised. A rapid increase in the human population and increase in the standard of living have lead to wide spread damage of the environment.

Question 13.
Write an experiment to prove Green house effect on temperature.
Answer:
Aim :
To prove the green house effect on temperature.

Appratus :
Two glass bottles, two corks, two thermometers, vinegar, baking soda, high voltage lamp

Procedure:

1. Take 100ml of vinegar and a table spoon of baking soda in one bottle and close its mouth with cork.
2. Insert the thermometer into the bottle through cork such that the bulb of the thermometer should not touch the material in the bottle.
3. Insert another thermometer into the empty bottle through the cork.
4. Keep these two bottles opposite to a high voltage bulb such that both bottles receives the same amount of temperature.
5. Note down the initial temperatures and record the temperatures for an hour.

Observation:

1. We can observe that the vinegar and baking soda in the first bottle react with each other to produce CO₂.
2. This CO₂ absorbs and retains the more heat from the bulb than the normal air in the second bottle.
   Inference : This proves the green house effect (green house gases such as CO₂) increases the temperature of the earth.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles Activities

Lab Activity – 1

Question 1.
Aim :
Test the effect of a green house on temperature.

Materials required :
Plastic bottle, nail, 2 thermometers, notebook and pencil.

Procedure:
1) Make a hole near the top of the plastic bottle with the nail.
2) Insert the first thermometer into the hole.
3) Place the second thermometer next to the bottle.
4) Make sure that the same amount of sunlight reaches both thermometers.
5) After 10 minutes, note temperature values from both thermometers.
6) Record the data in the notebook.
7) Take the temperature records again after another 10 minutes and repeat it for 2 – 3 times more.

Answer the following questions :
1) Do both thermometers record the same temperature?
Answer:
No.

2) If not, which one is higher?
Answer:
The thermometer kept in the plastic bottle shows higher temperature.

3) Can you explain why these two temperature records are not the same?
Answer:
a) The plastic bottle traps the sun’s rays and keeps the heat from escaping.
b) That is why it is warm inside the bottle.
c) The higher temperature in thermometer kept inside the bottle is due to the warmness inside the bottle.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 5 Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Physics Important Questions 5th Lesson Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces

10th Class Physics 5th Lesson Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Take a bright metal ball and make it black with soot on a candle flame. Immerse it in the water. Mention one observation. (AP June 2015)
Answer:
1) The ball shines.
2) The ball appears to raise up in water.

Question 2.
What is critical angle? (AP March 2015)
Answer:
The angle of incidence at which the light ray propagates from denser to rarer graze along interface is called critical angle of denser medium.

Question 3.
If refractive index of glass is \(\frac{3}{2}\), then what is speed of light in glass? (AP June 2016)
(OR)
Find the speed of light in a transparent medium, whose refractive index is 3/2.
Answer:
The refractive index of glass or transparent medium = \(\frac{3}{2}\)

Question 4.
Write any two questions about the ‘formation of mirages’. (AP June 2017)
Answer:

1. When does a mirage form?
2. How does a mirage form?

Question 5.
Optical Fibre Cable (OFC) are oftenly used in tele-communications. What is the working principle behind the OFC? (AP March 2017)
Answer:
Total Internal Reflection.

Question 6.
Among objects made of glass and diamond, which one shines more? Why? (AP June 2015)
Answer:
Diamond shines more because of low conical angle of 24.4°.

Question 7.
Suggest reasons for the phenomenon associated with the following : Twinkling of stars. (TS March 2015)
Answer:
Refraction of light is the reason for the twinkling of stars.

Question 8.
Draw the diagram showing the path of the ray when it travels from denser medium to rarer medium when the incident angle is more than the critical angle. (TS June 2016)
Answer:

Question 9.
Why does the light ray deviate in refraction? (AP SA-1:2019-20)
Answer:
Light ray always chooses the path of least time to travel. Hence speed of light changes at interface of two media. So, the light ray deviate in refraction.

Question 10.
Name the phenomenon involved in the function of optical fibre. (AP SCERT : 2019-20)
Answer:
Total Internal Reflection.

Question 11.
What is Fermat’s principle?
Answer:
The light ray always travels in a path which needs shortest possible time to cover the distance between the two given points.

Question 12.
What happens when light travels from one medium to another medium?
Answer:
It bends towards or away from normal.

Question 13.
When does speed of light decrease?
Answer:
When it travels from rarer to denser medium.

Question 14.
What do you mean by denser medium?
Answer:
The medium which has more optical density.

Question 15.
What is refraction?
Answer:
The process of changing speed when light travels from one medium to another is called refraction of light.

Question 16.
Which quantity will compare the refractive indices of two media?
Answer:
Relative refractive index.

Question 17.
What is relative refractive index?
Answer:
It is the ratio of refractive index of second medium to refractive index of first medium.

Question 18.
When does a light ray bend away from normal?
Answer:
When a light ray moves from denser to rarer medium it bends away from normal.

Question 19.
When will angle of refraction be equal to 90°?
Answer:
When angle of incidence is equal to critical angle then angle of refraction will be equal to 90°.

Question 20.
When angle of incidence of light ray is greater than critical angle, what happens?
Answer:
Light ray undergoes total internal reflection.

Question 21.
What happens to refractive index of air with height?
Answer:
Refractive index of air increases with height.

Question 22.
Which has greater refractive index between these?
1) cool air at the top
2) hotter air just above the road
Answer:
Cooler air has greater refractive index due to more density.

Question 23.
What is mirage?
Answer:
The virtual images of distant high objects cause the optical illusion called mirage.

Question 24.
What happens to a light ray when it falls perpendicular to one side of the slab surface?
Answer:
It comes out without any duration.

Question 25.
What are the conditions for total internal reflection?
Answer:

1. The rays of light must travel from denser to rarer medium.
2. The angle of incidence of denser medium must be greater than critical angle.

Question 26.
What is meant by a vertical shift?
Answer:
When a ray emerges out of a glass slab, it is parallel to the incident ray but is displaced laterally relative to incident ray. This shift of emergent ray is called vertical shift.

Question 27.
A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towards the normal or away from the normal? Why?
Answer:
It bends towards the normal. This is because it travels from an optically rarer to , optically denser medium.

Question 28.
When does Snell’s law fail?
Answer:
Snell’s law fails when light is incident normally on the surface of a refracting medium.

Question 29.
Why does a ray of light bend when it travels into another medium?
Answer:
It bends because its velocity changes when it moves from one medium to the other.

Question 30.
A pencil when dipped in a glass tumbler containing water appears to be bent at the interface of air and water. Explain why.
Answer:

• When light travels obliquely from one transparent medium to another, the direction of propagation of light changes due to refraction of light.
• In this case, light travels from denser medium to rarer medium, hence it bends away from the normal and the pencil appears to be bent.

Question 31.
Why does light travel in vacuum?
Answer:
Light travels in vacuum because it does not require medium for its propagation.

Question 32.
What are the factors on which refractive index depends?
Answer:

1. Nature of material
2. Wavelength of light used.

Question 33.
What does the ratio of sine of angle of incidence and sine of angle of refraction give?
Answer:
The ratio of sine of angle of incidence and sine of angle of refraction gives refractive index.

Question 34.
What is the relationship between critical angle and refractive index?
Answer:
The relationship between critical angle and refractive index

Question 35.
What is the relationship between angle of incidence and shift?
Answer:
As the angle of incidence increases, the shift also increases.

Question 36.
Why does a coin placed in a water appear to be raised?
Answer:
It is due to refraction of light.

Question 37.
Can you guess what happens when light travels from denser medium to rarer medium?
Answer:
The light ray bends away from normal.

Question 38.
A ray of light falls normally on a face of a glass slab. What are the values of angle of incidence and angle of refraction of this ray?
Answer:
Both angles are zero.

Question 39.
When does light ray from slab not undergo any deviation?
Answer:
The light ray that incidents perpendicular to one side of the slab surface comes out without any deviation.

Question 40.
What is the factor on which refraction depends?
Answer:
Refraction depends on optical density.

Question 41.
What is absolute refractive index?
Answer:
It is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to speed of light in medium.
\(\mathrm{n}=\frac{\mathrm{c}}{\mathrm{v}}\)

Question 42.
In water filled vessel, the coin of the bottom can be seen at a height. Give reasons.
Answer:
Rising of coin when water is poured in a cylindrical transparent vessel.

Question 43.
Write one activity in showing the process of ‘total internal refraction’.
Answer:
Due to refraction of light speed of light changes when it travels from one medium to another medium.

Question 44.
Define “Glass Slab”.
Answer:
A thin glass slab is formed when a medium is isolated from its surroundings by two plane surfaces parallel to each other.

Question 45.
A ray of light is incident normally on a plane glass slab. What will be the angle of refraction and angle of deviation for the ray?
Answer:
The ray is incident normally on a plane glass slab. So there is no deviation of light ray. Therefore the angle of refraction and angle of deviation both have 0° values.

Question 46.
A light ray in passing from water to a medium (a) speeds up, (b) slows down. In each case get one example of the medium.
Answer:
a) Air, because its optical density is less than water,
b) Glass, because its optical density is more than water.

Question 47.
If an angle of refraction is 90°, what is the corresponding angle of incidence called?
Answer:
The angle of incidence is called critical angle.

Question 48.
If the angle of incidence is more than critical angle, what happens to light ray if the light ray travels from denser to rarer medium?
Answer:
The light ray undergoes total internal reflection.

Question 49.
The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement in relation to speed of light?
Answer:
It means that light travels 2.42 times faster in vacuum than in diamond.

Question 50.
For the same angle of incidence 45°, the angle of refraction in two transparent media, I and II is 20° and 30° respectively. Out of I and II, which medium is optically denser and why?
Answer:
Medium I is optically dense as angle of refraction is lesser in it, hence light bends towards normal.

Question 51.
For which colour of white light is the refractive index maximum and for which colour of white light is the refractive index minimum?
Answer:
The refractive index is maximum for violet because its wavelength is least.
The refractive index is minimum for red because its wavelength is maximum.

Question 52.
Correct the statement. “If the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle the light is refracted when it falls on the surface from a denser medium to rarer medium”.
Answer:
If the angle df incidence is greater than the critical angle the light undergoes total internal reflection when it falls on the surface from a denser medium to rarer medium.

Question 53.
A light ray passes from medium 1 to medium 2. Which of the following quantities of refracted ray will differ from that of the incident ray?
Speed, intensity, frequency, wavelength.
Answer:
Speed, intensity and wavelength will differ from that of incident ray.

Question 54.
The refractive indices of alcohol and turpentine oil with respect to air are 1.36 and 1.47 respectively. Find the refractive index of turpentine oil with respect to alcohol. Which one of these permits the light to travel faster?
Answer:
The refractive index of turpentine oil with respect to alcohol = \(\frac{1.47}{1.36}\) = 1.08.

The refractive index increases when the speed of light decreases. So light travels faster in alcohol as its refractive index is less.

Question 55.
Light enters from air to diamond which has refractive index of 2.42. Calculate the speed of light in diamond, if speed of light in air 3 × 10⁸ ms^-1.
Answer:
Absolute refractive index = \(\frac{c}{v}\)
2.42 = \(\frac{3 \times 10^{8}}{\mathrm{v}}\) ⇒ v = 1.24 × 10⁸ ms^-1.

Question 56.
A glass block 3.0 cm thick is placed over a stamp. Calculate the height through which image of stamp is raised. Refractive index of glass is 1.54.
Answer:

Question 57.
The refractive index of water is 4/3. Calculate the critical angle for water – air interface (sin 49 = 3/4).
Answer:

10th Class Physics 5th Lesson Reflection of Light by Different Surfaces 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A ray of light enters from air to a medium X. The speed of light in the medium is 1.5 × 10⁸ m/s and the speed of light in air is 3 × 10⁸ m/s.
Find the refractive index of the medium X. (TS March 2015)
Answer:

Question 2.
What are the applications of optical fibres?
(OR)
Write two uses of fibre optics in daily life. (TS June 2016)
Answer:
Applications oruses of optical fibres :

1. Light pipes using optical fibres may be used to see places which are difficult to reach things such as inside of a human body.
2. The other important application of fibre optics is to transmit communication signals through light pipes.

Question 3.
Focal length of the lens depends on its surrounding medium. What happens, if we use a liquid as surrounding media of refractive index, equal to the refractive index of lens? (TS June 2018)
Answer:

• When the refractive index of surrounding media is equal to the refractive index of lens, the lens looses its characteristics.
• Lens do not diverge or converge the light.
• Light do not get refracted when it passes through that lens.

Question 4.
Why does the light ray travel slowly in diamond when compared to vacuum? (AP SA-I : 2019-20)
Answer:

• Refractive index of diamond (2.42) is greater than that of vacuum (1).
• Speed of light is inversely proportional to refractive index of substances.
• Hence, light ray travel slowly in diamond when compared to vacuum.

Question 5.
Write about laws of refraction.
(OR)
Write the laws of refraction.
Answer:
Laws of refraction :

1. The incident ray, the refractive ray and the normal to interface of two transparent media at a point of incidence lie in the same plane.
2. During refraction light follows Snell’s law, i.e., the ratio of sine of angled of incidence to sine of angle of refraction is constant.
   n₁ sin i = n₂ sin r (OR) \(\frac{\sin \mathrm{i}}{\sin \mathrm{r}}\) = constant.

Question 6.
What is total internal reflection ? What are the applications of total internal reflection?
Answer:
When the angle of incidence is greater than critical angle, the light ray is reflected into denser medium at interface i.e., light never enters rarer medium. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.
1) Brilliance of diamonds :
Total internal reflection is the main cause for brilliance of diamonds. The critical angle of diamonds is very low (24.4°). So if a light ray enters a diamond it is very likely to get total internal reflection which makes the diamond shine brilliant.

2) Optical fibres:
Total internal reflection is the basic principle for working of optical fibre.

Question 7.
What are optical fibres? How do they work?
Answer:

• An optical fibre is very thin fibre made of glass or plastic having radius about a micrometer.
• A bunch of such thin fibres forms a light pipe.

Working :

1. Because of the small radius of the fibre, light going into it makes a nearly glancing incidence on the wall.
2. The angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle and hence total internal reflection takes place.
3. The light is thus transmitted along the fibre.

Question 8.
How can a patient’s stomach be viewed by using optical fibres?
(OR)
How do you observe patient’s stomach by using a light pipe?
Answer:

• The patient’s stomach can be viewed by inserting one end of a light pipe into the stomach through the mouth.
• Light is sent down through one set of fibres in the pipe.
• This illuminates the inside of the stomach.
• The light from the inside travels back through another set of fibres in the pipe and the viewer gets the image at the outer end.

Question 9.
State four differences between reflection and total internal reflection.
Answer:

Question 10.
The figure shows refraction and emergence of a ray of light incident on a rectangular glass slab. Copy the diagram and mark the lateral displacement of the incident ray. Name the two factors on which the lateral displacement depends.

Answer:
The lateral displacement depends on

1. The angle of incidence of the incident ray PQ, on the slab and
2. The thickness of the glass slab.

The perpendicular distance between the emergent forward.

Question 11.
1) What happens to a ray of light when it travels from one equal refractive indices?
2) State the cause of refraction of light.
Answer:
1) No refraction or bending would take place. The light will travel in a straight line.

2) The refraction occurs due to change in speed of light as it enters from one medium to another.

Question 12.
A coin placed at the bottom of a tank appears to be raised when water is poured into it. Explain.
Answer:

• It happens due to the phenomenon of refraction of light.
• When the rays of light from the coin, in the denser medium fall on the interface separating the two media, the rays of light move away from the normal after refraction.
• The point from which the refracted rays appear to come gives the apparent position of the coin.
• As the rays appear to come from a point above the coin, therefore, the coin seems to be raised.

Question 13.
Define refractive index. Explain the relationship between the refractive index of the medium and to the speed of light in the medium.
Answer:
The ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in that medium is defined as refractive index ‘n’ with respect to the vacuum. It is also called absolute refractive index.

When refractive index of a medium is high, then the speed of light is low and vice-versa.

Question 14.
Explain lateral shift and vertical shift.
Answer:
Lateral shift:
The distance between incident and emergent ray is called lateral shift.

Vertical shift :
The perpendicular distance between object and its image is called vertical shift.

Question 15.
During refraction of light, which of the following quantities does not change.
(1) velocity,
(2) wavelength,
(3) frequency,
(4) amplitude.
Answer:
During refraction of light velocity of light changes and also wavelength and amplitude. Frequency does not change during refraction.

Question 16.
The upper surface of water contained in a beaker and held above the eye level appears silvery. Why?
Answer:
Critical angle for water is 48°. The rays of light entering in water from below, suffer refraction. If these rays strike the water-air surface at an angle which is greater than 48°, they get totally internally reflected. These rays on emerging out of water, appear to come from the upper surface of water, which in turn appear silvery.

Question 17.
Why don’t the planets twinkle?
Answer:

• The planets are much closer to the earth, and are thus seen as extended sources.
• We can consider a planet as a collection of a large number of point-sized sources of light.
• The total variation in the amount of light entering our eye from all the individual point-sized sources will average out to zero, thereby nullifying twinkling effect

Question 18.
Why did an empty test tube placed obliquely in water, appears filled with mercury, when seen from above?
Answer:
When the rays of light travelling through water they strike the water glass interface of test tube at an angle, which is more than critical angle for water, they suffer total internal reflection. When these totally reflected rays reach eye, then to the eye they appear as they come from surface of test tube, which in turn appears filled with mercury.

Question 19.
Why are the bubbles rising up the fish tank appear silvery?
Answer:
When the rays of light travelling through water they strike the water air interface of the bubble at an angle, which is greater than critical angle for water, they get totally internally reflected. These reflected rays on reaching the eye appear to come from air bubble, which in turn appears silvery.

Question 20.
Why does a crack in a window pane appear silvery?
Answer:
There is always some amount of air present in the crack. When the rays of light travelling through glass, strike the glass, the glass air interface at an angle, greater than critical angle of glass, they are totally internally reflected. When these reflected rays reach eye, then to the eye they appear to come from the crack, which in turn appears silvery.

Question 21.
Explain why a straight stick appears to be bent when dipped in water.
Answer:

• Suppose two rays originate from the end of the stick in water.
• As these rays get refracted into the air, they bend away from the normal.
• When these two refracted rays are produced backwards they seem to meet at a point higher than the end of stick.
• This point gives the apparent position of the end of the stick. Thus, the stick appears to be bent.

Question 22.
A pond appears to be shallower than it really is when viewed obliquely. Why?
Answer:

• Suppose two rays originate from the bottom of the pond. As these rays get refracted into the air, they bend away from the normal.
• When these two refracted rays are produced backwards they seem to meet at a point higher than the bottom of the pond.
• This point gives the apparent position of the bottom of the pond.
• Thus, the pond appears to be shallower.
• This effect is absent if the pond is viewed normally.

Question 23.
Frame some questions to know about the formation of mirages.
Answer:

1. What are mirages?
2. What is the principle involved in mirages?
3. Can mirages be photographed?
4. Where does the water on the road go?

Question 24.
A glass slab is placed over a piece of paper on which VIBGYOR is printed with each letter into corresponding colours.
1) Will the image of all the letters be in the same place?
2) The letter of which colour appears to be raised maximum and which colour minimum? Explain your answer.
Answer:

1. The image of all letters will not be in the same place.
2. The letter of violet colour appears to be raised maximum, while the letter of red colour appears to be raised minimum because refractive index of glass is most for the violet light while least for the red light, therefore the apparent depth is least for violet and most for red.

Question 25.
Why does sun appear bigger during the sunset or the sunrise?
Answer:

1. We already know that the apparent position of sun is higher than actual position in the horizon.
2. Moreover, due to refraction, the apparent image of sun is closer to eye than the actual position. Since during sunset or sunrise, the rays of light travel through maximum length of atmosphere therefore the refraction is also maximum.
3. Hence apparent image of sun is very much closer to eye. Thus it appears bigger.

Question 26.
Write the material required in finding out the relation between angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
Answer:
Material required :
A plank, white chart, protractor, scale, small black painted plank, a semi-circular glass disc of thickness nearly 2cm, pencil and laser light.

Question 27.
Write the aim and apparatus experiment in finding the refractive index of the glass slab.
Answer:
Aim :
Finding the refractive index of the glass slab.

Apparatus :
Glass slab, white chart, pin.

Question 28.
Observe the following table and answer the following question.

Questions :
1) Find out from the table the medium having highest optical density and the medium with lowest optical density.
2) You are given kerosene, turpentine oil and water. In which of these does the light travel fast? Use the information given in the table.
3) The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement?
4) When light travels from water to crown glass, what happens?
5) When light travels from diamond to air, what happens?
Answer:
1) The medium with highest optical density is diamond as its refractive index is maximum, i.e. 2.42.
The medium with lowest optical density is air, as its refractive index is minimum, i.e. 1.0003.

2) The refractive index of medium is given by the expression, n = \(\frac{c}{v}\) or v = \(\frac{c}{n}\)
This expression shows that light travels faster in the medium whose refractive index is minimum. From the table, we can find that water has the minimum value of refractive index. Therefore light travels faster in water.

3) This statement means that light travels 2.42 times faster in vacuum than in diamond.

4) The light bends towards normal.

5) The light bends away from the normal.

Question 29.
A ray of light enters from a medium A into a slab made up of a transparent substance B. Refractive indices of medium A and B are 2.42 and 1.65 respectively. Complete the path of ray of light till it emerges out of slab.

Answer:

Question 30.
A glass slab made of material of refractive index n₁ is kept in medium of refractive index n₂. A light ray is incident on the slab. Complete the path of rays of light emerging from glass slab, if a) n₁ > n₂ b) n₁ = n₂ c) n₁ < n₂.
Answer:
a) n₁ > n₂

b) n₁ = n₂
There is no deviation of light ray

c) n₁ < n₂

Question 31.
How do you appreciate the process of total internal reflection in nature?
Answer:

1. Total internal reflection is responsible for brilliance of diamond.
2. Total internal reflection is basic pruxiplo behind working of optical fibres which are used in getting the images ol internal ouaiis and also used in telecommunications. So the role of total internal reflection is thoroughly appreciated.

Question 32.
Write the application of optical fibres in communication.
Answer:

• Optical fibres are used to transmit communication signals through light pipes.
• For example, about 2000 telephone signals, approximately mixed with lightwaves, may be simultaneously transmitted through a typical optical fibre.
• The clarity of the signals transmitted in this way is much better than other conventional methods.

Question 33.
Write the applications of total internal reflection.
Answer:
Application of total internal reflection :

1. Brilliance of diamonds,
2. Optical fibres.

Question 34.
A monochromatic ray of light strikes the surface of transparent medium at an angle of incidence 60° and gets refracted into the medium at an angle of refraction 45°. What is the refractive index of the medium?
Answer:

Question 35.
A light ray enters a liquid at an angle of incidence 45° and it gets refracted on liquid at angle of refraction 30°. Calculate the refractive index of the liquid.
Answer:

Question 36.
Refractive index of water is 4/3. Calculate the speed of light in water.
Answer:

Question 37.
A postage stamp placed under glass appears raised by 8 mm. If refractive index of glass is 1.5, calculate the actual thickness of glass slab.
Answer:
Let real thickness of glass = x.
Vertical shift = 8 mm.

Question 38.
Refractive index of glass is 1.5. Find its critical angle.
Answer:

Question 39.
What is the advantage of using prism in place of plane mirror in periscope or binocular?
Answer:

• When total internal reflection occurs from a prism, the entire incident light is reflected back into the denser medium.
• Whereas in ordinary reflection from a plane mirror, some light is refracted and absorbed. So the reflection is partial.
• This is the reasons why total reflecting prism is used in place of a plane mirror to deviate the light ray by 90° in a periscope and 180° in a binocular.

10th Class Physics 5th Lesson Reflection of Light by Different Surfaces 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the angle of deviation produced by the glass slab? Explain with ray diagram. (AP June 2015)
(OR)
Which angle of deviation is produced by glass slab? Write your explanation with a ray diagram.
Answer:

1. Angle of deviation is the angle between incident ray and emergent ray.
2. The angle of deviation produced by a glass slab is ‘O’, because the incident ray and emergent ray are parallel to each other that can be seen in the figure.

Question 2.
Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection with two examples. (AP June 2018)
(OR)
What is total internal reflection? Explain with examples. (AP SA-I:2019-20)
Answer:

• When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, the light ray is reflected into denser medium at interface. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.
• Total internal reflection is the main reason for brilliance of diamonds. The critical angle of a diamond is very low. So if a light ray enters a diamond it is very likely to undergo total internal reflection which makes the diamond shine.
• Total internal reflection is the basic principle behind working of optical fibre. Because of the small radius of the fibre light going into it makes a nearly glancing incidence is greater than the critical angle and hence total internal reflection takes place. The light is thus transmitted along the fibre.

Question 3.
Explain the relation between angle of incidence and angle of refraction with an experiment. (AP March 2018)
Answer:
Aim :
To verify the relation between angle of incidence and angle of refraction.

Material required :
A plank, white chart, protractor, semicircular glass disc, pencil and leser light.

Procedure :

1. Take a drawing sheet on a cardboard and mark different angles (on both side of MM line)
2. Place a semi circular glass disc, so that its diameter coincides with the line “MM”.
3. Send a laser light along a line with makes 15° with NN.
4. Let it is incident angle.
5. Measure its corresponding angle of refraction by observing light coming from outside of the glass slab.
6. Repeat this experiment with various values of angle of incidence, refraction and not in the table.

7.

8. From the above table we observe that \(\frac{\sin \mathrm{i}}{\sin r}\) = constant.

Question 4.
Give some daily life consequences of refraction of light.
Answer:

• A star appears twinkling in the sky.
• The sun is seen a few minutes before it rises above the horizon in the morning and in the evening few minutes longer after it sets.
• A coin kept in a vessel not visible when seen from just below the edge of the vessel, can be viewed from the same position when water is poured into the vessel.
• A print appears to be raised when a glass block placed over it.
• A piece of paper stuck at the bottom of a glass block appears to be raised when seen from above.
• A tank appears shallow than its actual depth.
• A person’s legs appear to be short when standing in a tank.
• An object placed in a denser medium when viewed from a rarer medium appears to be at a lesser depth.
• An object in a rarer medium, when viewed from a denser medium, appears to be at a greater distance than its real distance.

Question 5.
What are the factors which influence refractive index of material?
Answer:

• Nature of medium, i.e. its optical density. Smaller the speed of light in a medium relative to air, higher is the refractive index of the medium.
• Physical condition such as temperature. With rise in temperature the speed of light in medium increases, so the refractive index of medium decreases.
• The colour or wavelength of light (refractive index increases with decrease in wavelength, eg : µ_v > µ_R).

Question 6.
What is the advantage of total internal reflection over reflection?
Answer:

• In the process of total internal reflection, 100% energy is reflected back.
• No other device such as plane mirror, etc. produces 100% reflection due to absorption and refraction of some part of light.
• Due to this property the phenomenon total internal reflection is of great practical application in the construction of periscope, binocular and certain type of camera.

Question 7.
The diagram below shows a glass block suspended in a liquid. A beam of light of single colour is incident from liquid on one side of block.
1) Draw diagrams to show how light bends when it travels from liquid to glass and then to liquid if (i) the light slows down in glass (ii) the light speeds up in glass.
2) State two conditions under which the light ray moving from liquid to glass passes straight without bending. Will the glass be visible them?
Answer:
1) If light slows down in going from liquid to glass (i.e., µ_glass > µ_liquid), it will bend towards the normal at the point of incidence in passing from liquid to glass at the first surface, while it is bent away from normal at the second surface in passing from glass to liquid. In the ray diagram, the light beam suffers lateral shift.

2) If light speeds up in going from liquid to glass (i.e., µ_glass < µ_liquid). It will bend away from the normal at the point of incidence on the first surface in passing from liquid to glass, while it bends towards the normal at the second surface in passing from glass to liquid. The light beam suffers lateral shift in direction opposite to that
Note that in both cases, the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray.

Question 8.
A ray of light is incident on a rectangular glass block PQRS, which is silvered at the surface RS. The ray is partly reflected and partly refracted.

1) Trace the path of reflected and refracted rays.
2) Show at least two rays emerging from the surface PQ after reflection from the surface RS.
3) How many images are formed in the above case? Which image is the brightest?
Answer:
1) In the figure OB is reflected ray and OC is the refracted ray for the incident ray AO.

2) Two rays emerging from surface PQ after reflections for the surface RS are labelled as 1 and 2.

3) Multiple (or infinite) images are formed. The second image formed due to first reflection at C at the silvered surface RS is the brightest. It is seen in the direction of ray 1.

Question 9.
What are the factors which affect critical angle? The critical angle for a given pair of media depends on their refractive index which is affected by the following factors.
Answer:
1. Effect of colour of light:
The refractive index of transparent medium is more for violet light and less for red light, therefore the critical angle for pair of media is less for the violet light and more for the red light. Thus critical angle increases with increase in wavelength of light.

2. Effect of temperature :
On increasing the temperature of medium, its refractive index decreases, so the critical angle for that pair of media increases. Thus critical angle increases with increase in temperature.

Question 10.
The table shows the refractive index of some material media.

Answer the following questions with the help of the above table.
1) Find the speed of light in Benzene.
2) Write the relationship between mass density and optical density of kerosene and water.
3) What are the factors that refractive index depends on?
4) Write the relative refractive index of kerosene with water.
Answer:
1)

Speed of light in benzene = 2 × 10⁸ m/s

2) Optical denser medium may not possess greater mass density. Kerosene with high refractive index is optically denser than water although its mass density is lesser than water.

3) Refractive index depends on
1) nature of material,
2) wavelength of light used.

4) Relative refractive index of kerosene with water = \(\frac{1.44}{1.33}\) = 1.08

Question 11.
Red light of wavelength 6600A travelling in air gets refracted in water. If the speed of light in air is 3 × 108 ms-1 and refractive index of water is 4/3, find the
(i) frequency of light in air,
(ii) the speed of light in water,
(iii) the wavelength of light in water.
Answer:

Question 12.
Draw the ray diagram which shows the ray takes curved path because of total internal reflection.
Answer:

Question 13.
Give some daily life consequences of total internal reflection?
Answer:

• On a hot sunny day, a driver may see a pool of water on the road before him. It is the phenomenon of mirage which is often observed in desert.
• An empty test tube placed in a beaker with mouth outside the water surface shines like a mirror.
• A crack in a glass vessel often shines like a mirror.
• A piece of diamond sparkles when viewed from certain directions.
• An optical fibre is used to transmit a light signal over a long distance with negligible loss of energy.

Question 14.
Light travels from air to water, then the refraction index of water is 1.33. Hence find the refractive index when light travels from water to air.
Answer:
Refractive index of water (n₂₁) = 1.33
Refractive index of air (n₁₂) = \(\frac{1}{1.33}\) = 0.75

Question 15.
The refractive index of diamond is 2.42 and the refractive index of glass is 1.5; compare the critical angle between them. (Diamond 24°, glass 42°)
Answer:
Refractive index of diamond (µ₁) = 2.42

Question 16.
A ray of light travels from an optically denser to rarer medium. The critical angle of the two media is ‘C’. What is the maximum possible deviation of the ray?
Answer:
The relation between angle of deviation and angle of incidence, angle of emergence and angle of prism is given by
Angle of deviation = i₁ + i₂ – A
For maximum deviation, Angle of incidence (i₁) = 90°
Angle of emergence (i₂) = 90°

∴ Maximum deviation = i₁ + i₂ – A = 90 + 90 – 2C = 180 – 2C = n – 2C.

Question 17.
A ray of light strikes a glass slab 5 cm thick making an angle of incidence equal to 30°.
a) Construct the ray diagram showing emergent ray and refracted ray through the glass block. The refractive index of glass is 1.5.
b) Measure the lateral shift of the ray.
Answer:

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the expressions of animals to protect themselves from predators?
Answer:
Hissing of snakes, barking of dogs, stiffing of nailed hair of hedgehog (mullapandi), bad flavour from skin of tasmanian devil etc., are all the expressions to protect them¬selves from predators.

Question 2.
Why fish do not need to learn how to swim?
Answer:
Swimming is an instinct behaviour to fish. Hence they don’t need to learn how to swim.

Question 3.
How can butterfly get to know about nectar?
Answer:
Butterfly gets to know about the nectar instinctively.

Question 4.
Who does teach a bird to make a nest?
Answer:
There is no need to teach the bird to make it’s nest, because it is an instinct behaviour.

Question 5.
Give two examples of reflexes.
Answer:

• Kicking out when the doctor taps your knee with a small hammer.
• Sudden closing of eyes when a bright light is flashed on your face.

Question 6.
Give one example of imprinting from your surroundings.
Answer:
Salmon bird goes back to its home stream to spawn.

Question 7.
Give one example for conditioning.
Answer:
A tiger in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hop to receive a food treat.

Question 8.
Name the branch of zoology that deals with scientific and objective study of animal behaviour.
Answer:
Ethology.

Question 9.
Give one example for imprinting behaviour.
Answer:
Ducklings follow the first moving object they meet after hatching and treat it as their mother.

Question 10.
Give one example of instinctive behaviour.
Answer:
Building a nest by birds/climbing trees by monkeys/swimming of fish in a lake.

Question 11.
Name the scientist who studied animal behaviour – imprinting.
Answer:
Konard Lorenz.

Question 12.
What are the other behaviours we find in animals and give examples?
Answer:
Animals show the feelings like happiness, threat, fear, anger, sadness etc…..
Eg: After returning from fields in the evening cow licks its calf. It reflects it’s affection towards its body.

Question 13.
How Tasmanian Devil protects itself from enemies?
Answer:
By spraying bad odour through it’s body.

Question 14.
What is imitation?
Answer:
People often imitate each other. This can help them to learn new and useful skills. It may also lead them to certain unwanted behaviours like drinking, smoking etc…

Question 15.
How do cockroaches differentiate light and dark?
Answer:
Cockroaches have eyes that are adapted to sense the difference between daylight and dark. Their eyes have cells that perceive light.

Question 16.
What is a pheramone?
Answer:
It is secreted or excreted chemical that triggers a social response in the members of same species.
Eg : ants, honey bees…

Question 17.
What are primates?
Answer:
The group of mammals that includes humans and monkeys.

Question 18.
Name the animal on which Ivan Pavlov done his experiments.
Answer:
Dog.

Question 19.
Give two examples of conditioning.
Answer:

1. Electronic fence stop grazing animals straying.
2. Children come out of the classroom after hearing the school bell.

Question 20.
What is special about Beaver?
Answer:
Beaver is a mammal which lives in South America, builds dams across water streams. Stagnated water is the living home for Beavers family.

Question 21.
Give names of scientists of Ethology.
Answer:

1. Nikolas Tinbergen
2. Konard Lorenz
3. Karlvon Frisch

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by animal behaviour? What it indicates?
Answer:

• Animal behaviour is the scientific study of the wild and wonderful ways in which animals interact with either, with other living beings and with the environment.
• It explores how animals relate to their physical environment as well as to other organisms.
• It also includes topics such as how animals find and defend resources, avoid predators, choose mates, reproduce and care for their young.

Question 2.
What are the uses and loses of imitation in human behaviour?
Answer:

• Imitation can help us learn something new and useful, such as new skill in lessons, sports or at work.
• Imitation also leads us to show less useful or harmful behaviour.
• For example, young people may start smoking, drinking alcohol or taking drugs as a result of copying each other to fit in.
• But it is very dangerous for our health.

Question 3.
How conditioning can be used to change the behaviour of people by advertisers?
Answer:

• Advertisers are very skilled in changing the behaviour of people.
• They use pictures of their products which make them look glamorous or exciting, often by using famous actors or sportspeople.
• By associating the product with attractive images the advertisers are trying to set up a conditioned response to their product.
• People will respond positively and buy the product.

Question 4.
Explain about tagging.
Answer:

• Like birds some other animals also migrate over large distances to find food or nesting sites.
• Animals can be tagged by attaching tracking devices to them.
• Tagging lets the scientists follow the journeys the animals make.

Question 5.
Write the process of hiding food by Scrubjay bird.
Answer:

• A bird called scrubjay hides its food.
• An experiment proved that a scrubjay had hidden its food in presence of another bird.
• After some time it was found that the other bird had stolen it by fixing a plan.

Question 6.
Write about a mammal Beaver, which lives in North America.
Answer:

• Beaver a mammal which lives in North America builds dams across water streams.
• Beaver cut big trees by its sharp teeth to fell the trees across the stream.
• Then the beaver constructed nearly four feet wall by using twigs, stones and mud.
• Stagnated water is the living home for beavers family.

Question 7.
Give two examples for reflexes.
Answer:

• Closing of the eyes when there is anything threatening the eye.
• The contraction of pupil when bright light enters eye.
• Withdrawing our hand when we touch hot objects.
• We sneeze when something enter our nose.
• We cough when we inhale dust etc.

Question 8.
How squirrels cheat others?
Answer:
Squirrels hide their food in an interesting way. They always behave in such a manner that somebody is trying to steal their food. In order to misguide others they dig holes in many places and heap leaves to cover them. Most of the holes do not contain food. In this way they cheat others by making believe that these holes contain food.

Question 9.
How beetle protects itself from enemies?
Answer:
Beetle (or) Bombardie Beetle has two chemicals hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide stored in it’s body. Whenever the beetle feels threatened these chemicals mix with some special enzymes and that heat up the liquids which gives bad smell from it’s body.

Question 10.
What are the amazing features of intelligence of Dolphins?
Answer:
Dolphins have great logical thinking power they could understand a code language if they are trained by practice. The trained dolphins bring ball from the tub and throw it again into the same tub. They remember the names by short whistle.

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the experiment conducted by Ivan Pavlov on conditioning.
Answer:

• Ivan Pavlov (1849 to 1936) was a Russian Scientist who has investigated conditioning.
• He discovered that dogs produced extra saliva when they were offered food.
• Pavlov noticed that they also did the same when the person who fed them came into the room, even if the person had not brought any food.
• Pavlov went on to ring a bell at the start of feeding time, and eventually, the dogs produced extra saliva when they heard the bell, before any food was brought.
• A dog salivating when it hears a bell is not a natural response.
• They would not do this without being conditioned to do so.
• The behaviour has been learned. It is called a conditioned response.

Question 2.
Describe the process of hiding food by squirrel.
Answer:

• Squirrels hide their food in a fascinating way.
• They always behave in such a man¬ner that somebody is trying to steal their food.
• In order to misguide others they dig holes in many places and heap leaves, starch etc., to cover them.
• Sometimes most of the holes does not contain any food.
• In this way they cheat others to make believe that these holes contain food.

Question 3.
How wasp (bee) construct hive and how it collects food?
Answer:

• Wasp is an intelligent bee which builds its home keeping in view its future needs.
• Wasp builds its hive on the walls by using mud.
• They select suitable mud for constructing its hive.
• After constructing its hive they search for food.
• They collect food material by injecting its venom (usually other larva) and kept in it its hive.
• Wasp lay its eggs on the food material, which it used as food for larva of wasps.

Question 4.
Who experimentally proved that Dolphins have logical thinking power? Write about the experiments.
Answer:

• Hermon proved that Dolphins have great logical thinking power.
• Hermon studied four bottle nose Dolphins at Kavalo Basin mammal Laboratory of Hawai Islands.
• He named four Dolphins as Akkikomoi, Phoenix, Allen and Hippo.
• Hermon could understand by his study that Dolphins can remember their names and understand a code language if they are trained by practice.
• For example, the closed fist shows a tub, raised arms show a ball and one hand raised tells ‘bring here’.
• If we show the above actions in a sequence, the Dolphins would bring the ball from the tub, if we reverse the actions they throw the ball into the tub.
• If a Dolphin of particular whistle is called all the Dolphins stare at, while the par¬ticular one comes to us.

Question 5.
Describe the wonder behaviour of an African parrot Alex.
Answer:

• In 1977, Ervin Pepperberg brought a parrot and trained it.
• Slowly he made it learn more than 100 words.
• He then arranged the words in a such a way that Alex can frame its own sentences.
• After some days, he showed Alex one yellow bowl and another yellow dish and it recognised similarities and differences between them.
• Alex even tried to teach other parrots of its group.
• Alex called apple as ‘Bannery’ because it tastes like a banana and look like a big cherry. Naming in this way is a sign of creativity in language.
• Before Alex’s death, it could even learnt up to 7th table.

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain behavioural adaptations of animals using two examples.
Answer:

• Nesting of birds, selecting mates, forming flocks for protection from enemies are some examples for behavioural adaptations in animals.
• Beaver, a mammal which lives in North America builds dams across water streams and catch the fish and feeds it’s family.

Question 2.
What are the ways to observe the behaviour of animals? Explain any one of them with suitable examples.
Answer:

• Scientists observe the animal behaviour either directly or indirectly.
• Behaviour can be investigated in the field or in the laboratory.
• Scientists spend many hours watching and studying the behaviour of animals. Animals can signal to each other. For example, they may call each other to warn danger. Some of the scientists record and study them to work out what the signals mean.
• Scientists use tagging method to observe bird and animal migration. Animals can be ‘tagged’ by attaching tracking devices to them. This lets scientists follow the journeys the animals make.

Question 3.
What is Tagging? How it is useful to scientists?
Answer:

• Scientists use tagging method to observe bird and animal migration.
• Animals can be “tagged” by attaching tracking devices to them.
• This lets the scientists to follow the journeys the animals make.

Question 4.

Observe the figure and answer the following questions.
1) In which chamber more cockroaches are there?
2) In which chamber less cockroaches are there?
3) What are the conditions of chamber that live more cockroaches?
4) How the behaviour of cockroaches?
Answer:

• Dark and damp conditions.
• Light and dry chamber.
• Damp and dark condition.
• Cockroaches searched for their favourite conditions and reached the dark damp chamber.

Question 5.
Observe the picture and answer the following.

a) What is the aim of the experiment?
b) Write about the behaviour of cockroaches.
c) Write down the differences of situation provided between two chambers having less and more cockroaches.
d) What will happen if you put rats instead of cockroaches in the above room?
Answer:
a) To study the behaviour of cockroaches.

b) Cockroaches selected their favourite conditioned chamber – dark and damp. In these conditions only cockroaches can survive.

c) The experimental box is divided into a choice of chamber with four different conditions. They are
a) light and dry
(b) light and humid
(c) dark and dry
(d) dark and humid.
Finally the cockroaches reached dark and humid chamber.

d) Rats also choose dark and damp chamber. Because darkness enable them to escape from predators and damp conditions make favour to maintain body temperature.

Question 6.
Suppose you were a quiz master for biology round in an event. Prepare some questions to ask about “Instinct” and “Imitation” in that event.
Answer:

• Birds fly in the sky – which type of animal behaviour is this?
• Ramu saw some ducklings following a hen. He was amazed to see this. Which type of animal behaviour is this?

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 6th Lesson Sense Organs

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How many sense organs are present in human beings? What are they?
Answer:
We have five sense organs.
They are :
1. Eye
2. Ear
3. Nose
4. Tongue
5. Skin.

Question 2.
What are the main parts of an eye?
Answer:
Our eye contains eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal glands.

Question 3.
What are the three layers that covers an eye?
Answer:
Eye has three main layers. They are sclerotic layer or sclera, choroid layer and retina.

Question 4.
How eye is different from other sense organs?
Answer:
The unique characteristic of the eye that makes it different from other sense organs, lies in its ability to take the information from light waves then transforms the characteristics of light into neutral signals that the brain can process.

Question 5.
What are the recent findings regarding the structure of eye?
Answer:
Presence of some other receptor cells sensitive to edges and boundaries of objects and those that respond to light and shadow and motion in the retina have been reported recently.

Question 6.
How iris patterns are useful to issue ‘AADHAR’?
Answer:
Iris patterns are individual specific and can be used for identification as our finger prints.

Question 7.
Write about the diseases and defects of the eye.
Answer:
The main diseases and defects of the eye are night blindness, Xeropthalmia, myopia (Near sightedness, hypermetropia (far sightedness), glaucoma, cataract and colour blindness.

Question 8.
What are the functions of ear?
Answer:

• To collect and transform vibrations produced by sound to nerve impulses to be carried to the brain.
• To maintain balance or equilibrium.

Question 9.
What are the uses of hairs and mucous in the nasal cavity?
Answer:
The hairs and mucous in the nasal cavity kept dust, germs and other unwanted materials away from gaining entry into our bodies through the nose.

Question 10.
How do we see movies?
Answer:
The impression of an image stay in the retina for about 1/16th of a second. If the still images of an object are flashed at the rate faster than 16 per second, the eye receive it as moving. In this way we see movies.

Question 11.
How do we take care of our skin?
Answer:

• Taking bath regularly
• Use soap to clean the body
• In any redness, itching, discoloration and rashes appear we consult the dermatologist,

Question 12.
Write two diseases of skin.
Answer:
Leprosy, chicken pox, measles, leucoderma, pellagra etc.

Question 13.
You entered into a darkroom from outside which is very bright. What happens?
Answer:
We can not see anything in the dark room for sometime because Iris size is very small.

Question 14.
Why coffee tastes less sweet if it is taken after eating sweet?
Answer:
Because a higher level of the same stimulus masks that of the lower level.

Question 15.
What changes the focal length of the eye lens?
Answer:
Ciliary muscles and suspensor ligaments adjust the focal length of the eye lens.

Question 16.
What is the main function of the cornea?
Answer:
Cornea protects the eye from direct exposure to light.

Question 17.
What are the main function of melanin?
Answer:

• The colour of the skin is due to the presence of ’Melanin”.
• Due to this, the skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure.

Question 18.
What are the important functions of our ear?
Answer:
a) Hearing
b) Maintaining equilibrium of the body.

Question 19.
What is MSG?
Answer:
Monosodium Glutamate (Huching) often used in Asian cuisine

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is stimulus? How the information from surroundings reaches the brain?
Answer:

• Something external that influences an activity is called stimulus.
• Information carried by these stimuli are picked up by the certain organs called as receptors.
• The receptors present in sense organs convert the information into nerve signals.
• Nerve signals are carried by sensory nerves to the brain and processed to create a sensation.

Question 2.
What are photoreceptors? How they sense light?
Answer:

• The real work in the retina is performed by light sensitive cells known as photore-ceptors.
• These receptors consists of two different types of specialised cells the rods and cones that absorb light energy and respond by creating nerve impulse.

Question 3.
Write a short note on rods of retina.
Answer:

• Nearly 125 million tiny rods are present in the retina.
• Rods contain the pigment rhodopsin. which defect low intensities of light at night.
• Rods cannot make the fine distinctions that give rise to our sensations.

Question 4.
Write briefly about cones of retina.
Answer:

• Cones contain a pigment called idopsin which helps in identifying colours in bright light.
• Cones are about 7 million in number and concentrate most in the very centre of the retina in a small region called fovea, which gives us sharp vision.

Question 5.
How eyes are protected?
Answer:

• Eye is protected by eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal or tear glands.
• The protective cover conjunctiva covers the front part of the eye.
• Lachrymal glands wash the unwanted substances out of the eye.
• The fluids present in the eyeball protect the lens and other part of the eye from mechanical shocks.
• Cornea protects eye from direct exposure to light.

Question 6.
Write briefly about middle ear.
Answer:

• Middle ear plays an important role in amplifying the vibrations received on the tympanum membrane.
• The chain of three bones malleus, incus and stapes helps to the same.
• Oval window is a membrane, covered ending of the middle ear, it opens into the inner ear through round window.

Question 7.
What is the sensory nature of skin?
Answer:

• Skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure.
• It contains the separate receptors such as tactile receptors for touch, pacinian corpuscles for pressure, nocireceptors for temperature etc.

Question 8.
What is melanin? What is its function?
Answer:

• Melanin is the pigment present in skin.
• This pigment gets stimulation, when exposed to sunlight.
• The skin becomes dark to protect other layers of the skin from harmful effects of light.

Question 9.
What illusions tells us about sensation?
Answer:

• When our mind deceives us by interpreting a stimulus pattern incorrectly, we are experiencing an illusion.
• Such illusions can help us to understand some fundamental properties of sensation and particularly the descripancy between what we see and external reality.

Question 10.
Identify the iabelled parts of the tongue.
Answer:

1) Foliate papillae
2) Vallate papillae
3) Fungi form papillae

Question 11.
What are the different receptors present in the skin?
Answer:
a) Tactile receptors for skin
b) Pacinian corpuscles for pressure
c) Nociceptors for temperature etc.

Question 12.
What happens when light is thrown on the face of your friend?
Answer:
My friend immediately closes his/her eyes because of the light. This is because the eye gets damaged if more light enters inside at a time.

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the centre for ail the sensitive activities? How it interpret the information? Give example.
Answer:

• Brain is the centre for all the sensitive activities.
• It receive information in the form of nerve signals through sensory nerves.
• It interpret the information sends off signals through another type of nerves called as motor nerves.
• Motor nerves take the signals to parts that show response.
• For example, when a mosquito bits you on your leg the sensation is carried to the spinal cord through sensory nerves.
• The spinal cord sense the message to the hand to kill the mosquito through motor nerves. Then we kill it.

Question 2.
Describe the structure of an eye with a neat diagram.
Answer:

• Our eye contains eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal glands.
• A thin layer called conjunctiva covers the front portion of the eye.
• The eyeball is located in the eye socket only 1/6 portion of the eyeball is invisible to us.
• Eye has three main layers. They are sclerotic layer or sclera, choroid layer and retina.
• The sclera bulges to form cornea.
• The end of sclera connects to the optic nerve.
• The choroid layer is black in colour and contains lot of blood vessels.
• Choroid layer encloses the eye except the part pupil.
• The part formed by the choroid layer around the pupil is iris.
• Biconvex lens is present behind the pupil.
• The lens divides the inner eyeball as aqueous chamber and vitreous chamber.
• Retina contains the cells called rods and cones.
• The area of no vision called blind spot and the area of the best vision called yellow spot are present in the retina.
• The yellow spot is also called macula or fovea.

Question 3.
Write about the functioning of an eye.
Answer:

• The eye gathers light through convex lens, focusses it and forms an image in the retina at the back of the eye.
• The lens turns the image left to right and upside down.
• Brain tends to maintain this reversal in its sensory processing regions.
• Most information from the sense organs crosses over to the opposite side of the brain.
• In the brain’s sensory areas are typically reversed and inverted.
• The eye forms an image that gets extensive further processing in the brain.

Question 4.
Write a short note on external ear.
Answer:

• External ear is a flap like structure, called the pinna.
• Pinna has wax producing ceruminous glands and oil producing sebaceous glands.
• These help to keep the ear canal lubricated prevent the dust and other particles from entering into the ear canal.
• The ear canal is also called auditory meatus.
• A thin layer called tympanum or ear drum is present at the end of the auditory meatus.
• Ear drum is present in between external and middle ear. It is in the shape of a cone.
• Its narrow area connects to the first bone malleus of the middle ear.

Question 5.
Write briefly about inner ear.
Answer:

• Internal or inner ear consists of bony labyrinth enclosing the membranous labyrinth.
• The membranous labyrinth consists of vestibule, three semicircular canals and cochlea.
• The anterior part of the vestibule is sacculus and the posterior part is utriculus.
• Nerve fibres from them form vestibular nerve.
• Vestibule and semicircular or semilunar circles together form vestibular apparatus.
• Vestibular apparatus maintains the equilibrium of the body, pertaining to the posture and balance of the body.
• Cochlea is a spiral shaped structure. It has three parallel tubes called scala vestibuli, scala media and scala tympani.
• Cochlear nerve fibres form cochlear nerve.
• The vestibular and cochlear nerves join together to form auditory nerve.

Question 6.
How the hearing or auditory sensation occurs?
Answer:

• External ear collect the sound waves. They enter into the auditory meatus.
• Then they strike tympanum. The vibrations from tympanum reach the malleus, incus and stapes.
• They magnify the intensity of the sound vibrations.
• The stapes transmits the vibrations to the membrane of oval window.
• Then they transmit to the cochlea.
• The basillar membrane is moved then the vibrations reach to the organ of corti.
• The impulses are sent to the brain through auditory nerve.
• The hearing can be done according to the responses given by the brain.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the structure of nose.
Answer:

1. Our external nose has two nostrils. They lead to nasal cavity.
2. Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two halves.
3. The nasal cavity is lined with mucous membrane and small hairs.
4. Olfactory receptors are present in the mucous membrane.

Question 8.
What are the different kinds of structures that are seen on our tongue?
Answer:

• We can clearly see flake like structures called the filiform papillae.
• The roundish structures on the tongue are fungiform papillae.
• There are large roundish ones at the back of the tongue are circumvallate papillae.
• On the sides of the tongue are the bump like structures are foliate papillae.
• Taste buds are present on all of these except the fili form papillae that are not the sites of taste sensation.

Question 9.
Write a short note on skin.
Answer:

• Skin is the outermost covering of our body.
• It regulates the body temperature and eliminates certain waste material through sweat.
• It is the sense organ of touch.
• The sense of touch is done by the cutaneous receptors.
• It is the largest organ of all.
• It provides the first level of protection to the body.

Question 10.
What are the diseases effecting the skin?
Answer:
Some of the diseases effecting the skin are

1. Viral diseases such as measles, chicken pox etc.
2. Bacterial diseases such as leprosy.
3. Leucoderma, the disease due to the deficiency of melanin.
4. Pellagra the disease due to deficiency of vitamins.
5. Fungal diseases such as ringworm.

Question 11.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing the structure of the skin.
Answer:

1. hair
2. oil gland
3. blood vessel
4. sweat gland
5. nerve
6. fat lobules
7. endodermis
8. epidermis
9. pore

Question 12.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing the structure of nose.
Answer:

Question 13.
Draw a neat and labelled diagrams showing Rods and Cones of the eye.
Answer:

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look at the following picture. Label the parts 1, 2, 3, 4 and answer the following questions.

1) Ear is broadly divided into how many parts?
2) Name the bones of middle ear in correct order.
3) Which part of ear vibrates on receiving sound waves?
4) Name the part of ear that is associated with balancing.
Answer:

1. 3 parts. They are
   a) External ear
   b) Middle ear and
   c) Internal ear
2. Malleus, incus, stapes
3. Ear drum
4. Vestibular apparatus.

Question 2.
What happens if our tympanum ruptured?
Answer:

• If tympanum (or) ear drum is damaged, the sound vibration will not reach the auditory nerve. Hence, it will not carry the hearing impulses to the brain.
• Deafness will occur.

Question 3.
Draw a labelled diagram of eye. What happens if there are no cones in eye?
Answer:

• Cones are very useful in identifying different colours. They are responsible for bright light vision.
• If cones are absent, we can’t identify the array of colours and see in bright light.

Question 4.
Explain how skin works as a sense organ.
Answer:

• Skin is the largest sense organ in our body.
• It gives us the sense of touch which has supreme importance in the sphere of senses.
• It provides the first level of protection to the body.
• Skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure. It contains the separate receptors such as tactile receptors for touch, pacinian corpuscles for pressure nociceptors for temperature, etc.
• By the above reasons, we can say that skin is a sense organ.

Question 5.

1. Label A, B and C.
2. What is the function of lens?
3. Name the cells present in Retina.
4. Give examples of two defects of eye.
Answer:

1. A) Sclera
   B) Choroid
   C) Retina
2. The eye gathers light through a convex lens, focuses it and forms an image in the retina at the back of the eye.
3. Rods and cones are the specialised cells present in Retina.
4. Night blindness, glaucoma, cataract, dry eye, etc.

Question 6.
Observe the figure and answer the following questions.

a) Correct the wrongly labelled ones.
b) What is the function of X?
c) There are two types of photo receptors in the Retina of human eye. What are they?
Answer:
a) Retina
b) The denoted part x’ is optic nerve. Optic nerve carries the information of the object seen to brain.
c) Rods and cones are the two types of photo receptors present in human eye.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are biogeochemical cycles?
Answer:
The cycles that involve the flow of nutrients in on earth from environment to organisms and back through certain pathways are known as biogeochemical cycles.

Question 2.
Write briefly about assimilation.
Answer:
Nitrogen compounds mainly as nitrates or ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) are taken up from soils by plants which are then used in the formation of plant proteins and as animals eat these plants, animal proteins are synthesised.

Question 3.
What is bio-geochemical cycle?
Answer:
A constant interaction between biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere makes a system and this flow of components form a cycle is called bio-geochemical cycle.

Question 4.
What is the percentage of nitrogen and oxygen in the air?
Answer:
Nitrogen – 78%
Oxygen-21%

Question 5.
Name few green house gases.
Answer:
Methane (CH₄), Carbondioxide (CO₂), and Carbon monoxide(CO).

Question 6.
What is denitrification?
Answer:
Conversion of nitrates into free Nitrogen is called denitrification.
Nitrates → Nitrogen(N₂)

Question 7.
What is nitrification?
Answer:
Conversion of free nitrogen present in the atmosphere into compounds of nitrogen is called nitrification.

Question 8.
Name the three processes by which oxygen is lost from the atmosphere.
Answer:
By combustion, respiration, and formation of oxides of nitrogen are the main processes by which oxygen is lost.

Question 9.
Why are root nodules useful for plants?
Answer:
In root nodules, nitrogen fixing bacteria Rhizobium’ is present which fixes the atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to the plant for its growth.

Question 10.
What is acid rain?
Answer:
The gases released due to combustion of fossil fuels are SO₂, NO₂, CO₂. These gases remain suspended in the air. When it rains, the rain water mixes with these gases to form sulphuric acid, nitrous acid, carbonic acid and comes down on the surface of the earth in the form of acid rain.

Question 11.
Give the names of few organisms that help in nitrogen fixation?
Answer:

• Rhizobium helps in the fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen into Ammonia.
• Nitrosomonas converts ammonia to Nitrates
• Nitrobactor converts nitrites into nitrates.

Question 12.
List any three activities which would lead to an increase in the carbon dioxide content of air.
Answer:

1. Burning of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum
2. Industrialisation
3. Deforestation

Question 13.
Which gas is added to the atmosphere by decay of organic matter?
Answer:
CO₂ (Carbondioxide)

Question 14.
List out three recently organized problems of environment.
Answer:
Ozone layer depletion, Green house effect, and Global warming.

Question 15.
What would happen if ail oxygen present in the environment is converted to ozone?
Answer:
Ozone is a poisonous gas and is present in a thin layer in the stratosphere. If all the oxygen is converted to ozone (O₃) the environment becomes poisonous and kills all living things.

Question 16.
Expand CFC’s.
Answer:
Chloro Fluoro Carbons

Question 17.
Expand B.O.D.
Answer:
Biological Oxygen Demand

Question 18.
What is the main concern of montreal protocol?
Answer:
To control the use of gases which have destructive effect on ozone layer.

Question 19.
Define Eutrophication.
Answer:
Increase growth of algae in lakes and ponds is called Eutrophication.

Question 20.
Which ’forms’ of nitrogen are taken up by plants from the soil?
Answer:
Nitrates and Ammonium ions.

Question 21.
What is the most abundant element in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Nitrogen.

Question 22.
What is called as ’Universal Solvent’?
Answer:
Water (H₂O).

Question 23.
How much percentage of water on the earth is present in the ocean?
Answer:
97%

Question 24.
What is the other name for water cycle?
Answer:
Hydrological cycle.

Question 25.
How many oxygen atoms are present in Ozone?
Answer:
Three – (O₃).

Question 26.
What is the chemical formula of ammonium ion?
Answer:
NH₄⁺

Question 27.
What are the affects of ‘Global warming’?
Answer:
1) Global warming affects the weather patterns on Earth and causes climatic change.
2) Climatic changes results in higher sea levels, more rainfall, severe droughts and floods.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the uses of water?
Answer:

• Water participates in many biochemical mechanisms, including photosynthesis, digestion, and cellular respiration.
• Living organisms drink water.
• Water is also used by terrestrial animals and plants for various life processes.
• Water provides hydrogen and oxygen that form integral part of basic organic compounds of life.

Question 2.
What is nitrification? What are the bacteria that participate in nitrification?
Answer:

• Nitrates can also be converted to ammonia by the denitrifying bacteria in the soil.
• The nitrifying bacteria may then use this ammonia to synthesize compounds for their own cell and eventually convert to proteins, nucleic acids, nitrites, and nitrates.
• Nitrites are produced mainly by nitrosomonas, while nitrates by nitrobacters that are also capable of utilizing nitrites and converting them to nitrates.
• Death of these organisms add the nitrogenous compounds to the soil.

Question 3.
What is ammonification? Under which conditions ammonification occurs?
Answer:

• Production of ammonia (NH₃) from nitrates and other nitrogenous compounds is called ammonification.
• Ammonification also occurs when plants and animals die, or when animals emit wastes, the nitrogen in the organic matter reenters the soil and water bodies where it is broken down by other organisms, known as decomposers.

Question 4.
What is denitrification? Explain the process of denitrification.
Answer:

• Denitrification is the conversion, principally by bacteria, of compounds of nitrogen in solid and aquatic systems to the gases, nitrogen (N₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) and eventual release of these into the atmosphere.
• Denitrification occurs primarily in wet soils where water makes it difficult for microorganisms to get oxygen.
• Under these conditions, certain organisms – known as denitrifying bacteria – will process nitrate to gain oxygen, leaving free nitrogen gas as by-product.

Question 5.
Explain briefly about green house effect.
Answer:

• Some gases present in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and water vapour trap heat from radiating back to the space.
• The natural green house gases act like a big blanket around the earth, keeping it warm and making life possible without which temperatures would have fallen to sub zero values.
• This phenomenon of naturally warming up is called ‘Green house effect’.

Question 6.
What are the uses of oxygen?
Answer:

• Oxygen helps in burning things.
• Oxygen is required for survival of living organisms.
• Respiration utilizes oxygen releasing carbon dioxide to atmospheric pool maintaining a balance in nature.
• Dissolved oxygen supports aquatic life.
• Oxygen is needed for the decomposition of organic waste.

Question 7.
What is biological oxygen demand? Explain briefly.
Answer:

• The content of biodegradable substances in water is expressed by a special index called “biological oxygen demand” (BOD).
• BOD represents the amount of oxygen needed by aerobic bacteria to decompose the waste.
• As the wastes get degraded and the dissolved oxygen is used up proportionately, the need or demand for oxygen increases i.e. the BOD increases.
• Thus BOD is a good indicator for amount of biodegradable waste.

Question 8.
What are the differences between oxygen and ozone?
Answer:

• Oxygen has two atoms and it is colorless and odourless.
• Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen atoms. It is blue in colour and has a strong odour.

Question 9.
Complete the following flow chart.

Answer:

1. Ammonia
2. Nitrate
3. Denitrifying bacteria
4. Nitrosomonas
5. Nitrobactor

Question 10.
How is a balance maintained in the environment?
Answer:
The living or biotic components (plants and animals) and the non – living or physial components (air, water, soil, light and temperature) interact and affect each other resulting in the establishment of a complex and complete balance in the environment. There is a continuous cycle of nutrients among the biotic and abiotic components.

Question 11.
Write the two harmful effects of ozone hole.
Answer:

• Ozone hole allows harmful U.V radiation to reach the earth’s surface that may cause skin cancer, cataract, etc
• Ultraviolet rays also ionize the cells, change the gene structure in animals and plants.

Question 12.
What are the harmful effects of acid rain?
Answer:

• It makes the soil acidic.
• It damages the crops and plantations.
• It corrodes statues, monuments of marble buildings, etc…

Question 13.
What is the difference in fog and smog? Give two harmful effects of smog.
Answer:
The water vapour present in air when condenses due to very low temperature is called fog. The smoke released in the air due to burning of fuels mixes with the fog and forms smog.
Smoke + Fog = Smog
a) Smog reduces visibility
b) Smog creates respiratory diseases like asthma etc.

Question 14.
What is bad ozone and good ozone?
Answer:
Ozone when present in the earth’s surface is very poisonous gas hence called bad ozone. When ozone present in stratosphere is very protective in nature as it does not allow the harmful U.V radiation to enter the earth’s atmosphere and hence is called good ozone.

Question 15.
Consider that there is a mass mortality of Ashes in a pond. Guess, what may be the reason for that.
Answer:

• Addition of hot water to the fish tank may leads to their death.
• Addition of poisonous mercury compounds in water may leads to their death.
• Blockage of gills of fishes with any pollutant may be .a cause for their mass death.

Question 16.
Why is it said that nitrogen is important for us?
Answer:

• Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in our atmosphere (78%)
• Nitrogen is a part of many molecules essential to our life like proteins, nucleic acids, (DNA and RNA), and some vitamins.
• It is found in other biologically important compounds also such as alkaloids and urea.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the expansion of water on earth.
Answer:

• Nearly 97% of all the water on the earth is in the oceans, and so only about 3% is freshwater.
• About 2% of this fresh water is permanently frozen in glaciers and at the polar ice caps.
• Thus only about 1% is available fresh water.
• Again about 1/4 of this 1% is present as underground water.
• Only about 0.009% of water on earth is in the rivers and lakes.
• Rest is present in the bodies of living organisms, as soil moisture, as humidity of atmosphere, etc.
• Water is the most essential, abundant substance in living things.
• The human body, for example, is composed of about 70% of water.

Question 2.
What is water cycle? Explain it briefly.
Answer:

• The whole process in which water evaporates and falls back on the surface of the earth as rain and other forms of precipitation including its flow from land into the sea/oceans via several routes like rivers, ground water channels, etc., is known as the water – cycle.
• All of the water that falls on the land does not immediately flow back into the sea.
• Some of it seeps into the soil and becomes part of the underground reservoir of fresh water.
• Some of this underground water finds its way to the surface through springs.
• We bring it to the surface for our use through wells or tube wells.
• Water is continuously exchanged between sea, land and atmosphere.

Question 3.
What is nitrogen fixation? How it occurs?
Answer:

• Atmospheric nitrogen occurs primarily in inert form (N₂) or non-reactive form that few organisms can use; therefore it must be converted into a compound (or) fixed form in a process called nitrogen fixation.
• Most atmospheric nitrogen is ‘fixed’ through biological processes.
• A number of bacteria and blue green algae are known to be able to fix atmospheric nitrogen into compounds in their own body.
• These may be symbiotic e.g.: Rhizobium or free living, e.g.: Nitrosomonas respectively.
• These organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into the organic nitrogen for their own cells.
• In leguminous plants like pea, beans, etc., there is a symbiotic relationship of the nitrogen fixing bacteria with the plant, thus nitrogenous compounds are added to the soil after a leguminous crop is grown.
• Nitrogen can also be fixed as nitrates by lightning.

Question 4.
In which forms carbon found on earth?
Answer:

• Carbon is found in various forms on the earth.
• It occurs in the elemental form as say soot, diamond, and graphite.
• In the combined state, it is found as gases, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, as carbonate it is found in various salts and minerals.
• While all life – forms are composed of carbon containing molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, and vitamins.
• The endoskeletons and exoskeletons of various animals are also formed from carbonate salts.

Question 5.
What is Global warming? What are its effects?
Answer:

• Due to human activities, an excessive amounts of carbon dioxide and other green house gases has been emitted to the environment.
• As a result, more heat gets trapped.
• This causes the temperature of the earth to rise, which results in global warming.
• Global warming is the recorded increase in the average temperatures of the earth’s atmosphere and oceans.
• Global warming affects the weather patterns on earth and cause climate change.
• Climate change results in higher sea levels, more rainfall, and severe droughts and floods.

Question 6.
Describe carbon cycle briefly.
Answer:

• Carbondioxide is used by plants for photosynthesis.
• During this process, CO₂ is converted to glucose.
• Some amount of this glucose is used for respiration by plant.
• Rest of it converted to other carbohydrates and fats stored in various parts of plants.
• When animals eat plants these carbon containing compounds are taken up by the animals and digested and absorbed.
• These are used by animals for respiration.
• Thus carbon in carbon dioxides in atmos-phere finds its way into animals.
• Metabolic degradation of these compounds especially during respiration releases the CO₂ into air.
• Decomposition of dead bodies of animals and plants by bacteria also releases CO₂ into air.
• Thus the CO₂ find its own way into the bodies of animals and plants and back to air.

Question 7.
Briefly describe oxygen cycle.
Answer:

• Oxygen dissolved in water is used for respiration by aquatic plants and animals,
• Terrestrial animals use oxygen present in air for their respiration.
• The by-products of respiration, CO₂ and water are released into air.
• These two are taken up by plants and are used for photosynthesis.
• The by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen, which is released into air.
• CO₂ is also formed when fuels are burnt.
• There is fine balance between these processes so that the total amount of oxygen present in air remains constant.
• All these processes together represent oxygen cycle.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Asa responsible citizen what measures you would follow to reduce global warming at your school or village level?
Answer:

• Planting trees in open fields and wastelands.
• Minimising the usage of motorcycles and start using cycles which are eco-friendly.
• Stop burning of firewood, which release the green house gases start using LPG cylinders for cooking.

Question 2.
What is nitrification? Explain how it occurs.
Answer:

1. The denitrifying bacteria present in the soil convert the nitrates into Ammonia.
2. Nitrifying bacteria utilises this ammonia and form proteins, nitrites, nitrates.
3. Nitrosomonas produce nitrites whereas nitrobactor produce nitrates.
4. Due to the death of microorganisms in the soil, the soil becomes nitrogen rich.

Question 3.
Write differences between nitrification and denitrification.
Answer:

Question 4.
Explain how human activities lead to global warmig.
Answer:

1. Deforestation
2. Burning of excess of fossil fuels in industries and automobiles.
3. Power genaration and utilization
4. Refrigerators, coolers, cell towers
5. Automobiles and cement roads etc.
6. Forest fires and burning of firewood.

Question 5.
Observe the following figure and answer the following questions.

a) What is green house effect?
b) Apart from rest of the world which country contributes more for it?
c) What are CFCs? Give some examples.
d) Suggest some preventive measures to reduce it.
Answer:
a) The phenomenon of naturally warming up by CO₂ and water vapour is called “Green house effect”.
b) USA
c) Fully or partly halogenated paraffin hydro carbons that contain only carbon (C), hydrogen (H) chlorine (Cl) and fluorine (F) which are volatile are called chloro fluorine.
Ex : Freon – 12, R – 410A, R -134

d) i) Stop deforestation
ii) Restrict the usage of fossil fuels
iii) Introducing eco friendly fuels like CNG.
iv) Introducing alternative energy resources like solar energy, wind power etc.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 1 Heat.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Physics Important Questions 1st Lesson Heat

10th Class Physics 1st Lesson Heat 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is humidity? (AP March 2015)
Answer:
Humidity :
The amount of water vapour present in air is called humidity.

Question 2.
Define latent heat of Fusion. (AP Morch 2016)
Answer:
Latent heat of Fusion :
At constant temperature, the heat energy required to convert one gram of solid completely into liquid is called latent heat of Fusion.

Question 3.
While drinking water, Rama spilled some water on the floor. After some time, the water disappeared from the floor. What happened to the water? (TS June 2015)
Answer:

• The water disappeared due to evaporation because we know that as the surface area increases rate of evaporation also increases.
• So water molecules escape from the floor to air.

Question 4.
Give an example to explain that evaporation is a cooling process. (TS March 2016)
Answer:
The examples to explain that evaporation is a cooling process are

1. Drying of wet clothes
2. When the floor is washed with water, the water on the floor disappears.
3. Sweating, etc.

Question 5.
Let heat is not lost by any other process between two objects in thermal contact, “Net heat lost (by hot body) = Net heat gain (by cold body).” above statement indicates a principle. Write the name of that principle. (AP March 2019)
Answer:
Principle of method of mixtures.

Question 6.
Convert 25°C into Kelvin scale. (AP SCERT: 2019-20)
Answer:
25°C = (273 + 25) K = 298 K

Question 7.
Given a beaker with water, a thermometer and a stand, draw the arrangement of an experiment to measure boiling point of water. (AP SA-1:2019-20)
Answer:

Question 8.
Define heat.
Answer:
Heat: Heat is a form of energy which is transferred from one body to the other body due to the difference in their temperature.

Question 9.
What is meant by thermal equilibrium?
Answer:
Thermal Equilibrium :
Two bodies are at the same temperature then they are said to be in thermal equilibrium.

Question 10.
Define dew.
Answer:
Dew :
The water droplets condensed on surface are known as dew.

Question 11.
What is boiling?
Answer:
Boiling is a process in which the substance changes from liquid to gas.

Question 12.
What is melting?
Answer:
Melting :
The process in which the substance changes from solid to liquid state is called melting.

Question 13.
What are the different energies possessed by system (body or material)?
Answer:

1. Linear kinetic energy
2. Rotational kinetic energy
3. Vibrational energy
4. Potential energy and Internal energy (I.E).

Question 14.
Why does samosa seem to be cool but hot when we eat?
Answer:
Because the curry inside samosa contains ingredients with higher specific heats.

Question 15.
On which factors does rate of evaporation depend?
Answer:

1. Surface area
2. temperature
3. the amount of vapour already present in the surrounding air.

Question 16.
What is the value of latent heat of vapourization of water?
Answer:
Latent heat of vapourization of water = 540 cal/gm. (or) 2.26 × 10⁶ J/kg

Question 17.
What is the value of latent heat of fusion of ice?
Answer:
Latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal/gm. (or) 3.26 × 10⁵ J/kg

Question 18.
Give some liquids which solidify (convert into solid) in winter season.
Answer:
Coconut oil, ghee are some liquids which solidify in winter season.

Question 19.
What is freezing?
Answer:
Freezing :
The process in which the substance changes from liquid to solid state by losing some energy from it is called freezing.

Question 20.
Which will have lower temperature when we take out a wooden piece and a metal piece from a fridge?
Answer:
The metal piece will have lower temperature as compared to the wooden piece when they are taken out of the fridge.

Question 21.
When do you say there is thermal equilibrium between two bodies?
Answer:
It is said that there is thermal equilibrium between two bodies when there is no transfer of heat energy between them.
(OR)
When temperature between two bodies is same it is said that there is thermal. equilibrium between them.

Question 22.
What is absolute temperature?
Answer:
Temperature measured in Kelvin scale is called absolute temperature.

Question 23.
What is latent heat of vapourisation?
Answer:
At constant temperature the heat energy required to change one gram of liquid into gaseous state.

Question 24.
What is boiling point?
Answer:
The temperature at which the substance changes from liquid to gaseous state at the fixed temperature is called boiling point.

Question 25.
What is melting point?
Answer:
Melting point :
The temperature at which the substance changes from solid to liquid state at constant temperature is called melting point.

Question 26.
How is aquatic animal able to live at poles?
Answer:
The ice has less density compared to water. So it forms a layer on the top of water which prevents the solidification of water.

Question 27.
What are the phases of water present at 0° C?
Answer:
Two phases namely, ice and water.

Question 28.
What happens if external pressure of liquid increases?
Answer:
The boiling point of the liquid will increase.

Question 29.
Does ice melt below 0° C?
Answer:
Yes, if the external pressure increases it melts at low temperature.

Question 30.
What happens when two objects of same temperature are in contact with each other?
Answer:
Heat does not flow between two objectives.

Question 31.
What is the principle involved in pressure cooker?
Answer:
Boiling point of liquid increases with external pressure.

Question 32.
What happens to kinetic energy of particles if we increase the temperature?
Answer:
Kinetic energy of particles increases with increase of temperature.

Question 33.
Why does transfer of heat energy take place between systems?
Answer:
When heat energy gives to the system, internal energy increases. Similarly, internal energy decreases when heat energy flows out of the system.

Question 34.
What is internal energy?
Answer:
Internal energy :
It is the energy possessed by the system by virtue of its molecular motion and molecular configuration. It is a stored energy. It depends on the temperature of the system.

Question 35.
What is transit energy?
Answer:
Transit energy:
Energy possessed by a system which can cross its boundary is called transit energy. Heat and work are transit energies.

Question 36.
Where does air get? vapour from?
Answer:
The vapour may come from evaporation of water from the surfaces of rivers, lakes, ponds, and from the drying of wet clothes, sweat, and so on.

Question 37.
Why do pigs toil in the mud during hot summer days?
Answer:
They do not have sweat glands for evaporation process. So pigs toil in the mud.

Question 38.
Why is it easy to cook food in a pressure cooker?
Answer:
We know as the atmospheric pressure increases the boiling point of water increases. So we can increase the boiling point of water to 120°C in a pressure cooker. So it is \ easy to cook in a pressure cooker.

Question 39.
Why is water used as coolant?
Answer:
Water has the highest specific heat. So it takes lot of time to become hot. So it is used as coolant.

Question 40.
How is fog formed?
Answer:
The water molecules present in vapour condense on the dust particles in air and form small droplets of water which form a thick mist called fog.

Question 41.
Equal amounts of water is kept in a cup and in a disc. Which will evaporate faster? Why?
Answer:
The water present disc evaporates faster because of greater surface area.

Question 42.
Explain why dogs pant during hot summer days using the concept of evaporation.
Answer:
Dog does not have pores on its body. The only place where a dog can sweat is on its foot pads and the rest of the body is covered in a fur coat. So it cannot sweat; that’s why dogs pant to keep cool themselves.

Question 43.
Same amount of heat is supplied to two liquids A and B. The liquid A shows a greater rise in temperature. What can you say about the specific heat of A?
Answer:
The specific heat of A is less than that of B because rise in temperature is inversely proportional to temperature.

Question 44.
What is the specific heat of-water at boiling point?
Answer:

1. Generally, the specific heat of water is 1. (or) 4.187 KJ / Kg K
2. Specific heat of water at 100° C = 4.219 KJ / KgK

Question 45.
What is the equation of heat energy when change the state?
Answer:
Q = mL
Where m = mass of body, L = latent heat.

Question 46.
Convert 212°F into Kelvin scale.
Answer:
212°F= 100°C. So 100 + 273 = 373 K.

Question 47.
Convert 310 K into centigrade system.
Answer:
310-273 = 37°C.

Question 48.
Are the processes of evaporation and boiling the same?
Answer:
No. Evaporation takes place at any temperature, while boiling occurs at a definite temperature called the boiling point.

Question 49.
Define latent heat of vaporization?
Answer:
The heat energy required to change one unit mass of liquid to gas at constant temperature is called latent heat of vaporization.
\(L=\frac{Q}{m}\)
The value of latent heat of vapourization of water is 540 cal/gm.

Question 50.
What is meant by internal energy?
Answer:
Combination of linear kinetic energy, rotational kinetic energy, vibrational energy, and potential energy of molecules is known as internal energy of the system.

Question 51.
Write the formula for resultant temperatures of a mixture, when V₁ ml of water at T₁°C is mixed with V₂ ml of water at T₂° C.
Answer:
Resultant temperature \(T=\frac{V_{1} T_{1}+V_{2} T_{2}}{V_{1}+V_{2}}\)

Question 52.
Write the equation of heat energy when change the temperature.
Q = mS∆T
m == mass, S = specific heat, AT = change in temperature

Question 53.
The figure shows change in state of ice from – 5°C to 110°C with temperature. What are the melting and vaporization curves?

Answer:
BC = melting
DE = vaporization curve.

Question 54.
Write principle of method of mixtures.
Answer:
When two or more bodies are brought into thermal contact, then heat lost by hot body is equal to heat gain by cold body. Until they attain thermal equilibrium.

Question 55.
Evaporation is a cooling process. Why?
Answer:
During evaporation process, the energy of the molecules inside the liquid decreases and they slow down.

Question 56.
Which factors are influence the rate of evaporation of a liquid?
Answer:
Rate of evaporation of a liquid depends on surface area, temperature, pressure, and amount of vapour present in surrounding air.

Question 57.
What is meant by fog?
Answer:
The droplets keep floating in the air and form a thick mist which restricts visibility. This thick mist is called fog.

Question 58.
Why do we sweat while doing a work?
Answer:
When we work our body produces heat. As a result, the temperature of the skin becomes higher and the water in the sweat glands starts evaporating. This evaporation cools the body.

Question 59.
A samosa appears to be cool when touched outside but it is hot when we eat it. Why?
Answer:
A samosa appears to be cool outside but it is hot when we eat it because the curry inside the samosa contain ingredients with higher specific heats. Hence they remain hot for a long time.

Question 60.
Equal amounts of water are kept in a cup and in a dish. Which will evaporates faster? Why?
Answer:
Dish evaporates faster, because dish has large surface area. Evaporation of liquids depends on surface area.

Question 61.
Why water is used as coolant in the cooling system of automobile engines?
Answer:
Due to high specific heat, water absorbs large amount of heat and temperature does not rise quickly. So water used as coolant in cooling system of automobile engines.

Question 62.
Why do pigs toil around in the mud?
Answer:
Pigs do not have sweat glands. Water in the mud evaporates and helps the pig to be cool from heat. So pigs toil in the mud during summer.

Question 63.
Take small glass bottle with a tight lid. Fill it with water completely without any gaps and fix the lid tightly in such a way that water should not come out of it. Put the bottle into the deep freezer for a few hours. Take it out from the fridge. You observe the glass bottle is broken. Why?
Answer:
We know, the volume of the water poured into the glass bottle is equal to the volume of the bottle. When the water freezes to ice, the bottle is broken. Because the volume of the ice is greater than the volume of the water filled in bottle.

Question 64.
From the given figure, in which the thermometer mercury level is increases and decreases?

Answer:
Thermometer A(in oil) is increases.
Thermometer B(water) is decreases.

Question 65.
What are the materials are used in to find the specific heat of solid?
Answer:
Calorimeter, thermometer, stirrer, water steam heater, wooden box, and lead shots.

Question 66.
What is the value of following temperatures in Kelvin scale?
(a) 30° C b) 70° C
Answer:
a) 30° C = 30 + 273 = 303 K
b) 70° C = 70 + 273 = 343 K

Question 67.
How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of unit mass of material by 1° C?
Answer:
1 cal/g – °C = lk cal / kg – K = 4.2 x J/kg – K = 4.2 kJ/kg – K.

Question 68.
How much energy is required to turn 1 g of ice of 0°C into 1 gm of water at 0°C?
Answer:
The energy required to convert 1 g of ice at 0°C into lg of water at 0°C is latent heat of fusion that is 80 cal/g.

Question 69.
What is the temperature of mixture if 10 g of steam at 100°C is mixed with 50 g of ice at 0°C?
Answer:

Question 70.
Boiling water at 100°C and cold water at t°C are mixed in the ratio of 3 : 5 and the resultant temperature is 40°C. Find the value of t.
Answer:
Suppose the quantities of water is 3x and 5x.
Given that

Question 71.
What amount of ice can be melted by 4000 cal of heat?
Answer:
Latent heat of fusion of ice L_f = 80 cal/g
Given that Q = 4000 cal
Q = mL_f ⇒ 4000 = m × 80
∴ m = \(\frac{4000}{80}\) = 50 g

Question 72.
5 gm of ice is at (J°C. It is converted into water at same temperature. How much heat energy is required?
Answer:
In change the state Q = mL
m = 5 gm, L = Latent heat of fusion = 80 Cal/gm
Q = mL = 5 × 80 = 400 cal.

Question 73.
What would be the final temperature of mixture 50 g. of water at 20°C and 50 gm of water at 40°C?
Answer:
If masses are equal, then resultant temperature of mixture = \(\frac{\mathrm{T}_{1}+\mathrm{T}_{2}}{2}\)
∴ T = \(\frac{20+40}{2}\) ⇒ T =30

10th Class Physics 1st Lesson Heat 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Observe the following table regarding the values of specific heat of substances and answer the following questions : (AP SA-I: 2018-19)

i) Which material is suitable as the base of the cooking vessel?
Answer:
Copper. Because, it has low specific heat value.

ii) Why do we prefer water as a coolant?
Answer:
Due to high specific heat value of water, it can take more time to heat itself and acts as a coolent.

Question 2.
Why do water drops (dew) form on flowers and grass during morning hours of winter season? (AP March 2016)
Answer:
During winter nights, the atmospheric temperature goes down. The flowers, grass, etc. become still colder. The air near them becomes saturated with vapour and condensation begins. The water droplets condensed on such surfaces are known as dew.

Question 3.
Temperatures of two cities at different times are given as follows : (AP March 2019)

On the basis of above table, answer the following questions.
1) In which city, the morning temperature at 6 O’clock is relatively high?
Answer:
In ‘B’ city, the morning temperature at 6 O’clock is relatively high.

2) At what time, both cities are having the equal temperature?
Answer:
At 11 : 30 AM, both cities are having the equal temperature.

Question 4.
A student took the same quantity of water and petrol in two different tumblers. He kept them on a table. When observed after a day there was water in a glass but petrol was completely evaporated. Give reasons why water was not evaporated completely but petrol was completely evaporated.
Answer:
Petrol has a lower vapour point than water. And evaporation depends on the nature of the liquid so petrol evaporates quickly than water at room temperature.

Question 5.
What are the differences between dew and fog?
Answer:

Question 6.
Why is spirit evaporated in petri dish quickly under a fan when compared to that kept in closed room?
Answer:

• The blowing air increases the rate of evaporation.
• This is because any molecule escaping from the surface is blown away from the vicinity of the liquid.
• This increases the rate of evaporation.
• This is the reason why the spirit in petri dish evaporates quickly when compared to that kept in closed room.

Question 7.
Does the temperature of water rise continuously if heat is supplied continuously?
Answer:
Yes. If heat is supplied to water its temperature rises continuously till it reaches 100°C. At 100°C there would be no further rise of temperature, because the heat is sterilized to convert water to water vapour. So if heat is supplied beyond 100°C, all the water is converted into vapour.

Question 8.
Why does the mercury level of thermometer rise up when it is placed in hot water and fall down when it is placed in cold water?
Answer:

• We know that bodies which are in contact achieve thermal equilibrium due to transfer of heat energy.
• If we keep thermometer in hot water, its mercury level rises because heat is transformed from hot body to cold body.
• Similarly, we observe that mercury level comes down when it is placed in cold water.

Question 9.
When we place thermometer in hot water, there is a rise in mercury level, thereafter it stops. What is the reason for steadiness of mercury level? What does reading of thermometer give at that time?
Answer:

• The steadiness of the mercury column of the thermometer indicates that, flow of heat between the thermometer liquid (mercury) and water has stopped and thermal equilibrium has been attained between the water and thermometer liquid.
• The reading of thermometer gives thermal equilibrium state that is temperature.

Question 10.
What is the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy?
Answer:

• The average kinetic energy of molecules/particles of the hotter body is more than the colder body.
• So we can say that the temperature of a body is an indicator of the average kinetic energy of molecule of that body.
• So the average kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. [KE_avg ∝ T]

Question 11.
What is the relationship between rise in temperature and specific heat of material?
Answer:

• Temperature depends on nature of the material, hence the specific heat depends on its nature.
• If the specific heat, is high, the rise in temperature is low. [Q = mSΔt]
• It gives us an idea of degree of reluctance of a material to rise in temperature.

Question 12.
What is the principle of method of mixtures?
Answer:
When two or more bodies at different temperatures are mixed with each other, then net heat lost by the hot bodies, is equal to net heat gained by the cold bodies until they attain thermal equilibrium or equal temperature.

Net heat lost = Net heat gained

This is known as principle of method of mixtures.

Question 13.
Why is evaporation of a liquid faster under a fan?
Answer:

• If air is blown over the liquid surface in an open petri dish, a number of molecules evaporate from the surface of liquid.
• Because any molecule escaping from the surface is blown away from the vicinity of liquid.
• This increases the rate of evaporation.
• So evaporation of a liquid is faster under a fan.

Question 14.
Why do we get dew on the surface of a cold soft drink bottle kept in open air?
Answer:

• The temperature of surrounding air is higher than the temperature of cold soft drink.
• Air contains water molecules in the form of water vapour which tend to condense by losing their kinetic energy to form water droplets.

Question 15.
Why does water take more time to become hot and take more time to become cool?
Answer:
Water has the highest specific heat among all liquids. So it takes more time to become hot and takes more time to become cool.

Question 16.
What is calorimeter? Name the material of which it is made of. Give two reasons for using the material stated by you.
Answer:

• The vessel used for measurement of heat is calorimeter.
• It is made of thin sheet of copper.
• The reason is that the specific heat of copper is low and by making the vessel thin, its thermal capacity becomes low so that it takes a negligible amount of heat from its contents to attain the temperature of contents.

Question 17.
Why are burns caused by steam at 100°C more painful than that of water at 100°C?
Answer:

• Water at 100°C takes additional heat energy to convert from liquid state to vapour (steam) state. This energy is called latent heat of vapourisation.
• Hence, steam at 100°C contains more heat energy than that of water at 100°C.
• So, burns caused by steam at 100°C are more painful than that of water at 100°C.

Question 18.
Why is cooking fast in a pressure cooker compared to open vessel?
Answer:

• Boiling point of liquid increases with external pressure.
• Pressure cooker gives external pressure to the water in it.
• So, while cooking in pressure cooker it increases boiling point of water more than 100°C.
• So that, cooking is fast in pressure cooker compared to open vessel.

Question 19.
What happens to the water when wet clothes dry?
Answer:
When wet clothes dry, the water molecules from wet clothes, after evaporation, change into water vapour and mix with water molecules present in surrounding air, in the form of water vapour.

Question 20.
Why do we use hot water bottles for fomentation?
Answer:
The reason is that water does not cool quickly due to its large specific heat, so hot water bottle provides heat energy for fomentation for a long time.

Question 21.
Why do all plants and animals have a high content of water in their bodies?
Answer:
All plants and animals have nearly 80% to 90% of water in their bodies. So it helps in maintaining the body temperature in all seasons due to high specific heat.

Question 22.
Water is used as an effective coolant. Give reason.
Answer:
1) Water is used as an effective coolant because by allowing water to flow in pipes around the heated parts of machine, heat energy from such parts is removed (e.g. radiators in car and generator are filled with water).
2) Water in pipes extracts more heat from surroundings without much rise in its temperature because of its large specific heat.

Question 23.
Why is the base of cooking pan made thick?
Answer:

• By making the base of cooking pan thick, its thermal capacity becomes large and it imparts sufficient heat energy at a lower temperature to the food for its proper cooking.
• Further, it keeps the food warm for a long time, after cooking.

Question 24.
Water in lakes and ponds in cold countries does not freeze all at once. Give reason.
Answer:

• The latent heat of fusion of ice is sufficiently high.
• So to freeze water, a large quantity of heat has to be withdrawn, hence it freezes slowly and thus keeps the surroundings moderate.

Question 25.
Why do drinks get more quickly cooled by adding pieces of ice at 0°C than ice-cold water at 0°C?
Answer:

• This is because 1 g of ice at 0°C takes 336 J of heat energy from the drink to melt into water at 0°C.
• Thus drink loses an additional 336 J of heat energy for 1 g of ice at 0°C than for 1 g ice cold water at 0°C. Therefore cooling produced by 1 g of ice at 0°C is more than that by 1 g of water at 0°C.

Question 26.
When ice in a frozen lake starts melting, its surroundings become very cold? Why?
Answer:
The reason is that the heat energy required for melting the frozen lake is absorbed from the surrounding atmosphere. As a result, the temperature of surroundings falls and it becomes very cold.

Question 27.
Why is it more cold after the hail-storm than during or before the hail-storm?
Answer:
The reason is that after the hail-storm, the ice absorbs the heat energy required for melting from the surroundings, so the temperature of the surroundings falls further down and we feel more cold.

Question 28.
Which of the substances A, B, and C has the least specific heat? The temperature versus time graph as shown below.
Answer:

The substance ‘A’ has least specific heat because the rise in temperature is more for substance. We know that specific heat and rise in temperature are inversely proportional. So A has the least specific heat.

Question 29.
Why do we need pressure cooker to cook food at higher altitudes?
Answer:

• At higher altitudes, such as hills and mountains, atmospheric pressure is low, therefore water boils at a temperature lower than 100°C and so it does not provide the required heat energy for cooking.
• Thus cooking there becomes very difficult and it takes a much longer time.
• So we require a pressure cooker to cook the food at a faster rate.

Question 30.
Lalitha wants to determine the specific heat of Aluminium shots. What apparatus of material is required to do this experiment?
Answer:
The apparatus required is calorie meter, thermometer, stirrer, water, steam heater, wooden box, and aluminium shots.

Question 31.
What are the material required in order to find specific heat of soild?
Answer:
Calorimeter, thermometer, stirrer, water, steam, heater, wooden box, and lead shots.

Question 32.
Your teacher made an experiment to show the formation of dew and frost. Explain how you show the formation of dew and frost.
Answer:
Place a water bottle in a deep fridge of refrigerator. After some time remove bottle from the refrigerator. We can observe ice in the bottle and water droplets are formed outside the bottle. This experiment is useful in formation of dew and frost.

Question 33.
Why a bottle completely filled with water and closed with a tight cap break after freezing?
Answer:

• Density of ice is less than that of water.
• This means water expands on freezing and converts into ice.
• So, excess space is required to expand the water.
• The bottle completely filled with water and closed with a tight cap has no excess space to expand water.
• So, bottle breaks while freezing water in it.

Question 34.
Which of the following substances take more time to raise its temperature for a certain degree Celsius? Give reason.

Answer:
Water takes more time to raise temperature because it has greater specific heat is, i. e., 1 cal/g-°C. As the specific heat of substance increases, it takes more time to raise its temperature.

Question 35.
The graph shows variations of temperature (T) of one kilogram of material with the heat (H) supplied to it.
At ‘O’ the substance is in the solid state. From the graph can conclude that

i) The melting point of the solid is …………….
Answer:
The melting point of the solid is T₁

ii) The latent heat of fusion is …………….
Answer:
The latent heat of fusion is (H₂ – H₁)

iii) The latent heat of vaporisation is …………….
Answer:
The latent heat of vaporisation is (H₄ – H₃)

iv) The boiling point of the substance is ……………
Answer:
The boiling point of the substance is T₃

Question 36.
Which of the substances A, B, and C has the highest specific heat? The temperature versus time graph as shown given below.

Answer:

• The substance ‘C’ has the highest specific heat.
• Because ‘C’ does not rise its temperature quickly. In other words ‘C’ takes more time to rise its temperature.

Question 37.
Can the average kinetic energy of a body be even zero?
Answer:
The average kinetic energy of a body can be zero.
Reason :
K.E = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mv²
m is never zero
if v = 0; then body is not in the motion.

Question 38.
A slab of ice at -50°C is constantly heated till the steam attains a temperature of 150°C. Draw a graph showing the change in temperature with time. Label the various parts of the graph properly.
Answer:

Question 39.
Iron of weight 2 kg was supplied with 12000 calories of heat. Initial temperature of iron was 20°C. Its specific heat is 0.1 cal/g-°C. What is the final temperature of iron?
Answer:
Mass of iron (m) = 2 kg = 2 × 1000 g. = 2000 g.
Quantity of heat supplied (Q) = 12,000 cal.
Initial temperature = θ_(i) = 20°C
Final temperature = θ_f = ?
Specific heat of iron (s) = 0.1 cal / g / °C.
Heat = Q = ms∆θ
Q = ms (θ_f – θ_i)
θ_f – θ_i = Q/ms
θ_f – 20 = \(\frac{12000}{2000 \times 0.1}=\frac{12}{2 \times 0.1}\) = 60
θ_f = 60 + 20 = 80°C
∴ The final temperature of iron = θ_f = 80°C

Question 40.
What is the heat energy required to rise 20 kg of water from 25° C to 75° C?
Answer:
Given m = 20 kg = 20,000 gm
t₁ = 25° C ; t₂ = 75° C ;
S = 1 cal/gm °C.
Q = mS∆T = 20000 × 1 × (75 – 25) = 20000 × 50
Q = 1000000 calories

Question 41.
If you drink 200 ml of water at 20° C, what is the heat gained by water from your body? (Body temperature is 37° C)
Answer:
m = 200 g (1 ml of water = 1 gm of water)
S = 1 cal/gm °C ;
t₁ = 20° C; t₂ = 37° C
Q = mS∆T (∆T = t₂ – t₁)
= 200 × 1 × (37 – 20)
= 200 × 17
Q = 3400 calories

Question 42.
What would be the final temperature of a mixture of 60 gm of water at 30°C temperature and 60 gm of water at 60°C temperature?
Answer:
m₁ = 60 g ;
T₁ = 30°C ;
m₂ = 60 g ;
T₂ = 60°C

Question 43.
The quantity of heat which can rise the temperature of ‘x’ gram of a substance through t₁°C and the quantity of heat which can rise the temperature of ‘y’ grams of water through t₂°C is same. What is ratio of specific heats? What is ratio of specific heats if rise in temperatures are same and if amount of substances are same?
Answer:
Suppose specific heats of substance and water are s₁ and s₂ respectively.
Heat absorbed by x gram of substance to rise its temperature to t₁°C.
Q₁ = ms∆T = x × s₁ × t₁
Heat absorbed by y gram of water to rise its temperature to t₂°C.
Q₂ = ms∆T₂ = y × s₂ × t2

10th Class Physics 1st Lesson Heat 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the factors that effect the process of evaporation. Explain with suitable examples. (AP March 2017)
Answer:
Process of evaporation is effected by surface area, wind speed, humidity, and temperature.
Ex:

• The water kept in a china dish evaporates faster than in a cup because of more surface area.
• Water in wet the clothes are kept under fan evaporates faster than in normal conditions.
• Water in wet clothes evaporates faster on a less humid day than on a more humid day.

Question 2.
A) Write the principle of method of Mixtures.
B) What would be the final temperature of a mixture of 60 gms of water at 50°C and 50 gms of water at 70°C? (AP March 2018)
Answer:
A) Principle of method of mixtures :
Net heat lost by the hot body = Net heat gain by the cold body.

B) m₁ = 60 gms.,
T₁ = 50°C ;
m₂ = 50 gms.,
T₂ = 70°C

Question 3.
Answer the following questions by using the data given in the table. (AP March 2018)

a) Write SI units for specific heat.
Answer:
Joule / Kilogram-Kelvin

b) Based on specific heat values, arrange the substances given in the table in ascending order.
Answer:
Lead, Copper, Iron, Aluminium, Water

c) If we supply same quantity of heat, which substance will heat up faster?
Answer:
Lead

d) Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of Iron through 10°C.
Answer:
Q = mS∆T = 1000 × 0.115 × 10 = 1150 cal.

Question 4.
Suggest an experiment to show that when ice is converted into water, its temperature does not change. How much heat is required to convert 5 grams of ice at 0°C to water, at the same temperature? (Latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal/gram). (TS June 2015)
Answer:
Procedure :

1. Take small ice cube in a beaker. Insert the thermometer in the beaker.
2. Now start heating the beaker and note down readings of thermometer every one minute till the ice completely melts and gets converted into water.
3. Before heating the temperature of ice is 0° C or less than 0° C.

Observation :

1. We will observe that the temperature of ice at the beginning is equal to or below 0°C.
2. If the temperature of ice is below 0°C, it goes on changing till it reaches 0° C.
3. When ice starts melting, we will observe no change in temperature though you are supplying heat continuously.

Explanation :

1. Given heat energy is used to break the bonds (H₂O) in ice and melts.
2. So, temperature is constant while melting.

Conclusion :

1. This process is called melting. In this process heat converts solid phase to liquid phase.
2. The temperature of the substance does not change until all the ice melts and converts into water.
3. The heat given to melting is called latent heat of fusion.
4. The heat required to convert 1 gm of solid completely to liquid at constant temperature is called “latent heat of fusion”.
   m = 5 gm; L_f = 80 cal/g

The amount of heat absorbed Q = ML_f = 5 × 80 = 400 cal /g.

Question 5.
The graph shows the values of temperature, when ice is heated till it becomes water vapour. Observe the graph and answer the following questions. (TS March 2016)
(Note that the figure is not completely quantitative and also not to the scale. It is purely qualitative)

a) At what temperature, ice converts into water?
Answer:
Ice converts into water at 0°C and above.

b) What does \(\overline{\mathrm{DE}}\) represent?
Answer:
\(\overline{\mathrm{DE}}\) represents the latent heat of vapourisation.

c) What is the range of temperature of liquid water?
Answer:
The range of temperature of liquid water is 0°C to 100°C

d) Which part of the graph represents change of state from ice to water?
Answer:
\(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) represents the change of state of ice to water.

Question 6.
Write the differences between heat and temperature.
Answer:

Question 7.
Why is the specific heat different for different substances?
Answer:

• We know that the temperature of a body is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of particles of the body.
• The molecules of the system have different forms of energies. The total energy of the system is called internal energy of the system.
• When we supply heat energy to the system, the heat energy given to it will be shared by the molecules among the various forms of energy.
• This sharing will vary from substance to substance.
• The rise in temperature is high for a substance, if the maximum share of heat energy is utilised for its linear K.E.
• This sharing of heat energy also varies with temperature. That is why the specific heat is different for different substances.

Question 8.
Explain the process of evaporation.
Answer:

• The molecules of a liquid that kept in a dish, continuously move with random speeds in various directions. As a result, these molecules collide with other molecules.
• During this collision they transfer energy to other molecules. Hence, the molecules at the surface acquire energy and may fly off from the surface.
• Some of these escaping molecules may be directed back into liquid when they collide with the particles of air.
• If the number of escaping molecules is greater than the number returned, then the number of molecules in the liquid decreases.
• Thus when a liquid is exposed to air, the molecules at the surface keep on escaping from the surface till the entire liquid disappears into air. This process is called evaporation.

Question 9.
Define evaporation. Explain what are the affecting factors of evaporation and how they effect the rate of evaporation.
Answer:
Evaporation :
The process of escaping of molecules from the surface of liquid at any temperature is called evaporation.

The affecting factors of evaporation :

1. Temperature,
2. Surface area,
3. Wind speed,
4. Humidity.

The affection on the rate of evaporation :
1) Temperature :
As the temperature increases evaporation increases.

2) Surface area :
As the surface area of liquid increases, more molecules tend to leave the surface. So rate of evaporation increases.

3) Wind speed :
As the wind speed increases rate of evaporation increases.

4) Humidity :
As the humidity increases rate of evaporation decreases.

Question 10.
Why is climate near the seashore moderate?
Answer:

1. The specific heat of water is very high. It is about five times as that of sand.
2. Hence the heat energy required for the same rise in temperature by certain mass pf water will be nearly five times than that required by same mass of sand.
3. Similarly, a certain mass of water will give out nearly five times more heat energy than that given by sand of the same mass for the same fall in temperature.
4. As such, sand (or earth) gets heated or cooled more rapidly as compared to water under similar conditions.
5. Thus, a large difference in temperature is developed between the land and sea due to which land and sea breezes are formed.
6. These breezes make the climate near seashore moderate.

Question 10.
Why do farmers fill their fields with water on a cold winter night?
Answer:

• In the absence of water, if on a cold winter night, the atmospheric temperature falls below 0°C, the water in the fine capillaries of plants will freeze, so the veins will burst due to the increase in volume of water on freezing.
• As a result, plants will die and the crop will be destroyed.
• In order to save crop on such cold nights, farmers fill their field with water because water has high specific heat, so it does not allow the temperature in the plants of surrounding area to fall up to 0°C.

Question 11.
Explain the factors effecting boiling.
Answer:
The factors effecting boiling are
I) Pressure :

1. The boiling point of pure water at one atmospheric pressure is 100°C.
2. Water boils at a temperature higher than 100°C, if the atmospheric pressure is higher than one atmosphere pressure, and boils at a temperature lower than 100°C, if the atmospheric pressure is less than 1 atmosphere.

II) Impurities :
The boiling point of liquid increases by the addition of impurities to it. If a little common salt is added to water, the water boils at a temperature higher than 100°C.

Question 12.
A, B and C are the three liquids at 20°C, 30°C and 40°C respectively. If equal masses of A and B are mixed, the resultant temperature is 26°C. If equal masses of A and C are mixed, the resultant temperature is 33°C. Find the ratio of specific heats of A, B and C.
Answer:

Question 13.
A refrigerator converts 5kg of water at 40°C into ice at 0°C in 20 minutes. Find the power of refrigerator.
Answer:
m = 5kg = 5000gr
∆t = 40°C – 0°C = 40°C
S = 1 (water) .
Q = m.s.∆t = 5000.1.40 = 200000 cal.
We know the relation between heat and work done as

Question 14.
Snow on mountains does not melt all at once. Why?
Answer:

• Snow on mountains does not melt all at once because the ice has a high specific latent heat of fusion.
• It is due to this fact that it changes into water slowly as it gets heat energy from the sun.
• If latent heat would not have been so high, the snow would have melted quickly even with a small amount of heat energy and there would have been floods in rivers.

Question 15.
Collect specific heats of various substances.
Answer:

Question 16.
The graph given below represents a cooling curve for a substance being cooled from a higher temperature to a lower temperature.

a) What is the boiling point of the substance?
Answer:
The boiling point of the substance is 150°C (because the part BC represents condensation where the vapour changes into the liquid without the change in temperature).

b) What happens in the region DE?
Answer:
The region DE represents freezing of the substance where the liquid changes into solid at a constant temperature that is 100°C.

c) What is the melting point of the substance?
Answer:
The melting point of substance is 100°C.

Question 17.
You’ve taken water in vessel at 0°C and closed it with a glass vessel as shown in the figure. You used and created a vacuum inside.

a) Explain what happens.
b) A part of water condenses; what is the amount of water that gest condensed?
Answer:
a) At 0°C also water is available in liquid state (generally at 0°C ice is also available) because the air in vacuum rise the temperature. Here evacuation is possible so it allows evaporation.

b) Let y ml of water is taken at 0°C.
’x’ ml of water is evaporated
Latent heat of vapourisation = L_steam = 540 Cal/g.
Latent heat of ice = L_ice = 80 Cal/g.
After sometime conversion process stops. So equilibrium is possible.

Question 18.
What are the applications of specific heat capacity?
Answer:
1. The oceans behave like heat store houses for the earth. They absorb large amounts of heat at the equator without rise in temperature due to high specific heat capacity of water. So, oceans moderate the surrounding temperature near the equator. Ocean water transports the heat away from the equator to areas closer to the north and south poles. This transported heat helps moderate the climates in parts of the Earth that are far from the equator.

2. Watermelon brought out from the refrigerator retains its coolness for a long time than any other fruit because it contains a large amount of water (water has greater specific heat).

3. The samosa seems to be cool outside but it is hot when we eat it because the curry inside the samosa contains ingredients with higher specific heats.

Question 19.
Some hot water Is added to three times its mass of cold water at 10°C. The resulting temperature is found to be 20°C. Find the initial temperature of hot water.
Answer:
Let the initial temperature of hot water be t°C.
Mass of hot water = mg
Mass of cold water = 3 mg
Initial temperature of cold water = 10°C
And resultant temperature = 20°C

∴ Initial temperature of hot water = 50°C.

Question 20.
40 g of water at 60°C is poured into vessel of 200 g mass containing 50 g of water at 20°C. The final temperature of mixture is 30°C. Calculate the specific heat of vessel.
Answer:
Mass of hot water at 60°C = 40 g
Mass of cold water at 20°C = 50 g
Mass of vessel = 200 g
Suppose the specific heat of vessel is S_v
Heat energy given by hot water = mS_w∆T
= 40 × 1 × (60 – 30) [∵ T₁ = 60°C, T₂ = 30°C]
= 40 × 30 = 1200 cal
Heat energy taken by cold water = mS_w∆T
= 50 × 1 × (30 – 20) = 50 × 10 = 500 cal
Heat energy taken by vessel = mS_v∆T = 200 × S_v × (30 – 20) = 2000 S_v
According to the principle of method of mixtures,
Heat lost by hot water = heat gained by cold water + heat gained by vessel 1200 = 500 + 2000 S_v

Question 21.
A, B and C are three liquids at 20°C, 30°C and 40°C respectively. If equal masses of A and B are mixed, the resultant temperature is 29°C. The equal masses of A and C are mixed, the resultant temperature is 33°C. Find the specific heats of A, B and C.
Answer:
Suppose specific heats of liquids A, B and C are s₁, s₂ and s₃ respectively.
Given that the temperatures of liquids are 20°C, 30°C and 40°C.
Given that equal mass of A and B are mixed, the resultant temperature is 29°C.

Further given that equal masses of A and C are mixed, the resultant temperature is 33°C.

Question 22.
A refrigerator converts 5 kg of water at 40°C into ice at 0°C. Find the total energy released in Joules.
Answer:
m = 5 kg = 5000 g
The heat energy released to convert 5 kg of water at 40°C to 5 kg of water at 0°C.
Q₁ = ms∆T
= 5000 × 1 × (40 – 0) = 5000 × 40 = 200000 cal [s = 1 cal/g-°C for water]
The heat energy released to convert 5 kg of water at 0°C to 5 kg of ice at 0°C.
Q₂ = mL_f
= 5000 × 80 = 400000 cal [∵ L_f = 80 cal/g]
Total energy released = 200000 + 400000
= 600000 cal
= 600 kcal
= 142.86 kJ.

Question 23.
The quantity of heat which can rise the temperature ‘x’ grams of a substance through t₁°C can rise the temperature of ‘y’ grams of water through t₂°C is same.
What is the ratio of specific heats?
Answer:
Given,

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 10th Lesson Soil Pollution

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What will happen if there is increase in acidic or basic nature of soil?
Answer:

• The nutrients available to plants will be greatly reduced by increase in acidic or basic nature of soil.
• This results in the decrease of plant yield.

Question 2.
What is decomposition?
Answer:
Decomposition is the process of materials being digested and broken down into simpler substances, making nutrients more available to plants.

Question 3.
What are the effects of toxic chemicals released into the soil?
Answer:
Toxic chemicals leached from oozing storage drums into the soil, underneath homes, causing an unusually large number of birth defects, cancers and respiratory, nervous and kidney diseases.

Question 4.
What is bioremediation?
Answer:
The process of using microbes to clear up the contamination in soil and water is called bioremediation.

Question 5.
What is mineralization?
Answer:
The process of converting organic elements to inorganic forms and liberating C02, ammonia, sulphate, phosphate etc…. is called mineralization.

Question 6.
What is soil erosion?
Answer:
The removal of top layer of the soil by wind, rainfall is called soil erosion.

Question 7.
What is top soil comprised of?
Answer:
Humus, living organisms and soil particles are present in the top soil.

Question 8.
What is soil profile?
Answer:
Soil profile is the vertical section of earth’s crust generally up to the depth of 1.83 metres.

Question 9.
Name the three natural resources on the earth.
Answer:
Air, water and land.

Question 10.
What is soil?
Answer:
The top most layer of the lithosphere is called soil.

Question 11.
Fertile soils have lots of humus. Why?
Answer:
Fertile soil is rich in organisms that decompose dead organic matter into humus. Humus gives minerals, absorb water and makes soil porous.

Question 12.
Why step farming is common in hills?
Answer:
Step farming is common in the hills to check soil erosion through water currents on the slopes.

Question 13.
What are the factors determining the soil type?
Answer:
The soil type depends on
a) Amounts of humus
b) Size of the soil particles
c) Microorganisms present in the soil.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the components of soil?
Answer:

• Soil is made up of minerals and decomposed organic matter, along with air and water.
• Soil can create a habitat for fungi, bacteria and related organisms which in turn, feed and support plants life.

Question 2.
Write a short note on biodegradable waste. Give examples.
Answer:

• Substances that can be degraded by microbes into harmless and toxic substances are known as biodegradable waste.
• Agricultural and animal wastes like leaves, twigs, hay, dung etc., are examples for biodegradable wastes.

Question 3.
Write a short note on non-biodegradable waste. Give examples.
Answer:

• Substances that cannot be easily degraded are non-biodegradable substances.
• Aluminium cans, plastics, glass, DDT etc., are examples of non-biodegradable wastes.

Question 4.hat is soil erosion? What are causative factors for soil erosion?
Answer:

• Soil erosion occurs when the weathered soil particles are dislodged and carried away by wind or water.
• Deforestation, agricultural development, temperature extremes, precipitation including acid rain and human activities contribute to soil erosion.
• Humans speed up this process by construction, mining, cutting of timber, over¬cropping and overgrazing.
• It results in floods and cause soil erosion.

Question 5.
What are the problems that arise due to uncollected and decomposed solid waste in cities?
Answer:
If solid waste left uncollected and decomposed, they are a cause of several problems such as

1. Clogging of drains
2. Barrier to movement of water
3. Foul smell
4. Increased microbial activities
5. Create health problems if they are solid wastes of hospital.

Question 6.
What will happen if you throw the wastes wherever you want?
Answer:

1. They pollute our surroundings.
2. These wastes cause land pollution.
3. These wastes spread diseases.
4. They show effect on the health of human beings.

Question 7.
What are the effects of soil pollution on agriculture?
Answer:

1. Reduced soil fertility.
2. Reduced nitrogen fixation.
3. Increased erodibility.
4. Larger loss of soil and nutrients.
5. Deposition of silt in tanks and reservoirs.
6. Reduced crop yields.
7. Imbalance in soil fauna and flora.

Question 8.
What are the effects of soil pollution due to industrial waste?
Answer:

1. Dangerous chemicals entering underground water.
2. Ecological imbalance.
3. Release of pollutant gases.
4. Release of radioactive rays causing health problems.
5. Increased salinity.
6. Reduced vegetation.

Question 9.
What are the effects of soil pollution due to urban activities?
Answer:

1. Clogging of drains
2. Inundation of areas
3. Public health problems
4. Pollution of drinking water sources
5. Foul smell and release of gases
6. Waste management problems

Question 10.
What are Bio-degradable pollutants? Give examples.
Answer:
The pollutants that are degraded by natural means are called Bio-degradable pollutants.
Eg : Paper, wood, leaves, etc

Question 11.
Enlist the main causes of soil erosion.
Answer:
(a) Deforestation
(b) Urbanisation
(c) Excessive over grazing
(d) Leaving the land uncultured for a long time.

Question 12.
Fill this flow chart.

Answer:

1. Contour ploughing
2. Planting trees
3. Crop Rotation
4. Salinity Management

Question 13.
Fill this flow chart.

Answer:

1. Reusing of materials
2. Recycling and recovery of materials
3. Reforesting
4. Reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticides use.

Question 14.
Fill this flow chart.

Answer:

1. Agricultural soil pollution
2. Soil pollution by industrial effluents and solid wastes
3. Pollution due to urban activities.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How soil is formed?
Answer:

• Soil formation is a long and complex process and it can take 100 to 10,000 years to create one inch of top soil.
• The factors responsible for soil formation are climate, topography, living organisms and the type of parent material.
• Parent materials come from breakdown of underlying rocks or from deposits by streams and rivers, seas and gulfs, hills, wind and glaciers or organic plant residues.
• Over time, these materials are weathered by the effect of freezing, thawing, wetting, drying, heating, cooling, erosion, plants and animals and from chemical reactions.
• Eventually, the parent material is divided into three horizontal layers, the top layer consists of mostly organic matter and biological activity.
• The middle layer is the zone of maximum material accumulation.
• The bottom layer bold is mainly the parent material, but slightly altered.
• The top soil is important since it is the foundation for the life on the earth.

Question 2.
What are the chemical properties of soil? What effects do this have on the plants?
Answer:

• The term pH is used to indicate the level of acidity or alkalinity of a soil.
• The range of pH values of a good soil lies from 5.5 to 7.5.
• Below pH 7 the soils are termed as acidic and above pH 7 alkaline.
• The pH of soil is important in determining the type of vegetation that will grow in the soil.
• Availability of plants nutrients is strongly tied to the pH in soil.
• The availability of N, K, Ca, Mg and S tends to decrease with decreasing pH.

Question 3.
What are the biological properties of soil? What effects do this have on plants?
Answer:

• Soil is the most abundant and diverse ecosystem on the earth.
• Soil organisms include both plants and animal forms ranging from submicroscopic viruses to earthworms, to large burrowing animals such as gophers (rats) and ground squirrels.
• Major microbial groups in soil are bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa.
• These feed on plant residues burrow the soil and help in aeration and percolation of water.
• Soil microbes convert organic forms of elements to their inorganic forms and liberate carbon dioxide, ammonia, sulphate, phosphate and inorganic forms of other elements. This process is known as mineralization.
• Soil bacteria control the forms of ions in which these nutrients occurs.

Question 4.
Write the effects of insecticide DDT on environment.
Answer:

• The first widespread insecticide use began at the end of world war 11 that included DDT and gamanaxene.
• Insect soon became resistant to DDT and as the chemical did not decompose readily, it persisted in the environment.
• Since it was soluble in fat rather than water, it biomagnified up the food chain and disrupted calcium metabolism in birds, causing egg shells to be thin and fragile.
• As a result, large birds of prey such as the brown pelican, ospreys, falcons and eagles became endangered.
• DDT is now banned in most of the western countries.

Question 5.
Write the examples of pesticides. What are their effects on soil and human beings?
Answer:

• Besides DDT the most important pesticides are Benzene hexachloride (BHC), chlorinate dihydro carbons, organophosphates, aldrin, malathion, dieldrin, furodan etc., are the examples.
• The remnants of such pesticides used on pests may get absorbed by the soil particles, which then contaminate root crops grown in that soil.
• The consumption of such crops causes the pesticides remnants to enter human biological systems, affecting them adversely.
• Pesticides not only have toxic effect on human and animals but also decrease the fertility of the soil.
• Some of the pesticides are quite stable and their biodegradation may take weeks and even months.

Question 6.
Write briefly about biomagnification.
Answer:

1. The nutrients necessary for plant growth are found at very low concentrations in most natural waters.
2. In the process of collecting nutrients, phytoplankton also collects certain human made chemicals such as some persistent pesticides.
3. These may be present in the water at a very low concentrations that they cannot be measured even with a very sensitive instruments.
4. The chemicals however, biologically accumulate in the organism and become concentrated at levels that are much higher in the living cells than in the open water.
5. The small fish and zooplankton eat vast quantities of phytoplankton.
6. In doing so, any toxic chemicals accumulated by the phytoplankton are further concentrated in the bodies of the animals that eat them.
7. This is repeated at each step in the food chain.
8. This process of increasing concentration through the food chain is known as bio-magnification.

Question 7.
What is solid waste? What are different types of solid waste?
Answer:
1. Solid waste may be defined as the organic and inorganic waste produced by various activities of the society which have lost their value to the first user.

2. Solid waste, on the basis of its sources of origin can be classified as
a) Municipal solid waste :
It consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue.

b) Hazardous solid waste :
Industrial and” hospital waste is considered to be hazardous waste as they contain toxic substances.

c) Infectious solid waste:
Biomedical or hospital waste generated during diagnosis, treatment etc., which include sharp chemical wastes, discarded medicines and human excreta.

Question 8.
What are the different ways and methods possible for soil conservation? Briefly explain them.
Answer:
There are several ways possible for soil conservation. They are planting trees, terraces, no-till farming, contour ploughing, crop rotation, soil pH, watering the soil, salinity management, soil organisms and indigenous crops.

1. Planting trees :
a) Soil that is under a vegetative cover has hardly any chance of getting eroded as the vegetative cover acts as a wind barrier.
b) As the roots of the trees spread deep into the layers of soil they contribute to the prevention of soil erosion.

2. Terraces :
a) A terrace is a leveled section of hilly cultivated area.
b) Owing to its unique structure, it prevents the rapid surface runoff of water.

3. No-till farming : It is a way of growing crops without disturbing it through tillage.

4. Contour ploughing :
a) It is the method of ploughing across the contour lines of a slope.
b) This method helps in slowing the water runoff and prevents the soil from being washed away along the slope.

5. Crop rotation: Crop rotation helps in the improvement of soil structure and fertility.

6. Soil pH :
Maintenance of the most suitable value of pH is essential for the conservation of soil.

7. Water the soil :
Watering the soil along with the plants is a way to prevent soil erosion caused by wind.

8. Salinity management :
a) If salinity of the soil increases it results in the death of vegetation.
b) The death of vegetation is bound to cause soil erosion.
c) Hence salinity management is one of the indirect ways to conserve soil.

9. Soil organisms :
The helpful organisms of soil promote its fertility and form an element in the conservation of soil.

10. Indigenous crops :
Planting of native crops is known to be beneficial for soil conservation.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write any two preventive measures for fluorosis.
Answer:

• Use river water in place of groundwater.
• Use rainwater and groundwater with less fluoride percentage.
• By using defluoridation method, fluorides can be removed from water.

Question 2.
Look at the picture and answer the questions below.

a) Which substance cause less soil pollution?
b) Which of the above pollutants can be biodegradable?
c) Give two examples of construction soil pollutants.
d) Mention any two preventive measures for soil pollution.
Answer:
1) Peat waste (1%).
2) Organic waste, peat waste, paper.
3) Construction and demolition, metals.
4) Using 4’R principle in our daily life implementing comprehensive solid waste management.

Question 3.
You know that Fluoride cause health hazards, how can you aware people of your village regarding this?
Answer:

• Using surface water sources like rivers and streams.
• Defluoridation technique is very useful in getting Fluorine free water.
• We should not consume the vegetables which are grown in high Fluoride soils.

Question 4.
Plastic is harmful to the environment. What will you do to replace it?
Answer:
We should use paper bags, jute bags and cloth bags in place of plastic bags.

Question 5.
Ravi decided not to use plastic bags. What alternative methods will you suggest?
Answer:

• Using jute covers and cloth bags in place of plastic bags.
• Using bamboo baskets in place of large plastic covers to store and carry goods.

Question 6.
There is an ecosystem, where industrial sewage occurs. Arrange the following living organisms in various trophic levels as per the persistent. (Biomagnification).
Grass, Fish, Sheep, Grass hopper, Phytoplankton, Prawn, Crow, Frog, Larval forms.

Answer:

Question 7.

Observe the above diagram, answer the following questions.
i) Name the pollutant which pollutes the soil the most.
ii) Write the biodegradable materials given in the figure.
iii) What will happen if the usage of plastic increased?
iv) What metals pollute the soil, due to the excessive usage of Super Phosphate fertilisers in cultivation?
Answer:
i) Organic wastes 32%
ii) Organic wastes and paper
iii) They remain in the soil for several hundreds of years. They cause a lot of soil pollution. They damage the soil health.
iv) Nitrates and phosphates

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Telugu Solutions 10th Class Telugu Grammar Questions and Answers, Notes.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Telugu Grammar Questions and Answers

సమాపక – అసమాపక క్రియలు

ఈ కింది వాక్యాలలోని క్రియలను గమనించండి.
1) ఉదయ్ భోజనం చేసి సినిమాకు వెళ్ళాడు.
2) వైష్ణవి పుస్తకం చదివి నిద్రపోయింది.
3) అరుణ్ చిత్రాలు గీసి ప్రదర్శనకు పెట్టాడు.

అ) సమాపక క్రియలు :
పై వాక్యాలలో ప్రతివాక్యం చివర ఉన్న వెళ్ళాడు, పెట్టాడు వంటి క్రియలు, పని పూర్తి అయ్యిందని తెలుపుతున్నాయి. వీటిని సమాపక క్రియలు అంటారు.

అసమాపక క్రియలు :
వాక్యం మధ్యలో ఉన్న ‘చేసి’, ‘గీసి’, ‘చదివి’ – అన్న క్రియలు పని పూర్తికాలేదని తెలుపుతున్నాయి. వీటిని అసమాపక క్రియలు అంటారు.

ఇ) అసమాపక క్రియా – భేదాలు
1) క్వార్ధకం : (భూతకాలిక అసమాపక క్రియ)
భాస్కర్ ఆట ఆడి, అలసిపోయి ఇంటికి వచ్చాడు. ఈ వాక్యంలో ‘భాస్కర్’ అనేది కర్త. ‘వచ్చాడు’ అనేది కర్తృ వాచకానికి చెందిన ప్రధాన క్రియ.

ఇక ఆడి, అలసి అనేవి కర్తృవాచక పదానికి చెందిన ఇతర క్రియలు. ఆడి, అలసి అనేవి క్రియలే కాని, వాటితో పూర్తి భావం తెలియడం లేదు. ఆడి, అలసిపోయి అనే క్రియల తర్వాత, “ఏమి చేస్తాడు ?” అనే ప్రశ్న వస్తోంది. ఆడి, అలసిపోయి అనే క్రియలు, భూతకాలంలోని పనిని సూచిస్తున్నాయి. వీటిని భూతకాలిక అసమాపక క్రియలనీ, ‘క్త్వార్థకం’ అని పిలుస్తారు.

ఈ క్రియలన్నీ ‘ఇ’ కారంతో అంతమవుతాయి. అంటే చివర – ‘ఇ’ అనే ప్రత్యయం చేరిన క్రియారూపం ‘క్వార్థం’.
ఉదాహరణలు :
పుష్ప అన్నం తిని నిద్రపోయింది. ఇందులో ‘తిని’ అనేది “క్వార్ధకం” (అసమాపక క్రియ).

2) శత్రర్థకం: (వర్తమాన అసమాపక క్రియ)
అఖిలేశ్ మధుకర్‌తో ‘మాట్లాడుతూ’ నడుస్తున్నాడు. ఈ వాక్యంలో ‘నడుస్తున్నాడు’ అనే ప్రధానక్రియకు, ‘మాట్లాడుతూ’ అనే ఉపక్రియ వర్తమాన కాలంలో ఉండి, అసమాపక క్రియను సూచిస్తుంది.

ఈ విధంగా ‘మాట్లాడు’ అనే ధాతువుకు ‘తూ’ అనే ప్రత్యయం చేరుతున్నది. ఇలా చేరడం వల్ల వర్తమాన అసమాపక క్రియగా మారుతుంది. వర్తమాన అసమాపక క్రియను ‘శత్రర్థకం’ అంటారు.
ఉదా :
1) జ్యోతిర్మయి కంప్యూటర్ లో ఏదో చదువుతూ ముఖ్యాంశాలు రాసుకుంది.
2) మాధవి ఆలోచిస్తూ పుస్తకం చదువుతున్నది.

గమనిక : పై వాక్యాలలో 1) చదువుతూ 2) ఆలోచిస్తూ అనేవి శత్రర్థకాలు.

3) చేదర్థకం :
(ధాతువుకు తే, ఐతే అనే ప్రత్యయాలు చేరతాయి.) కింది వాక్యం చదవండి.
“కష్టపడి పనిచేస్తే ఫలితం దానంతట అదే వస్తుంది.”

పై వాక్యంలో ప్రధాన క్రియ ‘వస్తుంది’ – ఇది ఫలితాన్ని సూచిస్తుంది. ఈ ఫలితం రావాలంటే షరతును విధించడానికి చేర్చే అసమాపక క్రియ, చేస్తే ఇది కారణం. అది కార్యం. ఈ విధంగా సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యాల్లో ప్రధాన క్రియ సూచించే పని జరగటానికి షరతును సూచించే క్రియను ‘చేదర్థకం’ అంటారు. చేత్ అర్థాన్ని ఇచ్చేది – చేదర్థకం. వీటిలో ధాతువుకు తే, ఐతే అనే ప్రత్యయాలు చేరతాయి.
ఉదా :
మొక్కలు నాటితే అవి పర్యావరణానికి మేలు చేస్తాయి.

అభ్యాసం :
ఈ కింది వాక్యంలోని అసమాపక క్రియలను రాయండి.
1) రమ రోడ్డు మీద ఉన్న ఒక కాగితం ముక్కను తీసి దగ్గరలో ఉన్న చెత్తకుండీలో వేసి మళ్ళీ సైకిలెక్కి వెళ్ళిపోయింది.
జవాబు:
తీసి, వేసి, ఎక్కి అనేవి ‘క్వార్ధకం’ అనే అసమాపక క్రియలు.

అ) తద్ధర్మ క్రియలు :
ఒక వస్తువు స్వభావాన్నీ , ధర్మాన్నీ తెలిపే క్రియలనూ, నిత్య సత్యాలను తెలిపే వాటినీ, ‘తధ్ధర్మ క్రియలు’ అంటారు.
ఉదా :
1) సూర్యుడు తూర్పున ఉదయిస్తాడు.
2) సూర్యుడు పడమట అస్తమిస్తాడు.
3) పక్షి ఆకాశంలో ఎగురుతుంది.

ప్రశ్నా వాక్యాలు :
ఎప్పుడు, ఎక్కడ, ఎందుకు, ఎవరు, ఏమిటి అనే పదాలను ఉపయోగించి, ప్రశ్నార్థక వాక్యాలు తయారుచేయవచ్చునని మీకు తెలుసు. వాక్యం చివరలో ‘ఆ’ అనే ప్రత్యయాన్ని చేర్చి కూడా ప్రశ్నా వాక్యంగా మార్చవచ్చు.
ఉదా :
1) మీరు బడికి వెళతారా?
2) దైన్య స్థితిని చూస్తారా?

అభ్యాసం :
కింది వాటిని జతపరచండి.

జవాబు:

ఐచ్ఛిక సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు

1) భూతకాలిక అసమాపక క్రియను ఏమంటారు?
A) చేదర్థకం
B) శత్రర్థకం
C) క్వార్థకం
D) అనుమత్యర్థకం
జవాబు:
C) క్వార్థకం

2) కవిత గ్రంథాలయానికి వెళ్ళి పుస్తకాలు తెచ్చింది. గీత గీసిన పదం ఏ ప్రక్రియకు చెందినది?
A) క్వార్థకం
B) శత్రర్థకం
C) చేదర్థకం
D) ఆశీరార్థకం
జవాబు:
A) క్వార్థకం

3) వర్తమాన అసమాపక క్రియను ఏమంటారు?
A) క్వార్థకం
B) శత్రర్థకము
C) చేదర్థకం
D) అభ్యర్థకం
జవాబు:
B) శత్రర్థకము

4) షరతును విధించడానికి చేర్చే అసమాపక క్రియ ఏది?
A) చేదర్థకం
B) క్వార్థకం
C) శత్రర్థకం
D) విధ్యర్థకం
జవాబు:
A) చేదర్థకం

5) ధాతువుకు తే, ఐతే అనే ప్రత్యయాలు చేరే అసమాపక క్రియను ఇలా పిలుస్తారు?
A) క్వార్థకం
B) చేదర్థకం
C) శత్రర్థకం
D) నిషేధార్థకం
జవాబు:
B) చేదర్థకం

6) శత్రర్థక క్రియను గుర్తించండి.
A) చేసి
B) చేయక
C) చేయుచున్
D) చేస్తే
జవాబు:
C) చేయుచున్

వాక్య భేదాలు

వాక్యాలు మూడు రకాలు :
1) సామాన్య వాక్యం
2) సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం
3) సంయుక్త వాక్యం

1) ఉష పాఠం చదువుతున్నది.
2) మురళి మంచి బాలుడు.

1) సామాన్య వాక్యం :
గమనిక : మొదటి వాక్యంలో క్రియ ఉంది. రెండో వాక్యంలో క్రియ లేదు. ఈ విధంగా క్రియ ఉన్నా, లేకున్నా, ఒకే ఒక్క భావాన్ని ప్రకటించే వాక్యాలను సామాన్య వాక్యాలు అంటారు.

2) సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం :
ఈ కింది సామాన్య వాక్యాలను కలిపి రాయండి.
ఉదా :
1) శ్రీకాంత్ అన్నం తిన్నాడు.
2) శ్రీకాంత్ బడికి వచ్చాడు.
జవాబు:
శ్రీకాంత్ అన్నం తిని, బడికి వచ్చాడు. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)

గమనిక :
పై వాక్యాలను కలిపినపుడు ఒక సమాపక క్రియ, ఒకటిగాని అంతకంటే ఎక్కువగాని అసమాపక క్రియలు ఉంటాయి. ఇటువంటి వాక్యాలను ‘సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యాలు’ అంటారు.

3) సంయుక్త వాక్యం :
సమ ప్రాధాన్యం కల వాక్యాలను కలపడం వల్ల ఏర్పడే వాక్యాలను ‘సంయుక్త వాక్యాలు’ అంటారు.
ఉదా :
1) సీత చదువుతుంది, పాడుతుంది.
2) అతడు నటుడు, రచయిత.
3) అశ్విని, జ్యోతి అక్కాచెల్లెండ్రు.

సామాన్య వాక్యాలు :
అ) రాజు అన్నం తిన్నాడు.
ఆ) గోపి పరీక్ష రాశాడు.
ఇ) గీత బడికి వెళ్ళింది.

గమనిక :
పై వాక్యాల్లో తిన్నాడు, రాశాడు, వెళ్ళింది అనే క్రియలు సమాపక క్రియలు. ప్రతి వాక్యంలో ఒకే సమాపక క్రియ ఉంది. ఇలా ఒకే సమాపక క్రియ ఉంటే, ఆ వాక్యాలను “సామాన్య వాక్యాలు’ అంటారు.

కొన్ని సామాన్య వాక్యాలు క్రియ లేకుండా కూడా ఉంటాయి.
ఉదా :
హైదరాబాదు మన రాష్ట్ర రాజధాని.

సామాన్య వాక్యాలు :
గీత బజారుకు వెళ్ళింది. గీత కూరగాయలు కొన్నది.

గమనిక :
పై సామాన్య వాక్యాలలో రెంటిలోనూ ‘గీత’ అనే నామవాచకం ఉంది. ఈ విధంగా తిరిగి చెప్పబడిన నామవాచకాన్ని తొలగించి, మొదటి వాక్యంలోని ‘వెళ్ళింది’ లోని క్రియను ‘వెళ్ళి’ అనే అసమాపక క్రియగా మార్చి రాస్తే సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం ఏర్పడుతుంది.

సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం ఉదా : గీత బజారుకు వెళ్ళి కూరగాయలు కొన్నది. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం )

అభ్యాసం :
కింది సామాన్య వాక్యాల్ని సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యాలుగా మార్చి రాయండి.

అ) విమల వంట చేస్తుంది. విమల పాటలు వింటుంది. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)
జవాబు:
విమల వంట చేస్తూ పాటలు వింటుంది. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం )

ఆ) అమ్మ నిద్ర లేచింది. అమ్మ ముఖం కడుక్కుంది. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)
జవాబు:
అమ్మ నిద్రలేచి ముఖం కడుక్కుంది. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం )

అభ్యాసం :
కింది సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యాలను, సామాన్య వాక్యాలుగా మార్చి రాయండి.

1) తాత భారతం చదివి నిద్రపోయాడు. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం )
జవాబు:
తాత భారతం చదివాడు. తాత నిద్రపోయాడు. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)

2) చెట్లు పూత పూస్తే కాయలు కాస్తాయి. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
చెట్లు పూత పూయాలి. చెట్లు కాయలు కాయాలి. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)

3) రాముడు నడుచుకుంటూ వెళ్ళి తన ఊరు చేరాడు. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
రాముడు నడుచుకుంటూ వెళ్ళాడు. రాముడు తన ఊరు చేరాడు. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)

అభ్యాసం :
కింది సామాన్య వాక్యాలను, సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యాలుగా మార్చి రాయండి.
ఉదా :
1) శర్వాణి పాఠం చదివింది. శర్వాణి నిద్రపోయింది. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)
జవాబు:
శర్వాణి పాఠం చదివి నిద్రపోయింది. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం )

2) మహతి ఆట ఆడింది. మహతి అన్నం తిన్నది. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)
జవాబు:
మహతి ఆట ఆడి అన్నం తిన్నది. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)

3) నారాయణ అన్నం తింటాడు. నారాయణ నీళ్లు తాగుతాడు. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)
జవాబు:
నారాయణ అన్నం తింటూ నీళ్లు తాగుతాడు. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)

అభ్యాసం :
కింది సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యాలను, సామాన్య వాక్యాలుగా మార్చి రాయండి.
ఉదా :
1) శరత్ ఇంటికి వచ్చి అన్నం తిన్నాడు. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
శరత్ ఇంటికి వచ్చాడు. శరత్ అన్నం తిన్నాడు. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)

2) రజియా పాటపాడుతూ ఆడుకుంటున్నది. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
రజియా పాట పాడుతుంది. రజియా ఆడుకుంటున్నది. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)

సంయుక్త వాక్యం:
కింది వాక్యాలను గమనించండి.
విమల తెలివైనది. విమల అందమైనది – విమల తెలివైనది, అందమైనది.
ఇలా రెండు సామాన్య వాక్యాలు కలిసి, ఒకే వాక్యంగా ఏర్పడటాన్ని సంయుక్త వాక్యం అంటారు.
సంయుక్త వాక్యాలుగా మారేటప్పుడు వచ్చే మార్పులు :

అ) వనజ చురుకైనది. వనజ అందమైనది.
వనజ చురుకైనది, అందమైనది. (రెండు నామపదాల్లో ఒకటి లోపించడం)

ఆ) అజిత అక్క. శైలజ చెల్లెలు.
అజిత, శైలజ అక్కాచెల్లెళ్లు. (రెండు నామపదాలు ఒకచోట చేరి చివర బహువచనం చేరింది. )

ఇ) ఆయన డాక్టరా? ఆయన ప్రొఫెసరా?
ఆయన డాక్టరా? ప్రొఫెసరా? (రెండు సర్వనామాల్లో ఒకటి లోపించింది. )

అభ్యాసం :
కింది సామాన్య వాక్యాలను సంయుక్త వాక్యాలుగా మార్చి రాయండి.

1) ఆయన ఆంధ్రుడు. ఆయన కృష్ణా తీరమున పుట్టినవాడు. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)
జవాబు:
ఆయన ఆంధ్రుడు, కృష్ణా తీరమున పుట్టినవాడు. (సంయుక్త వాక్యం)

2) మోహన కూచిపూడి నృత్యం నేర్చుకొంది. భావన భరతనాట్యం నేర్చుకుంది. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)
జవాబు:
మోహన కూచిపూడి నృత్యం, భావన భరతనాట్యం నేర్చుకున్నారు. (సంయుక్త వాక్యం)

అభ్యాసం :
కింది సామాన్య వాక్యాలను సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యాలుగా మార్చి రాయండి.

1) చుక్క పొడుపుతో సీత లేచింది. సీత గడపను పూజించింది. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)
జవాబు:
సీత చుక్క పొడుపుతో లేచి గడపను పూజించింది. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)

2) బంధుమిత్రులంతా వచ్చేశారు. కావలసిన సంభారాలు ఏర్పాటు చేసుకున్నారు. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)
జవాబు:
బంధుమిత్రులంతా వచ్చి కావలసిన సంభారాలు ఏర్పాటు చేసుకున్నారు. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)

అభ్యాసం :
కింది సామాన్య వాక్యాలను సంయుక్త వాక్యాలుగా మార్చి రాయండి.

1) సీతక్క నిశ్చితార్థం జరిగింది. నాగయ్య సంబరపడ్డాడు. ఈ (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)
జవాబు:
సీతక్క నిశ్చితార్థం జరిగింది కాబట్టి నాగయ్య సంబరపడ్డాడు. (సంయుక్త వాక్యం)

2) సీతమ్మ పెళ్ళికి ఏర్పాటు చేశారు. సీతమ్మ పెండ్లి పెటాకులయ్యింది. (సామాన్య వాక్యాలు)
జవాబు:
సీతమ్మ పెళ్ళికి ఏర్పాటు చేశారు కాని పెండ్లి పెటాకులయ్యింది. (సంయుక్త వాక్యం)

సామాన్య వాక్యాలను సంయుక్త సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యాలుగా మార్పు

గమనిక :
గత పబ్లిక్ పరీక్షల్లో ఇచ్చిన కొన్ని వాక్యాలు (గమనించండి.)

1. ఈ కింది వాక్యాలను సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.
రాముడు అడవికి వెళ్ళెను. రాముడు తండ్రి మాట నెరవేర్చెను.
జవాబు:
రాముడు అడవికి వెళ్ళి, తండ్రి మాట నెరవేర్చెను. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)

2. ఈ కింది సామాన్య వాక్యాలను, సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.
‘పద్మ గ్రంథాలయమునకు వెళ్ళింది. పద్మ పుస్తకము చదివింది.
జవాబు:
పద్మ గ్రంథాలయమునకు వెళ్ళి పుస్తకము చదివింది. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)

3. పద్యం ఆనందాన్ని ఇస్తుంది. పద్యం మధురమైంది.
(పై సామాన్యవాక్యాలను సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యంగా మార్చండి)
జవాబు:
పద్యం మాధుర్యంగా ఉండి, ఆనందాన్ని ఇస్తుంది. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)

4. ఈ కింది సామాన్యవాక్యాలను సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.
మంచి రచనలు వ్రాయండి. మంచి మెప్పు పొందండి.
జవాబు:
మంచి రచనలు వ్రాసి, మెప్పు పొందండి. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)

5. ఈ కింది సామాన్య వాక్యాలను, సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.
శ్రీనివాస్ అన్నం తిన్నాడు. శ్రీనివాస్ బడికి వచ్చాడు
జవాబు:
శ్రీనివాస్ అన్నం తిని, బడికి వచ్చాడు. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)

6. ఈ క్రింది సామాన్య వాక్యాలను, సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.
వేటకు సంబంధించిన పద్యం చదివాడు. తన భార్య కొరకు చూశాడు.
జవాబు:
వేటకు సంబంధించిన పద్యం చదివి, తన భార్య కొరకు చూశాడు. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)

7. ఈ కింది సామాన్య వాక్యాలను, సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.
సుమన్ పాట పాడుతున్నాడు. సుమన్ స్నానం చేస్తున్నాడు.
జవాబు:
సుమన్ పాట పాడుతూ స్నానం చేస్తున్నాడు. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)

8. ఈ కింది సామాన్య వాక్యాలను, సంయుక్త వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.
శ్రీరామశర్మ శ్రీరామభక్తుడు. శ్రీరామ శర్మ స్వయంగా పదకర్త.
జవాబు:
శ్రీరామశర్మ రామభక్తుడు మరియు స్వయంగా పదకర్త.

9. ఈ కింది సామాన్య వాక్యాలను, సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.
మేము కష్టపడి చదువుకుంటున్నాము. మేము ఎక్కువ మార్కులు పొందుతాము.
జవాబు:
మేము కష్టపడి చదువుకుంటూ ఎక్కువ మార్కులు పొందుతాము. (సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం)

10. ఈ కింది వాక్యాలను, సంయుక్త వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.
గుజ్రాన్ని చెరువు దగ్గరకు తీసుకువెళ్ళవచ్చు. గుర్రాన్ని నీరు త్రాగించలేము.
జవాబు:
గుబ్దాన్ని చెరువు దగ్గరకు తీసుకువెళ్ళవచ్చు. కాని, నీరు త్రాగించలేము.

11. ఈ సంవత్సరం వర్షాలు బాగా పడ్డాయి. ఈ సంవత్సరం పంటలు పండలేదు. (సంయుక్త వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.)
జవాబు:
ఈ సంవత్సరం వర్షాలు బాగా పడ్డాయి కాని పంటలు పండలేదు. (సంయుక్త వాక్యం)

12. వేసవికాలం వచ్చింది. మామిడిపండ్లు రాలేదు. (సంయుక్తవాక్యంగా మార్చండి)
జవాబు:
వేసవికాలం వచ్చింది కానీ మామిడిపండ్లు రాలేదు. (సంయుక్త వాక్యం)

13. కవిత బాగా పాటలు పాడింది. ఆమెకు బహుమతి రాలేదు. (సంయుక్త వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.)
జవాబు:
కవిత బాగా పాటలు పాడింది కాని బహుమతి రాలేదు. (సంయుక్త వాక్యం)

14. పశుబలంతో నాయకత్వాన్ని సాధింపవచ్చు. పశుబలంతో నాయకత్వాన్ని నిలబెట్టుకోలేం. (సంయుక్త వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.)
జవాబు:
పశుబలంతో నాయకత్వాన్ని సాధింపవచ్చు కాని నిలబెట్టుకోలేం. (సంయుక్త వాక్యం)

15. మా టీచరుకు నాపై ఎనలేని ప్రేమ ఉండేది. మా టీచరుకు నాపై ఎనలేని సానుభూతి ఉండేది. (సంయుక్త వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.)
జవాబు:
మా టీచరుకు నాపై ఎనలేని ప్రేమ, సానుభూతి ఉండేది. (సంయుక్త వాక్యం)

16. నా సైకిలు దొరికింది. దొంగ దొరకలేదు. (సంయుక్త వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.) .
జవాబు:
నా సైకిలు దొరికింది కాని దొంగ దొరకలేదు.

కర్తరి వాక్యాలు – కర్మణి వాక్యాలు

1) కింది వాక్యాలను పరిశీలించి మార్పులను గమనించండి.
అ) సంఘసంస్కర్తలు దురాచారాలను నిర్మూలించారు.
ఆ) సంఘసంస్కర్తల చేత దురాచారాలు నిర్మూలించబడ్డాయి.
గమనిక :
పై రెండు వాక్యాల అర్థం ఒక్కటే. కానీ వాక్య నిర్మాణంలో తేడా ఉంది. ఈ రెండు వాక్యాల మధ్య భేదం ఇది.
1) “సంఘసంస్కర్తలు దురాచారాలను నిర్మూలించారు.”

1) కర్తరి వాక్యం :
ఈ మొదటి వాక్యంలో కర్తకు ప్రాధాన్యం ఉంది. అంటే క్రియ కర్తను సూచిస్తుంది. కర్మకు ద్వితీయా విభక్తి చేరి ఉంది. ఇలాంటి వాక్యాన్ని ‘కర్తరి వాక్యం’ అంటారు.

2) సంఘసంస్కర్తల చేత దురాచారాలు నిర్మూలించబడ్డాయి. అనే రెండవ వాక్యంలో
1) కర్తకు తృతీయా విభక్తి ఉంది.
2) క్రియకు ‘బడు’ అనే ధాతువు చేరింది.
3) క్రియ – కర్మ ప్రధానంగా ఉంది.

2) కర్మణి వాక్యం :
వాక్యంలో క్రియకు ‘బడు’ ధాతువు చేరి, కర్తకు తృతీయా విభక్తి చేరే వాక్యాన్ని ‘కర్మణి వాక్యం’ అంటారు.

అభ్యాసం – 1 :
కింది కర్తరి వాక్యాలను కర్మణి వాక్యాలుగా రాయండి.

అ) వాల్మీకి రామాయణాన్ని రచించాడు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
వాల్మీకిచే రామాయణం రచింపబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)

ఆ) ప్రజలు శాంతిని కోరుతున్నారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
ప్రజలచే శాంతి కోరబడుతోంది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)

అభ్యాసం – 2 :
కింది కర్మణి వాక్యాలను కర్తరి వాక్యాలుగా రాయండి.

అ) లైబ్రరీ నుంచి తెచ్చిన పుస్తకం నా చేత చదువబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
లైబ్రరీ నుంచి తెచ్చిన పుస్తకం నేను చదివాను. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)

ఆ) నాచే రచింపబడిన గ్రంథం, నేతాజీ చరిత్ర, (కర్మణి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
నేను రచించిన గ్రంథం, నేతాజీ చరిత్ర, (కర్తరి వాక్యం )

అభ్యాసం – 3 :
కింది కర్తరి వాక్యాలను కర్మణి వాక్యాలుగా రాయండి.
ఉదా :
ఆళ్వారుస్వామి చిన్నప్పుడే కథ రాశారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం )
జవాబు:
చిన్నప్పుడే ఆళ్వారు స్వామిచే కథ రాయబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)

అ) లింగయ్య ఉసిరికాయ తీసి నాయకునికి ఇచ్చాడు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
ఉసిరికాయ తీసి లింగయ్య చేత నాయకునికి ఇవ్వబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)

ఆ) నాయకులు పిల్లలతో అరగంట కాలం గడిపారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
పిల్లలతో నాయకులచేత అరగంట కాలం గడుపబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)

ఇ) వాద్యాల చప్పుడు విన్నారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
వాద్యాల చప్పుడు వినబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)

అభ్యాసం – 4 :
కింది కర్మణి వాక్యాలను కర్తరి వాక్యాలుగా రాయండి.

అ) గ్రామీణులచే నాయకులు ఎదుర్కొని తీసుకుపోబడ్డారు. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
గ్రామీణులు నాయకులను ఎదుర్కొని తీసుకుపోయారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)

ఆ) కాయలన్నీ అతని ముందర పోయబడ్డాయి. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
కాయలు అతని ముందర పోశారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)

ఇ) బాలురచే సెలవు తీసికోబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
బాలురు సెలవు తీసికొన్నారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)

కర్తరి, కర్మణి వాక్యాలు – విశేషాలు

కర్తరి వాక్యం :
జిడ్డు కృష్ణమూర్తి గారు ఎన్నో మంచి విషయాలు చెప్పారు.

కర్మణి వాక్యం :
ఎన్నో మంచి విషయాలు జిడ్డు కృష్ణమూర్తి గారి చేత చెప్పబడ్డాయి.

గమనిక :
పై రెండు వాక్యాలలో కర్తరి వాక్యం మనకు సూటిగా అర్థం అవుతుంది. ఇది సహజంగా ఉంటుంది. కర్మణి వాక్యం చుట్టు తిప్పినట్లు ఉంటుంది. మన తెలుగుభాషలో వాడుకలో ప్రధానంగా కర్తరి వాక్యమే ఉంటుంది.

కర్మణి వాక్యప్రయోగాలు సంస్కృత భాషా ప్రభావం వల్ల తెలుగులోకి వచ్చాయి. ఇంగ్లీషు వాక్య పద్ధతి ఇలాగే ఉంటుంది.
1) కర్తరి వాక్యాన్ని ఇంగ్లీషులో యాక్టివ్ వాయిస్ (Active voice) అంటారు.
2) కర్మణి వాక్యాన్ని ఇంగ్లీషులో పాసివ్ వాయిస్ (Passive voice) అంటారు.

అభ్యాసం :
కింది కర్తరి వాక్యాలను కర్మణి వాక్యాలుగా మార్చి రాయండి.

1) రమేష్ భారతాన్ని చదివాడు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
రమేష్ చే భారతం చదువబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)

2) నేనెన్నో పుస్తకాలు రాశాను. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
ఎన్నో పుస్తకాలు నాచేత రాయబడ్డాయి. (కర్మణి వాక్యం )

పాఠ్యపుస్తకంలో కర్తరి – కర్మణి వాక్యాలు.

1) కర్తరి వాక్యం :
కర్త ఆధారంగా రూపొందించిన వాక్యాలు కర్తరి వాక్యాలు.

2) కర్మణి వాక్యం :
కర్మ ప్రధానంగా రూపొందించిన వాక్యాలను కర్మణి వాక్యాలు అంటారు.

అభ్యాసము – 1 :
కింది వాక్యాలలో ఏవి కర్తరి వాక్యాలో, ఏవి కర్మణి వాక్యాలో గుర్తించండి. కారణాలతో సమన్వయించండి.
ఉదా :
రామకృష్ణారావు ఆమోదముద్ర వేశారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం )
రామకృష్ణారావుచే ఆమోదముద్ర వేయబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం )

గమనిక :
ఆమోదముద్ర వేయడం – కర్తకు సంబంధించిన క్రియ. ఆమోదముద్ర వేయబడడం – కర్మకు సంబంధించిన క్రియ.

అ) దున్నేవానికి భూమినిచ్చే హక్కు తయారయ్యింది.
జవాబు:
ఇది కర్మణి వాక్యం. ‘తయారయ్యింది’ అనే క్రియ, హక్కు అనే కర్మను సూచిస్తోంది. కాబట్టి ఇది “కర్మణి వాక్యం”.

ఆ) బూర్గుల మంచి నిర్ణయాలు తీసుకున్నారు.
జవాబు:
ఇది కర్తరి వాక్యం. ‘తీసుకున్నారు’ అనే క్రియ బూర్గుల అనే కర్తను తెలుపుతోంది. కాబట్టి “కర్తరి వాక్యం”.

ఇ) వారి న్యాయవాద పటిమ ఇతరులను అబ్బురపరచింది.
జవాబు:
ఇది కర్తరి వాక్యం . ‘అబ్బురపరచింది. అనే క్రియ, ‘న్యాయవాద పటిమ’ అనే కర్తను తెలుపుతోంది. కాబట్టి ఇది “కర్తరి వాక్యం .”

ఈ) రేఖామాత్రంగా నా భావాలు ఇక్కడ పొందుపరచబడ్డాయి.
జవాబు:
ఇది “కర్మణి వాక్యం”. పొందుపరచబడినవి “భావాలు” అనే కర్మను తెలుపుతున్నాయి. కాబట్టి “కర్మణి వాక్యం.”

ఉ) పర్షియన్ ట్యూటర్ గా ఆయన కొంతకాలం పనిచేశారు.
జవాబు:
ఇది కర్తరి వాక్యం . పని చేసినవాడు ఆయన అనే కర్త కాబట్టి ఇది కర్తరి వాక్యం.

ఊ) ఆయన కన్ను మూసిన విషయం వ్రాశారు.
జవాబు:
ఇది కర్తరి వాక్యం . వ్రాసిన వాడు ‘ఆయన’ కర్త. కాబట్టి “కర్తరి వాక్యం.”

గమనిక :
గత పబ్లిక్ పరీక్షలలో వాక్యాలు గమనించండి.

ఋ) అది నవీన పరికరములతో నిర్మింపబడిన ఆదర్శ గృహము. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
అది నవీన పరికరములతో నిర్మించిన ఆదర్శ గృహము. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)

1. కృష్ణారావుగారు ఆమోదముద్ర వేశారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
కృష్ణారావుగారిచే ఆమోదముద్ర వేయబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)

2. నేనెన్నో పుస్తకాలు చదివితిని. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
నాచే ఎన్నో పుస్తకాలు చదువబడ్డాయి. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)

ఋ) ఆ పద్యం పూర్తి కాకముందే పై కప్పీలో ఇరుక్కున్న తీగ సవరింపబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
ఆ పద్యం పూర్తి కాకముందే పై కప్పీలో ఇరుక్కున్న తీగను సవరించారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)

ఎ) వాల్మీకిచే రామాయణం రచింపబడింది.. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
రామాయణాన్ని వాల్మీకి రచించాడు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)

ఏ) తెలుగులో మహాభారతము కవిత్రయముచే రచింపబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
తెలుగులో కవిత్రయము మహాభారతాన్ని రచించారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)

ఐ) నేను బడికి రాకముందే గంట కొట్టబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
నేను బడికి రాకముందే గంటను కొట్టారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)

ఒ) సీతాకోకచిలుక కుర్రవానిచే పట్టుకోబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
సీతాకోకచిలుకను కుర్రవాడు పట్టుకొన్నాడు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)

ఓ) హరిశ్చంద్ర నాటకంలో చంద్రమతి వేషం ధరింపబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
హరిశ్చంద్ర నాటకంలో చంద్రమతి వేషాన్ని ధరించెను. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)

ఔ) కవిత్రయము వారు ఆంధ్ర మహాభారతమును రచించారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)
కవిత్రయము వారిచే ఆంధ్ర మహాభారతము రచింపబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం) .

క) మహాభారతమును వ్యాసుడు రచించెను. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
వ్యాసునిచే మహాభారతము రచింపబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)

ఖ) వివిధ కవులచే సుభాషితాలు రచింపబడ్డాయి. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
వివిధ కవులు సుభాషితాలను రచించారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)

గ) రాజు సీతాకోకచిలుకను పట్టుకున్నాడు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
రాజుచే సీతాకోకచిలుక పట్టుకోబడింది. (కర్మణివాక్యం)

ప్రత్యక్ష, పరోక్ష కథనాలు

ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం :
కింది వాక్యాలు చదవండి.
1. “నన్ను ఉపన్యాసరంగము నొద్దకు దీసికొనిపోయిరి.”
2. “నేనిట్లు ఉపన్యసించితిని.”
3. “నాయనలారా ! నేను మీ సభా కార్యక్రమమునంతయు జెడగొట్టితిని.”
4. “నన్ను మీరు క్షమింపవలయును.”

పై వాక్యాలన్నీ జంఘాలశాస్త్రి నేరుగా చెబుతున్నట్లు ఉన్నాయి కదా !

నేను, మేము, …… ఇలా ఉండే వాక్యాలు అనగా ఉత్తమ పురుషలోని వాక్యాలు సాధారణంగా ప్రత్యక్షంగా చెబుతున్నట్లుగా ఉంటాయి.

అట్లే కింది వాక్యాలను చదవండి.
1) “నేనొక్కడినే అదృష్టవంతుడినా?” అన్నాడు జంఘాల శాస్త్రి.
2) “నేను రాను” అని నరేశ్ రఘుతో అన్నాడు.
(లేదా)
“నేను రా”నని నరేశ్ రఘుతో అన్నాడు.
పై వాక్యాలలో గీత గీసిన మాటలను ఎవరు అన్నారు?

మొదటి దాంట్లో జంఘాలశాస్త్రి అన్న మాటలను, రెండవదాంట్లో నరేశ్ అన్న మాటలను “ఉద్దరణ చిహ్నాలు” (ఇన్వర్టడ్ కామాలు) ఉంచి చెప్పారు కదా !

ఇలా నేరుగా చెప్పదల్చుకున్న అంశాలను ఉద్దరణ చిహ్నాలు ఉంచి చెప్పినపుడు వారే ప్రత్యక్షంగా చెప్పినట్లుగా ఉంటుంది.

ఈ విధంగా చెప్పడాన్ని ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం అంటారు.
అభ్యాసం – 1 : పరోక్ష కథనంలోకి మార్చండి.

1) “ఇది అంతర్జాతీయ సమస్యగా మారుతుంది. జాగ్రత్త” అని అతడినే బెదిరించింది మెల్లీ. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
మెల్లీ అది అంతర్జాతీయ సమస్యగా మారుతుందని అతడినే బెదిరించింది. (పరోక్ష కథనం)

2) “చిన్నప్పటి నుండి నాకు బోటనీ విషయం అభిమాన విషయం” అన్నాడు రచయిత. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
రచయిత చిన్నప్పటి నుండి తనకు బోటనీ విషయం అభిమాన విషయమని అన్నాడు. (పరోక్ష కథనం)

పరోక్ష కథనం :
కింది వాక్యాలు చదవండి.
1. నరేశ్ తాను రానని రఘుతో అన్నాడు.
2. ప్రధానోపాధ్యాయుడు చెప్పినట్లుగా చేస్తామని పిల్లలు అన్నారు.
3. తనను క్షమించమని రాజు తన మిత్రుడితో అన్నాడు.

పై వాక్యాలను చదివారు కదా ! ఇవి నేరుగా చెబుతున్నట్లుగా ఉన్నాయా?
ఉత్తమ పురుషలో కాకుండా, ఇంకొకరు చెబుతున్నట్లుగా ఉన్నాయా?
ఇలాంటి వాక్యాలను పరోక్ష కథనం అంటారు. వీటిలో ఉద్ధరణ చిహ్నాలు ఉపయోగించాల్సిన అవసరం లేదు.

ప్రత్యక్ష కథనంలో ఉన్న వాటిని పరోక్ష కథనంలోకి మార్చడం.
కింది వాక్యాలను చదవండి. ఏం మార్పు జరిగిందో చెప్పండి.
1. “నేనొక్కడినే అదృష్టవంతుడినా ?” అన్నాడు జంఘాలశాస్త్రి.
2. తానొక్కడే అదృష్టవంతుడనా అని జంఘాలశాస్త్రి అన్నాడు.

మొదటి వాక్యంలో జంఘాలశాస్త్రి మాట్లాడిన మాటలను ఉద్ధరణ చిహ్నాలు ఉంచి రాశారు. రెండో వాక్యంలో జంఘాల శాస్త్రి అన్నమాటలను ఇంకొకరు చెప్పినట్లుగా రాశారు. ఇందుకోసం ఉద్ధరణ చిహ్నాలు తీసివేసి “అని” చేర్చి వాక్యాన్ని రాశారు. కాబట్టి మొదటి వాక్యం ప్రత్యక్ష కథనంలో ఉంటే, రెండవ వాక్యం పరోక్ష కథనంలోకి మారింది.

ప్రత్యక్ష కథనంలోని వాక్యాలు పరోక్ష కథనంలోకి మారేటపుడు కింది మార్పులు చోటు చేసుకుంటాయి.

మాటలు / వాక్యంలోని భావాన్ని స్వీకరిస్తారు.
ఉద్ధరణ చిహ్నాలు తొలగించి ‘అని’ చేరుస్తారు.

ఉత్తమపురుష పదాలు అనగా, నేను, మేము వంటివి, ప్రథమ పురుషలోకి అనగా తను, తమ, తాను, తాముగా మారతాయి.

అభ్యాసం :
కింది వాక్యాలను ప్రత్యక్ష, పరోక్ష కథనంలోకి మార్చండి.

1) “నేను నేటి సినిమాలను చూడలేకపోతున్నాను” అని అమ్మతో అన్నాను. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
“నేటి సినిమాలను చూడలేకపోతున్నానని” నేను అమ్మతో అన్నాను. (పరోక్ష కథనం)

2) “నీకివ్వాల్సింది ఏమీలేదు” అని నాతో అతడన్నాడు. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
“నాకివ్వాల్సింది ఏమీ లేదని” నాతో అతడన్నాడు. (పరోక్ష కథనం)

3) సుందరకాండ చదవమని నాకు ఉపాధ్యాయుడు చెప్పాడు. (పరోక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
“సుందరకాండ చదువు” నాకు ఉపాధ్యాయుడు చెప్పాడు. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)

4) వాళ్ళమ్మ చెప్పింది భానుప్రకాశ్ ఊరికెళ్ళాడని. (పరోక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
వాళ్ళమ్మ చెప్పింది “భానుప్రకాశ్ ఊరికెళ్ళాడు” (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)

5) చెన్నయ్య పద్యాలు బాగా పాడాడని అందరనుకుంటున్నారు. (పరోక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
అందరనుకుంటున్నారు “చెన్నయ్య పద్యాలు బాగా పాడాడు” (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)

6) “ప్రజ్ఞ పద్యాలు బాగా పాడింది” అని అందరూ అన్నారు. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
ప్రజ్ఞ పద్యాలు బాగా పాడిందని అందరూ అన్నారు. (పరోక్ష కథనం)

7) “నాకు ఆశ్చర్యం కలిగించినది వేరొక విషయం’ అని రచయిత పలికాడు. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
తనకు ఆశ్చర్యం కలిగించినది వేరొక విషయమని రచయిత పలికాడు. (పరోక్ష కథనం)

8) “నేను మా ఊరిలో పదవతరగతి వరకూ చదివాను” అన్నాడు రవి. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)జవాబు:
తాను తన ఊరిలో పదవతరగతి వరకూ చదివానని రవి అన్నాడు. (పరోక్ష కథనం)

9) వాళ్ళ నాన్న అవేశపరుడని రచయిత చెప్పాడు. (పరోక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
‘మా నాన్న ఆవేశపరుడు’ అని రచయిత చెప్పాడు. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)

10) “నాకు కోపం ఎక్కువ. ప్రేమ కూడా ఎక్కువే” అని రాజు రవితో అన్నాడు. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
తనకు కోపం ఎక్కువని, ప్రేమకూడా ఎక్కువే అని రాజు రవితో అన్నాడు. (పరోక్ష కథనం)

11) తన రచనలలో తన జీవితం ఉంటుందని, ఒక రచయిత తన మిత్రునితో అంటున్నాడు. (పరోక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
“నా రచనలలో నా జీవితం ఉంటుంది” అని ఒక రచయిత తన మిత్రునితో అంటున్నాడు. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)

12) వాళ్ళ నాన్న ఆవేశపరుడని రచయిత చెప్పాడు. (పరోక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
‘మా నాన్న ఆవేశపరుడు అని రచయిత చెప్పాడు. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)

13) ‘నీవు ఎక్కదలచిన ట్రైను, ఎప్పుడూ ఒక జీవితకాలం లేటు, అని చెప్పాడు ఆరుద్ర. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
వాడు ఎక్కదలచిన ట్రైను ఎప్పుడూ ఒక జీవితకాలం లేటని ఆరుద్ర చెప్పాడు. (పరోక్ష కథనం)

14) “నేను జీవితంలో ఎవరినీ మోసం చేయలేదు. స్వార్థానికి నేను ఏ పాపం చేయలేదు” అని అన్నాడు. (ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం)
జవాబు:
తాను జీవితంలో ఎవరినీ మోసం చేయలేదనీ, స్వార్థం కోసం తాను ఏ పాపం చేయలేదని అన్నాడు. (పరోక్ష కథనం)

వాక్య భేదాలు

కింది వాక్యాల్ని చదివి అర్థం చేసుకోండి.
అ) ఆహా! ఎంత బాగుందో!
ఆ) చేతులు కడుక్కో!
ఇ) చాలా సేపు టీవీ చూడొద్దు.
ఈ) ఏం! ఎప్పుడొచ్చావ్?
ఉ) వర్షాలు లేక పంటలు పండలేదు.

గమనిక :
పై వాక్యాలు, ఒక్కో భావాన్ని సూచిస్తున్నాయి. అదెలాగో చూద్దాం.

ఆశ్చర్యార్థక వాక్యం :
ఉదా :
ఆహా ! ఎంత బాగుందో! ఇది ఆశ్చర్యానికి సంబంధించిన అర్థాన్ని సూచిస్తున్నది. కాబట్టి ఈ వాక్యం “ఆశ్చర్యార్థక వాక్యం”.

ఆ) విధ్యర్థక వాక్యం :
ఉదా :
చేతులు కడుక్కో! ఇది విధిగా చేయాలి అనే అర్థాన్ని సూచిస్తుంది. అంటే చేయవలసిన పనిని విధిగా చేయాలి అనే అర్థాన్ని సూచించే వాక్యాన్ని “విధ్యర్థక వాక్యం” అని పిలుస్తున్నాము.

ఇ) నిషేధార్థక వాక్యం :
ఉదా :
చాలా సేపు టీవీ చూడొద్దు. ఈ వాక్యం చూడటాన్ని నిషేధిస్తున్నది. కాబట్టి ఇది “నిషేధార్థక వాక్యం” అని పిలవబడుతుంది.

ఈ) ప్రశ్నార్థక వాక్యం :
ఉదా :
ఏం ! ఎప్పుడొచ్చావ్ ? ఈ వాక్యం ప్రశ్నిస్తున్నట్లు ఉంది. అంటే ఇది ప్రశ్నార్థక వాక్యం. ఒక వాక్యానికి ప్రశ్నను సూచించే అర్థం ఉంటే దాన్ని “ప్రశ్నార్థక వాక్యం” అంటాము.

ఉ) హేత్వర్థక వాక్యం :
ఉదా :
వర్షాలు లేక పంటలు పండలేదు. ఈ వాక్యం మనకు రెండు విషయాలను తెలుపుతోంది. ఒకటి వర్షాలు లేవని. రెండు పంటలు పండలేదని. ఐతే పంటలు పండకపోవడానికి కారణం మొదటి విషయం. వర్షాలు లేకపోవడం అనే మొదటి విషయం, రెండో విషయానికి కారణం అవుతోంది. అంటే హేతువు అవుతోంది. ఇలా హేతువు అర్థాన్ని సూచించే వాక్యం “హేత్వర్థక వాక్యం.”

అభ్యాసం 1 :
కింది వాక్యాలు ఏ అర్థాన్ని సూచించే వాక్యాలో రాయండి.

అ) ఎవరా పైడి బొమ్మ?
జవాబు:
ప్రశ్నార్థక వాక్యం.

ఆ) నీరు లేక పంటలు పండలేదు.
జవాబు:
హేత్వర్థక వాక్యం.

ఇ) దయచేసి సెలవు ఇవ్వండి.
జవాబు:
ప్రార్థనాద్యర్థక వాక్యం.

ఈ) కిషన్ చదువుతాడో లేదో?
జవాబు:
సందేహార్థక వాక్యం.

ఉ) మీకు శుభం కలగాలి.
జవాబు:
ఆశీర్వాద్యర్థక వాక్యం.

అభ్యాసం 2 :
కింది వాక్యాలు, భావాన్ని అనుసరించి ఏ వాక్యాల్లో గుర్తించండి.
ఉదా :
ఎంత బాగుందో!
జవాబు:
ఆశ్చర్యార్థక వాక్యం.

అ) నువ్వు చదువు.
జవాబు:
విధ్యర్థక వాక్యం.

ఆ) అల్లరి చేయవద్దు.
జవాబు:
నిషేధార్థక వాక్యం.

ఇ) పరీక్షలు రాయవచ్చు.
జవాబు:
అనుమత్యర్థక వాక్యం

ఈ) తనూ బొమ్మలు వేయగలడు.
జవాబు:
సామర్థ్యార్థక వాక్యం .

వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యాలుగా రాయండి

గమనిక :
ఇవి గత సంవత్సరాల పబ్లిక్ పరీక్షల్లో ఇచ్చిన వాక్యాలు

1) గ్రంథ పఠనానికి ఎక్కువ సమయం ఆయన వినియోగించాడు. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
గ్రంథ పఠనానికి ఎక్కువ సమయం ఆయన వినియోగంచ లేదు.

2) కొందరికి నీటిలో ప్రయాణం అంటే ఆనందంగా ఉంటుంది. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
కొందరికి నీటిలో ప్రయాణం అంటే ఆనందంగా ఉండదు.

3) అంబటి రాయడు క్రికెట్ బాగా ఆడగలడు. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
అంబటి రాయుడు క్రికెట్ బాగా ఆడలేడు.

4) అందరూ ఒక్కసారిగా మాట్లాడుతున్నారు. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
అందరూ ఒక్కసారిగా మాట్లాడడం లేదు.

5) వాడు రేపు రావచ్చును. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
వాడు రేపు రాకపోవచ్చును.

6) విద్యార్థులు నేడు రాజకీయాలలో ఎంతో ఆసక్తి కలిగియున్నారు. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
విద్యార్థులు నేడు రాజకీయాలలో ఎంతో ఆసక్తి కలిగి లేరు.

7) వర్తకులు ఓడలలో ప్రయాణమౌతారు. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
వర్తకులు ఓడలలో ప్రయాణము కారు.

8) వర్షము కుండపోతగా కురియుచున్నది. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
వర్షము కుండపోతగా కురియడం లేదు.

9) ప్రభుత్వానికి డాలర్లు కావాలి. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
ప్రభుత్వానికి డాలర్లు అక్కరలేదు.

10) చెత్తకుండీలను ఏర్పాటు చేశారు. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
చెత్తకుండీలను ఏర్పాటు చేయలేదు.

11) కపిల్ టెన్నిస్ ఆడుటలేదు. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
కపిల్ టెన్నిస్ ఆడుతున్నాడు.

12) పిల్లలకు ఇష్టమైన పదార్థాలు కొన్ని ఉంటాయి. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
పిల్లలకు ఇష్టమైన పదార్థాలు కొన్ని ఉండవు.

13) పెద్దలు చీటికీ మాటికీ తిడుతూ ఉంటారు. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
పెద్దలు చీటికీ మాటికీ తిడుతూ ఉండరు.

14) రైతు బజార్లలో కూరగాయలు చౌక ధరకు లభించుచున్నవి. (క్రియను మార్చి వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
రైతు బజార్లో కూరగాయలు చౌకధరకు లభించడం లేదు.

15) అతను రేపు రావచ్చు. (క్రియను మార్చి వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
అతను రేపు రాకపోవచ్చు.

16) రేవతికి సంగీతమంటే ఇష్టం లేదు. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
రేవతికి సంగీతమంటే ఇష్టం.

17) మీ కృషి మీకు రాజ్యా ధికారము నిస్తుంది. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
మీ కృషి మీకు రాజ్యా ధికారమును ఇవ్వదు.

18) కవులకు కొన్ని అభిమాన పదాలుంటాయి. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
కవులకు కొన్ని అభిమాన పదాలు ఉండవు.

19) రవి నిన్న వచ్చాడు. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
రవి నిన్న రాలేదు.

20) రాజకీయవేత్తలు నైతిక విలువలను కాపాడుతున్నారు. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
రాజకీయవేత్తలు నైతిక విలువలను కాపాడటం లేదు.

21) సముద్రతీరాలలో పిల్లలు ఆడుకుంటున్నారు. (వ్యతిరేకార్థక వాక్యంగా రాయండి.)
జవాబు:
సముద్రతీరాలలో పిల్లలు ఆడుకోవడం లేదు.

మరికొన్ని వాక్య భేదాలు

1) సందేహార్థక వాక్యం :
ఉదా :
రవి, పనిచేస్తాడో, చెయ్యడో? పై వాక్యం చదివితే, రవి పని చేయటం అనే విషయంలో అనుమానం, అంటే సందేహం కలుగుతున్నది కదా! ఇలా సందేహాన్ని తెలిపే వాక్యాలను “సందేహార్థక వాక్యాలు” అంటారు.

2) ఆశీర్వాద్యర్థక వాక్యం
ఉదా :
నువ్వు నూరేళ్ళు వర్ధిల్లు. ఈ వాక్యము ఏ అర్థాన్ని సూచిస్తున్నది? ఒక వ్యక్తిని ఆశీర్వదిస్తున్నట్లు కనబడుతోంది కదా! ఇలా ఆశీర్వదిస్తున్నట్లు అర్థాన్ని సూచించే వాక్యాలను “ఆశీర్వాద్యర్థక వాక్యాలు” అంటారు.

3) ప్రార్థనాద్యర్థక వాక్యం :
ఉదా :
దయచేసి పని చేయండి. ఈ వాక్యం ఒక పనిని చేయుమని ప్రార్థిస్తూ ఉంది. అంటే ప్రార్థన అర్థాన్ని సూచిస్తున్నది. కాబట్టి ఇది “ప్రార్థనాద్యర్థక వాక్యం .”

4) అనుమత్యర్థక వాక్యం :
ఉదా :
లోపలికి రావచ్చు. ఈ వాక్యం ఒక వ్యక్తికి అనుమతిని సూచిస్తున్నది. అంటే ఇది “అనుమత్యర్థక వాక్యం”. ఏదైనా ఒక పనిని చేయటానికి అనుమతిని ఇచ్చే అర్థాన్ని సూచించే వాక్యం “అనుమత్యర్థక వాక్యం.”

5) సామర్థ్వార్థక వాక్యం :
ఉదా :
గోపాల్ చెట్టు ఎక్కగలడు. ఇది గోపాల్ కు చెట్టును ఎక్కే సామర్థ్యాన్ని సూచిస్తున్నది. కాబట్టి ఇది “సామర్థ్యార్థక వాక్యం.”

ఒక వ్యక్తికి గాని, వ్యవస్థకు గాని, లేదా యంత్రానికి గాని ఉన్న సమర్థతను సూచించే అర్థం గల వాక్యాన్ని “సామర్థ్యార్థక వాక్యం” అని పిలుస్తాము.

అభ్యాసం 1 :
కింది వాక్యాలు వాటిలోని భావాన్ని అనుసరించి, ఏ వాక్యాలు అవుతాయో గుర్తించి రాయండి.

అ) సీత కలెక్టరైందా?
జవాబు:
ప్రశ్నార్థక వాక్యం.

ఆ) మీరు తర్వాత తినవచ్చు.
జవాబు:
అనుమత్యర్థక వాక్యం.

ఇ) అక్క చెప్పేది విను.
జవాబు:
ప్రార్థనాద్యర్థక వాక్యం.

ఈ) రసాభాస చేయకండి.
జవాబు:
నిషేధార్థక వాక్యం.

ఉ) నీవు ఇంటికి వెళ్ళవచ్చు.
జవాబు:
అనుమత్యర్థక వాక్యం.

అభ్యాసం 2 :
కింది వాక్యాలు ఏ రీతి వాక్యాలో గుర్తించి రాయండి.

అ) దయచేసి నన్ను కాపాడు.
జవాబు:
ప్రార్థనాద్యర్థక వాక్యం

ఆ) మీరు రావద్దు.
జవాబు:
నిషేధక వాక్యం.

ఇ) వారందరికి ఏమైంది?
జవాబు:
ప్రశ్నార్థక వాక్యం.

ఈ) నేను తప్పక వస్తాను.
జవాబు:
నిశ్చయార్థక వాక్యం.

ఉ) ఆహా! ఎంత బాగుందీ!
జవాబు:
ఆశ్చర్యార్థక వాక్యం.

ఊ) వారు వెళ్ళవచ్చా?
జవాబు:
సందేహార్థక వాక్యం.

పేపర్ – II లో Part – B

1. ‘బాలుకు పాటలు పాడటం చాలా ఇష్టం’ – దీనికి వ్యతిరేక వాక్యం ఏది?
A) బాలుకు పాటలు పాడటం అసలే ఇష్టం లేదు
B) బాలుకు పాటలు పాడటం ఇష్టం
C) బాలుకు పాటలు పాడటం ఇష్టం లేదు
D) బాలుకు పాటలు పాడటం తప్పితే ఇంకేది ఇష్టం లేదు
జవాబు:
C) బాలుకు పాటలు పాడటం ఇష్టం లేదు

2. ‘చూడాకర్ణుడు, వీణాకర్ణుడు అను సన్యాసులు కలరు’ – ఇది ఏ వాక్యం?
A) సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం
B) సంయుక్త వాక్యం
C) సామాన్య వాక్యం
D) కర్తరి వాక్యం
జవాబు:
B) సంయుక్త వాక్యం

3. ‘బాగా చదివితే, మార్కులు బాగా వస్తాయి’ – ఇది ఏ రకమైన సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం?
A) శత్రర్థకం
B) విధ్యర్థక వాక్యం
C) చేదర్థక వాక్యం
D) అష్యర్థక వాక్యం
జవాబు:
C) చేదర్థక వాక్యం

4. మీరంతా ఉదయాన్నే లేవండి – ఇది ఏ రకమైన సామాన్య వాక్యం?
A) విధ్యర్థకం
B) సంభావనార్థకం
C) అనుమత్యర్థకం
D) ప్రశ్నార్థకం
జవాబు:
A) విధ్యర్థకం

5. మీరు లోపలికి రావచ్చు – ఇది ఏ రకమైన సామాన్య వాక్యం?
A) సందేహార్ధకం
B) విధ్యర్ధకం
C) అనుమత్యర్థకం
D) ఆత్మార్థకం
జవాబు:
C) అనుమత్యర్థకం

6. ‘జ్యోతిర్మయి ఆలోచిస్తూ సైకిలు తొక్కుతోంది’ – ఇది ఏ రకమైన సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం?
A) క్వార్థక వాక్యం
B) శత్రర్థక వాక్యం
C) చేదర్థక వాక్యం
D) అష్యర్థక వాక్యం
జవాబు:
B) శత్రర్థక వాక్యం

7. ‘కష్టపడి పనిచేస్తే ఫలితం వస్తుంది’ – ఇది ఏ రకమైన ఇది సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం?
A) అష్యర్థక వాక్యం
B) శత్రర్థక వాక్యం
C) చేదర్థక వాక్యం
D) ఆనంతర్యార్థకం
జవాబు:
C) చేదర్థక వాక్యం

8. వాడు కష్టపడినా ఫలితం పొందలేదు – ఇది ఏ రకమైన సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం?
A) శత్రర్థక వాక్యం
B) అష్యక వాక్యం
C) చేదర్థక వాక్యం
D) విధ్యర్థక వాక్యం
జవాబు:
B) అష్యక వాక్యం

9. మొక్కలు నాటితే పర్యావరణానికి మేలు చేస్తాయి – ఇది ఏ రకమైన సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం?
A) చేదర్థక వాక్యం
B) అష్యక వాక్యం
C) ప్రార్థనాద్యర్థక వాక్యం
D) సంయుక్త వాక్యం
జవాబు:
A) చేదర్థక వాక్యం

10. తాత భారతం చదివి నిద్రపోయాడు – ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) సంయుక్త వాక్యం
B) సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం
C) సామాన్య వాక్యం
D) కర్తరి వాక్యం
జవాబు:
B) సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం

11. అశ్విని జ్యోతి అక్కాచెల్లెండ్రు – ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం
B) సంయుక్త వాక్యం
C) కర్మణి వాక్యం
D) సామాన్య వాక్యం
జవాబు:
D) సామాన్య వాక్యం

12. ‘నారాయణ అన్నం తింటూ నీళ్ళు త్రాగుతాడు’ ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) సంక్లిష్టవాక్యం
B) సంయుక్త వాక్యం
C) సామాన్యవాక్యం
D) కర్తరి వాక్యం
జవాబు:
A) సంక్లిష్టవాక్యం

13. ఆయన డాక్టరా? ప్రొఫెసరా? – ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) సంయుక్త వాక్యం
B) సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం
C) కర్తరి వాక్యం
D) కర్మణి వాక్యం
జవాబు:
A) సంయుక్త వాక్యం

14. కింది కర్తరి వాక్యాన్ని కర్మణి వాక్యంగా మార్చండి. వాల్మీకి రామాయణాన్ని రచించారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)
జవాబు:
వాల్మీకిచే రామాయణం రచింపబడింది. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)

15. బాలురచే సెలవు తీసుకోబడింది – దీన్ని కర్తరి వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.
జవాబు:
బాలురు సెలవు తీసికొన్నారు. (కర్తరి వాక్యం)

16. ‘సంఘసంస్కర్తలు దురాచారాలను నిర్మూలించారు’ – దీన్ని కర్మణి వాక్యంగా మార్చండి.
జవాబు:
సంఘసంస్కర్తలచే దురాచారాలు నిర్మూలించబడ్డాయి. (కర్మణి వాక్యం)

వాక్య భేదాలు

1. ‘మాధవి ఆలోచిస్తూ పుస్తకం చదువుతున్నది’ ఏ రకమైన సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం?
A) శత్రర్థకం
B) అష్యర్థకం
C) విధ్యర్థకం
D) చేదర్థకం
జవాబు:
A) శత్రర్థకం

2. ‘సీత సంగీతం, నృత్యం నేర్చుకుంటున్నది’ – ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) సామాన్య వాక్యం
B) సంయుక్త వాక్యం
C) సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం
D) మహావాక్యం
జవాబు:
B) సంయుక్త వాక్యం

3. ‘నువ్వు పరీక్ష రాయవచ్చు’ – ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) ప్రశ్నార్థకం
B) సంభావనార్థకం
C) అనుమత్యర్థకం
D) నిషేధార్థకం
జవాబు:
C) అనుమత్యర్థకం

4. ‘వారందరికీ ఏమైంది’ ? ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) నిషేధార్థకం
B) విధ్యర్థకం
C) ప్రశ్నార్థకం
D) సామర్ధ్యార్థకం
జవాబు:
D) సామర్ధ్యార్థకం

5. ‘ఆహా! ఎంత బాగుందో!’ – ఇది ఏ రకమైన సామాన్య వాక్యం?
A) విధ్యర్థకం
B) సంభావనార్థకం
C) విధ్యర్థకం
D) ఆశ్చర్యార్ధకం
జవాబు:
C) విధ్యర్థకం

6. ‘ఏం? ఎప్పుడొచ్చావ్?” ఇది ఏ రకమైన సామాన్య వాక్యం?
A) ప్రశ్నార్థక వాక్యం
B) అనుమత్యర్థకం
C) సంభావనార్థకం
D) హేత్వర్ధకం
జవాబు:
A) ప్రశ్నార్థక వాక్యం

7. ‘చాలాసేపు నీవు టి.వి. చూడవద్దు’ – ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) నిషేధార్ధక వాక్యం
B) విధ్యర్థక వాక్యం
C) ప్రశ్నార్థక వాక్యం
D) ఆత్మార్థకం
జవాబు:
A) నిషేధార్ధక వాక్యం

8. ‘బడికి వెళ్ళు’ – ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) విధ్యర్థక వాక్యం
B) నిషేధార్ధక వాక్యం
C) అనుమత్యర్థక వాక్యం
D) ప్రశార్థక వాక్యం
జవాబు:
A) విధ్యర్థక వాక్యం

9. కిషన్ చదువుతాడో? లేదో ? – ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) సందేహార్థక వాక్యం
B) అనుమత్యర్థక వాక్యం
C) ఆశీరర్ధకం
D) ప్రశ్నార్థకం
జవాబు:
A) సందేహార్థక వాక్యం

10. ‘వాడు చెట్టు ఎక్కగలడు’ – ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) సామర్ధ్యార్ధకం
B) అనుమత్యర్థకం
C) ఆశ్చర్యార్థకం
D) సందేహార్ధకం
జవాబు:
A) సామర్ధ్యార్ధకం

11. ‘నీరు లేక పంటలు పండలేదు’ – ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) హేత్వర్థకం
B) అనుమత్యర్థకం
C) నిషేధార్థకం
D) ఆశ్చర్యార్థకం
జవాబు:
C) నిషేధార్థకం

12. నీవు తరగతిలోకి రావచ్చు – ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) సామర్ధ్యార్థకం
B) అనుమత్యర్థకం
C) నిషేధార్ధకం
D) విధ్యర్థకం
జవాబు:
B) అనుమత్యర్థకం

13. ‘రేపు వాడు స్కూలుకు వెడతాడో లేదో!’ – ఇది ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?
A) ప్రశ్నార్థకం
B) ఆత్మార్థకం
C) అభ్యర్థకం
D) సందేహార్థకం
జవాబు:
D) సందేహార్థకం

14. ‘దయచేసి నన్ను కాపాడు’ – ఇది ఏ రకమైన సామాన్య వాక్యం?
A) అనుమత్యర్థక వాక్యం
B) ప్రార్థనాద్యర్థక వాక్యం
C) సందేహార్థక వాక్యం
D) నిషేధక వాక్యం
జవాబు:
B) ప్రార్థనాద్యర్థక వాక్యం

వచనంలో శైలిభదం

కింది వాక్యాలు చదవండి. భేదాలు గమనించండి.
అ) అని యా పరివ్రాజకుడు సెప్పగా విని, మిక్కిలి ఖిన్నుడనయితిని.
ఆ) అని ఆ సన్యాసి చెప్పగా విని, చాలా బాధపడ్డాను.
ఇ) అని ఆ సన్యాసి జెప్పింది యిని, శానా దుక్కమొచ్చింది.
గమనిక :
1) మొదటి వాక్యం, “ప్రాచీన శైలి”ని తెలుపుతున్నది.
2) రెండవ వాక్యం “శిష్టవ్యవహార శైలి”ని అనుసరించి ఉంది.
3) ఇక మూడవ వాక్యం “మాండలిక పద్ధతి”కి లోబడి ఉన్నది.
గమనిక :
కాలాన్ని అనుసరించి, ప్రాంతాన్ని అనుసరించి, సందర్భాన్ని బట్టి భాషను ఉపయోగించే విధానంలో మార్పు జరుగుతుంది. ఇది భాషలో వైవిధ్యమే కాని అందులో ఒకటి అధికము, మరొకటి అల్పము అనే సంకుచిత దృష్టితో చూడకూడదు.

అభ్యాసం :
కింది వాక్యాలను ఆధునిక వ్యవహార శైలిలోకి మార్చండి. (ఈ మార్పులు చేసేటప్పుడు “ము” వర్ణాలు, బిందు పూర్వక ‘బు’ కారాలు, అంబు) యడాగమాలు, క్రియా స్వరూపాలు (చేయును, జరుగును, చూడుము వంటివి మారతాయి. గమనించండి.)
అ) వివేక హీనుడయిన ప్రభువును సేవించుట కంటె వనవాస ముత్తమము. (ప్రాచీన వచన శైలి)
జవాబు:
వివేకం లేని రాజసేవ చేయడం కన్న, అడవిలో ఉండడం మంచిది. (ఆధునిక వచన శైలి)

ఆ) ఎలుక ప్రతిదినము చిలుకకొయ్య మీది కెగిరి పాత్రము నందున్న యన్నము భక్షించి పోవుచున్నది. (ప్రాచీన వచన శైలి)
జవాబు:
ఎలుక రోజూ చిలక్కొయ్య పైకి ఎక్కి పాత్రలో అన్నం తిని పోతోంది. (ఆధునిక వచన శైలి)

ఇ) బుద్ధిహీనత వల్ల సమస్త కార్యములు నిదాఘనదీ పూరములట్లు వినాశము నొందును. (ప్రాచీన వచన శైలి)
జవాబు:
తెలివి తక్కువ వల్ల అన్ని పనులూ వేసవికాలంలో నదిలో నీళ్ళల్లా ఎండిపోతాయి. (ఆధునిక వచన శైలి)

ఆధునిక వచనంలోకి మార్చడం

గమనిక : ఇవి గత సంవత్సరాల పబ్లిక్ పరీక్షల్లో ఇచ్చిన వాక్యాలు

1. ఆ పరివ్రాజకుడు సెప్పగా విని మిక్కిలి భిన్నుడనయితిని.
జవాబు:
ఆ సన్యాసి చెప్పింది విని చాలా బాధపడ్డాను. (ఆధునిక భాష)

2. యాచించుకొని బ్రతుకుట కంటె మరణము మేలు.
జవాబు:
అడుక్కొని బతకడం కంటె చావడం మంచిది. (ఆధునిక భాష)

3. ధనమును బాసిన క్షణముననే లాతివాడగును.
జవాబు:
డబ్బు పోయిన వెంటనే పరాయి వాడవుతాడు. (ఆధునిక భాష)

4. యేనే పాపాత్ముని ముఖంబు నీక్షించితినో?
జవాబు:
నేనే పాపాత్ముడి ముఖాన్ని చూశానో? (ఆధునిక భాష)

5. ప్రాణభయంబున గగనంబునకెగసి చనెను. (ఆధునిక వచనంగా మార్చండి.)
జవాబు:
ప్రాణభయంతో ఆకాశానికి ఎగిరిపోయింది. (ఆధునిక వచన శైలి)

6. కావున నీవు మెచ్చిన చోటికి బోవనోపము. (ఆధునిక వచనంగా మార్చండి.)
జవాబు:
కాబట్టి నువ్వు మెచ్చిన చోటుకు పోలేం. (ఆధునిక వచన శైలి)

7. కొందరు పన్యాముల మూలమున నాపని చేయుదురు. (ఆధునిక వచనంగా మార్చండి.)
జవాబు:
కొంతమంది ఉపన్యాసాల ద్వారా, ఆ పని చేస్తారు. (ఆధునిక వచన శైలి)

8. గుండము చినదైనను నీటికి కొదవ ఉండదు. (ఆధునిక వచనంగా మార్చండి.)
జవాబు:
గుండం చిన్నదైనా, నీళ్ళకు లోటుండదు. (ఆధునిక వచన శైలి)

9. పురుషుడు న్యాయము తప్పక విద్యాధనములు గడింపవలెను. (ఆధునిక వచనంగా మార్చండి.)
జవాబు:
పురుషుడు న్యాయంగా విద్యాధనాలు గడించాలి. (ఆధునిక వచన శైలి)

10. అక్కడనున్న నౌకరులందరునూ నవ్వారు. (ఆధునిక వచనంగా మార్చండి.)
జవాబు:
అక్కడున్న నౌకర్లంతా నవ్వారు. (ఆధునిక వచన శైలి)

11. మా వలని మోహంబు విడిచి యరుగుము. (ఆధునిక వచనంగా మార్చండి.)
జవాబు:
మాపై మోహం విడిచి వెళ్లు. (ఆధునిక వచన శైలి)

పద విజ్ఞానం
అర్థాలు

(అ)
అంకురించు (క్రి) – మొలకెత్తు, పుట్టు
అఖిలం = అశేషం, అంతా
అంగలార్చు (క్రి) = దుఃఖించు
అంఘ్రులు = పాదాలు
అంభోధి = సముద్రం, కడలి
అణా = రూపాయిలో పదహారోవంతు విలువగల నాణెం
అతిథి = తిథి, వార, నక్షత్రాలతో సంబంధం లేకుండా ఇంటికి వచ్చేవాడు
అధిగమించు (క్రి) = (తెలియు, పొందు) దాటు, మించు
అనంతరం = తరవాత
అనవుడు = అనగా, అన్నప్పుడు
అనృతం = అసత్యం
అపూపం = పిండివంట, అప్పం
అభిఘరించు (క్రి) = వడ్డించిన అన్నంమీద నెయ్యిచల్లు, చిలకరించు
అభిరమ్యం = చాలా అందమైన
అభీప్సితం = కోరినది, అభీష్టం
అమాంతం = అకస్మాత్తుగా, హఠాత్తుగా
అర్థం = ధనం
అర్ఘ్యపాద్యములు = చేతులు, కాళ్ళు కడుక్కోవడానికి ఇచ్చే నీళ్ళు
అర్ధాంగలక్ష్మి = శరీరంలో సగభాగమైన లక్ష్మీ సమానురాలు (భార్య)
అల్పము = సూక్ష్మం, కొంచెం
అవసరం = సమయం , వేళ
అసద్యస్తులై = ఉనికి కోల్పోయినవారై (సర్వం చెదరగొట్టుకొన్నవారై)
అస్మచ్చమూధవులు = మా సైన్యాధిపతులు
అహరహం = ప్రతిదినం

(ఆ)
ఆకంఠం = గొంతుదాకా
ఆగ్రహం = కోపం
ఆప్యాయత = ప్రీతి, ఇష్టం
ఆయతి = ప్రభావం
ఆయత్తం = సిద్ధం
ఆయువు = జీవితకాలం
ఆవరణ = ఆచ్ఛాదనం, మూత
ఆవేశపరులు = తొందరపాటు గలవారు,
ఆస్పందితోష్ఠం = అదిరే పెదవి

(ఇ)
ఇందుబింబాస్య = చంద్రబింబం వంటి ముఖం కలది, చంద్రముఖి
ఇనాం = బహుమతి, మాన్యం
ఇనుడు = సూర్యుడు

(ఈ)
ఈప్సితం = కోరిక

(ఉ)
ఉదరం = పొట్ట
ఉద్యమం = ప్రయత్నం
ఉద్వృత్తి = ఉద్ధతి, గర్వం
ఉపద్రవం = ఆపద
ఉపస్పర్శ = స్నాన, ఆచమనాదికాలు
ఉపార్జితం = సంపాదించినది
ఉల్లాసం = సంతోషం, ప్రకాశం

(ఎ)
ఎల్లి = రేపు

(ఏ)
ఏమరుపాటు = అజాగ్రత్త

(ఓ)
ఓర్పు = సహనం
ఓష్ఠం = పెదవి

(ఔ)
ఔద్ధత్యం = ఉద్ధతత్వం, గర్వం, పొగరు

(క)
కంకణములు = వర్తులాకారాభరణాలు
కటకట = అయ్యయ్యో
కటకటపడు (క్రీ) = బాధపడు
కడ = చివర
కందభోజులు = దుంపలు తినేవాళ్ళు
కన్నుగవ = కన్నులజంట
కమ్రకరములు = ఇంపైన చేతులు
కరంబులు = చేతులు
కరవటంబు = బరిణె, గిన్నె
కలభాష = అవ్యక్త మధురభాష
కలమధాన్యం = ఒకజాతి, వరిపంట
కళవళం = తొట్రుపాటు
కల్పనము = ఊహ
కాడు = అడవి
కాణాచి = చిరకాల వాసస్థానం, ఆదిమస్థానం
కుందాడు (క్రి) = బాధపెట్టినట్లు మాట్లాడడం
కుడుచు (క్రి) = తాగు, భుజించు
కుముదిని = తెల్లకలువతీగా
కురిడీ = కొబ్బరికాయలో ఎండిన కొబ్బరి
కులిశం = వజ్రాయుధం
కుసుమస్తబకం = పూలగుత్తి, పూలగుచ్ఛం
కూడలి = నాలుగుదారులు కలిసే చోటు
కూర్మం = తాబేలు
కృశించు (క్రి) = బక్కటిల్లు, సన్నగిల్లు
కేసరములు = పూవులోని పుప్పొడి గల భాగాలు
కైరవం = తెల్లకలువ
కైరవషండం = తెల్లకలువల సమూహం
కైలుచేయు (క్రి) = ధాన్యాన్ని తూర్పారబట్టి యజమానికి అప్పగించడానికి సిద్ధం చేయు
కొడిగట్టిన దీపాలు = ఆరిపోవడానికి సిద్ధంగా ఉన్న దీపాలు
కొండాడు (క్రి) = పొగడు, స్తుతించు

(ఖ)
ఖలుడు = దుర్జనుడు, దుష్టుడు, చెడ్డవాడు
ఖిన్నుడు = దుఃఖితుడు
ఖేదం = శోకం

(గ)
గరిమ = శ్రేష్ఠత, గొప్ప
గ్రక్కున = వెంటనే
గుద్దలి = వేర్లు మొదలైనవి పెళ్ళగించే సాధనం
గురి = లక్ష్యం
గొడుగు పాగలు = గొడుగులు గల పావుకోళ్ళు, కర్రచెప్పులు
గోమయం = ఆవుపేడ
గోరంతదీపం = చిన్నగా వెలిగే దీపం

(ఘ)
ఘన వనజాతలోచన = విశాలమైన తామర రేకుల వంటి కన్నులు గలది
ఘాతం = దెబ్భ

(చ)
చందనం = గంధం
చట్టువం = గరిటె
చమత్కారం = నేర్పు
చయ్యన = వెంటనే, త్వరగా
చరణద్వంద్వం = పాదాలజంట
చాడ్పు = విధం
చిగురుబోడి = చిగురుటాకు వంటి శరీరం గల స్త్రీ
చిరంతనుడు = శాశ్వతుడు
చెక్కెర్లు = అదేపనిగా చుట్టుతిరగడం
చౌకబారు = తక్కువ విలువ గలిగిన

(ఛ)
ఛాత్రులు = శిష్యులు, విద్యార్థులు
ఛిన్నభిన్నమవు = ముక్కలు ముక్కలు ఆవు, చెల్లాచెదురవు, తునాతునకలవు

(జ)
జానపదులు = మనుష్యులు, పల్లెటూళ్ళవాళ్ళు
జేవురు = ఎర్రనిది, ఎరుపు
జ్వలనం = మంట, మండటం
జంఘ = కాలిపిక్క

(ఝ)
ఝరి = సెలయేరు

(త)
తడయు = ఆలస్యంచేయు
తడవ = మారు, మాటు, సారి (మొదటిసారి)
తంత్రం = ఉపాయం
తన్మయులు = తత్స్వరూపమైనవారు, తమను తాము మరచినవారు
తమం = చీకటి
తర్కం = ఊహ, కారణం, కోరిక, ఒక శాస్త్రం
తాపసులు = తపస్సుచేసుకునేవారు
తారక = చుక్క
తారాడడం తిరుగులాడడం, జీరాడడం
తాల్మి = క్షమ, ఓర్పు
తిమిరం = చీకటి
తుల్యం = సమము, సరి
తొంటి = తొల్లి, మొదటి, తొలుత
తొఱగు (క్రి) = విడుచుట, త్యజించుట

(ద)
దమ్మిడీ = అన్నిటికంటె తక్కువ విలువ గల నాణెం, (రెండు కాసుల నాణెం)
దిక్పతి = దిక్పాలుడు
దివసం = రోజు, పగలు
దివసేంద్రుడు = సూర్యుడు
దివి = ఆకాశం
దీధితి = కిరణం, వెలుగు, కాంతి
దుశ్చరితాలోచన = చెడుతలపు (చెడ్డ ఆలోచన)
దేవుళ్ళాట = వెదుకులాట
ద్వాఃకవాటం = ద్వారబంధం, తలుపు

(న)
నలిరేగి = విజృంభించి
నిక్కం = నిజం, వాస్తవం
నిఖిల = సమస్త, అన్ని
నిచయం = సమూహం
నిదాఘం = వేసవి, ఎండాకాలం
నిదానం = మూలకారణం, నెమ్మది
నిమిత్తం = కారణం
నిర్జనం = జనంలేనిది
నిశ = రాత్రి
నిష్ణాతుడు = నేర్పరి
నిస్తంద్రుడు = కునికిపాటు లేనివాడు
నీవార ముష్టింపచుల్ = సహజంగా పండే నివ్వరిధాన్యాన్ని పిడికెడు తీసుకొని కడుపునింపు కొనేవాళ్ళు
నుతి = పొగడ్త, స్తుతి
నెట్టుకొను = పెరుగుతున్న
నొక్కి = అదిమిపట్టి

(ప)
పంచజనుడు = పాంచభౌతిక శరీరం కలవాడు (మనిషి) తీరుబడి తీరిక
పగిది = విధం
పనిచి = నియమించి, పంపి
పరహితార్ధం = ఇతరుల మేలుకోసం
పరాభవం = అవమానం
పరామర్శ = చక్కగా విచారించు
పరివారం = పరిజనం
పరివ్రాజకుడు = సన్న్యాసి, సంచారం చేసేవాడు
పాత్ర = గిన్నె, కథలో నాటకంలో వచ్చే ఒక వ్యక్తి
పారావారం = సముద్రం
పారాశర్యుడు = పరాశరుని కుమారుడు (వ్యాసుడు)
పుట్టకురుపు = క్యాన్సర్ ప్రణం, రాచపుండు
పుయిలోడు (క్రి) = వెనుదీయు, సంకోచించు, జంకు
పురంధ్రి = కుటుంబ స్త్రీ
పులస్త్య బ్రహ్మ = బ్రహ్మమానస పుత్రుడు
పెక్కండ్రు = చాలామంది
పొదలు (క్రి) = వృద్ధిచెందు, పెరుగు, వర్ధిల్లు
ప్రణమిల్లు (క్రి) = నమస్కరించు
ప్రజ్ఞానం = విశేష ప్రతిభతో కూడిన జ్ఞానం
ప్రక్షాళితంబు = చక్కగా కడిగినది

(బ)
బంతి = వరుస, పంక్తి, సామూహిక భోజనానికి కూర్చున్న వాళ్ళ వరస
బస్తీజనం = పట్టణవాసులు
బుద్బుదం = నీటిబుడగ
బృహత్తర = గొప్పదైన

(భ)
భత్యాలు = ప్రతిరోజు భోజనానికి ఇచ్చే ద్రవ్యం
భక్షణం = తిండి
భక్షించు (క్రి) = తిను
భాసిల్లు (క్రి) = ప్రకాశించు
భుక్తిశాల = భోజనశాల
భూరుహం = భూమి నుండి పుట్టినది (చెట్టు)
భృంగం = తుమ్మెద
బీబు + ఎండ = అధికమైన ఎండ

(మ)
మందకొడి = సోమరి, జడుడు, చురుకుగా సాగకపోవడం
మంద్రం = గంభీరధ్వని
మచ్చెకంటి = మీనాక్షి, చేపలవంటి కన్నులు గల స్త్రీ
మతిహీనులు = తెలివిలేనివాళ్ళు
మదీయ = నా సంబంధమైన
మననం = చింతన
మనోహరం = ఇంపైన
మహాప్రస్థానం = దీర్ఘప్రయాణం, లోకాంతర యాత్ర, మరణం
మాధుకరభిక్ష = ఇల్లిల్లూ తిరిగి అన్నం సేకరించు కోడం
మిక్కుటం = ఎక్కువ
మీలనము = కళ్ళు మూయడం
ముక్కంటి = మూడు కనులు కలవాడు (శివుడు)
ములుగర్ర = ఎడ్లను తోలడానికి వాడే ములుకోలు
ములుకి = మొనదేలిన భాగం
మూర్ధం = ఉన్నతమైనది
మెండు = అధికం, ఎక్కువ
మోడు = ఆకురాలిన వృక్షం
మోహం = అజ్ఞానం
మోక్షలక్ష్మి = మోక్షమనే లక్ష్మి (ముక్తి)
మౌళి = సిగ

(య)
యాతన = తీవ్రమైన వేదన, నరకదుఃఖం

(ర)
రజని = రాత్రి
రవళి = ధ్వని, చప్పుడు
రుగ్ధత = జబ్బు
రుచిరం = కాంతి
రేగి = ఎగసి, విజృంభించి
రోదసి = భూమ్యాకాశాలు, భూమి, ఆకాశం

(ల)
లలామ = శ్రేష్ఠురాలు, స్త్రీ
లసత్ = ప్రకాశిస్తున్న
లాతి = అన్యుడు, అన్యము
లోచనం = కన్ను

(వ)
వర్ణభరితం = రంగులతో నిండినది
వసించు = నివసించు, ఉండటం, కాపురం ఉండటం
వాటిక = వీథి
వాలం = తోక
వాసము = ఇల్లు
వ్యాసంగం = కృషి, పని
విచ్ఛిత్తి = విభజించడం, వేరుచేయడం
విప్రులు = బ్రాహ్మణులు
వీడు = పట్టణం
వెఱుపు = భయం
వెల్లి = ప్రవాహం
వేదోక్తం = వేదంలో చెప్పిన

(శ)
శతాబ్దం = నూరు సంవత్సరాల కాలం
శాంతుడు = శాంతిగలవాడు
శిలోంఛప్రక్రములు = శిలప్రక్రములు (పొలాల్లో రాలిన కంకుల (గింజల) ను ఏరుకొని బ్రతికేవాళ్ళు) ఉంఛప్రక్రములు (రోళ్ళ దగ్గర చెదిరిపడ్డ బియ్యపు గింజలు ఏరుకొని జీవనం సాగించేవాళ్ళు)

(ష)
షండం = సమూహం

(స)
సంచయం = సమూహం, కూడిక
సంక్షిప్తం = కుదించినది
సద్దు = శబ్దం, చప్పుడు
సరభసోత్సాహం = అధికమైన కోరిక, అధికమైన వేగముతో కూడిన పూనిక
సర్వం = మొత్తం
సత్త్వం = దేహబలం
సత్కృతి = సత్కారం, సన్మానం
సరిత్తు = నది
సహస్రాబ్దం = వేయి సంవత్సరాల కాలం
సాంధ్య = సంధ్యా సమయ సంబంధమైన
సాధ్వి = పతివ్రత, శీలవతి
సాన్నిధ్యం = సమీపం, దగ్గర, సన్నిధి
సుంత = ఇంచుక, ఇసుమంత, కొంచెం
సుధాకరుడు = చంద్రుడు
సూడిగములు = చేతిగాజులు
సేచనం = అభిషేకం
సైరించుట (క్రి) = క్షమించు, ఓర్చు
సౌదామిని = మెరుపు
సౌరభం = సువాసన
స్మరణ = తలపు
స్మితం = చిరునవ్వు, హాసం
స్నిగ్ధం = దట్టమైనది, చిక్కనైనది

(హ)
హితైషులు = మేలుకోరేవాళ్ళు

(క్ష)
క్షుత్పిపాసలు = క్షుత్తు (ఆకలి), పిపాస (దప్పిక), ఆకలిదప్పులు

నానార్థాలు

అనృతం = అసత్యం, సేద్యం, వాణిజ్యం
అమృతం – సుధ, నీరు, ముక్తి
ఆశ = కోరిక, దిక్కు
కంకణం = తోరం, నీటి బిందువు, స్త్రీలు చేతికి ధరించే ఆభరణం
కన్ను = నేత్రము, చూపు, బండిచక్రము
కళ = చదువు, శిల్పం, చంద్రునిలో పదహారోవంతు
కాలం = సమయం, నలుపు, చావు
కుండలి = పాము, నెమలి, వరుణుడు
కులం = వంశం, జాతి, ఇల్లు
కృషి = సేద్యము, యత్నము
గుణం = స్వభావం, వింటినారి
గురువు = ఉపాధ్యాయుడు, తండ్రి, పురోహితుడు, బృహస్పతి
చరణము = పాదము, పద్యపాదము, కిరణము
నిట్టవొడుచు (క్రి)= ఉప్పొంగు, విజృంభించు, రోమాంచితమగు
ఫలం = పండు, ప్రయోజనం, సుఖం
మిత్రుడు = స్నేహితుడు, సూర్యుడు
ముద్ర = గుర్తు, అచ్చువేయడం, ఒక అలంకారం
రాజు = ప్రభువు, చంద్రుడు, ఇంద్రుడు
లెస్స = శ్రేష్ఠం, యుక్తం, కుశలం
వనం = తోట, అడవి, జలం
వాసం = ఇల్లు, వస్త్రం, కాపురం
వివరము = వివరణము, రంధ్రము, దోషము
వీడు = ఇతడు, పట్టణము
వెల్లి = ప్రవాహం , పరంపర, తెలుపు
శరము = బాణము, నీరు, రెల్లు
శాఖ = కొమ్మ, చెయ్యి, వేదభాగము
సమయము = కాలము, ప్రతిజ్ఞ, సిద్ధాంతము
సూత్రము = నూలిపోగు, జంధ్యము, ఏర్పాటు
హరి = కోతి, ఇంద్రుడు, విష్ణువు

పర్యాయపదాలు

అంభోధి = సముద్రం, కడలి, సాగరం
అనలం = అగ్ని, నిప్పు, జ్వలనం
అరణ్యం = విపినం, అడవి, అటవి, వనం
అనృతం = అసత్యం, అబద్ధం, బొంకు
అన్నం = బువ్వ, కూడు, బోనం
అర్ధాంగి = భార్య, పత్ని, ఇల్లాలు
అహిమకరుడు = సూర్యుడు, భానుడు, రవి, భాస్కరుడు
ఆగ్రహం = కోపం, క్రోధం, అలుక
ఆజ్ఞ = ఆదేశం, ఆన, ఉత్తరువు, నిర్దేశం
ఆస్యం = ముఖం, ఆననం, మోము
ఎలుక = మూషికం, ఖనకం
కన్ను = అక్షి, చక్షువు, నేత్రం, నయనం
కప్ప = భేకం, దగ్గురం, మండూకం
కరి = ఏనుగు, గజము
కమలము = పద్మము, నళినము
కార్ముకం = విల్లు, ధనుస్సు, శరాసనం, సింగిణి
కైరవం = కలువ, కలారం, కుముదం, ఇందీవరం
కొండాడి = పొగడి, స్తుతించి, నుతించి
కోరిక = వాంఛ, తృష్ణ, ఈప్సితం
కౌముది = వెన్నెల, చంద్రిక, జ్యోత్స్న
గిరి = కొండ, పర్వతం, అద్రి
గృహం = ఇల్లు, గేహం, నికేతం
చంద్రుడు = ఇందుడు, శశాంకుడు, నిశాకరుడు
చాడ్పు = విధం, భంగి, రీతి, తీరు
చెట్టు – వృక్షం, తరువు, భూరుహం
తమస్సు/తమం = చీకటి, అంధకారం, ఇరులు
దయ = కృప, కనికరం, కరుణ
దేహం = శరీరం, తనువు, కాయం
ధరణి = భూమి, ధరిత్రి, పృధ్వి
నరుడు = మానవుడు, మనిషి, మర్త్యుడు
నలిరేగు = విజృంభించు, చెలరేగు, విజృంభించు
నిక్కం = నిజం, సత్యం
పల్లె = ఊరు, గ్రామం
పవనము = గాలి, వాయువు, మారుతము
పసిడి = బంగారం, కాంచనం, పుత్తడి
పారాశర్యుడు = వ్యాసుడు, బాదరాయణుడు, కానీనుడు
పూవు = కుసుమం, పుష్పం, విరి
బ్రాహ్మణులు = ద్విజులు, విప్రులు, భూసురులు
భాగీరథి = గంగానది, జాహ్నవి, పావని
భోజనం = తిండి, ఆహారం, భోగం
మరణం = మృత్యువు, నిర్యాణం, చావు
మిన్ను = ఆకాశం, గగనం, నింగి
యశస్సు = కీర్తి, ఖ్యాతి
రవి = సూర్యుడు, దినకరుడు, ప్రభాకరుడు
రాత్రి = నిశ, రజని, యామిని
రుగ్ణత = జబ్బు, వ్యాధి, రోగం
వనిత = మహిళ, స్త్రీ, పడతి
వివరం = రంధ్రం, బిలం, కలుగు
వృక్షము = తరువు, చెట్టు, భూరుహం
వెల్లి = ప్రవాహం, వెల్లువ
శివుడు = శంకరుడు, రుద్రుడు, భవుడు
సంఘం = సమూహం, బృందం, గుంపు
సుంత = ఇంచుక, ఇసుమంత, కొంచెం
సూర్యుడు = రవి, అహిమకరుడు, భానుడు
స్మరణ = తలపు, ఆలోచన, బుద్ధి

వ్యుత్పత్యర్థాలు

అంగన = శ్రేష్టమైన అవయవములు కలది (స్త్రీ)
అమృతం = మరణం పొందింపనిది (సుధ)
ఈశ్వరుడు = స్వభావం చేతనే ఐశ్వర్యం కలవాడు – (శివుడు)
కరి = తొండం (కరము) కలది (ఏనుగు)
గురువు = అంధకారమనే అజ్ఞానమును భేదించువాడు (ఉపాధ్యాయుడు)
చిత్రగ్రీవం = చిత్రమైన (వివిధ) వర్ణాలతో కూడిన కంఠం గలది (పావురం)
ఝరి = కాలక్రమంలో స్వల్పమైపోయేది (ప్రవాహం)
తాపసుడు = తపస్సు చేసేవాడు (ముని)
దేహుడు = దేహము కలవాడు (ప్రాణి)
పతివ్రత = పతిని సేవించుటయే నియమంగా కలిగినది (సాధ్వి)
పక్షి = పక్షాలు (రెక్కలు) కలది (పిట్ట)
పవనజుడు = పవనుని వలన (వాయువునకు) పుట్టినవాడు (హనుమంతుడు)
పార్వతి = హిమవంతుడనే పర్వతరాజు కూతురు (పార్వతి)
పుత్రుడు = పున్నామనరకం నుండి తల్లిదండ్రులను రక్షించేవాడు (కుమారుడు)
పురంధి = గృహాన్ని ధరించేది (ఇల్లాలు)
భవాని = భవుని (శివుని) భార్య (పార్వతి)
మిత్రుడు = సర్వభూతాల పట్ల స్నేహం గలవాడు (సూర్యుడు)
ముని = మౌనం దాల్చి ఉండేవాడు (ఋషి)
మూషికం = అన్నాదులను దొంగిలించేది (ఎలుక)
మోక్షం = జీవుణ్ణి పాశం నుంచి విడిపించేది (ముక్తి)
వనజం = వనం(నీరు)లో పుట్టినది (పద్మం)
శివుడు = సాధువుల హృదయాన శయనించి ఉండేవాడు, మంగళప్రదుడు (ఈశ్వరుడు)
సన్న్యాసి = సర్వమూ న్యాసం (వదిలివేసిన) చేసినవాడు]
సముద్రం = చంద్రోదయం వలన ఎక్కువగా వృద్ధి పొందేది (వాణ్ణి)

ప్రకృతి – వికృతి

అంబ – అమ్మ
ఆజ్ఞ – ఆన
ఆర్యుడు – అయ్య
ఆసక్తి – ఆసత్త
ఆహారం – ఓగిరం
ఉపాధ్యాయుడు – ఒజ్జ
ఈశ్వరుడు – ఈసరుడు
కష్టం – కస్తి
కవి – కయి
కవిత – కైత
కార్యము – కర్జము
కావ్యం – కబ్బం
కుడ్యం – గోడ
కులం – కొలం
గుణం – గొనం
గుహ – గొబ
గృహం – గీము
గౌరవం – గారవం
ఛాయ – చాయ
జ్యోతి – జోతి
దోషం – దోసం
ధర్మం – దమ్మం
నిద్ర – నిదుర, నిద్దుర
నిత్యము – నిచ్చలు, నితాము
పక్షం – పక్క
పక్షి – పక్కి
పంక్తి – బంతి
పట్టణం – పట్టం
పుణ్యం – పున్నెం
పుత్రుడు – బొట్టెడు
పుస్తకము – పొత్తము
పుష్పం – పూవు
ప్రాణం – పానం
బంధువు – బందుగు
భాష – బాస
బిక్ష – బిచ్చం
భక్తి – బత్తి
భాగ్యం – బాగైం
బ్రహ్మ – బొమ్మ, బమ్మ
యాత్ర – జాతర
లక్ష్మి – లచ్చి
లేఖ – లేక
రత్నం – రతనం
రాట్టు – ఱేడు
రాశి – రాసి
రాజ్జి – రాణి
వాటిక – వాడ
విజ్ఞానం – విన్నాణం
విద్య – విద్దె, విద్య
శక్తి – సత్తి
శాస్త్రము – చట్టము
శ్రీ – సిరి
సుఖం – సుకం
స్వామి – సామి

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is exosmosis?
Answer:
The process in which water molecules leave the cell is called exosmosis.

Question 2.
What is endosmosis?
Answer:
The process in which water molecules enter the cell is called endosmosis.

Question 3.
Who are the scientists that removed salt from sea water and how?
Answer:
Freddie Mercury and David Bowie removed salt from sea water by using a semi permeable membrane by a process called desalination.

Question 4.
What happens if red blood cells are placed in distilled water?
Answer:
The red blood cells placed in hypotonic solution like distilled water the cells swell and burst.

Question 5.
What is the better food during a journey?
Answer:
The natural fruits with 80% to 90% water in them, not only quench our thirst but also reduce our hunger.

Question 6.
What is a saturated solution?
Answer:
The solution that cannot takeup more solute to dissolve is called a saturated solution.

Question 7.
Name the principle involved in dialysis and reverse osmosis.
Answer:
Osmosis

Question 8.
Name the principle involved in air freshners, mosquito repellents that are used in our daily life.
Answer:
Diffusion.

Question 9.
What is a hypotonic solution?
Answer:
If the medium surrounding the cells has a higher water concentration than the cell, the cell will gain water by osmosis. Such type of solution is called hypotonic solution.

Question 10.
What is isotonic solution?
Answer:
If the medium has exactly the same concentration as the cell there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane. Such solution is called isotonic solution.

Question 11.
What is hypertonic solution?
Answer:
If the medium has a lower water concentration, then the cell will loose water by osmosis. Such a solution is called hypertonic solution.

Question 12.
What is plasmolysis?
Answer:
When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis there is shrinkage or contraction of the contents of the cell away from the cell wall. This phenomenon is known as plasmolysis.

Question 13.
How do substances like CO₂ and water move in and out of the cell?
Answer:
CO₂ moves by diffusion and water moves by osmosis through cell membrane.

Question 14.
What will happen to the size of the cell if it is placed in hypotonic solution?
Answer:
When the cell is placed in hypotonic solution, water enters into the cell. Hence, the cell swell up.

Question 15.
What will happen to the size of the cell if it is placed in hypertonic solution?
Answer:
Water leaves from the cell when we keep the cell in the hypertonic solution. Hence the swell will shrink.

Question 16.
Why does the skin of your finger shrinks when you wash your clothes for a long time?
Answer:
A soap solution is a hypertonic solution. So, water moves out of your fingers by osmosis.

Question 17.
A person takes concentrated solution of salt. After sometime, he starts vomiting. What is the phenomenon responsible for such solution?
Answer:
Exosmosis in intestine causes dehydration.

Question 18.
When you are cooking vegetables generally you add salt to vegetables during cooking. After adding salt, vegetables release water. What mechanism is responsible for this?
Answer:
Exosmosis is responsible for the above mechanism.

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is reverse osmosis ? What are its applications?
Answer:
1) When heavy pressure is applied on salt solution which is separated from fresh water with semipermeable membrane, the water moves from salt solution into fresh water leaving the salt behind.
2) This process is known as reverse osmosis.

Application :
Home reverse osmosis machines are available in the market, which filter salt water through three membranes.

Question 2.
What is diffusion? Give example.
Answer:
The process by which some materials when kept in a medium like air and water spread equally throughout it, it is called diffusion.

Example :
If a bottle of scent is opened in one corner of a room, the smell spreads in the entire room due to the diffusion of scent molecules.

Question 3.
What is Graham’s law?
Answer:

• Thomas Graham, Scottish physical chemist, worked on diffusion of gases.
• He had infered that a more soluble substance in a medium diffuse faster than a less soluble substance.
• This is popularly known as Graham’s law.

Question 4.
What is dialysis? Who constructed dialysis machine? The machine works on which principle?
Answer:

• Dialysis is the artificial method of removal of wastes from the blood.
• Dr. William Kolff a Dutch physician in the year 1947 constructed dialysis machine.
• Dialysis machine works on principle of diffusion and filtration across a semi permeable membrane.

Question 5.
Why did we feel thirstier, after eating 50 gms of potato chips in journey?
Answer:

• After eating foods preserved like potato chips we feel thirstier because water is drawn from the body into the digestive system to maintain water balance.
• So we have to drink more water after eating salty food.

Question 6.
Why does CO₂ can not enter the cell?
Answer:

• This is due to diffusion of CO₂ from the cell into the blood through semipermeable membrane or cell membrane.
• Due to respiration concentration of CO₂ increases in the cell than outside.
• Hence CO₂ diffuses out.

Question 7.
Water enters the root cells from the soil, why? Name the process involved in this.
Answer:
Water enters the plant through root hairs, because the concentration of water in the soil arounds the roots is higher than that inside the root epidermis. This process is called osmosis.

Question 8.
Why do dry apricots placed in salt solution do not swell while they do so when kept in water?
Answer:
Dry apricots swell up in water because their cells have a high osmotic concentration which causes passage of water into them. They do not swell up when placed in salt solution because the external solution is hypertonic.

Question 9.
What happens if plasma membrane ruptures or breaks?
Answer:
If the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down, the following may happen.
a) The cell will lose its shape.

b) Since plasma membrane is selectively permeable.
If it breaks all the useful substances also move out of the cell, all the metabolic activities of the cell will get effected and the cell may die.

Question 10.
What happens to the dry raisins when we put them in plain water for sometime? What happens if these raisins are now placed in concentrated solution?
Answer:
i) When we put dry raisins in plain water, they gain water and the size of dry raisins will increase.
ii) When these swollen raisins are placed in concentrated salt solution, these loose water and shrink.

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the differences between diffusion and osmosis?
Answer:

Question 2.
What is osmosis? Explain with example.
Answer:
The flow of water from a region of dilute solution to a more concentrated one through a semipermeable membrane.
Eg : Osmosis with kishmish / raisin.

1. Dried kishmish are put in pure water and left for some time. Then these kishmish are placed in concentrated solution of sugar or salt.
2. It is proved experimentally that kishmish gains water and swells and when placed in concentrated solution the kishmish loose water and shrink.
3. In the above two situations water moved from low concentration to higher concen-tration due to osmosis.

Question 3.
What is cell membrane? What are its functions?
Answer:
The outermost, extremely delicate elastic membranous covering of the cell that separate its contents from the external environment is called plasma membrane.
Functions of plasma membrane :
1. Shape :
Plasma membrane provides a definite shape to semi-fluid contents of the cell.

2. Mechanical barrier :
It functions as mechanical barrier that protects the internal contents of the cell,

3. Selectively permeable :
Plasma membrane determines what substances are to be allowed entry or exit from the cell.

4. Endocytosis :
It helps the cell to engulf food and other substances from its external environment by endocytosis.

5. Recognition :
The recognition centres of plasma membrane help in tissue formation, distinction of foreign substances and defense against microbes.

6. Flow of information :
Plasma membrane provides flow of information amongst different cells of the same organism.

7. Osmosis :
Osmosis occurs due to presence of tiny water channels in the plasma membrane.

8. Cell continuity :
At places plasma membrane of adjacent cells become continuous to form plasmodesmata and cell junctions.

9. Specialization :
Plasma membrane gets modified to perform different functions.
E.g. : absorption in microvilli.

Question 4.
Importance of osmosis to living organisms.
Answer:

• Water enters into roots through osmosis.
• Water moves between the cells through osmosis.
• Osmosis helps in opening and closing of stomata.
• It bring about movement of water and minerals in certain plants.
• In our body waste materials are filtered from blood.
• In our body useful materials are absorbed along with water through osmosis.

Question 5.
Explain the process of reverse osmosis with a neat labelled diagram.
Answer:
When salt water is separated from fresh water through a semi-permeable membrane, the filteration can be achieved by applying high pressure on salt water. Due to this pressure water moves from salt solution into fresh water leaving the salt behind. This phenomenon is widely used nowadays in water purifiers to filter salt water.

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What will happen if we keep deshelled raw egg in salt water?
Answer:
i) Salt water is more concentrated than egg Yolk.
ii) When raw de-shelled egg placed in salt water, water from egg comes out through egg membrane. This called exosmosis.
iii) Due to exosmosis, the size of the egg decreases.

Question 2.
i) Pour sugar solution in the potato cup upto a level as shown by the pin in the figure.
ii) Keep the potato cup in the bowl filled with water upto half the height of the potato cup.

Answer the following questions based on the above experiment
i) What is the aim of the experiment?
ii) What will be the observation in this experiment?
iii) If the potato cup is filled with water and the beaker is filled with sugar solution, what will be the observation?
iv) What is the difference between this experiment when compared with dried grapes (kishmish) kept in water?
Answer:
i) To prove osmosis in potato living cells.
ii) Sugar solution level rises in potato cup beyond the point where needle placed.
iii) Sugar solution level falls down in potato cup.
iv) In both experiments endosmosis is observed in the cells.

Question 3.
Latha dropped some crystals of KMnO₄ in a beaker of water and observing to know what happens. What is the phenomenon that occurs in the experiment?
Answer:
Diffusion

Question 4.
Read and complete the following table according to the given information.

Answer:

1. Selective permeability
2. Endocytosis
3. Osmosis
4. Diffusion

Question 5.
Observe the following substances and answer the following questions.

a) Which substances should go into the cell?
b) Which substances should go out the cell?
c) Which is useful to transport the substances into the cell?
d) What is use of osmosis?
Answer:
a) Oxygen, Glucose, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins.
b) Carbondioxide, Waste materials.
c) Plasma membrane.
d) Plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane. It allows entry of useful certain materials exit of some unuseful substances while preventing passage to remaining substances.
It helps in keeping the ceil alive.

Question 6.
Observe the diagram answer the following questions.
a) Which chemical material is used to made a semi permeable membrane from an egg?
b) Which precautions do you take to make a semipermeable membrane?

Answer:
a) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid.
b) 1) Keep the raw eggs in dil HCl for 4 to 5 hours.
2) Wash the eggs under tap water.
3) Carefully pierce a pencil sized hole in the egg membrane and drain the contents.
4) Again wash the membrane with fresh water.

Question 7.
Two beakers, funnel, filter paper, retort stand, sugar, dye and wheat or rice flour and plastic bottle would be given to you. What experiment will you do with this? Write the procedure and precautions of that experiment.
Answer:

1. Arrange the filtering apparatus as shown in the figure.
2. Prepare wheat or rice powder solution in a beaker by adding one tea spoon of powder in 100 ml of water.
3. Add a drop of tincture iodine to the solution.
4. Now pour the solution into the funnel.
5. Filter paper allows water and dissolved rice powder to pass through it.
6. Filter paper does not allow the undissolved powder precipitate through it.

Precautions :

1. Ensure that the using filter paper should not have any damage or holes.
2. Stir the powder solution continuously, while pouring it slowly through filter paper.

Question 8.
What happens if cells are not permeable
Answer:
If cells are not permeable, they will not get the useful substances like minerals, water, nutrients and oxygen. Like this way, the waste products released during cellular activities will not be sent out. As a result the cell may die.

Question 9.
Rajesh conducted an experiment to know the movement of substances using potato and sugar solution.
a) What is the objective of Rajesh’s experiment?
b) Write the materials required by Rajesh to conduct this experiment.
c) Where does the level of solution increase?
d) What is your observation in this experiment?
Answer:
a) To observe osmosis
b) One raw potato, one boiled potato, two beakers, bowls, two pins, water, sharp knife.
c) Increase in the level of sugar solution in potato.
d) Water always moves towards the sugar solution the movement of water from less concentration to high concentration through a membrane is called osmosis.

Question 10.
Give some examples for process that occurs through permeable membrane that you observed in your daily life.
Answer:
Ex : 1. Water moves from one cell to another through osmosis.
Ex : 2. Movement of water from soil to roots.
Ex : 3. Waste materials in our blood are filtered.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the parts of a nerve cell?
Answer:
We can identify 3 distinct parts in nerve cell. They are :

1. Cell body or cyton
2. Axon
3. Dendrites

Question 2.
How the bone is made up of?
Answer:

• Bone is made up of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
• These salts are secreted by osteocytes.
• Osteocytes are present in the bone marrow.

Question 3.
What is granular epithelium?
Answer:
Sometimes a portion of epithelial tissue folds inward and formed a multicellular gland. Hence, it is called as granular epithelium.

Question 4.
Where do we found columnar epithelium?
Answer:
Columnar epithelium present where absorption and secretion occurs.
Eg : Intestine.

Question 5.
Why the ‘AB’ group human beings are called as universal recipients?
Answer:

• ‘AB’group human beings can receive the blood from any other groups.
• Hence, they are called as universal recipients.

Question 6.
Why the ‘O’ group people are called as universal donors?
Answer:

• ‘0’group human beings can donate the blood to any other group.
• So, these people are known as universal donors.

Question 7.
Name some modified epithelial cells.
Answer:

• Skin is a kind of epithelial tissue.
• Nails and hair grow from it.
• The scales of fishes and reptiles and feathers of birds etc., are the modified epithe-lial cells.

Question 8.
What is tendon? What is its use?
Answer:

• Tendon is a type of connective tissue, which is also made of fibres.
• The tendon joins the muscle to the bone. It is also made of collagen.

Question 9.
Where do we found cuboidal epithelium? Why?
Answer:
Cuboidal epithelium can be found in the lining of kidney tubules, the ducts of salivary glands. They provide mechanical support.

Question 10.
What is the main function of WBC?
Answer:
WBC provides immunity to the body by providing the body against infections.

Question 11.
Give two examples of cartilage.
Answer:
Tip of the nose and external ear are two examples of cartilage.

Question 12.
Name the muscle tissue that connects muscle to a bone.
Answer:
Tendon

Question 13.
What is the yellow fibres that are connecting bones known as?
Answer:
Ligament.

Question 14.
What are the involuntary muscles?
Answer:
The muscles whose contraction is not under the control of will power.
Eg : Cardiac muscles.

Question 15.
Write the functions of cartilage.
Answer:

• Provides flexibility and support to the body parts.
• It smoothens the surface at the joints.

Question 16.
Name the tissue that is present in the hump of a camel or blubber of whale.
Answer:
Adipose tissue

Question 17.
Name the fat storage tissue and state its location in our body.
Answer:
Adipose tissue stores fat in our body. It is present just below the skin and between internal organs.

Question 18.
Name the types of Rh factors of human body.
Answer:
Positive and Negative (A+, A-)

Question 19.
Name the tissue that is present in brain.
Answer:
Nervous tissue formed with neurons is present in the brain.

Question 20.
What is called action potential?
Answer:
Whenever a nerve is stimulated, it produces a small electrical current (0.055V) called action potential.

Question 21.
What is the other name for Areolar tissue?
Answer:
Fibroblasts.

Question 22.
Name the tissue that acts as insulator.
Answer:
Adipose tissue

Question 23.
What is bone made of?
Answer:
Bone is made of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

Question 24.
Where do you find Osteocytes?
Answer:
In the central hollow portion of the bone called bone marrow.

Question 25.
Where you can see Haversian canal?
Answer:’
In Osteocytes (or Bone cells)

Question 26.
Name the tissue that is present in embryos of several vertebrae.
Answer:
Cartilage

Question 27.
Where do you find contractile proteins?
Answer:
In muscle fibres.

Question 28.
What are the 3 major portions of a nerve cell?
Answer:
1) Cell body
2) Axon
3) Dendrite (or) cyton

Question 29.
Name the only cells in our body, which do not have the ability of regenaration.
Answer:
Nerve cells.

Question 30.
Where do you see Nissl’s granules?
A. Nerve cells

Question 31.
Which nodes present at regular intervals on the nerve cells?
Answer:
Ranvier Nodes.

Question 32.
What is a nerve?
Answer:
Axons of several nerve cells form bundles called nerve.

Question 33.
Nerve tissue has neurons and supporting cells. Name the supporting cells of the nerve tissue.
Answer:
Glial cells.

Question 34.
How do Monocytes destroy the foreign materials?
Answer:
Monocytes move like amoeba and along with granulocytes they attack the foreign materials and engulf them. The foreign materials are destroyed inside these cells.

Question 35.
What are corpuscles?
Answer:
Cells present in blood are called corpuscles.

Question 36.
What is the “grave yard of RBC”?
Answer:
Spleen

Question 37.
What are granulocytes?
Answer:
Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

Question 38.
What are agranulocytes?
Answer:
Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 39.
How many RBC are present in 1 ml of blood?
Answer:
5 million of RBC 1 ml of blood (in human adults).

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you find any difference between skin cells and muscle cells?
Answer:

• There is a difference between skin cells and muscle cells.
• Skin cells are arranged in the form of layers. This is called stratified squamous epithelium.
• Muscle cells are elongated ones and responsible for movement in the body.

Question 2.
Why the involuntary muscles are also called as unstriated muscles?
Answer:

• Unstriated muscles are also called as smooth muscles.
• They have no striations or alternate light and dark bands.
• The cells are long with pointed ends.
• So, they are called as unstriated muscles.

Question 3.
What is epithelial tissue ? How many types are there?
Answer:

• Epi means outer, thelium means tissue.
• The epithelial tissue, extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining.
• Three types of epithelial tissues are identified. They are :
  a) Squamous epithelium
  b) Cuboidal epithelium
  c) Columnar epithelium
  d) Granular epithelium

Question 4.
What is squamous epithelium? Where it is found?
Answer:

• The epithelial tissue, extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining is called squamous epithelium.
• It is found in oesophagus, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli etc.
• The epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers, called stratified squa¬mous epithelium.

Question 5.
What is involuntary movement?
Answer:

• We cannot start or stop the movement of muscles by wanting to do so.
• The movement is called involuntary, the muscles caused for it are called involun-tary muscles.
  Eg : Movements in the alimentary canal, blood vessels etc.

Question 6.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of squamous epithelium. A.
Answer:

Question 7.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of areolar tissue.
Answer:

Question 8.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of osteocyte.
Answer:

Question 9.
Why the pus formed in our body?
Answer:
1. Some white blood cells sacrify their life to fight against external enemy, i.e., micro-organisms.
2. These dead WBC come out of wound.
3. This is generally called pus.
4. The body excretes the dead cells in that manner.

Question 10.
Write the muscles that are present in the body parts.
Answer:

Question 11.
How are proteins present in blood helpful to our body?
Answer:
Blood contains Haemoglobin, which contains Iron in its molecule. It transports Oxygen and carbon dioxide in our body.

Question 12.
Why ‘AB’ blood group is called Universal acceptor?
Answer:
‘AB’ blood group is called universal acceptor. A person with AB’ blood group can take all types of human blood, if Rh factor matches.

Question 13.
What is muscular tissue? What is its function?
Answer:
Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells called muscular fibres. This tissue is responsible for movement in our body.

Question 14.
What is the unique feature of cells of nervous tissue as compared to other body cells?
Answer:
All cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli. However, the cells of nervous tissue are highly specialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body. The brain spinal cord and nerves are all composed of nervous tissue.

Question 15.
Give four differences between bone and cartilage.
Answer:

Question 16.
Raghu wants to know more about blood. What questions Raghu will ask the teacher?
Answer:
Raghu might ask the following questions.

1. What would happen if blood possesses compact tissue?
2. Do all the organisms are having red coloured blood in their bodies?
3. What will happen if blood platelets are decreased in the blood?
4. What will happen if the percentage of Haemoglobin is decreased in the blood?

Question 17.
Complete the following flow chart.
Answer:

1. Areolar tissue
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Ligament
5. Tendon
6. Adipose Tissue
7. Blood

Question 18.
What are the constituents of pl& ma?
Answer:
Mainly water and several nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, proteins, vitamins and hormones, etc. required for the body and excretory products such as lactic acid, urea, salts etc…. plasma also contains factors responsible for blood clotting.

Question 19.
Draw a diagram showing blood cells.
Answer:

Question 20.
Draw a diagram showing cartilage.
Answer:

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a note on areolar tissue.
Answer:

• Areolar tissue is one type of connective tissue which joins different tissues.
• It helps in packing and helps to keep the organs in place.
• These cells are called fibroblasts.
• These are the major components of areolar tissue.
• These cells secrets fibrous material which holds the other tissue in position.
• They also help in repair of the tissue when they are injured.

Question 2.
Write a note on WBC.
Answer:

• White blood cells or WBC are one type of blood cells.
• They do not have haemoglobin, hence they are colourless.
• They are also called as leucocytes.
• They are less in number when compared to the RBC.
• They are two types :
  1. Granulocytes,
  2. Agranulocytes.
• Granulocytes are three types. They are neutrophils, basophils and esinophils.
• Granulocytes attack and destroy the microorganisms that enter the blood.
• Agranulocytes are two types. They are lymphocytes and monocytes.
• Lymphocytes secret anti-bodies to guard against foreign material, that enter into blood.
• So, lymphocytes are also called as microscopic policemen.
• Monocytes attack the foreign materials and destroyed them.
• So, they are called “scavengers”.

Question 3.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Answer:
Connective tissue connects the organs and muscles. It performs so many functions.

1. Helps in binding the other tissues and organs together.
2. Provides a frame work and support to various organs in the body.
3. Plays a major role in the transport of material from one tissue to another.
4. Helps in the body defence.
5. Helps in the body repairs.
6. Helps in the storage of fat.

Question 4.
Write a note on a nerve cell or neuron with the help of a neat diagram.
Answer:
Nervous tissue is made up of neurons.

It has 3 parts :

1. Cell body or cyton
2. Axon
3. Dendrites.

Cell body or Cyton :

1. It has a large nucleus and cytoplasm.
2. The cytoplasm contains Nissl’s granules.

Dendrites:

1. Projections arising from cell body are called dendrites.
2. They are sharp, branched and more in number.
3. The dendrite connected to another nerve cell’s axon.

Axon :

1. One projection of the cyton is long, called as axon.
2. In some nerve cells, axon covered with myelin sheath.
3. Nodes on axon are called Ranvier Nodes.
4. Axon of a nerve cell is connected with dendrites of another cell to frame a web like structure throughout body.

Question 5.

Read the table and answer the following questions.
1) Where do you find unstriated muscles in our body?
2) Name the muscles which are present in heart.
Answer:
1) Wall of alimentary canal, Iris of the eye, uterus, bronchi of lungs.
2) Cardiac Muscles.

Question 6.
Draw a neat diagram showing different muscles and lable their parts.
Answer:

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Rajiv used a blood group identification kit to test his blood group. Explain what will he observe if his blood is Rh factor positive.
Answer:
Rajiv observes for
i) Agglutinations in the circles where Anti D serum was tested,
ii) Agglutination in Anti Rh – D circle. „

Question 2.
Kamalakar teacher conducts an experiment to show blood cells under microscope to his students. Name the materials used by the teacher for the experiment.
Answer:
Microscope, slide, blood sample, syringe, needle.

Question 3.
Briefly explain epithelial tissue with examples.
Answer:
1) Epithelial tissue is one of the most important tissue of animal tissues.
2) Epithelial tissue is present in the skin, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules. There are three types of epithelial tissue in our body.
They are

1. Squamous epithelium
2. Cuboidal epithelium and
3. Columnar epithelium

1) Squamous epithelium :

a) This epithelium is extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining.
b) We can observe this tissue, in oesophagus, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli where transportation of substances selectively occurs through permeable membrane.
c) As this epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers. This is called as “stratified squamous epithelium”.

2) Cuboidal epithelium :

a) This tissue forms the lining of organs or tubules or other parts.
b) It provides mechanical support.

3) Columnar epithelium :

a) This is present where absorption and secretion occurs.
b) The scales of fishes, feathers of birds our skin, nails and hairs are also modified epithelial cells.

Question 4.
Read the following paragraph and answer the given questions.

i) Which connective tissue is called packing tissue?
ii) Which connective tissue joins muscle with bone?
iii) What are the main components of skeletal system?
iv) Where do you find adipose tissue in the body?
Answer:
i) Areolar tissue
ii) Tendon
iii) Cartilage
iv) Adipose tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs.

Question 5.
Draw the structure of neuron. Label parts. What is the function of myelin sheath?
Answer:

Function of myelin sheath :

1. Myelin is an insulating layer that forms around nerves. It is made up of proteins and fatty substances.
2. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

Question 6.
Write the names of the following.
a) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
b) Tissue that transports food in animals.
Answer:
a) Adipose tissue
b) Blood

Question 7.
Doctor examine Kshitija’s blood report and said, that she did not have the required levels of haemoglobin. What questions will you put the doctor to know about the effects of low level Haemoglobin?
Answer:

• What changes can we observe in a person who has low percentage of haemoglobin?
• What are the reasons for the low haemoglobin levels?
• Which type of food should we require to improve haemoglobin levels?
• Name the disease that occurs when we have less haemoglobin in our blood.

Question 8.
Observe the given diagram :

a) Identify the name of the diagram.
b) Write the names of the parts A & B.
c) Name the granular structure in the cytoplasm.
Answer:
a) The given diagram is nerve cell.
b) A – Cyton (cell body)
B – Axon
c) Nissl’s granules

Question 9.
A lab technician added a few drops of “Antigen-D” to a blood sample. What is the aim of him by doing so?
Answer:
If agglutination occurs in Anti RhD serum the Rh factor is positive and if it does not the Rh factor is negative.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Plant Tissues.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the functions of stomata?
Answer:

• These are essential for exchange of gases with the atmosphere.
• During transpiration loss of water takes place in the form of water vapour through stomata.

Question 2.
How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue?
Answer:
Xylem tissue consists of four types of elements. They are trachieds, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.

Question 3.
What are the constituents of phloem?
Answer:
Phloem is made up of five types of elements. They are sieve tubes, sieve cells, companion cells, phloem fibres and the phloem parenchyma.

Question 4.
How can the plants perform all the life processes?
Answer:
Different parts of the plant having specific tissues perform specific function.

Question 5.
Meristematic tissue present at the tips of root and shoot is called as?
Answer:
Apical meristem.

Question 6.
Which portion of the plant is responsible for transport of water, minerals and food materials?
Answer:
Stele

Question 7.
What is the other name for stomata?
Answer:
Airpores

Question 8.
Name the cells which divide continuously.
Answer:
Meristematic cells.

Question 9.
Which tissues makes up the husk of coconut?
Answer:
The husk of coconut is made of sclerenchyma tissue.

Question 10.
What is the role of epidermis in plants?
Answer:
Cells of epidermis form a continuous layer without intercellular spaces. It protects all the parts of the plants.

Question 11.
What are guard cells? What is their function?
Answer:
Each stomata is bound by a pair of specialised epidermal cells called guard cells. They control the opening and closing of the stomata.

Question 12.
How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Answer:
Xylem is made up of vessels, trachieds, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.

Question 13.
What are the constituents of Phloem?
Answer:
Phloem constitutes the sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.

Question 14.
What is a vascular tissue?
Answer:
Any tissue which contain vessels through which fluids are passed is called a vascular tissue.

Question 15.
Identify the given tissues.
Answer:

Question 16.
Name the branch of science that deals with the study of tissues.
Answer:
Histology

Question 17.
Name the scientist who coined the term ‘Parenchyma’.
Answer:
Nehamiah Grew

Question 18.
Name the plants that are possessed with Arenchyma.
Answer:
Water plants like Pistia, Eichornia.

Question 19.
Name the tissue that protects the trees from strong winds.
Answer:
Collenchyma gives flexibility and tensile strengh to the branches of the trees and protect them from strong winds and make them to bend. So, the branches won’t break up when they are exposed to the strong winds.

Question 20.
Where do you find sieve cells? What is their function?
Answer:
Sieve cells found in phloem helps in the transportation of materials.

Question 21.
What are companion cells and state their function?
Answer:
Companion cells are the parts of phloem aiding in transport of materials.

Question 22.
Where do you find vessels? Write their function.
Answer:
Vessels are found in xylem helps in conduction of nutrients. They also give mechanical support to the plant.

Question 23.
Name the tissue that is present in root tips.
Answer:
Meristematic tissue.

Question 24.
What is meant by differentiation?
Answer:
The process of taking up a permanent shape, size and function is called differentiation.

Question 25.
What happens to the plant if the vascular bundles are destroyed?
Answer:
The transportation of water, nutrients and food in that plant is totally stopped. Hence, the plant will die.

Question 26.
Name the tissue, that brings about overall growth and repair in plants.
Answer:
Meristematic Tissue.

Question 27.
Name the tissue, that form the bulk of the plant body, helping in packing other tissues.
Answer:
Ground Tissue.

Question 28.
Name the parts of the plant that helps in reproduction.
Answer:
Flowers

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the different elements of xylem. Collect information about the uses of the elements of xylem.
Answer:

• Xylem consists of trachieds, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
• Trachieds and vessels are tubular structures. This allows them to transport water and minerals vertically.
• The parenchyma stores food and helps in the sideways conduction of water.
• Fibres are mainly supportive in function give mechanical support to vascular bundles.

Question 2.
What are the differences between the plant tissues and animal tissues?
Answer:

Question 3.
What are the differences between simple tissue and complex tissue?
Answer:

• Simple tissues are composed of one type of cells which are structurally and functionally similar.
  e.g. : Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma.
• Complex tissues consists of more than one type of cells which perform a common function.
  e.g.: Xylem and phloem.

Question 4.
What are the characteristic features of cells in meristematic tissue?
Answer:
Cells in the meristematic tissue are

1. Small and having thin cell wall.
2. Living with prominent nucleus and abundant cytoplasm.
3. Compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
4. Continuously dividing cells.

Question 5.
Differentiate between Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell walls.
Answer:

Question 6.
Complete the following flow chart.
Answer:

1. Parenchyma
2. Sclerenchyma
3. Collenchyma
4. Xylem
5. Phloem
6. Chlorenchyma
7. Arenchyma

Question 7.
Write down the arrangement of cells in the given table :
Answer:

Now answer the following questions.
1) Where do you find meristems in the root tip?
Answer:
Below the root cap.

2) Where do you find intercalary meristems in the shoot tip?
Answer:
At the point of branching

Question 8.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of stomata.
Answer:

Question 9.
a) Identify the given structures.
b) State the role performed by the two structures.

Answer:
a) A is trachied
B) B is vessel
Both help in transporting water and minerals vertically.

Question 10.
Observe the diagram of location of meristematic tissue in plant body. Identify the types of meristematic tissue found in the labelled regions and write their functions.
Answer:

1. Apical meristems are found in the A region
2. Lateral meristems are found in the B region.
3. Apical meristem increases the length of the stem and the root.
4. Lateral meristem (cambium) increases the growth of the stem and root.

Question 11.
How does the cork act as protective tissue?
Answer:

• Cork has dead cells and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
• They have deposition of suberin on the walls that make them impervious to gases and water.

Question 12.
How do you appreciate the functions of vascular tissue in plants?
Answer:

• Vascular tissues carry water to a great heights in the plant body.
• It is upto nearly 200ft in Eucalyptus plants and upto nearly 330ft in the Redwood trees.
• It is an amazing factor of nature. I appreciate the functions of vascular tissue which carry water up to a greater heights.

Question 13.
Write a note on Arenchyma.
Answer:

• Air spaces are present in this type of Parenchyma.
• This type of Parenchyma is seen in plants which float on water, such plants are called hydrophytes.
  Ex : Pistia, Eichornia, Hydrilla.

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Draw a flow chart for plant tissues.
Answer:

Question 2.
What are meristems? Write the types of meristems.
Answer:
1. Tissues that bring about overall growth and repair are called meristems.

2. Meristems are of three types.

1. Apical meristems
2. Intercalary meristems
3. Lateral meristems.

3. Meristems at the growing tip that bring about growth in length are apical meristems.
e.g. : Stem and Root tips.

4. Meristems present around the edges in a lateral manner and giving rise to growth in diameter or girth of the stem are called lateral meristems.

5. Meristems present at the branching takes place or a leaf or a flower stalk grows are known as intercalary meristems.

Question 3.
Describe the structure of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
1) Structure of Parenchyma :

1. The cells of parenchyma are soft thin walled and loosely packed.
2. The parenchyma which contains chloroplasts is chlorenchyma, parenchyma which contains air spaces is arenchyma and the parenchyma which stores food or water is storage tissue.

2) Structure of Collenchyma :

1. Collenchyma tissues have thicker walled longer cells.
2. They give mechanical support to plant.
3. Intercellular spaces are present.

3) Structure of Sclerenchyma :

1. In the sclerenchyma the cells are thick walled and compactly arranged withtiearly no spaces between them.
2. They give mechanical strength to the plant.

Question 4.
Draw the diagram showing different types of ground tissue in plants.
Answer:

Question 5.
Draw the diagram showing different cells of xylem and phloem.
Answer:

Question 6.
Draw and label the diagram of L.S. of shoot tip.
Answer:

Question 7.
If you want to know more about Xylem and phloem, what questions will you ask?
Answer:
I will ask the following questions to know more about xylem and phloem.

1. What is the economic importance of xylem and phloem?
2. What are the factors that are helpful to vascular tissue in conducting water?
3. How do plants get water in the higher mountains?
4. What is the commercial importance of bast fibres?

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What will happen if stomata are absent in the leaves of the plant
Answer:

1. Gaseous exchange will not takes place in leaves.
2. Transpiration does not take place.

Question 2.
What are the different types of ground tissues in plants
Answer:

1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma

Question 3.
Give reasons.
a) Xylem is a conductive tissue.
b) Adipose tissue acts as an insulator of heat.
c) Cardiac muscle works without rest.
d) Epidermis provides protection to plants.
Answer:
a) Xylem acts as conducting tissue as it transports water and minerals from the roots to the top of tree.

b) Fat in our body is stored in adipose tissue. It is found below the skin and between internal organs. They act as insulators.

c) i) The muscles present in the heart are responsible for pumping of blood.
ii) The cells are long, branched and have nuclei.
iii) Cardiac muscles have striations. Though they have striations, they are involuntary muscles.

d) i) Dermal tissue (Dermis) usually consists of a single layer of tissues showing variations in the types of cells on the basis of their functions and location.
ii) The dermal tissue protects the plants from loss of water, mechanical damage like breaking and cleaning of branches and invasion of parasites and disease causing organisms.

Question 4.
Read the following paragraph and answer the following questions :

a) What does the paragraph denote?
b) What function does chlorenchyma perform and why?
c) In which plants do you find Aerenchyma abundantly and why?
d) Give some examples of plants where storage tissue is commonly seen.
Answer:
a) Ground tissue in plants.
b) Chlorenchyma has chloroplasts, which are capable of trapping solar energy. Hence, they perform photosynthesis.
c) Aerenchyma is found in water plants [Hydrophytes], Aerenchyma enables the water plant to float on water.
d) Potato, Carrot, Raddish.

Question 5.
a) Kshitija selected a plant and took out a thin section of its stem. She observed it under powerful compound microscope. Draw a diagram of what she observed and label it.
b) Add a note on Vascular bundle.
Answer:
a)

b)

1. Xylem and phloem are collectively called as Vascular bundle.
2. They are called as conducting tissue or vascular tissue.
3. Xylem is responsible for transportation of water and salts.
4. Phloem is responsible for transportation of food materials prepared by photosynthesis in other parts of the plants.

WorkBook Part

1. Take permanent slides of chlorenchyma, arenchyma, storage tissue in your labora-tory. Observe them under microscope and write their characters and differences.
2. Draw and label the diagram of the T.S. of stem.
3. How many basic types of tissues are there in plants? What are they?
4. Write the name of the following picture and write its parts.