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AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Chapter 14 Statistics Ex 14.3 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions 14th Lesson Statistics Exercise 14.3

10th Class Maths 14th Lesson Statistics Ex 14.3 Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The following frequency distribution gives the monthly consumption of electricity of 68 consumers of a locality. Find the median, mean and mode of the data and compare them.

Answer:

Sum of the frequencies = 68
∴ \(\frac{n}{2}\) = \(\frac{68}{2}\) = 34
Hence median class = 125 – 145
Lower boundary of the median class, l = 125
cf – cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class = 22
f – frequency of the median class = 20
h = class size = 20
Median = \(l+\frac{\left[\frac{\mathrm{n}}{2}-\mathrm{cf}\right]}{\mathrm{f}} \times \mathrm{h}\)
= 125 + \(\frac{[34-22]}{20}\) × 20
∴ Median = 125 + 12 = 137
Maximum number of consumers lie in the class 125 – 145
Modal class is 125 -145
l – lower limit of the modal class =125
f₁ – frequency of the modal class = 20
f₀ – frequency of the class preceding the modal class =13
f₂ – frequency of the class succeeding the modal class =14
h – size of the class = 20
Mode (Z) = \(l+\frac{f_{1}-f_{0}}{\left(f_{1}-f_{0}\right)+\left(f_{1}-f_{2}\right)} \times h\)
Mode (Z) = 125 + \(\frac{20-13}{(20-13)+(20-14)} \times 20\)
= 125 + \(\frac{7}{7+6}\) × 20
= 125 + \(\frac{140}{13}\)
= 125 + 10.76923
∴ Mode = 135.769
Mean \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\mathrm{a}+\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{u}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}} \times \mathrm{h}\)
a = assumed mean = 135
∴ \(\overline{\mathbf{x}}\) = 135 + \(\frac{7}{68}\)
= 135 + 0.102941
≃ 135.1
Mean, Median and Mode are approximately same in this case.

Question 2.
If the median of 60 observations, given below is 28.5, find the values of x and y.

Answer:

Median = \(l+\frac{\left[\frac{\mathrm{n}}{2}-\mathrm{cf}\right]}{\mathrm{f}} \times \mathrm{h}\)
It is given that ∑f = n = 60
So, 45 + x + y = 60
x + y = 60 – 45 = 15
x + y = 15 ….. (1)
The median is 28.5 which lies be-tween 20 and 30.
Median class = 20 – 30
Lower boundary of the median class ‘l’ = 20
\(\frac{N}{2}\) = \(\frac{60}{2}\) = 30
cf – cumulative frequency = 5 + x
h = 10
Median = \(l+\frac{\left[\frac{\mathrm{n}}{2}-\mathrm{cf}\right]}{\mathrm{f}} \times \mathrm{h}\)
⇒ 28.5 = 20 + \(\frac{30-5-x}{20}\) × 10
⇒ 28.5 = 20 + \(\frac{25-x}{2}\)
\(\frac{25-x}{2}\) = 28.5 – 20 = 8.5
25 – x = 2 × 8.5
x = 25- 17 = 8
also from (1); x + y = 15
8 + y = 15
y = 7
∴ x = 8; y = 7.

Question 3.
A life insurance agent found the following data about distribution of ages of 100 policy holders. Calculate the median age. [Policies are given only to persons having age 18 years onwards but less than 60 years.

Answer:

The given distribution being of the less than type, 25, 30, 35, give the upper limits of corresponding class intervals. So the classes should be 20 – 25, 25 – 30, 30 – 35, ………. 55 – 60.
Observe that from the given distribution 2 persons with age less than 20.
i.e., frequency of the class below 20 is 2.
Now there are 6 persons with age less than 25 and 2 persons with age less than 20.
∴ The number of persons with age in the interval 20 – 25 is 6 – 2 = 4.
Similarly, the frequencies can be calculated as shown in table.
Number of observations = 100
n = 100
\(\frac{n}{2}\) = \(\frac{100}{2}\) = 50, which lies in the class 35-40
∴ 35 – 40 is the median class and lower boundary l = 35
cf = 45;
h = 5;
f = 33
Median = \(l+\frac{\left[\frac{\mathrm{n}}{2}-\mathrm{cf}\right]}{\mathrm{f}} \times \mathrm{h}\)
= 35 + \(\frac{50-45}{33}\) × 5
= 35 + \(\frac{5}{33}\) × 5
= 35 + 0.7575
= 35.7575
∴ Median ≃ 35.76

Question 4.
The lengths of 40 leaves of a plant are measured correct to the nearest millimetre, and the data obtained is represented in the following table:

Find the median length of the leaves. (Hint: The data needs to be converted to continuous classes for finding the median, since the formula assumes continuous classes. The classes then change to 117.5 – 126.5, 126.5 – 135.5,…, 171.5 – 180.5.)
Answer:
Since the formula, Median = \(l+\frac{\left[\frac{\mathrm{n}}{2}-\mathrm{cf}\right]}{\mathrm{f}} \times \mathrm{h}\) assumes continuous classes assumes continuous class, the data needs to be converted to continuous classes.
The classes then changes to 117.5 – 126.5; 126.5 – 133.5, …… 171.5 – 180.5.

∑f_i = n = 40
\(\frac{n}{2}\) = \(\frac{40}{2}\) = 20
\(\frac{n}{2}\)th observation lie in the class 144.5- 153.5
∴ Median class = 144.5 – 153.5
Lower boundary, l = 144.5
Frequency of the median class, f = 12
c.f. = 17
h = 9
∴ Median = \(l+\frac{\left[\frac{\mathrm{n}}{2}-\mathrm{cf}\right]}{\mathrm{f}} \times \mathrm{h}\)
= 144.5 + \(\frac{20-17}{12}\) × 9
= 144.5 + \(\frac{3}{12}\) × 9
= 144.5 + \(\frac{9}{4}\)
= 144.5 + 2.25
∴ Median length = 146.75 mm.

Question 5.
The following table gives the distribution of the life-time of 400 neon lamps.

Find the median life-time of a lamp.
Answer:

Total observations are n = 400
\(\frac{n}{2}\)th observation i.e \(\frac{400}{2}\) = 200
200 lies in the class 3000 – 3500
∴ Median class = 3000 – 3500
Lower boundary l = 3000
frequency of the median class f = 86
c.f = 130
Class size, h = 500
Median = \(l+\frac{\left[\frac{\mathrm{n}}{2}-\mathrm{cf}\right]}{\mathrm{f}} \times \mathrm{h}\)
= 3000 + \(\frac{200-130}{86}\) × 500
= 3000 + \(\frac{70}{86}\) × 500
= 3000 + 406.977
= 3406.98
∴ Median life ≃ 3406.98 hours

Question 6.
100 surnames were randomly picked up from a local telephone directory and the frequency distribution of the number of letters in the English alphabet in the surnames was obtained as follows.

Determine the median number of letters in the surnames. Find the mean number of letters in the surnames ? Also, find the modal size of the surnames.
Answer:
Number of letters in the surnames.
Also find the modal size of the surnames.

Total observations are n = 100
\(\frac{n}{2}\) = \(\frac{100}{2}\) = 50
50 lies in the class 7 – 10
∴ Median class = 7 – 10
l – lower boundary = 7
f – frequency of the median class = 40
cf = 36
Class size h = 3
Median:
Median = \(l+\frac{\left[\frac{\mathrm{n}}{2}-\mathrm{cf}\right]}{\mathrm{f}} \times \mathrm{h}\)
= 7 + \(\frac{50-36}{40}\) × 3
= 7 + \(\frac{14}{40}\) × 3
= 7 + \(\frac{42}{40}\)
= 7 + 1.05
= 8.05
∴ Median = 8.05.

Mean:
Assumed mean, a = 8.5
Mean \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\mathrm{a}+\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{d}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}\)
= 8.5 + \(\frac{(-18)}{100}\)
= 8.5 – 0.18
= 8.32
∴ Mean = 8.32.

Mode:
Maximum number of surnames = 40
∴ Modal class = 7-10
l – lower boundary of the modal class = 7
Mode (Z) = \(l+\frac{f_{1}-f_{0}}{\left(f_{1}-f_{0}\right)+\left(f_{1}-f_{2}\right)} \times h\)
l = 7; f₁ = 40, f₀ = 30, f₂ = 16, h = 3
Mode (Z) = 7 + \(\frac{40-30}{(40-30)+(40-16)}\) × 3
= 7 + \(\frac{10}{10+24}\) × 3
= 7 + \(\frac{30}{34}\)
= 7 + 0.882
= 7.882

Median = 8.0.5; Mean = 8.32; Modal size = 7.88.

Question 7.
The distribution below gives the weights of 30 students of a class. Find the median weight of the students.

Answer:

Number of observations (n) = ∑f_i
\(\frac{n}{2}\) = \(\frac{30}{2}\) = 15
15 lies in the class 50 – 55
∴ Median class = 50-55
l – lower boundary of the median class = 55
f – frequency of the median class = 8
c.f = 5
Class size h = 6
Median = \(l+\frac{\left[\frac{\mathrm{n}}{2}-\mathrm{cf}\right]}{\mathrm{f}} \times \mathrm{h}\)
= 50 + \(\frac{15-5}{8}\) × 6
= 50 + 7.5
= 57.5
= 50 + 7.5 = 57.5
∴ Median weight = 57.5 kg.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 3 Earth Movements and Seasons.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 3rd Lesson Earth Movements and Seasons

Question 1.
Can you relate what are the major seasons you have seen?
Answer:
The major seasons I have seen are Summer season, Rainy season and Winter season.

Question 2.
Write any two factors that influence the order of seasons.
Answer:
The factors are:
a) The spherical shape of the Earth and the curvature of its surface.
b) Daily rotation of the Earth on its own Axis.

Question 3.
From where can we see the axis of the earth?
Answer:
The axis of the earth is an imaginary line. We cannot see it.

Question 4.
What are the reasons behind the formation of seasons?
Answer:
Earth’s revolution and inclination of the axis are the reasons behind it.

Question 5.
What happens if there are no seasons?
Answer:
If there are no seasons, there will be no life on the earth.

Question 6.
Find out if Andhra Pradesh is in the Tropical Belt or in the Temperate Beit.
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh is extended between 18°N to 79°N latitude (approximately). It is in Tropical Belt.

Question 7.
Will the Sun shine directly on our heads in Andhra Pradesh during any month? If yes, in which month?
Answer:
The Sun’s rays fall straightly on Andhra Pradesh in the month of May.

Question 8.
Find out in which belt is Delhi and if it would receive snowfall in winters.
Answer:
Delhi is located between 28°22″ N. latitude and 28°54″ N. latitude. It is in Temperate Belt. It records low temperatures but there is no snowfall.

Question 9.
The earth is rotating daily in such a high speed. But why don’t we feel this?
Answer:
The earth is rotating in such a speed with all its – atmosphere, human, animal and plant kingdoms. So we don’t feel this.

Question 10.
Appreciate the rotation and revolution.
Answer:
The Earth is rotating and revolving since her birth without any rest. If it stops for a while, the life on the Earth may get disappeared. So a lot of thanks to Mother Earth.

Question 11.
Which season is important out of all the seasons?
Answer:
All the seasons are important. The existence of all the seasons only supports the life on the earth.

Question 12.
What are the factors that influence the order of seasons?
Answer:
The factors that influence the order of seasons are:

1. The spherical shape of the Earth and the curvature of its surface.
2. Daily rotation of the Earth on its own Axis.
3. The tilt of the Axis of rotation compared to the plane on which the Earth moves.
4. The Earth’s movement around the Sun once a year (revolution).

Question 13.
From where can we see the axis of the earth?
Answer:
The axis of the earth is an imaginary line. We cannot see it.

Question 14.
The earth is rotating daily in such a high speed. But why don’t we feel this?
Answer:
The earth is rotating in such a speed with all its – atmosphere, human, animal and plant kingdoms. So we don’t feel this.

Question 15.
Appreciate the rotation and revolution.
Answer:
The Earth is rotating and revolving since her birth without any rest. If it stops for a while, the life on the Earth may get disappeared. So a lot of thanks to Mother Earth.

Question 16.
Which season is important out of all the seasons?
Answer:
All the seasons are important. The existence of all the seasons only supports the life on the earth.

Question 17.
Draw the important latitudes.
Answer:

Question 18.
Draw the temperature belts on the earth.
Answer:

SCERT AP Board 6th Class Social Solutions 2nd Lesson Globe – Model of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Solutions 2nd Lesson Globe – Model of the Earth

6th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Globe – Model of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What is a globe?
Answer:
Globe is a true model of the Earth.

Question 2.
What are the movements of the Earth?
Answer:
Rotation and Revolution are the movements of the Earth.

Question 3.
Which movement of the Earth causes Day and Night?
Answer:
Rotation of the Earth causes Day and Night.

Question 4.
What happens when the Earth rotates?
Answer:
During rotation, half portion of the Earth receives Sun’s rays and the remaining half portion remains in darkness.

Question 5.
Define the Earth’s Rotation and Revolution.
Answer:
Rotation: Planet Earth rotates around itself on its own axis. This movement is called Rotation.
Revolution: Planet Earth rotates around the Sun. This movement is called Revolution.

Question 6.
What is the true shape of the Earth?
Answer:
The Earth is round in shape. The Earth is slightly flattened at the poles and bulges in the middle or at the equator.

Question 7.
Which Latitude is known as the Tropic of Cancer?
Answer:
The latitude which is located at 23\(\frac{1}{2}\)° north of the equator is known as the Tropic of Cancer.

Question 8.
Read the Paragraph under the title ‘Equinox’ and comment on it.
On 21st March and September 23rd direct rays of the Sun fall on the equator. At this position, neither of the poles is tilted towards the Sun. So, the whole earth experiences equal days and nights. This is called an equinox.
On 23rd September, it is autumn season in the Northern Hemisphere and spring season in the Southern Hemisphere. The opposite is the case on 21st March when it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Thus, you find days and nights and changes in the seasons because of the rotation and revolution of the earth.
Answer:
On 21st March and 23rd, September Sun’s rays fall directly on the Equator. So we experience equal day and night on both these days. This is called equinox. On 21st March it is autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and spring in the Southern Hemisphere. Because of Earth’s rotation, half portion of the Earth receives Sun’s rays and the remaining half remains in darkness. So we find changes on Earth because of Earth’s rotation and revolution.

Question 9.
Create a table and list out the similarities and differences between Latitudes and Longitudes.
Answer:
Similarities between latitudes and longitudes:

1. Latitudes and longitudes are both artificial.
2. Latitudes and Longitudes are both invisible lines.
3. Latitude is based on the 0° latitude while longitude is based on Greenwich.
4. They both help us to locate a place on earth

Differences:

Question 10.
If India has day, it is night in America. What is the reason for this difference?
Answer:
The part of the Earth that faces the Sun gets illuminated and experiences the day. The opposite part of the earth that does not face the Sun, experiences night. As India is opposite to America the difference in day and night occurs.

Question 11.
Take a ball and draw the latitudes and longitudes on the surface.
Answer:
Project Work: Student Activity.

Question 12.
Prepare a note on the difference between a globe and an atlas.
Answer:

1. A globe is a three-dimensional sphere. An atlas is two-dimensional.
2. A globe represents the whole earth. An atlas represents the whole earth or a part of it.
3. A globe can be used to get a broad-level picture of the world. An atlas provides more specific information about different places.

Question 13.
Find out the latest leap year and the coming leap year.
Answer:
The present year 2020 is a leap year. 2024 is the coming leap year.

Question 14.
What preparations should be taken to watch a solar eclipse safely?
Answer:
The Sun outputs more power than our eye is designed and so it damages the retina. So we should not watch the Sun or the solar eclipse directly. We should use special-purpose solar filters, such as eclipse glasses to watch Solar eclipses safely. Projecting the Sun through a box projector is another safe way to watch the solar eclipse.

Question 15.
It is difficult to understand the geographical location, time, and distance in the absence of the imaginary lines – latitudes and longitudes. Appreciate the design of the imaginary lines of latitudes and longitudes.
Answer:

1. Latitudes are used to define the North-South position of a location on the planet.
   The general climatic division of a place can be studied with the help of latitudes.
2. Longitudes are used to define the East-West position of a location on the planet. Longitudes also help us to calculate the time of a particular place.
3. If the latitude and longitude are known any position on earth can be located. Even- though, longitudes and latitudes are imaginary lines they play an important role.

So we should appreciate the design of the imaginary lines of the latitudes and longitudes.

Question 16.
Venu met some children from different cities at a youth festival. They were: Geethika, John, Nihal, and Uma. Venu collected some information about their cities.
Venu has given us certain clues. Can you find out the cities with the help of an Atlas?

• Geethika – A girl from a city where 19° Northern Latitude and 72° Eastern Longitude nearly coordinates.
  Find and write the city name: ………………………………………………………
• John – A boy from a city where 12° Northern Latitude and 77° Eastern Longitude nearly coordinates.
  Find and write the city name: ………………………………………………………
• Nihal – A boy from a city where 28° Northern Latitude and 77° Eastern Longitude nearly coordinates.
  Find and write the city name: ………………………………………………………
• Uma – A girl from a city where 22° Northern Latitude and 88° Eastern Longitude nearly coordinates.
  Find and write the city name: ………………………………………………………

Answer:

• Geethika – A girl from a city where 19° Northern Latitude and 72° Eastern Longitude nearly coordinates.
  Find and write the city name: ( Bombay)
• John – A boy from a city where 12° Northern Latitude and 77° Eastern Longitude nearly coordinates.
  Find and write the city name: (Bangalore)
• Nihal – A boy from a city where 28° Northern Latitude and 77° Eastern Longitude nearly coordinates.
  Find and write the city name: (Delhi)
• Uma – A girl from a city where 22° Northern Latitude and 88° Eastern Longitude nearly coordinates.
  Find and write the city name: (Kolkata)

Question 17.
If an astronaut from a spaceship looks down at the Earth, can he/she see the rotation of the earth?
Answer:
Yes. From a spaceship, an astronaut can see the rotation of the earth. Spaceships move around the Earth at a different speed. So the astronaut can see the Earth’s rotation.

Question 18.
Why can’t we sense the rotation and revolution of the Earth?
Answer:
The Earth is moving at a fixed speed and we are also moving along with it at the same speed. That is why we can’t sense the Earth’s spin. If Earth’s spin changes we would definitely sense it. If we are in a car that is moving at a constant speed on a smooth surface, we will not know that we are moving. However, when the car accelerates or when the brakes are applied, we will feel the motion. Another example is, we can drink coffee or tea on a moving train which is moving at a constant speed* because we are traveling by the train at the same speed. If the speed of the train changes we can’t drink. The spin of Earth doesn’t make those kinds of changes. So we can’t sense the rotation and revolution of the Earth.

Question 19.
Choose the correct answer.
i) The movement of the Earth around the Sun is known as
A) Rotation
B) Revolution
C) Inclination
D) Meridian
Answer:
B) Revolution

ii) Sun rays fall directly on the Equator on:
A) 21 March
B) 21 June
C) 22 December
D) 22 October
Answer:
A) 21 March

iii) Christmas is celebrated in summer in:
A) Japan
B) Australia
C) India
D) The USA
Answer:
B) Australia

iv) The cycle of the seasons is caused due to:
A) Rotation
B) Revolution
C) Gravitation
D) Inclination
Answer:
B) Revolution

Question 20.
Find and fill the latitudes and longitudes in the given table with the help of Atlas and Globe.

Answer:

Question 21.
Find and fill the latitudes and longitudes extent of India and Andhra Pradesh in the given table with the help of Google Maps or Atlas.

Answer:

Question 22.
Observe the following pictures and fill the boxes with the name of the shaded hemispheres.

Answer:

Project Work

Draw a diagram of the globe showing the earth’s axis, the Equator, Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn, Arctic Circle, and Antarctic Circle.
Answer:
Student Activity.

6th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Globe – Model of the Earth InText Questions and Answers

Let’s Do

(Textbook Page No. 17)

Question 1.
Take a big round apple. Pierce a cycle spoke through it. The spoke resembles the axis shown in a globe. You can now move the apple around this axis from left to right.
Answer:
Student Activity.

Think and Respond

(Textbook Page No. 16)

Question 1.
How does the earth rotate and revolve without any needle, unlike the Globe? Discuss with the teacher.
Answer:
Our Solar System formed about 4.6 billion years ago when a huge cloud of gas and dust started to collapse under its own gravity. As the cloud collapsed, it started to spin. The Solar system is made up of the Sun and everything that orbits around it includes the planets and their moons as well as numerous asteroids, meteoroids, and comets. Without any unbalanced forces acting on them, the tremendous gravity of the Sun and the planets have kept them rotating for billions of years. Either the Earth or any other planet does not have any needle to rotate or to revolve.

Question 2.
All the celestial bodies are round in shape. Why?
Answer:
A planet is round because of its gravity. Gravity pulls from the center to the edges like the spokes of a bicycle wheel. This makes the overall shape of a planet a sphere, which is a three-dimensional circle.

(Textbook Page No. 17)

Question 3.
In which hemisphere is India located?
Answer:
India is located within both the Northern and Eastern hemispheres.

Question 4.
Which hemisphere has the maximum number of continents?
Answer:
Northern Hemisphere has the maximum number of continents.

Question 5.
In which hemisphere is the continent Antarctica located?
Answer:
Antarctica is located in the Southern hemisphere.

(Textbook Page No. 17)

Question 6.
Complete the table with the help of a world map, globe, or internet.

Answer:

Question 7.
Why do latitudes get smaller towards the pole? Which latitude is the biggest circle?
Answer:
The equator is the largest circle and divides the globe into two equal halves. So it is at the center of the Earth. Circles of latitude are all great circles with the center of Earth in the middle. The circles of latitude get smaller as the distance from the Equator increases. So the latitudes get smaller towards the poles. The Equator is the biggest latitude.

(Textbook Page No. 18)

Question 8.
Fill in the table with the help of a globe/map.

Answer:

(Textbook Page No. 20)

Question 9.
Identify and write down the Latitude and Longitude between the extents of the given Andhra Pradesh map. You can take the help of Atlas.

Answer:
Andhra Pradesh Latitude: 12°41’ N to – 19°07′ N
Longitude : 77° – 84°40′ E.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 18 Rights Approach to Development.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 18th Lesson Rights Approach to Development

Question 1.
What would give the poor people like Pavan and his mother a life with dignity?
Answer:
“Work hard – Lead the life”.
This only gives them a life with dignity.

Question 2.
Whose duty is it to ensure that Pa van and his mother are able to live a life of dignity and freedom?
Answer:
It is the duty of the society and the government to ensure that Pavan and his mother are able to live a life of dignity and freedom.

Question 3.
What are the arguments of people in “disclosing the information?”
Answer:
Their arguments are as follows.

1. Information is crucial to the human development, and democratic rights. People can participate in government and ensure just development only if they have sufficient information in the form of official documents.
2. Information will make governments more accountable in their functioning. It is possible to monitor the functioning and check possibility of corrupt practices. Information is crucial to the survival of the poor.
3. In a situation where information has to be made public, arbitrary decisions by the elected representatives or the officials can be controlled.

Question 4.
How did the movement begin for disclosing information?
Answer:
A group of people in Rajasthan, organised themselves under the banner of Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) and demanded information. There was no legal provision to get the details of information as mentioned in the above paragraph from government to the people. Initially, these documents were collected with the help of officials. People evaluated these documents through public meetings. Soon officials began to resist the idea of disclosing the information. This led to a people’s movement.

Question 5.
Write about six main points of RTE.
Answer:
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009
The RTE Act is meant for providing free and Compulsory Education to all Children in the age group of 6 – 14 years and came into force from 1st April 2010.
Important provisions of RTE Act

• Ensure availability of schools within the reach of the children.
• Improve School infrastructure facilities.
• Enroll children in the class appropriate to his / her age.
• Children have a right to receive special training in order to be at par with other children.
• Providing appropriate facilities for the education of children with special needs on par with other children.
• No child shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing the elementary education. No test for admitting the children in schools.

Question 6.
Comment this figure.

Answer:
There is an old lady in this picture. She belongs to a poor family. All the vessels are empty. We can see the rice in a vessel in a small quantity. The woman is also very weak due to lack of food. It is because of monsoon failure. She is a victim of famine.

Question 7.
Read the following passages and answer the given questions.
Answer:
Pavan is a boy of about 13 years, who lives with his mother. He lives in a temple town visited by a large number of pilgrims. Pavan stands outside the temple gate and begs the pilgrims for food by falling at their feet. Sometime, some of them give him stale left over food from their tiffin boxes. Sometimes, he carries heavy bags for them and is paid a small amount.

His mother works in a house as domestic help. She works almost for twelve hours everyday, through out the month. She is constantly ordered about by her employers including young children. She is given left over food after everyone else has eaten. She is not allowed to sit before the employers, and has to always talk to them meekly. She is often insulted for some minor errors or delays and has to fight back her tears and anger lest she be thrown out of job.
1) How old is Pavan?
Answer:
He is 13 years old.

2) Why do the people give Pavan some money?
Answer:
Sometimes he lifts heavy bags for them. So they give Pavan some small amount.

3) What does his mother do?
Answer:
She works in a house as domestic help.

4) Try to write any two of her problems.
Answer:

1. She is not allowed to sit before the employers.
2. She is often insulted for some minor errors.

5) Why does Pavan fall at their feet?
Answer:
To create pity and sympathy in the minds of pilgrims for money.

Question 8.
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
JAN SUNVAYI: MKSS used to conduct meetings, called ‘jan sunvayi’ (or people’s hearings). It is true that many people cannot read the government documents themselves. But every person in a village would like to know what the documents say. Thus, these were read out and explained. A muster roll would give names of people for whom wages were paid for making a hand-pump. The villagers can identify if the people mentioned in the muster roll were present during those days or were migrants, or if they were paid the amount stated in the document. This would bring out the corrupt in practices. Through these events people brought in necessary action. Officials were also given opportunity to defend and talk about the details given in the documents. The district administration and panchayat officials also participated in these meetings. When corruption was identified, criminal cases were registered against the concerned persons.

1) What is the meaning of ‘Jan Sunvayi’?
Answer:
It means people’s hearings.

2) Why do they read out the documents?
Answer:
Many people cannot read the government documents, so they read out.

3) What is a muster roll?
Answer:
It is an attendance register.

4) What did they do through these events?
Answer:
Through these events they brought in necessary action.

5) When did they register criminal cases?
Answer:
When corruption was identified, they registered criminal cases.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Chapter 14 Statistics Ex 14.1 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions 14th Lesson Statistics Exercise 14.1

10th Class Maths 14th Lesson Statistics Ex 14.1 Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A survey was conducted by a group of students as a part of their environment awareness programme, in which they collected the following data regarding the number of plants in 20 houses in a locality. Find the mean number of plants per house.

Answer:

Since f_i and x_i are of small values we use direct method.
∴ \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}\)
= \(\frac{162}{20}\)
= 8.1

Question 2.
Consider the following distribution of daily wages of 50 workers of a factory.

Find the mean daily wages of the workers of the factory by using an appropriate method.
Answer:

Here the x_i are of large numerical values.
So we use deviation method then,
\(\overline{\mathbf{x}}=\mathbf{a}+\frac{\Sigma \mathbf{f}_{\mathbf{i}} \mathbf{d}_{\mathbf{i}}}{\Sigma \mathbf{f}_{\mathbf{i}}}\)
Here the assumed mean is taken as 275.
∴ \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\mathrm{a}+\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{d}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}\)
= 275 + \(\frac{1900}{50}\)
= 275 + 38
= 313.

Question 3.
The following distribution shows the daily pocket allowance of children of a locality. The mean pocket allowance is Rs. 18. Find the missing frequency f.

Answer:

\(\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}\)
x_i = 18 (given)
\(\Rightarrow 18=\frac{752+20 \mathrm{f}}{(44+\mathrm{f})}\)
18 (44 + f) = 752 + 20 f
⇒ 20f- 18f= 792-752
⇒ 2f = 40
∴ f = \(\frac{40}{20}\) = 20.

Question 4.
Thirty women were examined in a hospital by a doctor and their of heart beats per minute were recorded and summarised as shown. Find the mean heart beats per minute for these women, choosing a suitable method.

Answer:

\(\overline{\mathbf{x}}=\mathbf{a}+\frac{\Sigma \mathbf{f}_{\mathbf{i}} \mathbf{d}_{\mathbf{i}}}{\Sigma \mathbf{f}_{\mathbf{i}}}\)
75.5 + \(\frac{12}{30}\)
= 75.5 + 0.4
= 75.9.

Question 5.
In a retail market, fruit vendors were selling oranges kept in packing baskets. These baskets contained varying number of oranges. The following was the distribution of oranges.

Find the mean number of oranges kept in each basket. Which method of finding the mean did you choose?
Answer:

Here we use step deviation method where a = 135, h = 5,a multiple of all d_i
\(\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\mathrm{a}+\left(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{u}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}\right) \times \mathrm{h}\)
= 22 + \(\frac{25}{400}\) × 5
= 22 + 0.31
= 22.31

Question 6.
The table below shows the daily expenditure on food of 25 households in a locality.
Find the mean daily expenditure on food by a suitable method.
Answer:

Here a = 125, h = 50, ∑f_iu_i = 43
Now
\(\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\mathrm{a}+\left(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{u}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}\right) \times \mathrm{h}\)
= 125 + \(\frac{43}{25}\) × 50
= 125 + (43 × 2)
= 125 + 86
= 211.
NOTE: If we consider first value as “a” then we dont get negative values in u_i, f_iu_i columns. Then it becomes easy for calculation.

Question 7.
To find out the concentration of SO₂ in the air (in parts per million, i.e., ppm), the data was collected for 30 localities in a certain city and is presented below:

Find the mean concentration of SO₂ in the air.
Answer:

∴ \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}\)
= \(\frac{2.96}{30}\)
= 0.00986666…….
≃ 0.099

Question 8.
A class teacher has the following attendance record of 40 students of a class for the whole term. Find the mean number of days a student was present out of 56 days in the term.

Answer:

Here, a = 51.5
∴ \(\overline{\mathbf{x}}=\mathbf{a}+\frac{\Sigma \mathbf{f}_{\mathbf{i}} \mathbf{d}_{\mathbf{i}}}{\Sigma \mathbf{f}_{\mathbf{i}}}\)
= 51.5 – \(\frac{99}{40}\)
= 51.5 – 2.475
= 49.025
≃ 49 days

Question 9.
The following table gives the literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities. Find the mean literacy rate.

Answer:

a = 70; h = 10
∴ \(\overline{\mathbf{x}}=\mathbf{a}+\frac{\Sigma \mathbf{f}_{\mathbf{i}} \mathbf{u}_{\mathbf{i}}}{\Sigma \mathbf{f}_{\mathbf{i}}} \times \mathbf{h}\)
\(\Rightarrow \bar{x}=70-\frac{2}{35} \times 10\)
= 70 – \(\frac{2}{35}\) × 10
= 70 – \(\frac{20}{35}\)
= 70 – 0.57142
= 69.4285
≃ 69.43%

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 17 Understanding Poverty.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 17th Lesson Understanding Poverty

Question 1.
What is the average calorie intake of persons in the top quarter in the country?
Answer:
The average calorie intake of persons in the top quarter in the country is 2521.

Question 2.
By what percentage does the calorie intake of persons in the bottom quarter fall short of the daily calorie standard?
Answer:
23% of the calorie intake of persons in the bottom quarter fall short of the daily calorie standard.

Question 3.
Do you find any relationship between economic background of person and his/her nutritional status?
Answer:
Yes, I find the relationship between economic background of person and his/her nutritional status. If the economic standard is less, the nutritional status is also low and vice versa.

Question 4.
What do you think can be done such that Ramachari and his family get two square meals a day?
Answer:
Ramachari should also go to the nearest town with his wife for daily works. Then only he and his family can get two square meals a day.

Question 5.
How would you describe the exchange between Ramachari and the farmers in the village?
Answer:
I discribe the exchange between Ramachari and the farmers in the village as follows:
“One for all and all for one”.

Question 6.
Why do you think the MNREGA places priority on provision of irrigation facility to land owned by households belonging to the SCs and STs?
Answer:
The government sanctioned some funds for the development of SCs and STs from many years. These funds were remained unused. So these are used for irrigation and drinking water facilities to them only. With this they feel self-reliance.

Question 7.
Why do you think the calorie intakes of the people are so low?
Answer:
As they have low earnings, they cannot purchase costly foods which have high calories. They cannot eat and cannot work. So they.are habituated to eat stomachful of food, e.g.: Rice & chutney / rice & curry or rice & sambar.
So they are taking so low calories.

Question 8.
Do you think the poor will be served better now with new policy? Provide reasons in favour of your answer.
Answer:
I think that the poor will be served better now with new policy.
Reasons:

1. The government takes back the white cards from ineligibles.
2. So the provisions are supplied only to the poor and the poorest.

Question 9.
Ration shops are also called fair price shops. Can you guess why?
Answer:
The provisions in ration shops are available at low prices when compared to open market. So they are called fair price shops.

Question 10.
Why are people without employment also often without assets, such as land, cattle, shops etc.?
Answer:
The people those who have no employment cannot save their earnings. Without savings they cannot purchase assets. So they do not have assets.

Question 11.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Why Poverty? How can it be eliminated?’ and answer the following: What are the other reasons for poverty?
Answer:
The other reasons for poverty:

1. Big families
2. Only one person works hard in the family while all others eat.
3. Lack of chances according to their capacity or eligibility.
4. Less wages / salaries.

Question 12.
Give your comments on the given picture.
Answer:
This picture belongs to ‘Mid day meals scheme’. The girls are the beneficiaries of this scheme. In some poor families, children are not provided nutrious food and they are often suffered from hunger. The children studying in government schools, especially from such families will get benefited by this scheme. Undernourished children do not grow as quickly as healthy children. They will feel hard to study, work or otherwise perform physical activities. Mentally, they may develop more slowly. Keeping all these in view, the government is implementing Mid-day meal scheme for the well-being of the children belonging to poor families.

Question 13.
Observe the graph and answer the following questions.

1. Who are taking more calories?
Answer:
The rich

2. What is the difference between the top quarter and second quarter in calories?
Answer:
621 calories.

3. Who are taking least calories?
Answer:
The bottom quarter

4. What do you understand by observing this picture?
Answer:
Economic standard dictates the nutrition status.

Question 14.
Activity: One way to find out if adults are undernourished is to calculate what Nutrition Scientists call Body Mass Index (BMI). This is easy to calculate. Measure the weight of the person in kgs. Then measure the height in metres. Divide the weight by the square of the height. If this figure is less than 18.5 then the person would be considered undernourished. However, if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight. Do remember that this criterion is not applicable to growing children.
Let each student in the class find out the weight and height of three adult persons of different economic backgrounds like office workers, servants, business person etc. Collect the data from all the students and make a combined table. Calculate their BMI.
Answer:

Question 15.
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
The poorest families are issued Antyodaya cards. Next, the people whose situations are slightly better but still can be considered poor are issued BPL (Below Poverty Line) cards. The remaining families are issued APL (Above Poverty Line) cards.
Quantities and prices of ration given to each cardholder are different. For example, the Antyodaya cardholders are entitled to get 35 kgs of foodgrains (rice and wheat) per month per family. The BPL cardholders in Andhra Prasdesh can receive 4 kgs of foodgrains per head not exceeding 20 kgs per family. The Annapurna Scheme card holders who are the poorest of the poor (Indigent senior citizens) get 10 kgs of rice free of cost.
1. Who are issued Antyodaya cards?
Answer:
The poorest families.

2. Which colour cards are issued to BPL families?
Answer:
White cards.

3. What is meant by BPL?
Answer:
Below Poverty Line.

4. How much food grains can receive the BPL card holders in Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
4 kgs of food grains per head.

5. Who are the Annapurna scheme card holders?
Answer:
The poorest of the poor (Indigent senior citizens).

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 1A Attitude is Altitude Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class English Solutions Chapter 1A Attitude is Altitude

10th Class English Chapter 1A Attitude is Altitude Textbook Questions and Answers

Look at the pictures and answer the questions.

Question 1.
What qualities have made these persons great?
Answer:
The persons in the above pictures are Sudha Chandran, Stephen Hawking and Helen Keller.
Sudha Chandran is an accomplished Bharatanatyam dancer, Indian film and television actress, who showed great courage even though she had lost her leg in an accident.

Stephen Hawking is one of the famous scientists. Despite his debilitating illness, he has done ground-breaking work in physics.

Helen Keller overcame the adversity of being blind and deaf to become one of the 20th century’s leading humanitarians.
These three great persons showed that anything can be done, if one tries hard enough. From their lives, it is understood that one need not lose hope. Their lives show us that disability need not prevent one from reaching great heights. The qualities such as grit, determination, confidence, will power, dedication, discipline, etc. have made these persons great.

Question 2.
What qualities do you think a person requires to become successful ?
Answer:
The qualities a person requires to become successful are determination, dedication, discipline, grit, courage, faith, positive thinking, responsibility, hard work, commitment, desire, persistence, good character, etc. These qualities make a person highly successful.

Comprehension

I. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
‘I call it my chicken drumstick,’ joked Nick. What does ‘it’ refer to? How does it help him ?
Answer:
‘It’ refers to the small foot that Nick has on his left hip. It helps him balance and enables him to kick. Nick uses his one foot to type, write with a pen and pick things up between his toes.

Question 2.
‘His parents decided not to send him to a special school.’ Was Nick happy about his parents’ decision? Why or why not? What do you think about this decision?
Answer:
Nick’s was not happy with his parents’ decision because there might be the risk of bullying. His companions at mainstream school might tease him.
But later, he realised that his parents’ decision was the best one. I think that this decision was the best one his parents could have made for him as he was able to achieve a degree in Financial Planning and Real Estate. The decision made him independent.

Question 3.
How did Nick’s parents help him to become independent?
Answer:
Right from the start Nick’s parents did their best to make him independent. His father put Nick in the water at 18 months and gave him the courage to learn how to swim. He encouraged Nick to get into football and skating. He taught Nick how to type with his toe at just six years old. Nick’s mother invented a special plastic device that meant Nick could hold a pen and pencil. Despite the risk of bullying, Nick’s parents insisted on his attending mainstream school.

Question 4.
Pick out the symptoms of Nick’s depression. Do you think his depression was normal or something unique about him? Give reasons for your opinion.
Answer:
Nick was deeply depressed when he was eight years old. When he was in depression, he went to his mother crying and told her that he wanted to kill himself. He felt cold and bitter. He hated God for doing this to him. He was terrified about his future without his parents. At age ten Nick tried to drown himself in the bath. These were the symptoms of Nick’s depression. I think his depression was normal. Any human being born like Nick might have the same depression.

Question 5.
Which incident in this text is funny? What makes it funny?
Answer:
Once Nick was in a car and a girl at traffic lights was looking at him interestingly. She could only see Nick’s head so he decided to do a 360 in the car seat to freak her out. When she saw the torso, she sped off really quickly. This is the funny incident in the text. The idea of Nick showing the girl his torso makes the scene funny.

Question 6.
What made Nick choose Bethany Hamilton as his teacher to learn surfing?
Answer:
Nick went to Hawaii in 2008 and met surfing master Bethany Hamilton. She had her arm bitten off by a shark when she was 12. Nick chose Bethany Hamilton as she too was a disabled person and still she performed surfing very well. Though she had no arm she did well. As a disabled person, she could know how a disabled person could learn how to surf. She could know the psychological condition of a disabled person.

Question 7.
Which aspect of Nick’s physical condition helps him to do a 360 degree spin?
Answer:
Nick has a very low centre of gravity so he has got pretty good balance. This condition helps Nick to do 360 degree spin.

Question 8.
What are the distinct features of this text? List them.
Answer:

1. It is an autobiography.
2. Varied sentences are used.
3. Ideas are arranged in a logical sequence.
4. Emotive and persuasive language is used.
5. Ideas are exemplified very well.
6. Cohesion is found in the text. The sentences are connected with proper linkers.
7. Unity of ideas is maintained for coherence. The sentences are connected in a clear and reasonable way.
8. Certain quotations and examples are given.
9. Proper introduction, development and conclusion are ensured.
10. The ideas are given formally and precisely.
11. As far as the content is concerned, it touches the emotions of a reader.
12. The content is message-oriented.
13. Physical description of the main character is given properly.
14. The main character’s attitudes, likes, dislikes, strengths and weaknesses are given effectively.

Question 9.
What do you learn from the life of Nick Vujicic?
Answer:
Nick Vujicic uses his life story to inspire people of all around the world. From the life of Nick, we learn that if we fail, we should try again and again until we succeed. Nick shows us that anything can be done, if we try hard enough. Undoubtedly, I feel that his life is a source of inspiration to everyone of us. He has been able to do all these because of his faith, hope, perseverance and strong will power. Nick proves that disability need not prevent one from reaching great heights. Hence I learn that we shouldn’t lose our faith and hope under any circumstances.

II. Given below are some of the statements made by Nick Vujicic. Which of these are substantiated by Nick’s life ?

• I realised why God had made us like this – to give hope to others.
• I wanted to concentrate on something good that / had.
• I tell people to keep on getting up when they fall and to always love themselves.
• If I can encourage just one person, then my job in this life is done.

Answer:
I think all the above statements are substantiated by Nick’s life.
i) I realised why God had made us like this – to give hope to others:
When Nick was 13, he read a newspaper article about a disabled man who had managed to achieve great things and help others. Nick was inspired very much by the disabled man mentioned in the article. He got a hope from him. Then he decided to use his life to encourage others and give them hope.

ii) I wanted to concentrate on something good that I had:
Nick was not discouraged with his disability. He knew that he had no arms and legs but he thought that they would never take away the beauty of his eyes. With his positive approach, he thought that his eyes were very good ones for him. He wanted to love his positive qualities such as faith, will power and perseverance. Further, he was quite satisfied with what he had, i.e. a small foot on his left hip. He said he would be lost with it.

iii) I tell people to keep on getting up when they fall and to always love themselves: If Nick fails, he tries again and again until he succeeds. When Nick was learning how to surf, he was terrified at first but later he did very well. Though he has no limbs, he always loves himself. I know this by his statement, “I decided to be thankful for what I do have, not get angry about what I don’t.”

iv) If I can encourage just one person, then my job in this life is done:
This statement was substantiated by Nick aptly. He encouraged many people in the world. He used his life story to inspire others. He made many people realise their inner beauty and personality. He was able to rise many people from the state of despair to the state of great hope.

Vocabulary

I. Look at the list of adjectives in the box. Which of them describe Nick Vujicic. Tick (✓) them.

Answer:

Explanation:

1. positive: hopeful and confident
2. negative: harmful, unpleasant or not wanted
3. optimistic: believing that good things will happen In the future
4. pessimistic: expecting that bad things will happen in the future
5. generous: willing to give money, spend time, etc. in order to help people or give them pleasure
6. nervous: worried or frightened about something
7. confident: sure that something will happen in the way that you want or expect
8. smart: fashionable, clever
9. sociable: friendly and enjoys being with other people
10. cowardly: not at all brave
11. courageous: brave
12. reliable: dependable
13. Independent: confident and able to do things by oneself in ones own way
14. dependent: needing someone or something in order to exist, be successful, be healthy, etc.
15. obedient: always doing what one is told to do
16.  trusting: willing to believe that other people are good and honest
17. valiant: very brave in difficult situation
18. self-centred: paying so much attention to oneself that one doesn’t notice what is happening
19. arrogant: behaving in an unpleasant or rude way
20. sarcastic: saying things that are the opposite of what one means, in order to make an unkind joke
21. quarrelsome: one who quarrels a lot with people
22. rude: not polite and annoys others
23. creative: good at using imagination to make things
24. stubborn: determined not to change one’s mind when people think one is being unreasonable
25. lazy: not making any effort to do anything
26. pompous: trying to seem magnificent or very important; fond of display, acting too proudly, self-important.
27. level-headed: sensible in making judgements

Pick out from the text the examples that support these attributes.

II. Given below are words that describe the positive or negative attitude of a person. Discuss them with your partner and put a tick (✓) against the positive qualities and a cross (✕) against the negative qualities.

Answer:

Explanation:

1. sullen: angry and silent (negative quality)
2. sneaky: doing things in a secret and dishonest way (negative quality)
3. exuberant: happy and full of energy and excitement (positive quality)
4. bossy: always telling other people what to do in a way that is annoying (negative quality)
5. cautious: careful to avoid danger or risk (positive quality)
6. aggressive: behaving in an angry threatening way (negative quality)
7. competitive: determined or trying very hard to he more successful than other people (positive quality)
8. finicky: too concerned with unimportant details and small things that you like or dislike (negative quality)
9. imaginative: good at thinking of new and interesting ideas (positive quality)
10. observant: good or quick at noticing things (positive quality)
11. enthusiastic: showing a lot of interest and excitement about something (positive quality)
12. outgoing: someone who Is outgoing likes to meet and talk to new people (positive quality)
13. haughty: behaving in a proud. unfriendly way (negative quality)
14. intrepid: willing to do dangerous things; fearless, brave (positive quality)
15. malicious: very unkind and cruel and is trying to do harm to others (negative quality)
16. meticulous: very careful about small details and always makes sure that everything is done correctly (positive quality)
17. slovenly: lazy untidy and careless (negative quality)
18. obnoxious: very offensive, unpleasant or rude (negative quality)
19. stingy: not generous. especially with money (negative quality)
20. Idealistic: believing that one should live according to high standards and principles, even when they are very difficult to achieve (positive quality)
21. affable: friendly and easy to talk to (positive quality)
22. logical: reasonable and sensible (positive quality)
23. mean: cruel (negative quality)
24. cultured: intelligent, polite and interested in art, literature, music etc. (positive quality)

III. Tick (✓) the word/expression which is nearest in meaning to the word underlined in each sentence given below.

1. Water sports aren’t Nick’s only thing – he also plays golf with a dub tucked under his chin.
a) kept
b) pulled
c) covered
d) tied
Answer: a

2. His distraught mother couldn’t bring herself to hold him until he was four months old.
a) angry
b) careless
c) shy
d) anxious
Answer: d

3. Despite the risk of bullying, his parents insisted on Nick’s attending mainstream school.
a) discrimination
b) humiliation
c) negligence
d) failure
Answer: b

4. Nick, who was teased and bullied, had an electric wheelchair for mobility, and a team of carers to help him.
a) socialising
b) movement
c) travel
d) safety
Answer: b

5. Nick managed to pull through to become an international symbol of triumph over adversity.
a) disability
b) poverty
c) difficulties
d) opposition
Answer: c

6. The challenges in our lives are there to strengthen our convictions.
a) feelings
b) practices
c) beliefs
d) characters
Answer: c

IV. Read the following descriptions about persons and fill in the blanks with the words that match with these descriptions.

1. Ashok is a very unpleasant and rude fellow. I don’t talk to him. He is ———–.
2. Srinu is very confident, elegant and polite. But sometimes he does not appear to be sincere. He is ———–.
3. Sujatha is quiet and calm. She doesn’t like to spend time with others. She is interested in her thoughts and feelings. So she is an ———–.
4. Ramesh is very sensitive. He always shows sympathy for people who are suffering. He is ———–.
5. My neighbour is such a person that he has a feeling of hatred for others. He desires to hurt others’ feelings. He is ———–.
6. My father pays careful attention to every detail. He makes thorough planning for everything in our home. He is ———–.
7. Prem is an extremely unpleasant person. He always tries to offend people. He is ———–.
8. My mother is very calm and peaceful. She doesn’t get excited or irritated easily. She is ———–.
9. Rahul is a very lively and confident person. He enjoys being with his friends. He is an ———–.
10. Sridhar is always afraid of speaking in the class. He is ———–.
Answers:
1. boorish
2. suave
3. introvert
4. compassionate
5. malicious
6. meticulous
7. obnoxious
8. placid
9. extrovert
10. timid

GRAMMAR

I. Read the text again and identify some more Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses.

1. —————————————————————
2. —————————————————————
3. —————————————————————
4. —————————————————————
5. —————————————————————
Answer:
1. Nick has a small foot, which helps him balance. (Non-defining Relative Clause)
2. Nick, who was born in Melbourne, now lives in Los Angeles. (Non-defining Relative Clause)
3. I read about a disabled man who had managed to achieve great things and help others. (Defining Relative Clause)
4. I decided to give people the courage that the article had given me. (Defining Relative Clause)
5. Nick, who later achieved a degree, says this. (Non-defining Relative Clause)

II. Read the following sentences and circle the Non-defining Relative Clauses and put a comma/a hyphen wherever necessary.

1. The meeting which was held in the town hall was a great success.
2. The people who live in glass houses must not throw stones.
3. The teachers who have taught Abhiram say that he is an exceptionally creative student.
4. Napoleon who won the French honour died at St. Helena.
5. The silk sarees which are made in Banares are popular all over the world.
Answer:
1. The meeting which was held in the town hall was a great success. (Defining Relative Clause)
2. The people who live in glass houses must not throw stones. (Defining Relative Clause)
3. The teachers who have taught Abhiram say that he is an exceptionally creative student. (Defining Relative Clause)
4. Napoleon, who won the French honour, died at St. Helena. (Non-defining Relative Clause)
5. The silk sarees which are made in Benares are popular all over the world. (Defining Relative Clause)

III. Complete the sentences with Defining or Non-defining Relative Clauses.

1. This is the peaceful place __________________________ .
2. The Mahaprasthanam’ is a popular book __________________________ .
3. Suresh ____________________________ has left the school just now.
4. Is this the street _______________________________________________ ?
5. The express __________________________________ has just arrived.
6. The place ___________________________ has been closed to traffic.
7. This is a famous engineering college _____________________________ .
8. My sister_______________ has secured ajob as an engineer in BHEL.
9. The theatre _____________________________ was designed by Mr Rao.
10. Viswanath is one of the outstanding directors in Telugu film industry______________________ .
Answer:
1. This is the peaceful place that is liked by every naturalist.
2. The Mahaprasthanam’ is a popular book which I have bought in Hyderabad.
3. Suresh, who is mv cousin, has left the school just now.
4. Is this the street where meat is sold?
5. The express which runs between Delhi and Chennai has just arrived.
6. The place which is behind our house has been closed to traffic.
7. This is a famous engineering college that is founded by Mr. Yashwanth.
8. My sister, who has completed her education in Bengaluru, has secured a job as an engineer in BHEL.
9. The theatre which was built in 2012 was designed by Mr. Rao.
10. Viswanath is one of the outstanding directors in Telugu film industry which produces a number of creative directors.

WRITING

I. Writing a biographical sketch

A biographical sketch is an account of the life and activities of an individual. It includes information about the person’s name, place of residence, education, occupation, life and activities and other important details. It is written by another person. If a person writes an account of his/her own life, it is called an autobiography.

Given below in the table is the biographical information about Stephen Hawking. Based on this information write a biographical sketch.

Answer:

Biographical Sketch of Stephen Hawking

Stephen William Hawking is one of the greatest scientists of the world. He was born at Oxford in England on 8 January, 1942 to Isobel Hawking and Frank Hawking. He was the eldest of four sons. His father, Frank Hawking, was a medical researcher with a speciality in tropical diseases.

Hawking was recognised as a bright student. But he was not initially successful academically. During his high school years, Stephen stood the third from the bottom of his class.

Hawking used to remain with a close group of friends with whom he enjoyed board games, the manufacture of fireworks, model aeroplanes and boats. With the help of the mathematics teacher, Dickran Tahta, Hawking and his companions built a computer from clock parts, an old telephone switchboard and other recycled components when he was 16. Hawking solved rudimentary mathematical equations.

He married Jane Wilde on 14 July, 1965. The first years after their marriage were hectic. Hawking has achieved many things in the field of science in spite of his prolonged illness. He has been suffering from an incurable disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) which has weakened his muscles since he was 17 years old.

Stephen Hawking is known for his work regarding black holes and for authoring several popular science books. In 1974, Hawking’s research turned him into a celebrity within the scientific world when he showed that black holes are not the information vacuums that scientists had thought they were. In simple terms, Hawking demonstrated that matter, in the form of radiation, can escape the gravitational force of a collapsed star. Thus Hawking Radiation was invented.

As a mark of his eminence, Professor Hawking obtained twelve honorary degrees which he deserved. He was named a Fellow of the Royal Society at the age of 32, and later earned the prestigious Albert Einstein Award. In 1975, Hawking journeyed to Rome, where he was honoured with the Pius XI – Gold Medal for science from Pope Paul VI in 1975.

Attitude is Altitude Summary in English

This is the story of a great person, Nicholas James Nick Vujicic, who stands as an inspiration to other people with his great qualities-faith, will power and perseverance- even though he is a disabled person. His disability has not stopped him from doing what he has wanted to do. Nick Vujicic was born on 4 December 1982 in Melbourne, Australia with a rare disability called Phocomelia characterised by the absence of all four limbs. Despite the absence of his limbs, he plays football and golf, swims and surfs. He is an Australian Christian evangelist and motivational speaker. As a child, he struggled mentally and emotionally as well as physically. It was a shock to Nick’s parents that he was born without limbs. His mother was a nurse and his father was a computer programmer and accountant. His parents did their very best when they decided to send him to mainstream school despite the risk of humiliation.

Nick has a small foot on his left hip. It gives him balance and enables him to kick. With his foot, he writes with a pen and picks things up between his toes. He also plays golf with a heavy stick tucked under his chin. He is a huge fan of the English Premier League. His parents did their best to make him independent from the start. His father gave him the courage to learn how to swim by putting him in water at 18 months. His mother invented a special plastic device to enable him to hold a pen and pencil.

At age eight, Nick was deeply depressed and went to his mother crying. He told her that he wanted to kill himself. When he was ten years old, he decided to end his life by drowning himself in a bathtub but luckily he was unsuccessful in his attempt. When Nick was 13, he was inspired when he read about a disabled man who had managed to achieve great things and helped others. He understood that God had given him the life to give hope to others and so he decided to use his life to encourage other people and give them the courage. He believes that challenges strengthen our opinions. With the help of his religion, friends and family, Nick becomes an international symbol of triumph over adversity. Nick won the Australian Young Citizen of the Year award in 1990 for his bravery and perseverance. His persistence made him achieve a degree in Financial Planning and Real Estate. He went to Hawaii in 2008 and was trained in surfing by Bethany Hamilton. Nick was on the cover of Surfer magazine with his feat of doing the 360 degree spins. He is able to do this feat because of his low centre of gravity.
Nick and Kanae Miyahara, whose mother was a Mexican and father was a Japanese, got married on February 12, 2012 and on February 13, 2013 they were blessed with the birth of a healthy baby boy with full body.

Nick has travelled to over 24 countries speaking to groups of up to 110,000 people. He keeps telling the people to keep on getting up when they fall and to always love themselves. He spreads his messages of faith and hope around the world.

Nick uses his story to inspire and inform people all around the world. Nick presents values, principles, attitudes and perspectives that challenge and equip people from all walks of life to overcome their adversities.

Attitude is Altitude Glossary

stretch (v): to straighten one’s arms, legs or body

wrap (v): put ones arms around something

skateboard (n): a short narrow board with small wheels at each end, which you stand on and ride as a sport

torso (n): the main part of the body, not including the head, arms or legs

surf: to take part in the sport of riding on waves on a surfboard

despite (pre): In spite of

limb (n): an arm or leg

hip (n): one of the two parts on each side of one’s body between the top of one’s leg and one’s waist

chicken drumstick (n): the lower part of the leg of a chicken or other bird that is cooked and eaten as food

faith (n): belief or trust in God

virgin (n): someone who has never had sex

modest (adj): shy about attracting sexual interest

publicist (n): someone whose job is to make sure that people know about a new product, film, book, etc.

club (n): a heavy stick with one end thicker than the other

tuck (v): to put something into a space

distraught (adj): so upset and worried

bully (v): to threaten to hurt someone or frighten them

bullying (n): humiliation

carer (n): someone who looks alter an old or ill person at home

wall-mounted (adj): attached to a wall

pump-action (adj): a pump-action piece of equipment is operated by pulling or pressing a part in or out. so that the contents come out in short bursts

drown (v): to die from being under water for too long time

lack: to not have something that one needs

triumph (n): an important success or victory

adversity (n): a difficulty or unpleasant situation

Inspirational (adj): providing encouragement or new ideas for what one should do

conviction (n): a very strong belief or opinion

run over (phr.v.): to hit someone or something with something (a vehicle, challenge, etc.) and drive over them

perseverance (n): the quality of continuing to try to achieve a particular aim despite difficulties

give somebody the eye (n.phrase): to look at someone in a way that shows one thinks they are sexually attractive

freak out (phr.v.): make someone very anxious. upset or afraid

amazing (adj): (here) very good

spin (n): an act of turning around quickly

centre of gravity (n.phrase): the point in any object on which it can balance

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Chapter 13 Probability Ex 13.2 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions 13th Lesson Probability Exercise 13.2

10th Class Maths 13th Lesson Probability Ex 13.2 Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag. What is the probability that the ball drawn is (i) red ? (ii) not red?
Answer:
i) Total number of balls in the bag = 3 red + 5 black = 8 balls.
Number of total outcomes when a ball is drawn at random = 3 + 5 = 8
Now, number of favourable outcomes of red ball = 3.
∴ Probability of getting a red ball = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\) = \(\frac{3}{8}\)
ii) If P( E) is the probability of drawing no red ball, then P(E) + P(\(\overline{\mathrm{E}}\)) = 1
P(\(\overline{\mathrm{E}}\)) = 1 – P(E)= 1 – \(\frac{3}{8}\) = \(\frac{5}{8}\)

Question 2.
A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken out of the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be (i) red? (ii) white? (iii) not green?
Answer:
Total number of marbles in the box = 5 red + 8 white + 4 green = 5 + 8 + 4= 17
Number of total outcomes in drawing a marble at random from the box =17.
i) Number of red marbles = 5
Number of favourable outcomes in drawing a red ball = 5
∴ Probability of getting a red ball P(R) = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
P(R) = \(\frac{5}{17}\)

ii) Number of white marbles = 8
Number of favourable outcomes in drawing a white marble = 8
∴ Probability of getting a white marble
P(W) = \(\frac{8}{17}\)

iii) Number of ‘non-green’ marbles = 5 red + 8 white = 5 + 8 = 13
Number of outcomes favourable to drawing a non-green marble =13.
∴ Probability of getting a non- green marble
P(non – green) = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
P(non – green) = \(\frac{13}{17}\)
Probability of getting a green ball = \(\frac{\text { No. of green balls }}{\text { Total no. of balls }}\) = \(\frac{4}{17}\)
Now P(G) = \(\frac{4}{17}\)
and P(G) + P(\(\overline{\mathrm{ G}}\)) = 1
∴ P(\(\overline{\mathrm{G}}\)) = 1 – P(G)
= 1 – \(\frac{4}{17}\)
= \(\frac{13}{17}\)

Question 3.
A Kiddy bank contains hundred 50p coins, fifty Rs. 1 coins, twenty Rs. 2 coins and ten Rs. 5 coins. If it is equally likely that one of the coins will fall out when the bank is turned upside down, what is the probability that the coin (i) will be a 50 p coin? (ii) will not be a Rs. 5 coin?
Answer:
i) Number of 50 p coins = 100
Number of Rs. 1 coins = 50
Number of Rs. 2 coins = 20
Number of Rs. 5 coins = 10
Total number of coins = 180
Number of total outcomes for a coin to fall down = 180.
Number of outcomes favourable to 50 p coins to fall down = 100.
∴ Probability of a 50 p coin to fall down = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{100}{180}\) = \(\frac{5}{9}\)

ii) Let P(E) be the probability for a Rs. 5 coin to fall down.
Number of outcomes favourable to Rs. 5 coin = 10.
∴ Probability for a Rs. 5 coin to fall down = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{10}{180}\) = \(\frac{1}{18}\)
Then P(\(\overline{\mathrm{E}}\)) is the probability of a coin which fall down is not a Rs. 5 coin.
Again P(E) + P(\(\overline{\mathrm{E}}\)) = 1
∴ P(\(\overline{\mathrm{E}}\))= l-P(E)
= 1 – \(\frac{1}{18}\)
= \(\frac{17}{18}\).

Question 4.
Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out one fish at random from a tank containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish (See figure). What is the probability that the fish taken out is a male fish?
Answer:
Number of male fish = 5
Number of female fish = 8
Total number of fish = 5 m + 8 f
= 13 fishes.
∴ Number of total outcomes in taking a fish at random from the aquarium =13.
Number of male fish = 5
∴ Number of outcomes favourable to male fish = 5.
∴ The probability of taking a male fish = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{5}{13}\)
= 0.38

Question 5.
A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (See figure), and these are equally likely outcomes. What is the probability that it will point at
(i) 8?
(ii) an odd number?
(iii) a number greater than 2?
(iv) a number less than 9?

Answer:
Number of total outcomes are (1,2,……….., 8) = 8

i) Number of outcomes favourable to 8 = 1.
∴ P(8) = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{1}{8}\)

ii) Number of ‘odd numbers’ on the spinning wheel = (1, 3, 5, 7) = 4
∴ Number of outcomes favourable to an odd number.
∴ Probability of getting an odd number = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{4}{8}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)

iii) Number greater than 2 are (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
Number of outcomes favourable to ‘greater than 2’ are = 6.
Probability of pointing a number greater than 2
P(E) = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{6}{8}\) = \(\frac{3}{4}\)

iv) Number less than 9 are: (1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 …… 8)
∴ Number of outcomes favourable to pointing a number less than 9 = 8.
∴ Probability of a number less than 9
P(E) = \(\frac{\text { No. of outcomes favourable to less than } 9}{\text { No.of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{8}{8}\) = 1
Note : This is a sure event and hence probability is 1.

Question 6.
One card is drawn from, a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
(i) a king of red colour
(ii) a face card
(iii) a red face card
(iv) the jack of hearts
(v) a spade
(vi) the queen of diamonds.
Answer:
Total number of cards = 52.
∴ Number of all possible outcomes in drawing a card at random = 52.
i) Number of outcomes favourable to the king of red colour = 2(♥ K, ♦ K)
∴ Probability of getting the king of red colour
P(E) = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{2}{52}\) = \(\frac{1}{26}\)

ii) Number of face cards in a deck of cards = 4 × 3 = 12 (K, Q, J)
Number of outcomes favourable to select a face card = 12.
∴ Probability of getting a face card
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{12}{52}\) = \(\frac{3}{13}\)

iii) Number of red face cards = 2 × 3 = 6.
∴ Number of outcomes favourable to select a red face card = 6.
∴ Probability of getting a red face
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{6}{52}\) = \(\frac{3}{26}\)

iv) Number of outcomes favourable to the jack of hearts = 1.
∴ Probability of getting jack of hearts
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{1}{52}\)

v) Number of spade cards = 13
∴ Number of outcomes favourable to ‘a spade card’ = 13.
∴ Probability of drawing a spade
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{13}{52}\) = \(\frac{1}{4}\)

vi) Number of outcomes favourable to the queen of diamonds = 1.
∴ Probability of drawing the queen of diamonds
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{1}{52}\)

Question 7.
Five cards-the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their face downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card picked is (a) an ace? (b) a queen?
Answer:
Total number of cards = 5.
∴ Number of total outcomes in picking up a card at random = 5.
i) Number of outcomes favourable to queen = 1.
∴ Probability of getting the queen
= \(\frac{\text { No.of outcomes favourable to the ‘Q’ }}{\text { No.of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{1}{5}\)

ii) When queen is drawn and put aside, remaining cards are four.
∴ Number of total outcomes in drawing a card at random = 4.
a) Number of favourable outcomes to ace 1
Probability of getting an ace
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{1}{4}\)

b) Number of favourable outcomes to ‘Q’ = 0 (as it was already drawn and put aside)
∴ Probability that the card is Q = \(\frac{0}{4}\) = 0
After putting queen aside, selecting the queen from the rest is an impossible event and hence the probability is zero.

Question 8.
12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look at a pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this lot. Determine the probability that the pen taken out is a good one.
Answer:
Number of good pens = 132
Number of defective pens = 12
Total number of pens = 132 + 12 = 144
∴ Total number of outcomes in taking a pen at random = 144.
No. of favourable outcomes in taking a good pen = 132.
∴ Probability of taking a good pen
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{132}{144}\) = \(\frac{11}{12}\)

Question 9.
A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. What is the probability that this bulb is defective? Suppose the bulb drawn in previous case is not defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is drawn at random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective?
Answer:
Given :
4 out of 20 bulbs are defective
(i.e.) Number of defective bulbs = 4
Number of non-defective bulbs = 20 – 4 = 16
If a bulb is drawn at random, the total outcomes are = 20
Number of outcomes favourable to ‘defective bulb’ = 4
∴ Probability of getting a defective bulb
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{4}{20}\) = \(\frac{1}{5}\)
Suppose a non-defective bulb is drawn and not replaced, then the bulbs remaining are = 19
∴ Total outcomes in drawing a bulb from the rest = 19
Number of favourable outcomes in drawing non-defective bulb from the rest = 16 – 1 = 15
∴ Probability of getting a non-defective bulb in the second draw
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{15}{19}\)

Question 10.
A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from the box, find the probability that it bears
(i) a two digit number
(ii) a perfect square number
(iii) a number divisible by 5.
Answer:
Total number of discs in the box = 90
∴ Number of total outcomes in drawing a disc at random from the box = 90.

i) Number of 2-digit numbers in the box (10, 11,….., 90) = 81
i.e., Number of favourable outcomes in drawing a 2 – digit numbers = 81
∴ Probability of selecting a disc bearing a 2 – digit number
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{81}{90}\) = \(\frac{9}{10}\) = 0.9

ii) Number of perfect squares in the box (1² = 1, 2² = 4, 3² = 9, 4² = 16, 5² = 25, 6² = 36, 7² = 49, 8² = 64 and 9² = 81) = 9
i.e., Number of favourable out-comes in drawning a disc bearing a perfect square = 9
∴ Probability of drawning a disc with a perfect square
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{9}{90}\) = \(\frac{1}{10}\)

iii) Number of multiples of 5 from 1 to 90 are (5, 10, 15, ……….., 90) = 18
i.e., Number of favourable outcomes in drawing a disc with a multiple of 5 = 18
∴ Probability of drawing a disc bearing a number divisible by 5
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{18}{90}\) = \(\frac{1}{5}\)

Question 11.
Suppose you drop a die at random on the rectangular region shown in figure. What is the probability that it will land inside the circle with diameter 1 m?

Answer:
3 m.
Length of the given rectangle = 3 m.
and its breadth = 2 m.
Area of the rectangle
= length × breadth = 3 × 2 = 6 m²
∴ Total area of the region for landing = 6 m².
Diameter of the given circle = 1 m.
Area of the circle = \(\frac{\pi \mathrm{d}^{2}}{4}\)
= \(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{1 \times 1}{4}\left[\text { or } \pi r^{2}=\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{2}\right]\)
= \(\frac{22}{28}\)
∴ Probability of the coin to land on the circle
= \(\frac{\frac{22}{28}}{6}\)
= \(\frac{22}{28×6}\)
= \(\frac{11}{28×3}\)
= \(\frac{11}{84}\)

Question 12.
A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the others are good. The shopkeeper draws one pen at random and gives it to Sudha. What is the probability that (i) She will buy it? (ii) She will not buy it?
Answer:
Given : 20 out of 144 are defective i.e., no. of defective ball pens = 20
no. of good ball pens = 144 – 20 = 124
∴ Total outcomes in drawing a ball pen at random = 144.

i) Sudha buys it if it is not defective / a good one.
No. of outcomes favourable to a good pen = 124.
∴ Probability of buying it
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{124}{144}\) = \(\frac{31}{36}\)

ii) Sudha will not buy it-if it is a defective pen
No. of outcomes favourable to a defective pen = 20
∴ Probability of not buying it
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{20}{144}\) = \(\frac{5}{36}\)

!! (not buying) = 1 – P (buying)
= 1 – \(\frac{31}{36}\) = \(\frac{5}{36}\)

Question 13.
Two dice are rolled simultaneously and counts are added
(i) Complete the table given below:

(ii) A student argues that ‘there are 11 possible outcomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Therefore, each of them has a probability \(\frac{1}{11}\). Do you agree with this argument? Justify your answer.
Answer:
When two dice are rolled, total number of outcomes = 36 (see the given table).
(i)
(ii) The above (given) argument is wrong [from the above table].
The sum 2, 3, 4, ………… and 12 have different no. of favourable outcomes, moreover total number of outcomes are 36.

Question 14.
A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time. Hanif wins if all the tosses give the same result i.e., three heads or three tails, and loses otherwise. Calculate the probability that Hanif will lose the game.
Answer:
When a coin is tossed for n – times, the total number of outcomes = 2ⁿ.
∴ If a coin is tossed for 3 – times, then the total number of outcomes = 2³ = 8
Note the following :
TTT
TTH
THT
HTT
HHT
HTH
THH
HHH
Of the above, no. of outcomes with different results = 6.
Probability of losing the game
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes to lose }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{6}{8}\) = \(\frac{3}{4}\)

Question 15.
A dice is thrown twice. What is the probability that (i) 5 will not come up either time? (ii) 5 will come up atleast once? [Hint : Throwing a dice twice and throwing two dice simultaneously are treated as the same experiment].
Answer:
If a dice is thrown n-times or n-dice are thrown simultaneously then the total
number of outcomes = 6×6×6….×6
(n – times) = 6ⁿ.
No. of total outcomes in throwing a dice for two times = 6² = 36.
i) Let E be the event that 5 will not come up either time, then the favourable outcomes are
(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3/2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 6) = 25.
∴ P(E) = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{25}{36}\)

ii) Let E be the event that 5 will come up atleast once.
Then the favourable outcomes are (1,5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 5), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 6) = 11 No. of favourable outcomes = 11
∴ P(E) = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { No. of total outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{11}{36}\)

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 2A The Dear Departed Part 1 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class English Solutions Chapter 2A The Dear Departed Part 1

10th Class English Chapter 2A The Dear Departed Part 1 Textbook Questions and Answers

Look at the pictures and answer the questions.

Question 1.
What do you understand from the picture?
Answer:
The rat is pointing a pistol at the cat and intimidating him. I understand that it is a funny picture. One can easily open one’s lips without knowing to smile on seeing this unusual picture.

Question 2.
Can you recall anything comic associated with these animals?
Answer:
The most popular comic Tom and Jerry’ is associated with them.
‘Tom and Jerry’ is a series of animated cartoon films. We find humour with the rivalry between a cat (Tom) and a mouse (Jerry), Tom’s chasing Jerry and slapstick scenes. “Tom’s making numerous attempts to capture Jerry which leads to destruction” – it creates fun. The scenes such as slicing Tom in half, shutting his head in a window or a door, stuffing Tom’s tail in a mangle, kicking him into a refrigerator, plugging his tail into an electric socket, sticking matches into his feet and lighting them, etc. amuse all the viewers.

(Or)
Yes. I can recall an incident which happened a long time ago in my old house. We used to see many mice in our old house because we stored paddy bags in the house. One day our pet cat jumped on a little mouse which was eating the paddy grains. The little mouse began running. Our cat ran after it. The funny thing was that the mouse did not run away from the place. It began running around the paddy bags. After some time both the cat and the mouse stopped running as they were tired much. At that stage 1 interfered and drove the cat away to save the life of the rat.

Question 3.
Can you imagine, what may be the conversation between the rat and the cat?
Answer:
Conversation between the rat and the cat:
Rat : Hands up!
Cat : Don’t shoot me. I will not eat you.
Rat : No, I don’t believe you. You are cruel.
Cat : Believe me. I decided not to eat rats.
Rat : I don’t believe you. You ran after me yesterday, didn’t you?
Cat : Yes. But not to kill you.
Rat : Then, why?
Cat : I just wanted to tell that I would not kill you thereafter.
Well, how did you get the pistol?
Rat : I stole it from the owner of the house last night.
Cat : Ok. Do you know how to shoot with it?
Rat : I will not tell you.
Cat : Ok. Bye.
Rat : Bye.

Comprehension

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What qualities of Mrs. Slater have you noticed?
Answer:
Mrs. Slater is unscrupulous, greedy, deceitful, dishonest, selfish, impolite and insensitive. She unfairly claims her father s things. This shows her unscrupulous and dishonest manner. She has shifted her father’s bureau and clock from his room before her sister’s arrival. Hence 1 can say Mrs. Slater is greedy. She wants to deceive her sister by pinching their father’s things. 1 can say that she is impolite and insensitive as she doesn’t even wait for her father s funeral and has started dividing things between them (the two sisters).

Question 2.
Why does Mrs. Slater decide to shift the bureau from her father’s room before the arrival of the Jordans? How does Henry react to the suggestion?
Answer:
Mrs. Slater wants to own her father’s bureau as he likes it very much. After her father’s death, she decides to shift the bureau to sitting room before the arrival of the Jordans. She thinks that her sister will lay a claim to it. At first, Henry is shocked at her decision. He feels that the two sisters should amicably divide their father’s things. Henry suggests her that it is not a good thing pinching her father’s things in an unfair way. Moreover, Henry is worried about the arrival of the Jordans while they are shifting the bureau.

Question 3.
Why do the Jordans take a long time to get to the house of the Slaters? What does it show about the two sisters’ attitude towards each other?
Answer:
I think the Jordans are late as they have bought mourning dresses to wear before they come to Slater’s house. They are not sorrowful at their father’s death but they are worried about their appearances and how they can come out to each other. In their relationship, we don’t find any kind of emotions and sisterly love.

Question 4.
Ben appreciates his father-in-law saying, ‘It’s a good thing he did’. Later, he calls him a ‘drunken old beggar’. Why does he change his opinion about his father-in-law?
Answer:
Ben appreciates his father-in-law saying it’s a good thing he did’ when he comes to know from Mrs. Slater that the old man has gone out to pay his insurance premium on the day of his death. Later, he comes to know that he has not paid the premium and therefore calls him a drunken old beggar’. Ben has changed his opinion about his father-in-law when be realises that he hasn’t paid premium because, now after his death, they can t claim the insurance company.

Question 5.
What made Mr.Henry feel shocked to hear Victoria say ‘Are you planning to pinch it ?’?
Answer:
When Victoria asked Slaters “Are you planning to pinch it ?”, Mr. Henry felt shocked. He thought that Victoria was innocent. But when she asked him the above question, Mr. Henry came to know that Victoria had wisdom beyond her age. He actually didn’t expect that question from his little daughter.He came to know that she was a precocious girl and had the ability to distinguish between good and bad.

The Dear Departed Part 1 Summary in English

The one-act play “The Dear Departed” by William Stanley Houghton is a satirical play that explores family relationships and the falsehood and hypocrisy and greed that often lie beneath it. The story exposes the sad fact that human beings often become dehumanized in the face of greed and minor material gains. This play satirizes the degradation of moral values in respect and care within the members of the family itself. This story clearly reveals how elderly people are mistreated. Stanley Houghton uses various literary devices to criticize basic human characteristics in his play. He uses irony, sarcasm, humour and a twist in the plot to criticize human traits. He tries to bring out the qualities of the two daughters called Mrs. Slater and Mrs. Jordan towards their father. He tries to show how the sisters are interested in the property of their father rather than to show true care and affection towards their father.

The story begins with Mrs. Slater telling her daughter, Victoria to change her dress before the arrival of her sister (Slater’s sister) Elizabeth and Elizabeth’s husband, Ben. Mrs. Slater’s husband, Henry has sent them a telegram with the message of the death of his father-in-law and Elizabeth and Ben are coming to talk over the old man’s affairs. Henry wonders if they would come at all because Elizabeth has said that she would never set foot in their house again. But Mrs. Slater says that her sister will come fast enough after her share of what their father has left. Mrs. Slater asks her husband to wear the new slippers of her father. She also suggests that they should replace their shabby old chest of drawers with the valuable bureau of her father which is in his bedroom. He agrees to do it after some hesitation. Mrs. Slater wants to do it before their arrival.

Mrs. Slater fastens the door and she and her husband carry the old chest of drawers upstairs. Henry is shocked when Victoria asks him if they are pinching grandpa’s bureau. He replies that grandpa has given it to her mother before his death. Mrs. Slater carries a handsome clock and puts it on the mantelpiece. Mrs. Slater and her husband carry the pretty old-fashioned bureau downstairs and put it in the place of the chest of drawers. At the same time Victoria ushers in Mrs. Jordan and Ben. Mrs. Jordan goes straight to Mrs. Slater and kisses her and the men shake hands. Mrs. Jordan remarks that their father has gone at last. Mrs. Slater replies that he is seventy-two a fortnight the previous Sunday. She tells them that the old man has been merry that morning and has gone out to pay his insurance. Ben and Mrs. Jordan remark that it is a good thing on his part.

According to Mrs. Slater, their father is found dead when she takes up a bit of something for him on tray.
Ben and Mrs. Jordan don’t want to look at the old man ; they prefer to have tea and so Mrs. Slater gets tea ready. They think of publishing the announcement of the death of the old man in the papers. Then they decide to look through the old man’s things and make a list of them. Mrs. Jordan tells that the old man has promised his gold watch to their Jimmy. Then Victoria tells them that grandpa hasn’t paid his insurance. Ben calls him “the drunken old beggar”. Both the sisters complain that they have to put up with their father for all those years. Then Mrs. Slater asks Victoria to go and bring the bunch of keys from grandpa’s room. Victoria is afraid to go but she does. After some time, she gets back very scared and tells them that grandpa is getting up. They are transfixed with amazement. The vigorous and well coloured old man Abel Merry weather comes in.

The Dear Departed Part 1 Glossary

lay (v): (here) to put the cloth, plates, knives, forks etc. on a table, ready for a meal

vigorous (adj): using a lot of energy and strength or determination

plump (adj): slightly fat in a fairly pleasant way

vulgar adj): rude and offensive

get her own way (idiom): persuade other people to allow you to do what you want

D’ye: Do you (used in awkward situations)

amazed (adj): very surprised

ages (n): long time

stooping (adj): bent towards and down

drooping (adj): hanging or bending down

come after (phr.v.): to look for someone to get something from them

worn out (adj): too old or damaged to be used

break down (phr.v.): stop working in a successful way

trifle (n): something unimportant or not valuable

precocious (adj): Intelligent/gifted/talented

bureau (n): a writing desk with drawers

drive a liard bargain (idiom): work hard to negotiate agreements in on&s own favour

startled (v): made someone suddenly surprised or slightly shocked

stupefied (adj): so surprised, tired or bored thai one cant think clearly

daft (adj): stupid/silly

shabby (adj): untidy and bad

fasten (v): to firmly close a window, door etc. so that it will not open

pinch (w): steal

mantelpiece (n): a shelf projecting from the wail over the fireplace

usher (v): lead/show the way/welcome

appeal: be attractive

stagger (v): to walk or move unsteadily, almost falling over

complacent (adj): sell-satisfied/unconcerned

mourning (n): feeling of sadness to miss someone after they have died

fortnight (n): two weeks

chirpily (adv): cheerfully and actively

snug (adj): warm and comfortable

wipe (v): to rub a surface with something in order to remove liquid, dirt, etc.

look through (phr.v.): look for something

overdue (adj): not paid by the expected time

annoy (v): to make someone feel slightly angry and unhappy about something

put up with (phr.v.): to accept an unpleasant situation or person without complaining

swindling (v): cheating somebody for property or money

reluctantly (adv): unwillingly

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 16 Abolition of Zamindari System.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 16th Lesson Abolition of Zamindari System

Question 1.
While the slogan Land to the Tiller meant that the tenant will get the land, what will happen to the landless agricultural worker, who works for wages?
Answer:
The conditions of the tenants were somehow improved. But the conditions of the landless agricultural workers remain the same. They are still in the same poverty.

Question 2.
Some people feel that the land reform laws only tried to help the landlords. Do you agree with them?
Answer:
Yes, I agree with them.
Giving compensation to the zamindars, continuing them as owners of the Khudkasht etc., reveal this.

Question 3.
Do you think there was any other way of giving gainful employment to the rural poor?
Answer:
At present there are many ways of giving gainful employment. But there were less opportunities at that time. The British destroyed the occupational system of India. The people lost all their chances of employment. So I think there were no other ways.

Question 4.
How many acres of land does a family of four persons need to get a decent living in your area? (Give the figures separately for both irrigated and unirrigated land.)
Answer:
A family of four persons needs 8 acres of irrigated land and 30 acres of dry land to get a decent living in our area.

Question 5.
To what extent did the landless service castes benefit from these reforms?
Answer:
They were not benefited in any way from these reforms.

Question 6.
Why did the Land Ceiling Act become necessary?
Answer:
Many Acts after independence have not changed the ownership of lands in India. It changed Zamindars as landlords, landlords as big farmers. But it did nothing to the common poor.
The ownership of the land was only a few hands. So the Land Ceiling Act became necessary.

Question 7.
Why was the end to vetti important for all kinds of peasants?
Answer:
‘Vetti’ is a black spot for humanity. Many struggles were led against this. So the end of it was important for all kinds of peasants.

Question 8.
Is vettis prevalent still in your region ? If it is there, prepare a report?
Answer:
No, at present vetti is not prevalent in my region. But it is not completely abolished from our society still in some villages the poor people who are taken money from land lords for their needs, they are unable to repay that, due to this they are working in their lands as bounded labourers.

Question 9.
Why do you think the spirit of Bhoodan did not help to end landlordism and get land to the tiller?
Answer:
In this movement the landlords should donate their land with their own interest. This kind of humanity was not in them. Some of them donated only ‘Banjar’ and ‘Porambok’ lands only instead of cultivated land. 90% of the fertile lands were remained with the landlords. So the movement did not help to end landlordism and get land to the tiller.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 3A The Journey Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class English Solutions Chapter 3A The Journey

10th Class English Chapter 3A The Journey Textbook Questions and Answers

Look at the picture and read the following excerpt from the diary of a 72-year-old man. Answer the questions that follow.

As I sit here alone and waiting
I gaze at people passing me by.
I try to smile and reach out to them
But no one notices; no one waits.
They look to me like I am nothing
Are they afraid to be seen saying “Hi”
to an old man like me?

Question 1.
What is the excerpt about?
Answer:
The excerpt is about an old man’s inner feelings. He feels sorry for himself. Through this excerpt, he tries to tell the readers about his pathetic condition. He feels that he is totally neglected.

Question 2.
How do people respond to the old man’s smile?
Answer:
When the old man tries to smile and reach out to others, no one notices and no one waits. They look to him like he is nothing. The old man feels that they are afraid to be seen saying “Hi” to an old man like him.

Question 3.
How should old people be treated so that they do not feel neglected?
Answer:
The old people should be treated equally. They should be respected and treated with honour. They should not be bullied or laughed at. We should share our feelings with them. We should give value to their feelings. We should obey them and try to follow their pieces of advice. If we treat the old people as mentioned above, they don’t feel neglected.

I. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
‘After spending a leisurely Sunday at home, the very thought of returning to work on Monday is tiring.’ Do you agree? Have you ever felt so?
Answer:
Yes, 1 agree to the above statement. After spending a leisurely holiday at home, the very thought of returning to work on the next day is tiring to anyone. I have felt so many a time. I felt so after Dussehra holidays, Pongal holidays and summer vacation previously. It would be a difficult day for me going to school on the very first day after the holidays are over.

Question 2.
The last sentence of the first paragraph and the first sentence of the second paragraph appear to contradict each other. What could be the reason for the change in the decision?
Answer:
The last sentence of the first paragraph says that the author didn’t want to go but the first sentence of the second paragraph says that the author decided to go finally. Both the sentences contradict each other. At first he didn’t want to go as he had got married. He didn’t want to leave behind his newly-wed wife. But, when he remembered his increased responsibilities because of his marriage and his debts, he decided to return to work.

Question 3.
‘Why did the author get into debt? Think of some possible reasons.
Answer:
The author felt that he had got into debt after his marriage.
The possible reasons are :
i) The author might have met his marriage expenses.
ii) He spent leisurely at home for about six months without going to work.
iii) The increased expenses for the new couple.
iv) The author might have bought new furniture.
v) He might have bought a new flat.
vi) He might have bought a number of sarees for his newly-wed wife.
vii) He might have spent money carelessly.
viii) He might have given money to his old parents.

Question 4.
Why was the author reluctant to carry his own luggage? What would you do if you were in the author’s place?
Answer:
The author was reluctant to carry his own luggage as he had the feeling that if he carried the luggage, the whole world would laugh at him. He thought that his education had made him shun physical labour. In fact, the author looked for someone’s help. He felt that his guilt, shame, self-consciousness and pride might have stopped him from carrying the luggage. If I were in the author’s place, I would not do like he did. I would myself carry the luggage without looking for others’ help.

Question 5.
The author feared that the whole world would laugh at him if he carried the trunk. Was the fear imaginary or real? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
The author feared that the whole world would laugh at him if he carried the trunk. I think his fear was imaginary. No one laughs at us when we do our work. In fact, carrying the trunk should not have been such a worry for him. For a young man like the author it should not have been an issue to carry his luggage on his back. Actually the others will praise his modesty, if he carries his luggage himself.

Question 6.
Choose one sentence from the story that best expresses the author’s false prestige. Support your answer with details from the story.
Answer:
“Somehow, I had the feeling that if 1 carried the luggage, my father and my people, in fact the whole world would laugh at me and I would be belittled,” – this sentence expresses the author’s false prestige. He thought that his education had made him avoid physical labour. As a government officer, he didn’t accept the idea of people seeing him carry his own luggage. He was of the opinion that it was through him that his parents had earned a greater degree of admiration and respect from the villagers. He felt that his father would not like to see him carrying a trunk on his back and would be very hurt if he did so. These are all the facts which show the author’s false prestige.

Question 7.
What does the phrase ‘opposite directions’ in the last sentence suggest?
Answer:
When the bus started moving, the author saw his father gradually receding into the distance. The author felt that their journeys started in two opposite directions, with him seated in the luxurious seat of a bus and father walking back with tired legs on the pebble-strewn road. The phrase ‘opposite directions’ suggests that both their directions were different. Actually, the son and the father had to travel in opposite directions to reach their destinations. In the other sense, the writer’s way was a luxurious one as he was an educated one and a government officer. He didn’t need to lead such a hard and laborious life like his father used to lead. When compared with his life, his father’s life was much harder one.

Question 8.
How was the story told? Were the events narrated in the order in which they had happened? Spot the sentences where the course of narration changed its direc¬tions. How effective was it?
Answer:
‘The Journey’ is a beautiful narrative by Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi. Most of the events were narrated in the order in which they had happened. Here and there we find that the narration changed its directions.
The sentences where the course of narration changed its directions:
a) “I did not have much to carry byway of luggage – just a trunk. Ours is a hilly terrain
Here the author tried to give the reason. Then he explained the purpose of his coming to his place. Thus, the course of narration was changed.
b) “Nobody had time to spare for me. In fact, carrying the trunk should not have been such a worry”
The course of narration was changed after the first sentence when the author tried to tell us about his inner feelings.
c) “We were walking up a narrow hilly road and neither of us uttered a word as if we were strangers who spoke different languages. I did not know what was going on in his mind.”
When we observe the two sentences given above, the first one changed its direc¬tion when the author tried to present his thoughts.
d) “Father wanted to say something but the bus started moving.” Later the narrative was changed its course when the author tried to think about his way in comparison with his father’s.
A reader could understand very well about the author’s inner thoughts by this way of narration. He too would try to think in his own way imagining that if he were in the author’s place. Thus it was effective in provoking the thoughts.

II. Write the number of the paragraph that gives the stated information in each of the following sentences.

1. The author enjoyed his married life.
Answer:
Paragraph 1 (The first paragraph)

2. The author tried to convince himself that he had not done anything wrong.
Answer:
Paragraph 11.

3. The author was ashamed of making his father carry his trunk.
Answer:
Paragraph 10.

4. The author looks at himself and his father as two travellers taking two different roads.
Answer:
Paragraph 16 (The last paragraph).

III. The following statements are false. Correct them.

1. The author offered to carry the trunk for some time.
2. The author could decide on whether to allow his father to carry the trunk or not.
3. The author took unpaid leave.
4. The father was not happy with the old shoes his son gave him.
Answer:
Corrections:

1. The author didn’t carry the trunk at all throughout the story. His father carried it all the way.
2. The author decided that it would be better to let his father carry the trunk.
3. The author initially thought of taking unpaid leave but later he decided against it.
4. The father was happy with the old shoes his son gave him. His face lit up with content-ment when he noticed the author taking out his pair of shoes from the trunk.

Vocabulary

I. Look at these words from the story :

1. newly-wed wife
2. bus stop
3. forehead

They are all compound words. A compound word is a union of two or more words to convey a unit idea or special meaning that is not as clearly or quickly conveyed by separated words. As shown above, compound words may be hyphenated, written open (as separate words), or written solid (closed). The use of compounding in English is an evolving process. As expressions become more popular or adopt special meanings, they follow a gradual evolution from two or more separate or hyphenated words to single words.

The words in the first, second and third columns are called ‘open compounds’, ‘hyphenated compounds’ and ‘closed compounds’ respectively. In this unit we focus on hyphenated compounds.

A hyphenated compound is a combination of words joined by a hyphen or hyphens. Here, the hyphen aids understanding and readability and ensures correct pronunciation. Words are hyphenated mainly to express the idea of a unit and to avoid ambiguity.

A. Pick out all the compound words from the story and group them under the head-ings as explained above.

B. Fill in the blanks to make hyphenated compound words. Refer to a dictionary and get the meaning. Write a few sentences using them appropriately.

Own Sentences:
1. a) He can easily lift a 20-kilo chest.
b) My father gave me a 20-rupee note.
c) We ordered a 20-inch cake tin and it has just been delivered.

2. a) Mr. Prakash came to his native place along with his newly-wedded wife.
b) The newly-formed association held an important meeting yesterday.
c) Theirs is a newly-constructed building.
d) The scientists declared that it was a newly-discovered particle-
e) The CM has visited the flood-hit area.

3. a) They served the home-made wine in the party.
b) The officials listed out the flood-hit villages.
c) I have to walk over pebble-strewn road to reach the temple.
d) They are kind-hearted people; they have made their contribution in building this hospital.
e) Mr. Rajan is a well-mannered man; he always tries to be friendly with others.

4. a) Mr. Ravi Teja was offered a white-collar job.
b) Mr. Bharat is a pink-card holder, who is eligible to take all the fair-price goods.
c) Yesterday, they formed a new-trade union.

C. Fill in the blanks with the missing parts of compound words.

Kedarnath lived in Uttarakhand. Due to heavy rains, his village was hit by floods. His newly ____(1) ____ house fell down and he became ______(2)_____ less. The Chief Minister visited all the _____ (3) ____ hit villages and announced immediate help. However, Kedarnath lost his self ____(4) ____ and tried to commit suicide by jumping into the flooded river. Some brave and ____(5) ____ hearted people rescued him risking their lives. They told their stories too. Someone had lost his ____(6) ____ wedded wife, and someone else had lost all his family members. One of them offered him a ____(7) ____ collar job. It required him to carry rice bags. But he could not carry even a 20 ____(8) ____ bag, so he asked for a ____(9) ____ job. But no such jobs were available. One of them suggested ____(10) ____ employment scheme. But Kedarnath had no money. One day as he was walking on the pebble ____(11) ____ road, he found some ____(12) ____ plated idols and jewellery in a box.
Answer:

1. built (newly-built)
2. home (homeless)
3. flood (flood-hit)
4. confidence (self-confidence)
5. kind (kind-hearted)
6. newly (newly-wedded)
7. blue (blue-collar)
8. kilo (20-kilo)
9. white-collar
10. self (self-employment)
11. strewn (pebble-strewn)
12. gold (gold-plated)

II. Look at the word ‘dilly-dally from the text. This is a reduplicative word. The words super-duper and bye bye are also reduplicative words. But they belong to different categories shown below:
1. Duplicative type :
Here, the first part of the word is repeated without any change.
e.g.: bye bye

2. Alliterative type :
Here, the two parts have the same consonants but different vowels.
e.g. : dilly-dally, chit-chat

3. Rhyming type :
Here, the second word starts with a different consonant but rhymes with the first part.
e.g. : super-duper

A. Look at the following reduplicatives carefully and put them under proper headings in the table given below.

Answer:

Reduplicatives are used in a variety of ways. Some simply imitate sounds: ding- dong, bow-wow. Some suggest alternative movements: flip-flop, ping-pong. And some intensify meaning: teeny-weeny(very small), tip-top(very good).

Find the meanings of the words you like and use them in your own sentences. You will find similar words in your language too. For example, in Telugu, we have words like chi-chi, pho-pho, kaadu-kaadu, tara-tama, taado-pedo, pilla-jella, auto-ito. Give some examples from your language. Don’t they sound musical?

Reduplicative Words in Telugu

B. Answer each of the following questions using a reduplicative word.

1. What does the clock say? ____________________
2. What does the school bell say? ____________________
3. How does the rain drop? ____________________
4. What does the dog say? ____________________
5. How do you laugh? ____________________
Answer:

1. tick-tock
2. ding-dong
3. pitter-patter
4. bow-wow
5. ha ha

Grammar

I. In this story the author used past perfect tense (had + past participle) in many sentences. If you observe the following sentences from the story and the rules given under them, you will understand why and how the past perfect tense is used.’

1. It was 10.20 My father had already left, (para 6)
Answer:
When an action takes place before a point of time in the past, the action is expressed in the past perfect tense. (Sometimes the point of time can be understood from the earlier sentences and other contextual clues.)

2. Finally we reached Dirang. The bus from Tawang had not yet reached Dirang. (para 11)
Answer:
When two actions in the past are clearly separated by time, the earlier action is expressed in the past perfect tense.

3. I quickly sat down on a rock. My father laughed at my plight, (para 7)
Answer:
When two actions in the past happen simultaneously, both of them are expressed in the past tense.

4. a) Sunitha never saw a bear before she was transferred to Maredumilli. (not from the story)
b) Shindh closed the doors because she heard loud noises from outside.
c) I never met him after I left India.
Answer:
Normally, when the time relation is unambiguous, (by the use of before, after, because, etc.), the simple past (past perfect is optional) is used to refer to both past actions.

Comment on the use of the simple past tense/past perfect tense (as illustrated above) in the following sentences. Identify the tense and give reasons for the use of the tense used.

1. I had come home this time round for a special purpose: to get married. My parents had arranged my marriage according to the customs of our tribal society.
Answer:
In both the sentences, the part perfect tense is used as those two actions had already completed before his narration, (had come, had arranged)

2. Time flew, and five months into my marriage I realized it.
Answer:
In the above sentence both the verbs are in the simple past tense as the time relation is unambiguous and those two occur in the past simultaneously.

3. But after some dilly-dallying I finally decided against it because marriage had increased my responsibilities and I had got into debt.
Answer:
“Marriage had increased my responsibilities and 1 had got into debt.” – These two actions occurred before “I finally decided against it.” Hence, in the earlier two actions the past perfect tense is used while the simple past tense is used in the latter.

4. On my way home from the bus stop my trunk had been carried by a porter, (para 3)
Answer:
The above action occurred before his narrating the story. Hence, the past perfect tense (had been carried) is used.

5. A large crowd gathered at our place the day I was to leave. People had come to wish me luck, (para 6)
Answer:
A large crowd gathered at our place the day I was to leave. → In this sentence the simple past tense is used as it occurred later.

People had come to wish me luck. → In this sentence the past perfect tense is used as it occurred earlier.

People had come and then the large crowd gathered. Hence, the two tenses are used.

6. Father was quiet for some time. He thoughtfully looked at the sun for a moment, and then his eyes fell on the can of home-made wine that I was carrying, (para 9)
Answer:
The actions in the above sentences occurred in the past simultaneously. Hence, the simple past tense is used in all the actions except the last part of the second sentence. ” ……….. that I was carrying.” Here the past continuous tense is used as it was going on at the time of narrating.

7. I gave him the can of wine. He poured himself a mug and handed me the can. He drank all of it at one go. He then arranged the belt that was attached to the trunk carefully on his forehead. (para 10)
Answer:
All the actions are in the simple past tense as they all occurred in the past simultaneously and also the time relation is unambiguous.

8. I had never got used to physical labour having stayed in hostels right from my childhood. (para 11)
Answer:
“I had never get used to …………”
Here the past perfect tense is used as the author while narrating, went intq the past and told. Hence, the past perfect tense is used.

9. His feet had developed cracks and somehow resembled those of an elephant. (para 14)
Answer:
When two actions in the past are clearly separated by time, the earlier action is expressed in the past perfect tense. “His feet had developed cracks” …. This action took place before “his feet resembled those of an elephant.” Hence, the earlier action is expressed in the past perfect tense and the latter is expressed in the simple past, (had developed, resembled)

10. I noticed this for the first time. 1 hadn’t noticed that the road was uneven, (para 14)
Answer:
“I noticed this for the first time.”
Here the simple past tense is used as it is the author’s narration.
“I hadn’t noticed that …….. ”
This action might have occurred if the author did it but this action didn’t take place. Hence, the past perfect tense (+ not) is used.
” the road was uneven.” The condition of the road was mentioned here. It was
the condition of the road when he narrated. Hence, the simple past tense is used.

11. I checked my wallet and saw I still had around Rs.40 with me. (para 14)
Answer:
Both the actions in the above sentences occurred in the past simultaneously. Hence, the simple past tense is used in both the contexts.

12. I then took out my pair of leather shoes from the trunk, and noticed my father’s face lighting up with contentment, (para 15)
Answer:
The above two actions occurred in the past simultaneously and the time relation is unambiguous. Hence, the simple past tense is used, (took, noticed)

13. I saw that the road we had come by looked like a giant motionless rope, (para 16)
Answer:
“I saw that ” — Here the past tense is used to refer to the past action as it is the writer’s narration.
” ………… we had come by looked …………”
— Here the past perfect tense is used as this action had completed before his narration.
” …………… looked like a giant motion rope.” — Here the simple past tense is used to refer to the action as it is the writer’s narration.

14. He stopped his business after he became old.
Answer:
In this sentence both the verbs ‘stopped’ and ‘became’ are in the past tense as the time is unambiguous.

15. I never ate ‘haleem’ before I visited Hyderabad.
Answer:
In this sentence the verbs ’ate’ and ‘visited’ are in the past tense as the time is unambiguous.

II. Adverbial Clauses

Study the following examples from the story.
1. As I had to do a bit of catching up, I walked fast.
2. As I was going to take my first sip. 1 heard father’s voice.
3. He decided to go to his work place because he got into debts.

In all the above sentences there are two clauses. The underlined part is the adverbial clause.
There are several types of adverbial clauses.

Combine the pairs of sentences by using the words given in brackets.
1. There was nobody in the village to carry the author’s luggage. Everbody was engaged in some important work, (because)
2. The roads were not good. He preferred less luggage, (as)
3. He wanted to stay at home for some more days. He wanted to apply for leave, (since)
4. You may not attend the class. You don’t want to come again, (if)
5. The boy was about to come down the stairs. Then it crumbled down, (when)
Answer:

1. There was nobody in the village to carry the author’s luggage because everybody was engaged in some important work.
2. As the roads were not good, he preferred less luggage.
3. Since he wanted to stay at home for some more days, he wanted to apply for leave.
4. If you want to come again, you have to attend the class.
5. Whan the boy was about to come down the stairs, it crumbled down.

More about Adverbial Clauses :

1. Adverbial Clauses of Time :
Adverbial Clauses of Time are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions when-ever, since, after, before, while, as, etc.
e.d.:
1) As Bayaji came home, his children returned.
2) As soon as the bell rang, the children came out crying.
3) While Sachin was batting, there was a heavy noise all over the stadium.

2. Adverbial Clauses of Place :
Adverbial Clauses of Place are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions where and whereas.
e.g.:
1) You can go wherever you like.
2) I want to live where you live.

3. Adverbial Clauses of Reason :
Adverbial Clauses of Reason are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions because, that, as, since.
e.g.:
1) Because he was ill, he didn’t come.
2) He was very happy that his son had passed.
3) As she was absent from school, the teacher punished her.

4. Adverbial Clauses of Manner :
Adverbial Clauses of Manner are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions like, as, as if.
e.g.:
1) He finished the work as she requested.
2) He is acting like he doesn’t like her.
3) They talked as if they had read.

5. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose :
Adverbial Clauses of Purpose are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions so that, in order that and lest
e.g.:
1) Work hard lest you should fail.
2) We eat so that we may live.
3) Sunlight is needed in order that the process of photosynthesis takes place.

6. Adverbial Clauses of Condition :
Adverbial Clauses of Condition are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions if, whether, unless.
e.g.:
1) Unless you work harder, you will fail.
2) If I go to Hyderabad, I will meet your brother.
3) She was uncertain whether to stay or leave.

7. Adverbial Clauses of Consequence :
Adverbial Clauses of Consequence are introduced by the subordinating conjunction that.
e.g.:
1) She is such a kind man that all love him.
2) She speaks in such a low voice that nobody can hear her.

8. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison :
Adverbial Clauses of Comparison of Degree are introduced by the subordinating conjunction than, or by the Relative Adverb as …. as.
e.g.:
1) She is younger than he.
2) He is as stupid as he is lazy.

9. Adverbial Clauses of Concession :
Adverbial Clauses of Concession are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions though, although, even if.
e.g.:
1) Though he is poor he is honest.
2) Even if it rains 1 shall come.
3) He passed in first division although he didn’t work hard.

Writing

I. In the story ‘The Journey’ the author says “…. my education had made me shun physical labour”. This is an adverse effect of education. Now write an essay on ‘The Adverse Effects of Education’. Here are some points:
Effect on
• doing some work that involves physical labour
• dress/fashion
• family relationships
• giving respect to elders
• the treatment of illiterate people
Answer:

The Adverse Effects of Education

It is a well-known fact that education plays a vital role in bringing up both economically and socially. It is thought that education helps people in so many ways. Highly educated people are enjoying the status in the present day society. People with high education attain a good job, more money and many other benefits. A literate person can show the right path to others. We usually think of the benefits of education only but we should not ignore the adverse effects of education.

When the pupils spend all their time in reading and writing, there is no scope for them to do any other work. They don’t find time even to play games. Their education makes them physically weak. They are unable to do any work that involves physical labour. “A sound mind in a sound body” is a proverb. Both the sound mind and the sound body are needed if one desires to be successful. When we are helathy, we can perform our functions regularly and properly. Today, most of the pupils stay in hostels right from their childhood. Hence, they never get the chance to do physical labour. One’s physical labour will make oneself both physically and mentally strong. But today’s education system doesn’t allow the pupils to do physical labour. And the other thing is that the educated people think that others will laugh at them if they do any kind of physical labour. They think that theirs is an important position in the society. Doing their own things is the point of prestige for them. Their false prestige makes them think in a wrong way.

The second point is their dress sense. The persons with high education try to wear fashionable dresses which are different from other ones. As far as the educated Indians are concerned, they give more value to the western culture. They try to adapt the foreigners’ culture. They never think of our culture and traditions. They think that only illiterate people wear such kind of dresses which reflect our culture. In their view, they will be degraded if they don’t wear modern dresses. This thought only leads to other social problems. The young women’s dress sense will cause them a threat. They think that they are superior to the uneducated ones and behave arrogantly.

Another important point is how education affects the family relations. When a person completes his education, he starts thinking that he is greater than the other uneducated members of his family. He wants to show his dominance. If he gets employment, he doesn’t find time to spend with them. He always thinks about earning money. He gives importance to money only. He doesn’t show any love and affection even for his parents. Thus, one’s education leads to the absence of human relationships.

Most of the literates don’t give any respect to elders. As Indians, we generally have faith in our values, traditions and culture. What we have learnt from our ancestors is that we should give utmost respect to our elders. At present, we witness a different scenario. Some educated persons think that there is no use of elders. They forget the sacrifices made by them. They ill-treat their family members who are illiterates. This will lead to the destruction of family relationships.

No doubt, there are so many advantages with the education one gets. But one’s education makes one senseless. The educated persons must not move away from physical labour. They must do some work that involves physical labour. They should take care about their dress. They should not deviate from our traditional way of dressing. They should maintain good family relationships. They should respect elders. They should treat the illiterate people with courtesy. Then only their education is meaningful.

II. Summarising

A few guidelines and tips to summarize a text are given below. Read them carefully. Then read the essay ‘On Umbrella Morals’ and summarize it.

Guidelines and tips to summarize a text

To summarize is to condense a text to its main points and to do so in your own words. To include every detail is neither necessary nor desirable. In order to write a good summary, you may have to gather minor points or components of an argument from different places in the text in order to summarize the text in an organized way. A point made in the beginning of an essay and then one made toward the end may need to be grouped together in your summary to concisely convey the argument that the author is making.

Here are a few key points:

1. Read the article carefully – as many times as you require!
2. Begin your summary by mentioning the author and title. The publication and date may also be mentioned.
3. Summarize in your own words in third person using simple present tense.
4. Use transition words (however, moreover, then, also, etc.).
5. Avoid unnecessary details and direct quotes.
6. Do not give your own opinion.
7. Keep it within the word limit given or one third of the original text.
8. Prefer short and simple sentences.
9. Be consistent with the tense.
10. Check for grammar and punctuation errors.

Read the following essay.

On Umbrella Morals

-Alfred George Gardiner

A sharp shower came on as I walked along the street, but 1 did not put up my umbrella. The truth is I couldn’t put up my umbrella. The frame would not work for one thing, and even if it had worked, I would not have put the thing up, because it was falling to pieces and I would be the laughing stock. The fact is, the umbrella is not my umbrella at all. It is the umbrella of some person who I hope will read these lines: He has got my silk umbrella. I have got the cotton one he left in exchange. I imagine him walking along the street under my umbrella, and throwing a scornful glance at the fellow who was carrying his ugly thing. I dare say the rascal laughed silently as he eyed the fool with his cotton umbrella. He is one of those people who have what I may call an umbrella conscience.

I hope you know the sort of person I mean. He would never put his hand in another’s pocket, or forge a cheque or rob a cashbox —not even if he had the chance. But he will swap umbrellas, or forget to return a book, or take a rise out of the railway company. In fact he is a thoroughly honest man who allows his honesty the benefit of the doubt. Perhaps he takes your umbrella at random from the barber’s stand. He knows he can’t get a worse one than his own. He may get a better one. He doesn’t look at it very closely until he is well on his way. Then, “Dear me! I’ve taken the wrong umbrella,” he says, with an air of surprise, for he likes really to feel that he has made a mistake. “Ah, well, it’s no use going back now. He’d be gone. And I’ve left him mine! “It is thus that we play hide-and-seek with our own conscience. It is not enough not to be found out by others; we refuse to be found out by ourselves. Quite impeccable people, people who ordinarily seem unspotted from the world, are afflicted with umbrella morals.

It was a well-known preacher who was found dead in a first-class railway carriage with a third-class ticket in his pocket. And as for books, who has any morals where they are concerned? I remember some years ago the library of a famous divine and literary critic, who had died, being old. It was a splendid library of rare books, chiefly concerned with seventeenth-century writers, about whom he was a distinguished authority. Multitudes of the books had the marks of libraries all over the country. He had borrowed them and never found a convenient opportunity of returning them. They clung to him like pre-cedents to law. Yet he was a holy man and preached admirable sermons, as I can bear witness. And, if you press me on the point, I shall have to own that it is hard to part with a book you have come to love.

It is possible, of course, that the gentleman who took my silk umbrella did really make a mistake. Perhaps if he knew the owner, he would return it with his compliments. After my experience to-day, I think I will engrave my name on my umbrella. But not on that baggy thing standing in the corner. I do not care who relieves me of that. It is anybody’s for the taking.

Study Skills

Use the following graphic organizers to represent your understanding of the story ‘The Journey’. Modify the layout to suit your needs.

i) 1. How could I allow my old father to carry my trunk?
2. What would people think?
3. What would they say?
4. It was improper for me to let father carry the luggage.
5. It was through me that they (my parents) had earned a greater degree of admiration and respect from the villagers.
6. He was stronger and more skilled than I in these matters.

ii) 1. His education had made him shun physical labour.
2. His father, his people, and the whole world would laugh at him and he would be belittled.
3. His father would not like him to see him carrying a trunk on his back.

iii) I would myself carry my luggage. I wouldn’t make my father carry it.
iv) The author’s action is inhuman. He is thankless and selfish.
v) The author is ungrateful. He doesn’t show any respect, love, and affection for his father.

Listening

Listen to the story and answer the questions that follow.

Once there was a very rich man. His name was Dhanaraju. He had two sons, Ganiraju and Pothuraju. Ganiraju was hard working and obedient. He always helped his father in the fields. But Pothuraju was lazy. He never went to fields. He was disobedient to his father. He always wanted to lead a free, lavish life, so one day he said to his father, “Father, give me my share of property.” The father was heart-broken. He divided the property between his two sons. Pothuraju left home with his share. He went to a distant land, made a lot of friends and soon spent all his property lavishly on friends, food and drinks. All his friends left him.

At that time, there was a famine and Pothuraju had no work and food. None of his friends gave him food or money. He took up the job of feeding pigs. Sometimes, he had to eat the food kept for the pigs. He was very sad about his condition. He soon began to think of his father and his brother. He said to himself, “In my father’s house, even the servants have enough food. They get good shelter too. But here, I am struggling for food and shelter. I will go back to my father. 1 will beg him to take me as his servant.”
So decided, the dishonest son set out for his father’s house. In the meantime, his father was always thinking of his second son. He would sit near the windows. He would look out at the road, expecting his son to return home.

One day Dhanaraju saw his son coming at a distance. He rah out of the house in great joy and hugged his son. His son knelt down. He said, “Father, 1 am not fit to be your son. Take me as your servant.”

I. Read the statements given below and mark True or False against each of them.

1. Pothuraju went to far-off lands to enjoy free life.
2. Ganiraju asked his father to give his share of property.
3. Pothuraju had a lavish life from the beginning.
4. Dhanaraju did not care about Pothuraju.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False

II. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the story you have just listened to?
a) A Rich Son
b) Repentance
c) Two Sons
Answer:
(b) Repentance

The Journey Summary in English

The Journey’ is an excellent piece of work written by Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi, a prominent Assamese writer and it is translated into English by D.P. Nath. The author was a government officer. He came to his village to get married. His parents had arranged his marriage, according to the customs of their tribal society. After spending six months at home, he was preparing to return to his place of work. But he didn’t want to leave behind his newly-wed wife. He thought of extending his leave too. But his responsibilities made him decide to go.

As theirs is a hilly terrain, without any motorable roads, the author always prefers to carry less luggage. Now, his problem was that he needed someone to carry his luggage as his education had made him avoid physical labour. Since most of the villagers were busy in the fields, he couldn’t find even one who could help him carry the trunk to the bus stop. Finally, the writer’s father told him that he would see him off at Dirang. He didn’t want to allow his old father to carry his trunk and so he protested. But his father decided to carry the chest to the bus stop. On the day of his departure, a large crowd gathered to wish him luck and the author left for Dirang at 10 : 20. His father had already left and he had to walk fast to catch up his father. He was very tired when he caught up with his father. He sat on a rock to rest for a while. His father drank all the wine given by him and resumed carrying the luggage on his back. The author followed his father. Neither of them spoke a word as if they were strangers. The author thought that it was improper for him to let his father carry the luggage. Although he wanted to tell his father that he would like to carry the trunk himself, he couldn’t do so because of his guilt, shame and pride. He felt that the whole world would laugh at him if he did so.

The author knew that his father had provided for his education. He thought that it was through him that his parents had earned admiration and respect from the villagers. He knew that he was physically useless in spite of his youth and strength. He concluded that it would be better to let his father carry the luggage and followed him silently After resting at two places for tiffin, they reached Dirang finally. They entered a tea shop and started sipping tea. His father asked him if he had a pair of old shoes. Then the author looked at his father’s bare feet and noticed that they were full of cracks. He noticed this for the first time. He offered his father money but he refused to take. Instead, he wanted the author’s old pair. So, the author gave him the hunting boots he was wearing. His father filled with satisfaction when he saw the author taking out his pair of leather shoes from the trunk. His father wanted to say something to him but the bus started moving. Finally the author realized that both their ways were different – his way was a luxurious one while his father’s was a difficult one.

The Journey Glossary

lethargy (n) : the state of not having any energy or enthusiasm for doing things
creeps (v) : develops very slowly
terrain (n) : a particular type of land
extend (v) : to continue for a longer period of time
dilly-dallying (v) : taking a long time to do something, go somewhere or make a decision
debt (n) : a sum of money that a person or organization owes
shun (v) : to avoid something or somebody
chest (n) : a large strong box
see off (phr.v.) : to go to an airport, station, etc. to say goodbye to someone
protest (v) : to say that one strongly disagrees with
dissuade (v) : to convince somebody not to do something
catch up (phr.v.) : to come from behind and reach someone in front of you by going faster
plight (n) : a difficult and sad situation
utter (v) : to say something
guilt (n) : the unhappy feelings caused by knowing that you have done something wrong
self-consciousness (n) : feelings of nervousness about what other people think of you
belittle (v) : to make someone or something seem small or unimportant
hardly (adv) : almost not
sip (n) : a very small amount of a drink
pebbles (n) : small smooth stones
bare feet (n.phrase) : the feet without chappals or shoes
contentment (n) : a feeling of happiness or satisfaction
recede (v) : move back from a previous position further and further until it disappears
weary (adj) : very tired
pebble-strewn road (n.phrase) : the road over which pebbles are scattered

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 1C I Will Do It Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class English Solutions Chapter 1C I Will Do It

10th Class English Chapter 1C I Will Do It Textbook Questions and Answers

Comprehension

I. Answer the following questions briefly.

Question 1.
What is the ultimate aim of a bright student? And why?
Answer:
The ultimate aim of a bright student is to continue his/her studies at a world-class educational institute. He/She wants to join it as there are high standards. One will do great things when one studies at a top-class institute. So, a bright student wants to join a top-ranked institute.
(Or)
The ultimate aim of a bright student is to study at IIT. It is because, these institutions maintain high standards. One can do big things if one studies at IIT. Hence, a bright student’s ultimate aim is to study at IIT.

Question 2.
‘His heart sank in sorrow.’ Whose heart sank in sorrow? Why?
Answer:
Narayana Murthy’s heart sank in sorrow. Because of the poor financial position, Murthy’s father refused to send him to IIT. Though he had passed with a high rank, there was no chance for him to study at IIT which was his dream. So, he was very sorrowful.

Question 3.
How did Murthy react when his father expressed his helplessness to send him to IIT?
Answer:
When his father expressed his helplessness to send him to IIT, Murthy was disappointed. It seemed his dreams had burnt to ashes. His heart sank in sorrow. He didn’t share his feelings with anybody. His heart was bleeding but he didn’t get angry with anybody.

Question 4.
The author calls Murthy an introvert. Which action of Murthy substantiates this claim of the author about Murthy?
Answer:
‘Introvert’ means someone who is quiet and shy, and does not enjoy being with other people. When Murthy’s father refused to send him to IIT, he became sorrowful. Though he was sorrowful, he never shared his unhappiness or helplessness with anybody. He did not reply. He remained silent. So, we can say that Murthy was an introvert by nature.

Question 5.
What, according to Narayana Murthy, can change the life of a person?
Answer:
According to Narayana Murthy, a person himself can change his life by hard work. It is not the institution or any other thing that can change the life of a person.

Question 6.
How does the motto ‘Powered by intellect and driven by values’ describe Murthy’s life?
Answer:
Murthy really believes in the motto, ‘Powered by intellect and driven by values’. He worked very hard. He didn’t bother about his personal life or comforts. He was a genius right from the beginning. He shared his wealth with others. He never used the help of any caste, community or political connections to go up in life. He proved that it was possible to earn wealth legally and ethically. He built a team of people who were equally good. The above words reveal that he was powered by intellect and driven by values.

II. Given below are some sentences from the lesson. What do they tell us about Narayana Murthy’s qualities? Use the adjectives given in the box to describe Murthy’s character. You may also use some more adjectives you like.


Answer:

Vocabulary

Let’s look at some more one-word substitutes.

Tick (✓) the most appropriate one-word substitutes for the following.
1. A person or thing that cannot be corrected
a) unintelligible
b) Indelible
c) illegible
d) incorrigible
Answer: d

2. A persoiì of good understanding. knowledge and reasoning power
a) expert
b) intellectual
c) snob
d) literate
Answer: b

3. A person who knows many languages
a) linguist
b) grammarian
c) polyglot
d) bilingual
Answer: c

4. One who possesses many talents
a) versatile
b) prodigy
c) exceptional
d) gifted
Answer: a

5. Words inscribed on a tomb
a) epitome
b) epistle
c) epilogue
d) epitaph
Answer: d

Project Work

You have read about Nick Vujicic, who has accomplished every seemingly impossible thing in life despite having the most difficult form of disability. You have read about Narayana Murthy, who is one of the most remarkable examples to win over the unbeatable difficulties. You may also have heard or read about some remarkable Indian women such as Sudha Murthy, Sudha Chandran, Kiran Bedi and many other women who have crossed all the hurdles to become successful.

Now, work in pairs and collect information about the women who you think have excelled in their lives though they may not have come into limelight.

You may read articles in newspapers, magazines, books (autobiographies, biogra¬phies etc.), browse internet and watch TV reports on women.

Answer:

I. Based on the information you gather about the persons, prepare a short biographical account of the person you like the most, emphasizing the exemplary work done by him/her and present it to the group/ whole class.
Answer:
Ms. Srivalli was born on 15th August, 1992. She came from a poor family. Her father was a musician and her mother was a teacher. She was a bright student. Unfortunately, she met with an accident when she was eleven and the doctors amputated both her legs. After two years of relentless struggle, she could go back to her school. She could walk with the help of artificial limbs and slowly run. Now, she can do anything like a normal woman. She learnt music from guru Rama Sastry and now she is a good singer and composer of songs. In spite of her disability, she has worked hard with great determination, discipline and dedication and achieved her target.

After she had met with the accident, her heart sank in sorrow. Sometimes she wanted to die. She hated God for doing this to her. She was terrified of her losing both the limbs. Her doctor Mr. Rao always encouraged her by telling her that she could walk and run normally. She tried and tried until she could walk. She didn’t give up at any stage. Srivalli always says, “The challenges in our lives are there to strengthen our convictions. They are not there to run us over.” With the help of her parents, friends . and guru, Srivalli has managed to reach such a position in her life. She has proved that anything can be done, if one tries hard. From her life, we can understand that one need not lose hope. Her life shows us that one s disability can’t prevent one from reaching one’s target. I feel that her life is a source of inspiration to every woman. She is able to do all these only because of her strong will power. Hence, I believe in will power with which one can achieve wonders in one’s life. I would like to wish all the best for her in the future.

II. You may also present this write up on the occasion of “Women’s Day” in your school.
Answer:
Our beloved headmaster, dear teachers and my fellow students!
I wish you a very good morning and welcome you all to the programme. At the outset, I would like to greet all the women a very happy ‘Women’s Day.’

As we all know that 8th March is celebrated as International Women’s Day to commemorate women’s achievements and the contributions made by them to the society This day is also known as the United Nations Day for women’s rights and international peace.

I have a great pleasure to say a few words about a great girl Mary Griffith on this occasion. Mary Griffith, a thirteen year old girl, has set national records in track and swimming. She has been studying at the Mundelein Middle School and has cerebral palsy. In spite of her disability she set her records in 2004 and 2005 at the National Junior Disability Championships. She always say that sports have given her a lot more confidence and taught her to balance her life. Though she has been suffering from cerebral palsy, she hasn’t lost her hope. With great faith and determination she has done so well and set her own records. Her efforts are inspirational to all the women.

We all wish her a great future and with this I will end my speech. I thank one and all for giving me this chance to share my views with you.

I Will Do It Summary in English

Nagavara Ramarao Narayana Murthy is the founder of Infosys, a leading IT company in the world. He is an icon of simplicity, uncompromising quality and fairness, apart from being a philanthropist. He believes in the motto, ‘Powered by intellect and driven by values.’

As a school going lad, Narayana Murthy was the brightest boy in his class. He could solve the most difficult problems which were very hard for his seniors. He came from a poor but educated family. His father was a high-school teacher. As all other students, Narayana Murthy wanted to get admission in the IIT. He appeared for the entrance test and did well. He always dreamt of studying at IIT. He was thrilled to know that he had passed the test with a high rank.

When Narayana Murthy told his father that he wanted to join IIT, his father reminded him of their poverty. Murthy’s father advised him to stay in Mysore and study as much as he wanted. His father was very sad to say this. Murthy was disappointed and his heart sank in sorrow. He was an introvert so he never shared his sorrowfulness or helplessness with anybody. When his classmates were leaving for Madras, Murthy went to the station to say goodbye to them. Though they were all excited and talking loudly, Murthy remained silent. He wished them and they waved at him as the train slowly left the platform. Even after the train had left, he stood there motionless. He believed that he only could change his life by hard work. He unknowingly followed “Your best friend is yourself and your worst enemy is yourself, the philosophy of the Bhagavath Gita. With great determination, Narayana Murthy reached great heights in his life. He proved that it was possible to earn wealth legally and ethically.

I Will Do It about the Author

Sudha Murthy, wife of N.R. Narayana Murthy, is an Indian social worker and author. Murthy began her professional career as a computer scientist and engineer. She is the chairperson of the Infosys Foundation. She has founded several orphanages, participated in rural development efforts, supported the movement to provide all Karnataka government schools with computer and library facilities, and established the ‘The Murthy Classical Library of India’ at Harvard University.

Murthy also teaches Computer Science. She composed a fiction, Dollar Sose. The present story is an extract from one of her most successful stories ‘How I Taught my Grandmother to Read & Other Stories.’

I Will Do It Glossary

sharp (adj): quick to notice something/able to grasp quickly

bright (adj): clever / intelligent / sharp / brilliant

unnoticed (adj): ignored / overlooked

spark (n): a small amount of particular quality or feeling

grasp (v): understand something completely

avid (adj): doing something as much as possible

literature (n): written works like novels, plays, poems, technical works, newspapers and magazines

admission (n): the right to join an institution

aspirant (n): someone who hopes to get a position of importance or honour

sleepy (adj): quiet and peaceful

guide (n): a person who can advise others

mandap (n): a raised platform

uitlmate (adj): main and most important / vital / final

D-Day (n): a date on which something important is expected to happen.(From the name given to June 6, 1944. the day on which the US., British, and other armies landed on the beaches of northern France in the Second World War.)

Implied (v): gave the meaning / meant

Anna (n): a word used to address a respectable elder 1 older male

afford (v): pay for / have funds for

expenses (n): expenditure / money that one spends on something

bitter (adj): making somebody feel unhappy

burnt to ashes: lost hopes

fondest (adj): most liking

introvert(n): a quite person who is interested in his / her own thoughts and feelings.

chirping (v): making short high sounds

monsoon (n): rainy season

set in (phr.v.): begin / start

drizzle (v): light rain / sprinkle

motionless (adj): without movement

jealously (adv): being unhappy over something

philosophy (n): attitude / way of life

ethically (adv): morally

pioneer (n): a person who is the first to do something

wave (n): raise or increase

icon (n): a famous person or thing that people admire and see as a symbol of a particular idea, way of life, etc.

uncompromising (adj): unwilling to change opinions or behaviour

philanthropist (n): one who devotes his service or wealth for the love of mankind

powered by intellect and driven by values: According to Narayana Murthy Intellect (mind power) should be the power of every man. He should be driven (influenced) by values.