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Andhra Pradesh AP Board 5th Class English Solutions 1st Lesson Mallika Goes to School! Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 5th Class English Solutions Chapter 1 Mallika Goes to School!

Look at the picture and answer the following questions :

Activity 1

Question 1.
What do you see in the picture ?
Answer:
I see some school going children.

Question 2.
Do the children in the picture seem to be happy ? Why?
Answer:
The children seem to be happy. They are going to school. So, they are happy.

Question 3.
Why couldn’t the little girl in the picture go to school?
Answer:
The little girl in the picture is weaving a basket. She is busy. So, she could not go to school.

Question 4.
How would you feel, if you have never been to school?
Answer:
If I have never been to school, I feel bad.

Comprehension :

Activity 2

I. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What has Mallika been waiting for ?
Answer:
Mallika has been waiting for the day on which she goes to school.

Question 2.
Where did Mallika’s family reside ? Why was it difficult for Mallika to reach school ?
Answer:
Mallika’s family resided on the foot hills of Nallamala forest.

Question 3.
How was Mallika different from others?
Answer:
Mallika was not able to walk like other children. But weaved cane baskets and painted beautiful pictures. This way, Mallika was different from others.

Question 4.
What astonished Ranga very much?
Answer:
Mallika’s skill in painting astonished Ranga very much.

Question 5.
How did Ranga help Mallika? What does this tell us about him?
Answer:
Ranga helped Mallika to come to school. He took Mallika’s case to the notice of the headmaster.

II. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words given in the hint box.

education
excited
weave
narrow
wheelchair

Question 1.
Mallika was so ____________ that she couldn’t sleep after dawn.
Answer:
excited

Question 2.
The way to the school is ______________, rocky and uneven.
Answer:
narrow

Question 3.
Mallika can ____________ a variety of cane baskets.
Answer:
weave

Question 4.
Mallika uses a ___________ to move around.
Answer:
wheelchair

Question 5.
Children have the right to get ___________.
Answer:
education

Vocabulary

Activity 3

Choose the meaning of the underlined word in the given context. One has been done for you.
e.g. She eagerly looked out of the window.
a) rarely
b) lazily
c) heartily
Answer:
c) heartily

The underlined word eagerly means, ‘heartily’ in the context. Now, find out the contextualized meanings of the underlined words choosing from the given words. Your teacher will support you.

Question 1.
She was so excited that she couldn’t sleep after dawn.
a) very happy
b) very angry
c) very calm
Answer:
a) very happy

Question 2.
The way to the school is narrow, rocky and uneven.
a) wide
b) not wide
c) broad
Answer:
b) not wide

Question 3.
Her Nanna always consoled her.
a) comforted
b) scolded
c) hated
Answer:
a) comforted

Question 4.
“But, would you like to come to school if possible?” he insisted.
a) maintained firmly
b) asked
c) enquired
Answer:
a) maintained firmly

Question 5.
The next day, he assembled the Parents’ Committee.
a) dispersed
b) went
c) brought together
Answer:
c) brought together

Question 6.
The village Panchayat contributed by laying a good road.
a) wanted
b) assisted
c) liked
Answer:
b) assisted

Question 7.
I never dreamt I would see a day like this.
a) imagined
b) slept
c) saw
Answer:
a) imagined

Activity 4

Observe the underlined words in the given sentences.

Her family resides on the foothills of Nallamala forest.
You can weave a variety of cane baskets faster than anyone else.
The words foothills and anyone have two words each,
foothills = foot + hills
anyone = any + one

Let’s see some more examples in the given box.

1.  sun + flower = sunflower
2. news + paper = newspaper
3. black + board = blackboard
4. rain + bow = rainbow
5. hand + bag = handbag

Such a combination of two or more words to form a new word is known as a Compound Word.

I. Let’s identify and underline the compound words in the given sentences.

1. I have many books on my bookshelf.
2. The firemen put out the fire.
3. We wear a raincoat in the rainy season.
4. I got sunglasses as my birthday gift.
5. It is very important to have breakfast in the morning.
Answer:

1. bookshelf = book + shelf
2. firemen = fire + men
3. raincoat = rain + coat
4. a) sunglasses = sun + glasses
   b) birhtday = birth + day
5. breakfast = break + fast

II. Now, read the lesson again and write down any five compound words:

Compounds words are written.
As one word with no hyphen.
e.g. classroom, anyone
As hyphenated words.
e.g. mother- in-law, ready-made
As separated words.
e.g. high school, no one.

Answer:

1. birthday = birth + day
2. foothills = foot + hills
3. wheelchair = wheel + chair
4. sunrise = sun + rise
5. headmaster = head + master

Activity 5

Read the following sentences.

• The next day the headmaster assembled the Parents’ Committee.
• Mallika gave the headmaster a bouquet.

The underlined words in the above expressions are nouns, which identify a group of people and a group of things. These are called collective nouns.
A collective noun is a word that refers to a group.

Identify and underline the collective nouns in the following sentences.

1. The army of soldiers is trained to battle against the enemies.
2. The troop is headed towards the battle field.
3. The battalion had only a loaf of bread to eat.
4. A tribe of natives fed them with their tubers.
5. They stayed in the forest of trees.
6. The flock of birds flew over the colony.
7. The habitants grazed their cattle in the plains.
8. The swarm of bees attacked the herders.
9. The military saved them from the bees.
10. A little girl thanked them with bouquets.
Answer:
1. The army of soldiers is trained to battle against the enemies.
2. The troop is headed towards the battle field.
3. The battalion had only a loaf of bread to eat.
4. A tribe of natives fed them with their tubers.
5. They stayed in the forest of trees.
6. The flock of birds flew over the colony.
7. The habitants grazed their cattle in the plains.
8. The swarm of bees attacked the herders.
9. The military saved them from the bees.
10. A little girl thanked them with bouquets.

Activity 6

Read the following sentences:

• Mallika’s family resides on the foothills of Nallamala.
• I wear a uniform.

The underlined words are action words (verbs). The above sentences are talking about the present situation and situations that happen in general. These sentences are in the Simple Present form.

Some more examples:

• I read a lot. He reads a lot.
• She likes ice creams. Her friends like cakes.

What did you notice in the above sentences?
The underlined action words (verbs) sometimes take an ‘-s’ and sometimes don’t.

Look at the table given below to understand this:

I. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb forms:

Question 1.
Mallika _____________ beautiful pictures, (paint)
Answer:
paints

Question 2.
Her parents always ___________ her. (console)
Answer:
console

Question 3.
Ranga ___________ Mallika to reach school, (help)
Answer:
helps

Question 4.
I ___________ my homework after school hours, (do)
Answer:
do

Question 5.
We ___________ after completion of our homework, (play)
Answer:
play

Sometimes, we express as:

• I don’t do my homework after my school hours.
• He doesn’t play before completion of his homework.

What do you notice? The underlined words ‘don’t do’ and ‘doesn’t play’ give negative meanings. Look at the table given below.

II. Now, fill in the blanks with ‘don’t’ or ‘doesn’t’.

Question 1.
My friend _________ speak Urdu.
Answer:
doesn’t

Question 2.
My father ___________ go to market.
Answer:
doesn’t

Question 3.
Our dog ___________ eat meat.
Answer:
doesn’t

Question 4.
I __________ use a mobile phone.
Answer:
don’t

Question 5.
We _________ like junk food.
Answer:
don’t

Conventions of Writing

Read the sentences and observe the underlined words:

It’s neither a festival nor her birthday.
Today is going to be Mallika’s first day at school.
Observe the highlighted APOSTROPHE (’) in different words.
In the first sentence, the APOSTROPHE (’) is used to contract words, e.g. It’s = It is In the second sentence the APOSTROPHE (’) is used to show the possession.
e.g. Mallika’s first day = the first day of Mallika

Note: Don’t use APOSTROPHE with pronouns like ‘yours’, ‘hers’, ‘theirs’, ‘its’. For e.g. The tail of the catis black in colour. Here we should say… It’s black in colour.

a) When we contract the words, we say…
It is mine = it’s mine;
she is = she’s
we are = we’re
she has = she’s
It is a cat.
It’s licking its tail.

b) Possession in plurals:
We use an apostrophe ( ’) after the words if it is a plural word.
e.g. The high school of boys = Boys’ High School
The school of girls = Girls’ school

c) Irregular plural nouns:
For plural nouns like children, people, men, women etc., the apostrophe mark ( ’) comes after the word itself followed by ‘s’.
children’s books; people’s decision; men’s wear.

d) Singular nouns ending with ‘s’:

• In the case of a singular noun that ends with ‘s’, (possessive ‘s’) is used after the word.
  e.g. orders of the boss = boss’s orders.
• In the case of a proper noun, there is a choice
  The story of Jesus = Jesus ’ story / Jesus’s story
  The poetry of Keats = Keats’ poetry / Keats’s poetry

Activity 7

I. Choose and put the apostrophe ( ’ ) in an appropriate place to abridge the expression and say aloud. One has been done for you.

Can’t
I’ve
I’ll
We’re
Let’s
You’re
I’d
That’s
Don’t
Couldn’t

e.g. I would = I’d

Question 1.
You are = __________
Answer:
You’re

Question 2.
Let us = __________
Answer:
Let’s

Question 3.
Do not = ___________
Answer:
Don’t

Question 4.
I will = _______
Answer:
I’ll

Question 5.
Cannot = ___________
Answer:
Can’t

Question 6.
Could not = __________
Answer:
Couldn’t

Question 7.
We are = ___________
Answer:
We’re

Question 8.
I have = ___________
Answer:
I’ve

Question 9.
That is = _____________
Answer:
That’s

II. Now, use an apostrophe at the right place in the given sentences:

Question 1.
My friends bat is broken.
Answer:
friend’s

Question 2.
Its handle is broken into pieces.
Answer:
Its (No apostrophe)

Question 3.
So, were going to play kabaddi.
Answer:
we’re

Question 4.
Its a short walk from my school to the playground.
Answer:
It’ s

Question 5.
There is a signboard at the entrance reading,‘Childrens Playground’.
Answer:
Children’s play ground

Activity 8

Writing

Preparation of a Poster

Observe the following poster.

I. Now, answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What is the heading of the poster?
Answer:
Mandal Parishad Primary School

Question 2.
Mention the free schemes provided in the school.
Answer:
Free Education, Free Uniforms, Free Midday Meal and Free School supplies are the free schemes.

Question 3.
What is the purpose of the poster?
Answer:
The purpose of the poster is to communicate to parents information about the different schemes, facilities and methods of teaching available in the school.

Question 4.
What did the school assure?
Answer:
The school assures the best future to the children.

Question 5.
What are the facilities provided in the school?
Answer:
Sports and Games, Library facility, Digital Education are the facilities available in the school.

II. Now, work in groups. Prepare a poster on ‘Hand Wash Programme.

The following hints are helpful in writing your poster.

Instructions:

• The poster should contain short sentences / phrases
• An eye catchy layout.
• A catchy slogan.
• Attention grabbing pictures.
• A final message and addresser.

Hints for you:

• Handwash day: 15 October – wet hands
• – apply soap – wash 20 seconds
• – rinse well – dry with towel.
• Slogan : Clean hands are safe hands.
• Addresser:

Answer:

Activity 9

Writing

Once, Mallika’s brother Nandu got a fever and wrote a leave letter to his class teacher. Here it is ….
Leave Letter

20.07.2020.
Diguvametta.

To
The Class Teacher,
IV Class,
M. P. P. School, Diguvametta.
Sir,

As I am suffering from fever, I am unable to attend school for two days. Kindly, grant me leave from 20.07.2020 to 21.07.2020. ‘

Thanking you.

Yours obediently,
Nandu
Roll No: 12. IV Class

Now, write a letter to your class teacher, asking for leave for one day, as you have to attend a marriage function.
Answer:
A letter applying for leave

15.06.2020.
Meeijapuram

To
The Class Teacher,
Class V,
M.P.P. School,
Meeijapuram

Sir/Madam

As I have to attend a marriage function at Lakshmipuram. I can’t attend the school. Kindly grant me leave for one day i.e. 15-06-2020, today.

Thanking you,

B. Anusha,
x x x x x

Activity 10

Read out the conversation and enact the role play.

Ranga : Hi, Malli! How are you?
Mallika : Hello, Ranga! I’m fine. How about you?
Ranga : I’m fine, thank you. What are you doing?
Mallika : I’m painting a picture.
Ranga : Wow! It’s beautiful! How realistic it is!
Mallika : Thank you, Ranga!
Ranga : I wonder if you could come to school.
Mallika : The path to the school is too uneven and rocky for me to get down.

Ranga : What do uncle and aunt say?
Mallika : You know, my parents can’t carry me all the way to school every day.
Ranga : But, would you like to come to school if possible?
Mallika : Of course, I too want to make friends, play games, wear a uniform and learn new things.
Ranga : Don’t worry, Malli! I’ 11 talk to our headmaster. Definitely, you ’ll come to school.
Mallika : Thank you, Ranga! Waiting for the day.

Activity 11

Speak on the following :

1. At last, Mallika could reach school. Imagine, how her schooling could be?
2. Do you have a ramp in your school? If not, how would you make it possible?
3. While you are playing, a differently-abled boy comes to you. How would you include him in your play?
4. While you are travelling in a bus you see a woman standing with a kid in her arms. Can you do something to help her?

1. Hi all! I am Sireesha. I will talk about Mallika’s school. There will be 2 rooms in Mallika’s school. There will be a ramp to help the children who cannot walk by themselves. Therp will be television mounted to the wall. With the help of this, the children will be able to watch different programmes meant for children. And I believe that there will be 2 – 3 teachers in mallika’s school. There will be 100-130 students in the school.

2. Good morning friends. I am Praneeth. In my school, there was no ramp. It was necessary for the children to have a ramp in schools. When I understood that it was important, I requested the head master to solve this. I also gave two three names of elderly people in the village. The headmaster sir and elders sat and discussed. The ramp was soon planned out. My father and his friends helped in the construction work of the ramp. Thus, we have the ramp. Everybody can come to school now.

3. Good morning all. I am Jackson. We play in our school every evening. I’d love children to play well. There was a boy who was unable to speak. He wanted to play with us. He wanted to join us. But he wouldn’t tell as that. I understood his idea. Then, I smiled at him. He smiled back. I signalled him with my hand to join us. At first, he hesitated. But when I called him again, he came to us. You know, he plays very well now.

4. Good morning all! I am Suneetha. Recently this incident happened to me. I was travelling by a bus one afternoon. I sat in the middle at a row of seats. Then bus stopped in a village. There a group of passengers got into to the bus. There were no seats for them. There was a woman with a small kid in her arms. She was looking here and there to find a seat. But there was no seat. I extended my arms and tried to reach the kid. The kid didn’t come in to my arms. Then, I stood and offered my seat to mother. At first, she did not accept. But finally she accepted my offer and took the seat. I was so happy that I helped a person in need.

Listening input

Listen to the conversation and enact the role play.

Ranga : Good morning sir!
Headmaster : Good morning Ranga!
Ranga : I’ve come to you to talk about differently-abled Mallika.

Headmaster : About Mallika! Oh, I know her. She can’t come to school, can she?
Ranga : Yes, sir! She uses a wheelchair to move around. But she can’t reach the school as the path is rocky and uneven.
Headmaster : It’s true.
Ranga : I wish, we could all get together and level the path for Mallika.
Headmaster : That’s a good idea, Ranga! All the children have the right to education. That includes Mallika as well.
Ranga : Great, sir! At any cost, we should bring Mallika to school.
Headmaster : Sure, Ranga! Tomorrow I’ll discuss with the Parents’ Monitoring Committee and make arrangements that Mallika could reach school.
Ranga : Thank you, sir!
Headmaster : You are most welcome, my dear!

Comprehension

Activity 12

Question 1.
Ranga came to the headmaster to talk about ……………….
Answer:
differently abled Mallika

Question 2.
All could get together to …………….. the path.
Answer:
level

Question 3.
All the children have the ………………… to get education.
Answer:
right

Question 4.
“We should bring ……………….. to school,” Ranga insisted.
Answer:
Mallika

Question 5.
The headmaster decided to discuss with …………………………
Answer:
Parents’ Monitoring Committee.

Language Game

Activity 13

Title of the game : Roll and Respond
Required time : 15 minutes.
Material needed : Dice and beads

1. Make the students form groups of at least four students each.
2. Ask one student to roll on the die/dice and read the number.
3. Let the other student ask the question from the grid with the number on the dice.
4. Let the partner respond to the question.
5. Make every student take turns, roll the dice and respond to the questions.
   

Answers :

1. No. My mother doesn’t know our teacher.
2. No. My father doesn’t know you.
3. No. I don’t have a dictionary.
4. No. I don’t watch television.
5. No. My teacher doesn’t permit me to play.
6. No. I don’t speak English.
7. No. I don’t like to have coffee.
8. No. I don’t play Kabaddi.
9. No. My freind doesn’t eat rice for breakfast.
10. No. I don’t live in a city.
11. No. I don’t need your help
12. No. I don’t go to library

Summary

Mallika Goes to School

The day was special to Mallika. She has been eagerly waiting for such a day. She lives near Nallamala forest. Till now, the way to school was narrow and rocky. Now, a new road welcomes her to school.

Mallika could not walk properly like other children. She was unable to do things like other children. But she weaved cane baskets faster. She painted pictures beautifully. Amma (mother) brought a wheel chair for her. She could not walk.

One day, her neighbour Ranga came to her. He wanted her to come to school. But Mallika could not go to school. The road was narrow an ocky for her. Then Ranga went to the head master and talked to about Mallika.

The head master encouraged Ranga. He called for a Parents Monitoring Committee meeting. They decided to level the road for Mallika. Mallika came to school happily. She gave a bouquet to the head master. Her parents thanked every one with Raagi Laddoos.

సారాంశం

ఆరోజు మల్లికకి ప్రత్యేకమైనది. అలాంటి రోజు కోసం మల్లిక ఎన్నాళ్ళుగానో ఎదురు చూస్తోంది. ఆమె నల్లమల కొండల సమీపంలో నివసిస్తుంది. స్కూలుకి వెళ్ళే దోవ సన్నగానూ రాళ్లతో నిండి ఉంది. కానీ, ఇప్పుడు ఒక కొత్త రోడ్డు ఆమెకి స్వాగతం చెబుతోంది.

మల్లిక అందరు పిల్లల్లాగా సరిగా నడవలేదు. వాళ్ల లాగా అన్ని పనులు చేయలేదు. కానీ, ఆమె బట్టలు వేగంగా చేయగలదు. అందమైన రంగు రంగుల బొమ్మలు వేయగలదు. ఒకరోజు, ఆమె కోసం అమ్మ చక్రాల కుర్చీ తెచ్చింది. ఆమె నడవలేదుగా!

ఒక రోజు, పొరుగింటి రంగా ఆమె దగ్గరికి వచ్చాడు. ‘నువ్వూ స్కూలుకి రావచ్చుగా!’ అన్నారు. కానీ మల్లిక స్కూలుకి వెళ్లలేదు. స్కూలుకి వెళ్లే రోడ్డు సన్నగా, రాళ్లతో నిండి ఉంటుంది. కనుక రాలేనని చెప్పింది. అపుడు రంగా స్కూలు హెడ్మాస్టరుగారితో దగ్గరకి వెళ్ళి మల్లిక గురించి చెప్పాడు.

హెడ్మాస్టరు గారు రంగాని ప్రోత్సాహ పూర్వకంగా తట్టారు. పాఠశాలలో చదివే పిల్లల తల్లిదండ్రుల పాలక కమిటీ సమావేశం ఏర్పాటు చేశారు. మల్లిక గురించి చర్చించారు. వారు ఆ సమావేశంలో ఆ రోడ్డుని బాగు చేయాలని నిర్ణయించారు. చకచకా ఆ పనిని పూర్తి చేశారు. మల్లిక సంతోషంగా స్కూలుకి వచ్చింది. హెడ్మాస్టరు గారికి ఒక పుష్పగుచ్ఛాన్ని ఇచ్చింది. ఆమె తల్లిదండ్రులు అందరికి రాగి లడ్డూలు ఇచ్చి తమ కృతజ్ఞతని చాటుకున్నారు.

Glossary

dawn = early morning before sunrise; ప్రాతః కాలం
eagerly = showing a lot of interest; ఆసక్తితో
resides = lives; నివసించును
rocky = full of rocks; రాతితో నిండిన
uneven = not uniform, సమంగాలేని
differently-abled = handicapped; అంగవైకల్యంగల
consoled = conforted; ఓదార్చెను
excited = happy, elevated ; ఆనందపడి
astonished = surprised ; ఆశ్చర్యపడెను
moreover = apart from that ; అంతేకాక
insisted = demanded continuously ; పట్టుపట్టెను
education = study ; విద్య
includes = contains as a cart, కలిగియుంగ

patting = tapping ; తట్టుచూ
excitement = happiness ; ఆనందాతిశయం
weeds = unwanted plants ; కలుపు మొక్కలు
spades and hoes = implements, tools ; పనిముట్లు
contributed = gave as share; తమవంతుగా ఇచ్చిరి
lay = pave; పరచు
bouquet = a bunch of flowers ; పుష్పగుచ్ఛము
wiped = removed ; తుడిచెను

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Loot at the picture and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Where do you like to spend your holidays?
Answer:
I like to spend my holidays at my grandparents’ village.

Question 2.
What is your favourite place?
Answer:
My favourite place is Horsley Hills.

Question 3.
Have you ever been to the place which is shown in the picture?
Answer:
No. I haven’t.
(Or)
Yes, I have, I visited Papi Kondalu, a beautiful place with lushing greenery in December last year.

Question 4.
Share your experience based on the places you have visited/liked.
Answer:
I have visited some interesting places. Visiting such places gives us new energy. Such places are beautiful and have pleasant atmosphere.

Question 5.
Mention some tourist spots in your District.
Answer:
I belong to Guntur District. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, Kondaveedu, Undavalli Caves, Kotappa Konda, Mangalagiri, Amaravathi, Krishna Barrage are some of the tourist spots in our district.

Reaping Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Why was the journey to the tribal area a memorable one to the author?
Answer:
The author has never experienced the most exciting moments of the train journey to Araku till then. For the first time in his life, the author saw the astounding tunnels, wonderful waterfalls, valleys, caves, and other natural beauties during the train journey. Pleasant and serene atmosphere, full of greenery, and the images of all the other scenic beauties gave him unforgettable and amazing experience. Hence, the author felt that his journey to the tribal area was a memorable one.

Question 2.
Which places did the author visit on his journey?
Answer:
The author visited the Borra Caves, Tyda Nature Camp, Araku Valley, Padmapuram Gardens, and Lambasingi during his journey.

Question 3.
How did the travellers enjoy the train journey?
Answer:
The train journey was by Vista dome coach which enables the passengers watch the scenery on both the sides of the train crossing many tunnes. It was a thrilling experience to the travellers.

Question 4.
What are the beautiful scenic places that the tourists visited in Lambasingi?
Answer:
Fenced towering hills, tall green trees and the Kondakarla Bird Sanctuary are the places visited by the tourists in Lambasingi.

Question 5.
How does the author describe the Ananthagiri hills?
Answer:
The Ananthagiri hills are full of coffee plantations and waterfalls,

Question 6.
How do the tribal people earn their living?
Answer:
The tribal people earn their living by selling the handicrafts, spices and products of their farming.

B. Choose the right option and write it in brackets.

1. The most favourable tinle to visit Araku is ….
a) from November to January
b) from June to August
c) from August to October
d) from October to December
Answer:
a) from November to January

2. Araku and Lambasingi are in the ……
a) Western Ghats
b) North Eastern Ghats
c) Eastern Ghats
d) East West Ghats
Answer:
c) Eastern Ghats

3. The dance performed by the tribes in Araku Is called ……
a) Savara
b) Dhimsa
c) Kuchipudi
d) Folk
Answer:
b) Dhimsa

4. Borra Caves are made of ……….
a) Karstic limestone
b) Chalk limestone
c) Tufa limestone
d) Coquina limestone
Answer:
a) Karstic limestone

5. Ananthagiri hills are popular for …….
a) waterfalls
b) flowers
c) coffee plantations
d) both ‘a’ and ‘c’
Answer:
d) both ‘a’ and ‘c’

C. Put the following sentences in the order of events.

1) We visited Kondakarla Bird Sanctuary
2) We enjoyed Dhimsa dance performed by women.
3) The tribal people were selling their handicrafts on the either side of the road.
4) We set off from Visakhapatnam to Borra.
5) The train passed above the Borra Caves.
Answer:
4) We set off from Visakhapatnam to Borra.
5) The train passed above the Borra caves.
3) The tribal people were selling their handicrafts on the either side of the road.
2) We enjoyed Dhimsa dance performed by women.
1) We visited Kondakarla Bird Sanctuary.

Vocabulary

A. Prepare a word map related to ‘forest products’.

Answer:

B. Look at the following words :
1. attraction
2. unknowing

1. The word ‘attraction’ consists of two parts, (root + suffix)
The root word is ‘attract’, suffix is ‘ion’.

2. The word ‘unknowing’ consists of two parts (prefix + root)
The prefix is ‘un’, root word is ‘knowing’.

Note : Suffixes come after the root word, Prefixes come before the root word.

Now complete the following table with appropriate prefixes/suffixes to the root words to make new words.
The first one is done for you.

Answer:

Prefix	Root	New Word
1) dis-	locate	dislocate
2) in-	experience	inexperience
3) im-	perfect	imperfect
4) dis-	like	dislike
5) un-	natural	unnatural

 

Root	Suffix	New Word
1) beauty	-ful	beautiful
2) permit	-ion	permission
3) continue	-ous	continuous
4) enjoy	-ment	enjoyment
5) green	-ery	greenery

Grammar

A. Locate the following sentences in the text.
1. It is a bird-lovers’ heaven and one of the best places to visit in Lambasingi.
2. It is the most beautiful and important hill station in Andhra Pradesh.

Here we can observe the word ‘best’ in the 1st sentence and ‘most’ in the 2nd sentence are superlative adjectives. Both the adjectives take definite article ‘the’ before them.

a) Now, find some more superlative adjectives from the text and write them in the place provided.
Eg. the longest
1. _________
2. _________
3. _________
4. _________
5. _________
Answer:
1. the largest
2. the best
3. the most exciting

Note : There are only three superlative adjectives in this lesson.

In previous classes, you might have learnt about adjectives that are expressed in three degrees, i.e. Positive, Comparative and Superlative.

B. Read the following statements. Label them with ‘P’ for Positive, ‘C’ for Comparative and ‘S’ for Superlative degree.

1. Borra Caves are the longest caves in Eastern Ghats.
2. The Krishna is longer than the Penna.
3. There are many big buildings in our town.
4. Iron is heavier than Silver.
5. Araku Valley is one of the most beautiful places.
6. The Pacific is the deepest ocean in the world.
7. The horse does not run’so fast as the cheetah.
8. Australia is not so big as India.
9. There are many strong players in our team.
10. India is one of the largest countries in the world.
Answer:
1. Borra Caves are the longest caves in Eastern Ghats. (S)
2. The Krishna is longer than the Penna. (C)
3. There are many big buildings in our town. (P)
4. Iron is heavier than Silver. (C)
5. Araku Valley is one of the most beautiful places. (S)
6. The Pacific is the deepest ocean in the world. (S)
7. The horse does not run so fast as the cheetah. (P)
8. Australia is not so big as India. (P)
9. There are many strong players in our team. (P)
10. India is one of the largest countries in the world (S)

C. Prepositions

Fill the blanks with the relevant words choosing from the box.

The train also passed _________ the Borra Caves. We got down _________ Borra Caves quarter to 10 am. The train journey _________ Visakhapatnam Borra Caves _________ made us speechless and gave an unforgettable experience.
Answer:
The train also passed above the Borra Caves. We got down at Borra Caves by quarter to 10 am. The train journey from Visakhapatnam to. Borra Caves made us speechless and gave an unforgettable experience.

The words which you have filled in the blanks are prepositions.

Prepositions are words that give the position of the nouns or the relationship between two nouns, two pronouns or a noun and a pronoun.

→ Prepositions of Place :
There are four Prepositions of Place.

1. “at” describes a specific point in space.
E.g.I am at the library.

2. “in” describes an enclosed space.
E.g. We live in Delhi.

3. “on ” describes an object’s relationship to a surface.
E.g. The cat is jumping on the table.

4. “by” describes an object’s nearness to other objects.
E.g. The boy stood by the window.

→ Prepositions of Direction :
Prepositions of direction indicate in which direction the object is moving.
Eg : above, across, along, around, behind, below, beside, over, through, toward, up, down, between, inside, in, near, under, into, onto
The train passed through the tunnel.
We walked along the road.
The boy ran up the hill.
The river runs between the hills.

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions given in the box.

1. Is your brother ……………….. the shop?
2. My father has returned his workplace.
3. A small stream runs ……………….. the bridge.
4. Prema fell ……………….. the floor.
5. A helicopter hovered ……………….. our house.
6. The cat jumped ……………….. the wall.
7. The rocket is going ……………….. the moon.
8. The flight ran ……………….. the runway.
9. Row your boat gently the stream.
10. The boy put the chocolate ……………….. his pocket.
Answer:

1. at
2. from
3. below
4. on
5. above
6. onto
7. towards
8. along
9. down
10. in

Writing

A. Write a paragraph using the hints given below.

On a holiday – went to Horsley Hills – with my family – great trip in my life – started journey – sunny day – excited about – Gali Bandalu – road was full of eucalyptus and sandalwood trees – extremely panoramic – Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary – Environ-mental Park, Mallamma Temple – worth seeing
Answer:
On a holiday 1 went to Horsely Hills along with my family. It was a great trip in my life. We started our journey on a sunny day. I was very excited to see the place. Gali Bandalu was a very nice place to see. On the way, the road was full of eucalyptus and sandal wood trees. The place was extremely panoramic. There, we visited Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary that sheltered many animals. There was an Environmental Park which was very pleasant. Mallamma Temple was worth seeing.

B. Write a letter to your friend about your visit to a tourist place in summer holidays.
Answer:

Chittoor. 7.9.2021.Dear Shreyan, I am well here and l hope the same with you. 1 hope you are spending your summer vacation happily. Recently I visited Horsely Hills along with my family and I enjoyed it a lot.Last Sunday, I went to Horsely Hills along with my family. It was a great trip in my life. We started our journey on a sunny day. I was very excited to see the place. Gali Bandalu was a very nice place to see. On the way. the road was full of eucalyptus and sandal wood trees. The place was extremely panoramic. There, we visited Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary that sheltered many animals. There was an Environmental Park which was very pleasant. Mallamma Temple was worth seeing.Convey my regards to all.Yours lovingly, Mokshitha

Listening

Listen to the following text:

Travelling gives you many wonderful experiences you cannot find in your own country. You meet local people and get to understand different cultures. It’s so exciting. I love plaonmgtrips and doing some research on the country or countries I want to visit. Sometimes, I like to plan everything in advance, my flights, hotels, and tours, etc. For me, the most exciting thing is arriving in a country with no hotel reservation and no fixed plans. I prefer staying in hostels and guest houses. You get to meet and talk to different and interesting people and share information. I also like’ to visit places that are off the beaten track. Being somewhere with thousands of other tourists is not my cup of tea.

Listen to the text again and tick the correct options.

Travelling gives you many ___(1)___ (wonderful/worst) experiences you cannot find in your own country. You meet local people and get to ___(2)___ (understand/ misunderstand) different cultures. It’s so exciting. I ___(3)___ (love / dislike ) planning trips and doing some research on the country or countries 1 want to visit. Sometimes, I like to plan ___(4)___ (nothing/everything) in advance, my flights, hotels and tours, etc. For me, the most exciting thing is arriving in a country with no __(5)___ (hotel reservations/ room reservations) and no fixed plans. I prefer staying in ___(6)___ (railway stations/hostels) and guest houses. You get to meet and talk to different and interesting people and share information. I also like to visit places that are off the beaten ___(7)___ (track/truck). Being somewhere with thousands of other tourists is not my cup of tea.
Answer:
Travelling gives you many wonderful (wonderful / worst) experiences you cannot find in your own country. You meet local people and get to understand (understand/misunderstand) different cultures. It’s so exciting. I love (love/dislike) planning trips and doing some research on the country or countries I want to visit. Sometimes, 1 like to plan everything (nothing/everything) in advance, my flights, hotels, and tours, etc. For me, the most exciting thing is arriving in a country with no hotel reservations (hotel reservations/room reservations)and no fixed plans. I prefer staying in hostels (railway stations/hostels) and guest houses. You get to meet and talk to different and interesting people and share information. I also like to visit places that are off the beaten track (track/truck). Being somewhere with thousands of other tourists is not my cup of tea.

Talking Time

1. Already, you have read the Travelogue ‘A Journey through the Hills and Valleys’. You may have such beautiful places in your locality too. Using the following language functions share your likes and dislikes with your friend.

Language Function

Expressing Likes	Expressing Dislikes
Eg : I really enjoy the trip. I’m very fond of… Wow/Lovely! I’m crazy about ………….. is wonderful/ really good … is one of my favourites	Eg : I don’t think all the hill region is enjoyable. I’m sorry, but I don’t like it at all It’s absolutely terrible/awful I’m afraid 1 dislike/ don’t like …….. I specially dislike …….. I don’t like ………….

Answer:
Expressing Likes:
I’m very fond of watching the garden with flowers.
Wow! It is a wonderful lake!
Lovely! This garden makes me joyful.
I am crazy about watching the waterfalls.
The red hills are really good.
The old fort is wonderful.
The fishing harbour is one of my favourites.

Expressing Dislikes:
I’m sorry, but I don’t like this garden at all.
It’s absolutely terrible to watch the monkey here in this park.
I’m afraid I don’t like the terrible snow here.
I specially dislike the cold weather here.
I don’t like to visit the rocky places.

Project

Collect the list of tourist places in your district. Write a small description about the places by collecting relevant pictures. Display the pictures and the information in your classroom.
Answer:
Tourist Places in Srikakulam District :
1) Arasavilli :
Arasavilli is near Srikakulam. The attraction of this temple is that the sun rays enter the main temple and touch the feet of main deity in the temple twice every year – in March and October.

2) Kalingapatnam :
This is a historical commercial port center. River Vamsadhara merges into Bay of Bengal here. Darga Sharif, Sheikh Madina Aqulin are the major attractions here. There is also a light house that is visible up to 23 kilometers.

3) Baruva :
This is another popular tourist spot in Srikakulam district. River Mahendra Tanaya merges in the sea here. There are Kotilingeswara Swamy temple, Janardhana Swamy temples here. Once this was an important port.

4) Ponduru :
Ponduru is famous for the Khadi clothes that are made here.

5) Mandasa :
This village lies at the foothills of Mahendragiri and there is Varaha Swamy temple here. The fort in Mandasa is said to be one of the highest forts in India.

6) Kaviti is at a distance o 130 kilometers from Srikakulam. This is called another Konaseema. There are temples of Chintamani Maata and Sri Seetarama Swamy.

7) Telineelapuram reminds us of Siberia birds. Every September, Pelican and Painted Stork birds reach Telineelaapuram and return back to their places in April.

8) Mogadaalapaadu beach :
This is located in the Gara mandal of Srikakulam district. This is the most visited beach after Kalingapatnam in this district. This is at a distance of twenty kilometers from Srikakulam town. There is a 200 meter long bridge that is built into the sea. Thousands of people come here to take bath during auspicious days.

★ Tourist Places in East Godavari District:

1. Annavaram is a popular temple in East Godavari district. The presiding deity here is Sri Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Swamy. Thousands of devotees visit the temple every day.
2. Draksharamam has a temple for Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu and this is also one of the Shaktipeethams.
3. Kumaraaraamam is in Samalkota, East Godavari district. Presiding deity here is Someswara along with Balatripura Sundari. Samalkota is 60 km away from Rajahmundry.
4. Antarvedi is another religious place in the district. This is where Godavari meets the sea. There is a temple for Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy and this is also one of the famous tourist places.
5. Maredumilli is at a distance of 80 kilometers from Rajahmundry. There is Jalatarangini waterfall nearby which is an attraction.
6. Papikondalu is another very famous tourist attraction.
7. Kadiyam is famous for its plant nurseries. Many types of flowers and plants are , created here. This is at a distance of only ten kilometers from Rajahmundry.
8. Dindi resorts are located at a place where River Godavari meets the sea. This place is near Rajol and house boats are additional attraction of this place.

★ Tourist Places in Nellore District:

1. Satish Dhawah Shah Center is one of the popular Nellore district tourist places. This internationally famous rocket launching center is in Srihari Kota in Sullurpet.
2. Somasila Dam is also a tourist spot. The dam was built on River Penna. There is Someswara temple here.
3. Kandaleru River’s birth place was’Veligondala Mountains and a darn is built on the river at Chillaturu. This is the biggest mud dam in the word with a capacity to store 68 TMC water.
4. Krishnapatnam port is going to be biggest port in Asia and is in Muttkuru mandal in Nellore district.
5. Pulicot River is a naturally formed second salt water river. This is spread in an area of 600 square kilometers in the state borders of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. More than fifty lakh birds from various countries ccwne here every year during October to March.
6. Udayagiri fort has more than thousand years of history and stands still even now in ruins. The fort built on the hill is spread in 35 km and is believed to have 365 temples.
7. Pallipadu Gandhi Ashram is on the banks of River Penna in Indukurupeta. This stands as an evidence for history. This is at a distance of 9 kilometers in the east from Nellore.

★ Tourist Places In Guntur District:

1. Kotappakonda is in the Narasaraopet constituency. It is located at a distance of 15 kilometers from Narasaraopet and is 60 kilometers away from district headquarters. Lord Shiva here is called Dakshinamurthy.
2. Undavalli caves,’the world popular caves’are located in Undavalli village in Tadepalli Mandal. These historical caves date back to 2 nd and 3 rd AC. It is believed that Vishukudina king Govindaraja Varma built these for Buddhist monks. The Anantasayana Sri Mahavishnu temple in these caves is very beautiful.
3. Bhavani Island is spread in Krishna River on the borders of Guntur and Krishna districts. AC cottages and tree cottages are available for tourists.
4. Nagarjuna Sagar dam is at a distance of 25 kilometers from Macherla.
5. Amaravati is the first in the five Pancharamas and the deity here is called Amareswara’ This is at a distance of 35 kilometers from Guntur. Accommodation is available for devotees. Dhyana Buddha project is being built here. There is also an archeological museum and many ancient temples in this small village.

★ Tourist Places in Vizianagaram District:

1. Vizianagaram fort: One of the main attractions of Vizianagaram district is the Fort. ConstructiQn of this fort was begun in the year 1713 by Vizianagaram kings. Before that, they lived in a mud fort in Kumili.
2. Ganta sthambham or clock tower is another attraction in Vizianagaram. This 68 feet high pillar was built by Anandagajapati Raju with an expense of Rs. 5,4000. it has clocks on four sides. Duripg Second World War, a siren was set up in this. Earlier there were steps to reach the 5th floor but now they are in ruins.
3. Chintapalli beach is one of the most visited tourist spots in Vizianagaram district. The lighthouse, big stones in the sea are main attractions here.
4. Taatipudi Reservoir: Boating is the main attraction here. This is situated 12 kilometers from Vizianagaram town. Cottages of forest department are also available here.
5. Paiditalli temple is another attraction in this district. Sirimaanotsavam is an event that attracts thousands of devotees.

★ Tourist Places in West Godavari District:

1. Kolleru Lake is spread in nearly 700 kilometers. Many birds from other countries migrate* to this place during October and May months.
2. Dwaraka Tirumala temple is popular as ‘Chinna or Small Tirupati’ thousands of ‘ devotees visit this temple. All facilities are available here for the devotees.
3. Papikondalu is another tourist attraction in the district.
4. Perupalem beach in Mogalturu mandal is being developed as a tourist spot.
5. Rajabahadur fort in Mogalturu is standing as a symbol of lost graduer. This fort was built by Kalidindi kings two hundred years ago, according to historical evidence.
6. Guntupalli in Kamavarapukota has Buddhist caves. Buddhist monks from even foreign countries visit this place.

★ Tourist Places in Visakhapatnam District:

• Kailasagiri :
Kailasagiri hills are spread in around 350 acres and beautiful park is developed here. Water fountains, microwave repeater station, flower clock and Titanic View point mesmerize the visitors. There are huge idols of Shiva and Parvathi. Special attractions of Kailasagiri are the ropeway and the circular train.

• Ramakrishna beach :
Ramakrishna beach is very suitable to get relaxed. There is a Kalimata temple nearby which is a must see place for the tourists.

• Kurumpam tomb :
This tomb is built in the memory of Kurumpam queen. This is popualr as Taj Mahal of Visakha.

• Submarine museum :
This is the first of its kind in Asia and second in the world. Kurusura Submarine museum is located near Ramakrishna beach.

• Rishikonda beach :
This is at a distance of 8 kilometers from Visakhapatnam and is a place to be visited. Twelve AP tourism cottages are avilable here for the tourists.

• Totlakonda is 15 kilometers away from Visakhapatnam and is 128 kilometers above the sea level.
• Simhachalam is 16 kilometers away form Visakhapatnam city. It has nearly six hundred years of history. Devotees believe that Narasimha Swamy resides on this hill. Thousands of devotees visit this temple every day.
• Nukambika temple is at a distance of 36 kilometers from Visakhapatnam. Devotees. yome to visit this temple from Odhisha, Maharashtra and Karnataka districts also.

★ Tourist Places in Krishna District:

1. Kondapalli is one of the Krishna district tourist attraction places. This lies between Nandigama and Vijayawada towns. Kondapalli is famous for the wooden toys. The toys are made with a special wood got from the trees grown in this area.
2. Kanaka Durga temple is on the hills of Indrakeelaadri in Vijayawada. Lakhs of devotees
   visit the temple every year. It is said that Arjuna did penance for Lord Shiva on this hill. ‘
3. World popular Kuchipudi village is also in this district.
4. Kolleru lake is also located in this’district and the Pelicon birds can be seen here.
5. Hamsala Deevi is another tourist attraction. This village is in Koduru mandal. River Krishna merges in Bay of Bengal near this village. This place is very beautiful.
6. Prakasam barrage is another attraction of Vijayawada. The barrage is constructed at the foothill of Indrakeeladri. It was constructed in the year 1957.
7. Bapu Museum has more than hundred years of history. The museum was launched in the year 1887. There are many artefacts including those used by early men.

Tourist Places in Kurnool District:
• Srisailam :
It is located at 180 kms from Kurnool and 210 kms from Hyderabad an altitude of over 1500 ft. above the sea level in the picturesque natural environment in the Northernmost part of the Nallamalas hill range. The temple at Srisailam is the ancient and sacred place of South India. The presiding deity of the place is Bhramaramba Mallikarjuna Swamy in natural stone formations in the shape of Lingam and is listed as one of the twelve Jyotirlingams existing in the country.

• Mahanandi :
Mahanandiswara temple in Mahanandi mandal is a reputed pilgrim center and that dates back to the 7th century A.D. It is located at a distance of 14 kms from Nandyal and 80 kms from Kurnool., It is a scenic spot having its location to the east of the Nallamalas hill range in a natural set up of ravishing beauty surrounded by thick forest. The remarkable feature here is the crystal clear water which flows throughout the year from perennial springs. The festival of Mahanandiswara is celebrated during February- March. Pilgrims and tourists from all parts of India particularly South Indians visit this place throughout the year.

• Ahobilam :
It is a great religious center of antiquity and is situated at a distance of 68 Kms. from Nandyal, 28 Kms. From Allagadda and 160 Kms from Kurnool.

• Manthralayam :
Mantralayam is situated on the banks of river Tungabhadra and lying 90 kms from Kurnool. It derived its importance form the Jeevasamadhi of Madhva Saint Sri Raghavendra Swamy.

• Yaganti :
Yaganti lies at a distance of 11 kms from Banganapally and §0 kms from Kurnool situated admist natural scenery with caves and waterfalls around. The presiding deity is Uma Maheswara Swamy popularly known as Yaganti Swamy.

• Belum Caves :
Beliim Caves are located near Belum village, Kolimigundla mandal in Kurnool district. The Caves lie at a distance of 110 kms from Kurnool via Banaganapalli.

After a distance of 20 meters at the entrance, the cave is horizontal and has a length , of 3229 meters. Longer than Borra Caves in Vizag district, Belum Caves have long passages, spacious chambers fresh water galleries and siphons.

• Rolla Padu Sanctuary :
The Rolla Padu Sanctuary is located in Midthur mandal and about a distance of 60 kms from Kurnool. Apart from a wide variety birds and animals, this sanctuary is renowned as one of the last refuges of the endangered Great Indian Bustard (Batta Meka Pitta), which is a heavy Ground Bird like a young ostrich or peahen.

• Orvakallu Rock Garden :
A Magical Place – Amidst the Wonder of Nature: Orvakallu is an adventure destination unlike any other. Andhra Pradesh Tourism has identified the grandeur of these formations and has set up a 1000 acre park with the fabulous igneous rock formations as the centre of attraction.

• Bramham Gari Matham-Banaganapalli :
Banaganapalli is 85 kms away frftm Kurnool. Veera Bramham is well known saint in this region. He lived in this area written “Kalagnanam” on palm leaves. Garimireddy Achamma has provided shelter to Veera Bramham and became his disciple. He worked as a Gopala in her house. Chintamani Matham and Nelamatham are famous in this town, Banaganapalli is famous for Mango Gardens.

★ Tourist Places in Y.S.R. Kadapa District:

Gandikota Fort :
Belonging to the 13th century, Gandikota Fort is one of the most important tourist attractions in Andhra Pradesh. The architecture is inspired by Vijayanagar style and Quli Qutb style. The fort houses an expansive palace, temple and a mosque.

Ontimitta :
Those who visit Kadapa do not miss visiting Ontimitta, which has the famous Sri Kodandarama Swami Temple. The idols of three Hindu gods in the temple are carved off a single rock.

Ameen Peer Dargah :
Ameen Peer Dargah was constructed by Sufi Saint Peerullah Hussaini in the year 1683. The Dargah is visited by people who follow various faiths and hence it stands as a symbol of harmony that crosses all man made barriers.

Pushpagiri :
Pushpagiri is a beautiful place, which is considered sacred as it has many temples and a favourite pilgrimage centre.

Sri Venkateswara Wildlife Sanctuary :
Sri Venkateswara Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the important tourist attractions here. The sanctuary is a home to over 100 species of birds and 1500 varieties of plants.

Sidhout Fort :
Sidhout Fort is located on Pennar River banks. The fort was constructed in the year 1303 AD and it covers a massive 30-acre land. The two gateways with embellished pillars stand proof of the architectural splendor of the bygone era.

★ Tourist Attractions in Anantapur District:

1. Bugga Ramalingeswara temple in Tadipatri is called the second Varanasi.
2. Puttaparti is another religious place in Anantapur district.
3. Veerapuram is another important Anantapur Tourist Place for bird lovers. Birds from as far as Siberia come here every year and the villagers look after them as their guests. Painted stork is one important guest here.
4. Lepakshi temple is another important tourist spot in the district. There is a large Nandi sculpture that looks real. It is 15 feet high and 27 feet long.
5. There are many historical structures in Penugonda. It was the second capital of Sri Krishna Devaraya.

Tourist Places in Chittoor District:

Chandagiri Fort :
This was the 4th capital of Vijayanagar empire. Rayas shifted their capital here when Golconda sultans attacked Penukonda. In 1646 eventually the fort was annexed by the Sultans and subsequently fell under the Kingdom of Mysore. The Raja Mahal Palace is now an archaeological museum. The palace is an example of Indo-Sarcen architecture from Vijayanagar period.

Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Tirumala :
The Tirupati Balaji temple is placed about 120 KM east of Chittoor town. This temple is dedicated to Lord Sri Venkateswara, an incarnation of Vishnu, who is believed to have appeared here to save mankind from trials and troubles of Kali Yuga.

Horsley Hills :
Horsley Hills or Horsley Konda is a series of hills in the Madanapalle taluk of Chittoor district. it’s about 150 KM west of Chittoor town. Over the years Horsely Hills has become one of the leading tourist spots of Andhra Pradesh and its fondly called today as ‘Andhra’s Ooty’.

Kailasakona Waterfalls :
The falls is situated in Nagari Valley, about 72 KM East of Chittoor. This is a perennial waterfalls with an interesting story behind them. Legend has it that Lord Kailasanatheshwara performed the marriage of Lord Venkateshwara Swami and Goddess Padmavati here.

★ Tourist Places in Prakasam District:

1. Bhairavakona Temple :
Bhairavakonda(Bhairavakona) is about 150 kilometres from Ongole and is famous for many rock-cut temples dedicated to Lord Shiva and many other Hindu deities. Most of these temples are in ruins and date back to the 7th and 8th centuries. The architectural style of temples is similar to the temples that were constructed during the Pallava Dynasty.

2. Markapur Chennakesava :
Chennakesava Swamy temple is a famous pilgrimage centre at Markapur in Prakasam district.

3. Tripurantakam :
Located at 40 km from Markapur and 93 km from Ongole, it’s a well known place of pilgrimage. This is the site of the Tripuranta Keswara Swamy temple situated on a hilltop.

4. Singarakonda Anjaneya swamy Temple :
There are two things which Singarakonda is known for. One of them is that Lord Hanuman is located on the bank of Bhavanasi lake at the bottom of the hill Singarakonda and the second is that there is one Sri Lakshminarasimha Swamy temple located on the hilltop.

5. Kottapatnam Beach :
The beach lines the coast of Bay of Bengal and runs along several kilometres. The beach is popular for picnic and serves as a recreational spot.

Fun Time

Poem to enjoy

A pin had a head but has no hair
A clock has a face but no mouth there
Needles have eyes but they cannot see
A fly has a trunk without lock or key
A timepiece may lose but cannot win
A corn field dimples without chin
Rivers run though they have no feet
A saw has feet but it does not run
Ash trees have keys yet never a lock
And a baby crpws without being a cock

Think and match the following.

1) bottle – teeth
2) tree – tongue
3) shoe – neck
4) comb – spine
5) flame – nose
6) hammer – trunk
7) aeroplane – head
8) book – sole
Answer:
1) bottle → neck
2) tree → trunk
3) shoe → sole
4) comb → teeth
5) flame → tongue
6) hammer → head
7) aeroplane → nose
8) book → spine

A Journey through the Hills and Valleys Summary

The speaker of the lesson describes his visit to the Eastern Ghats. The speaker and his friends started from Visakhapatnam by train (Vistadome coach) to Borra Caves. The train journey to Borra Caves was by a Vista dome coach through 58 tunnels. They watched a waterfall during their train journey to Borra Caves. It was an unforgettable experience for them and they reached the place at 9.40 a.m.

Borra Caves :
The Borra Caves are the largest caves in the country. They are located 705 metres above the sea level. They enjoyed the chilled weather and the echo of shouts of visitors. They watched the forest products and handicrafts sold by the tribal people. ‘

Tyda Nature Camp :
Around 2. p.m. they reached Tyda Nature Camp. This place has facilities for rock climbing, trekking, bird watching and target shooting with bow and arrows. They enjoyed the serene atmosphere of the place. They left for Araku Valley which is called the Andhra Ooty. It is a monumental vacation spot in Andhra Pradesh. They enjoyed the taste of coffee there. They visited the Tribal Museum which exhibits the handicrafts, ornaments and dresses used by the tribal people. The yellow flowers at the spot is a wonderful feast for the eyes.

Padmapuram Gardens :
Padmapurarrf Garden is built in 26 acres and they watched the entire place in Araku Express, the toy train. They stayed at Araku at night. There they enjoyed a camp fire and Dhimsa performed by 12 to 16 women while men beating the drums.

Lambasingi:
Lambasingi is known for the snowfall with a record the lowest temperature in Andhra Pradesh. It is a perfect place to enjoy winter season. After breakfast, they visited Kondakarla Bird Sanctuary, one of the best places of visit. They watched many kinds of birds there.

Having lunch at Narsipatnam, they started to Visakhapatnam in their hired vehicle and reached in the evening. The entire journey was a memorable and adventurous experience in their life.

Meanings For Difficult Words

valley (n) : an elongated depression of the earth’s surface usually between ranges of hills
tunnel (n) : a covered passage way
exciting (adj) : thrilling
astounding (adj) : amazing, astonishing
Vista dome coach (n) : a glass-top coach which enables the passengers watch the outside scenery
spellbound (adj) : mesmerised
manifested (adj) : evident
magnificence (n) : glory / spender
concrete jungles : town areas where houses are built with cement
serene (adj) : peaceful
sumptuous (adj) : luxurious/rich; delicious
exhausted (adj) : extremely tired
brimming (v) : overflow
monumental (adj) : highly significant/very great
phenomenon (n) : an observable event
ceremonial (adj) : ritual; formal
auspicious (adj) : favourable; encouraging
survive (v) : live
intense (adj) : severe
adventurous (adj) : daring
expensive (adj) : costly

Gandikota – The Grand Canyon of India

Reading Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Write one of the interesting things from this news article.
Answer:
The information about the Gandikota Fort impressed me a lot. The wall guarding the fort is a great construction. The wall has a five-mile perimeter.

Question 2.
What is the right time to visit Gandikota? Why?
Answer:
The best time to visit this place is between September and February, as the weather during this time is comparatively pleasant.

B. Read the following and say whether they are true/false.

1. Gorges are formed because of rock erosion over a long period of time.
2. A five-mile perimeter wall around Gandikota Fort is constructed to protect it.
3. Gandikota, the Grand Canyon of India, is only one such a place in the world.
4. Gandikota is an example of artificial architecture.
5. Gandikota can only be reached by road.
Answer:

1. true
2. true
3. false
4. false
5. false

Check Point

Gandikota – The Grand Canyon of India Summary

Gandikota has come to be known as the Hidden Grand Canyon of India. It is lo-cated in Kadapa District of Andhra Pradesh. It resembles the Grand Canyon, Arizona, US. There are many astounding areas that are alluring to the visitors in and around Gandikota. ‘Gandi’ means ‘Canyon’ and ‘Kota’ means ‘Fort’. The village nearby this area is known to tye Gandikota. Gandikota was the seat of power for many ancient dynasties, ever since its discovery by Kakatiya Raja, a subordinate of the then Chalukya ruler.

The Fort, having a five-mile perimeter wall guarding it, is one of the favourite tourist hotspots. This fort has an impressive history as it was once the undefeatable stronghold of its time. It is very exciting to walk along the fort’s wall and spend a few moments by the serene river. A trip to this place is worthy. The best tinje to visit this place is between September and February, as the weather during this time is comparatively pleasant. There are several other attractions and things to do in Gandikota like kayaking, rock climbing, trekking and rappelling. Surely you can enjoy watching stars at night. The granary, prison etc are the special attractions here. You can also visit Mylavaram Dam nearby and do some boating in the serene waters of the reservoir. You can also visit the Belum Caves which is India’S largest and the longest natural cave system, the Owk Reservoir and Banaganapalle.

Meanings For Difficult Words

architecture (n) : any particular style of building design
astounding (adj) : surprisingly impressive
allure (v) : extremely attractive
adorned (v) : made more beautiful
serene (adj) : calm and peaceful
appealing (adj) : attractive or interesting
quirky (adj) : unusual
gushing (v) : flow out of something in a rapid and plentiful stream

SCERT AP 9th Class Physics Study Material Pdf Download 9th Lesson తేలియాడే వస్తువులు Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Physical Science 9th Lesson Questions and Answers తేలియాడే వస్తువులు

9th Class Physical Science 9th Lesson తేలియాడే వస్తువులు Textbook Questions and Answers

అభ్యసనాన్ని మెరుగుపరుచుకోండి

ప్రశ్న 1.
1. 2 సెం.మీ వ్యాసార్ధం గల గోళం యొక్క ద్రవ్యరాశి 0.05 కి.గ్రా. అయిన దాని సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
గోళం వ్యాసార్థం = 2 సెం.మీ.

ప్రశ్న 2.
ఒక సీసా ఖాళీగానున్నపుడు 20 గ్రాములు. దానిలో నీరు నింపినపుడు 22 గ్రాములు బరువు ఉంది. దానిని నూనెతో నింపినపుడు 21.76 గ్రాములుంటే ఆ నూనె సాంద్రత ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
నీటి బరువు = 22 – 20 = 2 గ్రా
నూనె బరువు = 21.76 – 20 = 1.76 గ్రా.

ప్రశ్న 3.
ఒక గ్లాసులోని నీటిలో మంచుగడ్డ తేలుతూ ఉంది (మంచు సాంద్రత 0.9 గ్రా/ఘ. సెం.మీ). ఆ మంచుగడ్డ పూర్తిగా కరిగితే ఆ గ్లాసులోని నీటి మట్టంలో పెరుగుదల ఉంటుందా? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
గ్లాసులోని నీటిమట్టం పెరుగుతుంది.

కారణం :
మంచుగడ్డ సాంద్రత, నీటి సాంద్రతకన్నా తక్కువ ఉండడం వల్ల నీటిపై తేలుతుంది. మంచుగడ్డ కరిగి నీరుగా మారడం వలన గ్లాసులోని నీటిమట్టం పెరుగుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 4.
నీటిలో కొన్ని వస్తువులు తేలుతాయి. కొన్ని మునుగుతాయి. ఎందుకు? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
నీటిలో వస్తువు మునుగుట, తేలుట అనేది రెండు విషయాలపై ఆధారపడి ఉంటుంది. అవి
1. సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత :
వస్తువు యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా ఎక్కువ ఉంటే ఆ వస్తువు నీటిలో మునుగుతుంది, లేకుంటే తేలుతుంది.

2. వస్తువుచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి ద్రవ్యరాశి :
వస్తువు సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా ఎక్కువ ఉన్నప్పటికీ, ఆ వస్తువుచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి ద్రవ్యరాశి ఆ వస్తువు ద్రవ్యరాశికి సమానమైతే ఆ వస్తువు నీటిపై తేలుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 5.
సాంద్రత, సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతలను వివరించండి. సూత్రాలు రాయండి. (AS 1)
జవాబు:
సాంద్రత : ప్రమాణ ఘనపరిమాణం గల వస్తువు ద్రవ్యరాశిని ఆ వస్తువు యొక్క సాంద్రత అంటారు.

ఘనపరిమాణం సాంద్రత ప్రమాణాలు : గ్రా/సెం.మీ (లేదా) కి. గ్రా/ మీ’.

సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత :
వస్తువు సాంద్రతకు, నీటి సాంద్రతకు గల నిష్పత్తిని ఆ వస్తువు యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత అంటారు.

సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతకు ప్రమాణాలు ఉండవు.

ప్రశ్న 6.
నీటి సాంద్రత ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
నీటి సాంద్రత = 1 గ్రా/సెం.మీ. (లేదా) 1 కి. గ్రా/ మీ³.

ప్రశ్న 7.
ఉత్థవనం (buoyancy) అనగానేమి? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
ద్రవంలో ఉన్న వస్తువుపై ఊర్ధ్వ దిశలో కలుగజేయబడే బలాన్ని ఉత్పవనం అంటాం. ఈ బలం ఆ వస్తువు వల్ల తొలగించబడిన ద్రవం బరువుకి సమానం.
(లేదా)
వస్తువును ద్రవంలో తేలేటట్లు చేయగల సామర్థ్యమే ఉత్సవనం.

ప్రశ్న 8.
కింద ఇవ్వబడిన పదార్థాలను సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా ఎక్కువ గల వస్తువులు, 1కన్నా తక్కువ గల వస్తువులుగా వర్గీకరించండి. (AS 1)
(చెక్క ఇనుము, రబ్బరు, ప్లాస్టిక్, గాజు, రాయి, బెండు, గాలి, బొగ్గు, మంచు, మైనం, కాగితం, పాలు, కిరోసిన, కొబ్బరినూనె, సబ్బు)
జవాబు:

సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా ఎక్కువ గలవి	సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా తక్కువ గలవి
ఇనుము	చెక్క
గాజు	రబ్బరు
రాయి	ప్లాస్టిక్
పాలు	బెండు
సుబ్బు	గాలి
	బొగ్గు
	మంచు
	మైనం
	కాగితం
	కిరోసిన్
	కొబ్బరినూనె

ప్రశ్న 9.
నీరు, పాలలో ఏది అధిక సాంద్రత కలిగినది? (AS 2)
జవాబు:
నీటి సాంద్రత 1 గ్రా./ఘ. సెం.మీ, మరియు పాల సాంద్రత 1.02 గ్రా./ఘ. సెం.మీ. కావున పాల సాంద్రత నీటి సాంద్రతకన్నా కొద్దిగా ఎక్కువ.

ప్రశ్న 10.
నీటిలో ఇనుము మునుగుతుంది. చెక్క తేలుతుంది. ఒకే ఘనపరిమాణం గల ఇనుము, చెక్క ముక్కలను ఒక్కటిగా కట్టి నీటిలో వేస్తే అది మునుగుతుందా? తేలుతుందా? ఊహించండి. ప్రయోగం చేసి మీ ఊహ సరైనదో, కాదో పరీక్షించుకోండి. (AS 2, AS 3)
జవాబు:
ఒకే ఘనపరిమాణం గల ఇనుము, చెక్క ముక్కలను ఒక్కటిగా కట్టి నీటిలో వేస్తే అది మునుగుతుంది.

కారణం :
రెండు వస్తువుల ఫలిత ద్రవ్యరాశి పెరుగుతుంది. తత్ఫలితంగా ఫలిత సాంద్రత కూడా పెరుగుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 11.
చెక్క యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతను కనుగొనండి. కనుగొనే విధానాన్ని వివరించండి. (AS 3)
జవాబు:
ఉద్దేశ్యం : చెక్క యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతను కనుగొనుట. (ప్రయోగశాల కృత్యం – 1)

కావలసిన పరికరాలు :
ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్ర, 50 మి.లీ. కొలజాడీ, స్ప్రింగు త్రాసు, చెక్క ముక్క నీరు

విధానం :

1. 50 మి.లీ కొలజాడీ ద్రవ్యరాశిని కొలిచి నమోదు చేయండి.
2. చెక్క ముక్క యొక్క ద్రవ్యరాశిని కనుగొని నమోదు చేయండి.
3. ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్రలో ప్రక్క గొట్టం గుండా నీరు పొర్లిపోయేంత వరకు నీటిని పోయండి.
4. నీరు పొర్లిపోవడం ఆగిపోగానే ఆ గొట్టంకింద 50 మి.లీ.ల కొలజాడీ నుంచండి.
5. ఇప్పుడు చెక్క ముక్కను పాత్రలోని నీటిలో జాగ్రత్తగా జారవిడవండి.
6. చెక్కముక్కను నీటిలో ఉంచగానే పక్కగొట్టంద్వారా కొంతనీరు పొర్లి కొలజాడీలోకి చేరుతుంది.
7. నీరు పొర్లిపోవడం ఆగే వరకు వేచి చూడండి.
8. నీటితో సహా కొలజాడీ ద్రవ్యరాశిని కొలిచి పట్టికలో నమోదు చేయండి.

ప్రశ్న 12.
ఒక ద్రవం యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతను ఎలా కనుగొంటారు? (ప్రయోగశాల కృత్యం – 2) (AS 3)
జవాబు:
ఉద్దేశ్యం :
ద్రవం సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతను కనుగొనుట.

కావలసిన పరికరాలు :
50 మి.లీ. ద్రవం పట్టే సీసా, స్ప్రింగ్ త్రాసు, ఏదైనా ద్రవం (దాదాపు 50 మి.లీ.).

విధానం :

1. ముందుగా ఖాళీ సీసా ద్రవ్యరాశి కనుగొనాలి.
2. ఆ ఖాళీ సీసాను నీటితో నింపి మరల ద్రవ్యరాశిని కనుగొనాలి.
3. ఇప్పుడు 50 మి.లీల నీటి ద్రవ్యరాశి = నీటితో నింపిన సీసా ద్రవ్యరాశి – ఖాళీ సీసా ద్రవ్యరాశి
4. సీసా నుండి నీటిని తీసివేసి ఆ సీసాను ఏదైనా ద్రవం (పాలు) తో నింపి దాని ద్రవ్యరాశిని కనుగొనండి.
5. 50 మి. లీ.ల ద్రవం ద్రవ్యరాశి = ద్రవంతో నింపిన సీసా ద్రవ్యరాశి – ఖాళీ సీసా ద్రవ్యరాశి
6. 
7. ఇదే విధంగా ఏ ద్రవం యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతనైనా కనుగొనవచ్చును. వివిధ ద్రవాల సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతలను కింది పట్టికలో నమోదు చేయండి.

ప్రశ్న 13.
వివిధ రకాల పండ్లు, కూరగాయల సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతలను కనుగొని జాబితా రాయంది. (AS 3)
జవాబు:

1. ప్రయోగాలు – క్షేత్ర పరిశీలనలు కింద ఉన్న ప్రశ్న (1)లో సూచించిన విధానాన్ని అనుసరించండి.
2. ఈ విధానంలో చెక్క ముక్కకు బదులు వివిధ రకాల పండ్లు, కూరగాయలు వాడండి.
3. వచ్చిన విలువలు కింది పట్టికలో నమోదు చేయండి.

పండు/కూరగాయ పేరు	సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత
కాబేజి	0.36
కాలిఫ్లవర్	0.26
సొరకాయ	0.56
ఆలుగడ్డ (బంగాళదుంప)	0.67
ఉల్లిపాయ	0.59
మిరపకాయ	0.29
కాకరకాయ	0.4
ఆపిల్	1.22
ద్రాక్ష	1.04
నారింజ	0.34

ప్రశ్న 14.
బాల్ పెన్ రీఫిల్ లో లాక్టోమీటర్ తయారుచేయండి. రీఫిల్ నీటిలో నిటారుగా నిలబడడానికి మీరేం చేశారు?(కృత్యం – 2) (AS 5)
జవాబు:

1. ఒక ఖాళీ బాల్ పెన్ రీఫిలను తీసుకోండి. దాని చివర లోహపు ముల్లు ఉండాలి.
2. ఒక లావు పరీక్షనాళికను తీసుకొని, దానిని దాదాపుగా నిండుగా నీటిని తీసుకొని, పటంలో చూపినట్లు రీఫిలను నీటిలో ఉంచండి.
3. రీఫిల్ యొక్క లోహపు ముల్లు కిందికి ఉండేటట్లుగా జాగ్రత్త వహించండి.
4. రీఫిల్ నీటిలో ఎంతవరకు మునిగిందో, అక్కడ పెతో గుర్తు పెట్టండి.
5. బాయిలింగ్ ట్యూబ్ నుండి నీటిని తీసివేసి, పాలను పోయండి.
6. ఆ పాలలో రీఫిలను ఉంచండి.
7. రీఫిల్ పాలలో ఎంతవరకు మునిగిందో, అక్కడ పెతో మరొక గుర్తు పెట్టండి.
8. ఈ రెండు గుర్తులు ఒకే స్థానంలో ఉండవు.
9. ఇదే అభివృద్ధి పరచబడిన లాక్టోమీటరు.
10. రీఫిల్ యొక్క లోహపు ముల్లుకు ఒక బరువును (బెండు లాంటిది) అమర్చినచో రీఫిల్ ఒక పక్కకు వాలకుండా నిటారుగా నీటిలో తేలుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 15.
పాదరస భారమితి బొమ్మ గీయండి. (AS 5)
జవాబు:

ప్రశ్న 16.
హైద్రాలిక్ బాక్స్ తయారీలో ఉపయోగపడుతున్న పాస్కల్ ఆవిష్కరణను నీవెలా అభినందిస్తావు? (AS 6)
జవాబు:
పాస్కల్ నియమం :
ఏదైనా ప్రవాహి బంధింపబడి ఉన్నప్పుడు దానిపై బాహ్య పీడనం కలుగజేస్తే ఆ ప్రవాహిలో అన్ని వైపులా ఒకే విధంగా పీడనం పెరుగుతుంది.

ఉపయోగము :

1. హైడ్రాలిక్ యంత్రాల తయారీలో ఈ సూత్రము ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.
2. మెకానిక్ షాపులందు వాహనాలను బాగు చేసేటప్పుడు వాడే జాకీలు పాస్కల్ నియమముపై ఆధారపడి పనిచేస్తాయి.
3. ఈ జాకీల వలన మనం కొద్ది బలాన్ని ప్రయోగించి భారీ వాహనాలను కూడా సులభంగా పైకెత్తవచ్చు.

ప్రశంస:

1. కేవలం మెకానిక్ షాపులయందు మాత్రమే కాక ఎక్కడైతే ఎక్కువ బరువులను తక్కువ బలంతో పైకెత్తవలసి ఉంటుందో, ఆ పరిశ్రమలన్నింటిలోను హైడ్రాలిక్ జాక్లను ఉపయోగిస్తారు.
2. శాస్త్రజ్ఞులు కనుగొన్న నియమాలు, సూత్రాలు అనేక నూతన పరికరాల రూపకల్పనకు దోహదపడి మన జీవితాన్ని సుఖమయం చేస్తున్నాయి.
3. దీనివల్ల మనం శాస్త్రజ్ఞుల కృషిని తప్పక అభినందించాలి.

ప్రశ్న 17.
ఉత్సవనం గురించి వివరించిన ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సిద్ధాంతాన్ని నీవెలా అభినందిస్తావు? (AS 6)
జవాబు:
ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సూత్రము :
ఏదైనా ఒక వస్తువును ఒక ప్రవాహిలో పూర్తిగా కాని, పాక్షికంగాగాని ముంచినప్పుడు ఆ వస్తువు తొలగించిన ప్రవాహి బరువుకు సమానమైన ఉత్సవన బలం ఆ వస్తువుపై ఊర్వ దిశలో పనిచేస్తుంది.

ఉపయోగము :
ఈ సూత్రము లోహాల స్వచ్చతను కనుగొనుటకు ఉపయోగపడును.

ప్రశంస:

1. ఆర్కిమెడీస్ స్నానం చేస్తూండగా అకస్మాత్తుగా ఈ సూత్రం కనుగొనుట జరిగినది.
2. ఈ సూత్రం సాయంతో రాజు తనకప్పజెప్పబడిన సమస్యను ఆర్కిమెడిస్ సులభంగా పరిష్కరించగలిగాడు.
3. మన నిత్యజీవితంలో ఎదురయ్యే ఎన్నో సమస్యలకు సమాధానాలుగా అనేక సూత్రాలను, నియమాలను శాస్త్రజ్ఞులు కనుగొనుట జరిగినది.
4. హుస్సేన్‌సాగర్‌లో బుద్ధ విగ్రహం మునిగిపోవుట గురించి వినే ఉంటారు.
5. ఈ విగ్రహాన్ని ఉత్సవన బలం ఆధారంగానే బయటకు తీయగలిగారు.
6. శాస్త్రజ్ఞులు ఆర్కిమెడిసన్ను ఒక మంచి గణిత శాస్త్రవేత్తగా గౌరవించారు.
7. చంద్రునిపై కనుగొన్న ఒక పెద్ద బిలానికి ఆర్కిమెడీస్ పేరు పెట్టడం జరిగినది.
8. కొన్ని శిఖరాలకు కూడా ఆర్కిమెడీస్ శిఖరాలు అని పేరు పెట్టడం జరిగినది.
9. కావున ఆర్కిమెడీస్ కనుగొన్న అనేక విషయాలను మనం అభినందించక తప్పదు.

ప్రశ్న 18.
నీటిలో మునిగే పదార్థాలతో, నీటిలో మునగని పడవలు తయారుచేసే సాంకేతికత నీకు అద్భుతంగా అనిపించిందా? ఎందుకు? (AS 6)
జవాబు:

1. ఇనుము సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 8.5. ఇది నీటి సాంద్రతకన్నా చాలా ఎక్కువ.
2. కాని అనేక టన్నుల ఇనుముతో తయారుచేయబడిన ఒక ఓడ నీటిలో తేలడం నిజంగా ఒక వింత.
3. ఆర్కిమెడిస్ ఉత్సవన నియమం ప్రకారం ఏ వస్తువైనా ఒక ద్రవంలో ముంచబడినపుడు అది తొలగించే ద్రవం బరువు దాని బరువుకు సమానమైనప్పుడు ఆ వస్తువు ఆ ద్రవంలో తేలుతుంది.
4. కావున ఓడలను, పూర్తిగా నింపబడిన ఓడ బరువు, అది తొలగించే నీటి బరువుకు సమానమయ్యేటట్లు అధిక ఉపరితల వైశాల్యంతో నిర్మిస్తారు.
5. ఈ నిర్మాణంలో కచ్చితమైన కొలతలు, ఎంతో శాస్త్ర విజ్ఞాన నైపుణ్యము ఇమిడి ఉంటాయి.
6. నిజంగా ఈ విధమైన కచ్చితమైన కొలతలు, ఇంతటి విలువైన శాస్త్ర విజ్ఞాన నైపుణ్యాన్ని కలిగియున్న శాస్త్రవేత్తలను, ఈ నియమాలను అందించిన శాస్త్రవేత్తలను అభినందించకుండా ఉండలేము.

ప్రశ్న 19.
మీ దైనందిన జీవితంలో ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సిద్ధాంతాన్ని ఎక్కడెక్కడ పరిశీలిస్తారు? రెండు ఉదాహరణలివ్వండి. (AS 7)
జవాబు:
నిత్యజీవితంలో ఆర్కిమెడీస్ నియమ ఉపయోగం :

1. నిత్య జీవితంలో ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సూత్రం అనేక విధాలుగా ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.
2. నీటిపై తేలే చేపలు, నీటిలో ఈదే మనుషులు, నీటిపై తేలే మంచు పర్వతాలు, ఓడలు మొదలగునవి ఆర్కిమెడీస్ ఉత్సవన నియమాన్ని పాటిస్తాయి.
3. గాలిలో బెలూను ఎగురవేయడం కూడా ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సూత్ర వినియోగమే.
4. అలాగే బావిలో నుండి నీటితో నిండిన బకెట్ ను లాగేటప్పుడు, ఆ బకెట్ నీటి ఉపరితలానికి వచ్చే వరకు బరువును కోల్పోయినట్లనిపిస్తుంది. ఇది కూడా ఉత్తవన బలం యొక్క ఫలితమే.
5. నీటిలో బాతు ఈదడం కూడా ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సూత్రానికి ఉదాహరణ.

ప్రశ్న 20.
మీ దైనందిన జీవితంలో పాస్కల్ నియమాన్ని ఎక్కడెక్కడ పరిశీలిస్తారు? రెండు ఉదాహరణలివ్వండి. (AS 7)
జవాబు:
పాస్కల్ నియమం యొక్క నిత్యజీవిత ఉపయోగాలు :

1. హైడ్రాలిక్ జాక్స్
2. హైడ్రాలిక్ పంపులు
3. హైడ్రాలిక్ లిఫ్టులు
4. హైడ్రాలిక్ క్రేన్లు
5. సైఫన్
6. బావులు
7. డ్యాములు

ప్రశ్న 21.
50 గ్రా. ద్రవ్యరాశి గల ఒక పదార్థ ఘనపరిమాణము 20 ఘ. సెం.మీ. నీటి సాంద్రత 1 గ్రా./ఘ. సెం.మీ. అయితే ఆ పదార్థం నీటిలో మునుగుతుందా? తేలుతుందా? అది తొలగించే నీటి బరువు ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:

నీటి సాంద్రత : 1 గ్రా/సెం.మీ³
పదార్థ సాంద్రత, నీటి సాంద్రతకన్నా ఎక్కువ. కావున ఆ వస్తువు నీటిలో మునుగుతుంది.
ఆ వస్తువు సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత = 2.5 గ్రా/సెం.మీ³/1 గ్రా/సెం.మీ³ = 2.5
వస్తువు సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత = వస్తువు బరువు / వస్తువు ఘనపరిమాణమునకు సమాన ఘనపరిమాణము గల నీటి బరువు

వస్తువుచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి ద్రవ్యరాశి = 20 గ్రా.

ప్రశ్న 22.
వాతావరణ పీడనం 100 కిలో పాస్కల్ ఉన్నపుడు నీటిలో 10 మీ. లోతున పీడనం ఎంత ఉంటుంది? (AS 1)
(పాస్కల్ = న్యూటన్/మీ²) (100 కిలో పాస్కల్ = 10⁵ పాస్కల్ = 10⁵ న్యూటన్/మీ² = 1 అట్మాస్పియర్).
జవాబు:
వాతావరణ పీడనం P = 100 కిలో పాస్కల్
నీటి ద్రవ్యరాశి : 1 గ్రా/సెం.మీ³
h లోతులో పీడనం P_h = P₀ + ρ h g
= 100 + 10 × 1 × 9.8
= 100 + 98 – 198 కిలో పాస్కల్

ప్రశ్న 23.
ఇనుమును నీటిలో తేలేటట్లు చేయగలవా? ఎలా? (AS 3)
జవాబు:
ఇనుమును నీటిలో మునిగేటట్లు చేయవచ్చును.

విధానం :

1. ఒక ఇనుప ముక్కను తీసుకొని దానిని ఒక నీరుగల జాడీలో జారవిడవండి.
2. ఇనుప ముక్క నీటిలో మునుగుటను గమనిస్తాము.
3. ఒక సన్నని ఇనుప రేకును తీసుకొని దానిని నాలుగు మడతలు వేసి నీటిలో వేయండి.
4. ఇది కూడా నీటిలో మునుగుట గమనిస్తాము.
5. ఇప్పుడు ఇనుప రేకు యొక్క మడతలు విప్పదీసి, దానిని ఒక గిన్నెలాగా మడిచి ఆ గిన్నెను నీటిలో వేయండి.
6. ఆ గిన్నె నీటిలో తేలుటను గమనిస్తాము.

కారణం :
ఇనుప గిన్నెచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి ద్రవ్యరాశి, ఆ ఇనుప గిన్నె బరువుకన్నా తక్కువ అవడం చేత ఇనుప గిన్నె నీటిపై తేలింది.

ప్రశ్న 24.
మీరు వివిధ ఘన, ద్రవ పదార్థాల సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతలను కనుగొన్నారు. వాటిని వాటి సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతల ఆరోహణ క్రమంలో రాయండి. (AS 4)
జవాబు:

పదార్థము	సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత
కిరోసిన్	0.81
రబ్బరు	0.94
పాలు	1.02
గాజు	1.29
ఇనుము	8.5

ప్రశ్న 25.
వాహనాలలో వాడే ఆయిల్ బ్రేకులు బ్రాహప్రెస్ నియమాన్ని (పాస్కల్ నియమాన్ని) పాటిస్తాయి. మరి ఎయిర్ బ్రేకులు .. ఎలా పనిచేస్తాయి? వాహనాలలో ఎయిర్ బ్రేకులు పనిచేసే విధానాన్ని గురించి సమాచారాన్ని సేకరించండి. (AS 4)
జవాబు:

1. ఎయిర్ బ్రేకులు శక్తి నిత్యత్వం అనే నియమంపై ఆధారపడి పనిచేస్తాయి.
2. సాధారణంగా రైలు పరిగెత్తుతున్నపుడు గతిశక్తి పుడుతుంది. ఈ గతిశక్తిని తగ్గిస్తే రైలు ఆగిపోతుంది.
3. గాలినుపయోగించి గతిశక్తిని ఉష్ణశక్తిగా మార్చడం ద్వారా రైలును ఆపగలుగుతున్నారు.
4. ఎయిర్ బ్రేకుల వ్యవస్థను పటంలో చూపడమైనది.
5. ఇందులోని ముఖ్య భాగాలు: కంప్రెసర్, ప్రధాన రిజర్వాయర్, డ్రైవరు వద్దనుండే బ్రేకు వాల్వు, బ్రేకు గొట్టం , ట్రిపుల్ వాల్వు, ఆక్టిలరీ రిజర్వాయర్, బ్రేకు సిలిండర్, బ్రేకు బ్లాకు.

పనిచేయు విధానం:

1. డ్రైవరు బ్రేకు వాల్వును నొక్కగానే బ్రేకు గొట్టంలోని గాలి పీడనం బయటకు నెట్టివేయబడును.
2. ట్రిపుల్ వాల్వు ఈ పీడనం బయటకు నెట్టివేయబడడాన్ని గుర్తిస్తుంది.
3. ఇప్పుడు బ్రేకు సిలిండర్‌కు, ఆక్టిలరీ రిజర్వాయర్‌కు మధ్యగల అనుసంధానం తెరుచుకోబడి, ఆర్డీలరీ రిజర్వాయర్ ద్వారా బ్రేక్ సిలిండర్‌ లోనికి గాలి నెట్టబడుతుంది.
4. ఈ గాలి పీడనం, ముషలకాన్ని ముందుకు నెట్టడం ద్వారా, చక్రాలకు దగ్గరలోనున్న ముషలకాలు ముందుకు నెట్టబడి, చక్రాలను ఆపుతాయి.
5. ఈ విధంగా ఎయిర్ బ్రేకులు పనిచేస్తాయి.

9th Class Physical Science 9th Lesson తేలియాడే వస్తువులు Textbook InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 144

ప్రశ్న 1.
మీ వద్ద 30 ఘ. సెం.మీ. పరిమాణం గల దిమ్మె ఒకటి, 60 ఘ. సెం.మీ. పరిమాణం గల దిమ్మె ఒకటి ఉన్నాయనుకోండి. అవి ఏయే పదార్థాలతో తయారయ్యా యో నీకు తెలియదు. కాని 60 ఘ. సెం.మీ. పరిమాణం గలది ఎక్కువ బరువుంది. ఈ సమాచారంతో ఆ రెండు దిమ్మెలలో దేని సాంద్రత ఎక్కువో చెప్పగలరా?
జవాబు:
ఒక వస్తువు సాంద్రతను చెప్పాలంటే ఆ వస్తువు ద్రవ్యరాశి మరియు ఘనపరిమాణములు తెలిసియుండాలి. కాని పై సందర్భములో కేవలం ఘనపరిమాణము మాత్రమే తెలుసు. కాని ఆ రెండు వస్తువుల ద్రవ్యరాశులు తెలియవు కావున దేని సాంద్రత ఎక్కువో చెప్పలేము.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 155

ప్రశ్న 2.
ఎ) “టారిసెల్లీ” భారమితిని చంద్రునిపై ఉంచితే ఏమి జరుగుతుంది?
జవాబు:
చంద్రునిపై వాతావరణ పీడనం లేదు కావున “టారిసెల్లి” భారమితిని చంద్రునిపై ఉంచితే పాదరస స్థంభం ఎత్తు ‘సున్న’ అవుతుంది.

బి) భారమితిలో పాదరస మట్టానికి కొంచెం దిగువగా గాజు గొట్టానికి ఒక రంధ్రం చేయబడి అందులో ఒక “పిడి” బిగించబడి ఉందనుకుందాం. ఆ రంధ్రం నుండి ఆ పిడిని తొలగిస్తే ఏం జరుగుతుంది?
జవాబు:

1. పాదరస స్థంభం పైన “శూన్య ప్రదేశం” ఉంటుంది. కావున పాదరసం పైన ఎటువంటి పీడనం ఉండదు.
2. అంతేగాక గాజు గొట్టంలోని పాదరస మట్టం యొక్క ‘భారం’ దానిపై వాతావరణ పీడన ఫలితంగా గిన్నెలోని పాదరసంవల్ల కలిగే బలానికి సమానంగా ఉంటుంది.
3. అందువల్ల పాదరస స్థంభం యొక్క ఎత్తులో ఎటువంటి మార్పు రాదు.

సి) భారమితిలో పాదరసానికి బదులుగా మనం నీరు ఎందుకు వాడకూడదు? ఒకవేళ మీరు వాడాలంటే గాజు గొట్టం పొడవు ఎంత ఉండాలి?
జవాబు:
భారమితిలో పాదరసానికి బదులుగా నీరు వాడలేము. ఎందుకంటే
1) నీరు ఉష్ణోగ్రత, పీడనములలోని అతి స్వల్ప మార్పులకు వ్యాకోచ, సంకోచాలు చెందదు.
2) నీరు వాడాలంటే గాజు గొట్టం పొడవు సుమారు 10 మీ. కంటే ఎక్కువ ఉండాలి. ఇది చాలా అసౌకర్యంగా ఉంటుంది. ఒకవేళ నీటిని తీసుకుంటే, పాదరస స్థంభం ఎత్తు

డి) భూమి చుట్టూ ఉన్న మొత్తం వాతావరణ పీడనం బరువు కనుక్కోండి. (భూ వ్యాసార్థం 6400 కి.మీ.)
జవాబు:
భూమి చుట్టూ ఉన్న మొత్తం వాతావరణ పీడనం బరువు = వాతావరణ పీడనం × భూ ఉపరితల వైశాల్యం

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 159

ప్రశ్న 3.
ఎ) స్వచ్ఛమైన నీటిలో కంటే ఉప్పునీటిలో మీరు సులభంగా తేలుతారు. ఎందుకు?
జవాబు:
ఉప్పునీటి సాంద్రత స్వచ్ఛమైన నీటి సాంద్రత కంటే ఎక్కువ.

బి) ద్రవంలో ముంచబడిన వస్తువుపై పార్వ దిశలో ఉత్సవన బలం ఎందుకుండదు?
జవాబు:
ఉత్సవన బలం ఊర్ధ్వ బలం మాత్రమే. వస్తువు ద్రవంలో ముంచబడినది అంటే దాని బరువు ఉత్సవన బలంకంటె ఎక్కువున్నది అని అర్థం. కావున పార్శ్వ దిశలో ఉత్సవన బలం ఉండదు.

సి) ఒకే పరిమాణం గల ఒక ఇనుప దిమ్మె, ఒక అల్యూమినియం దిమ్మెలను నీటిలో ముంచితే దీనిపై ఉత్సవన బలం అధికంగా ఉంటుంది?
జవాబు:
అల్యూమినియం దిమ్మెపై కన్నా ఇనుప దిమ్మెపై ఉత్సవన బలం అధికంగా ఉంటుంది. ఎందుకనగా ఇనుము సాంద్రత అల్యూమినియం సాంద్రత కన్నా ఎక్కువ.

డి) ఒక చెక్క దిమ్మెపై ఇనుప ముక్కను ఉంచి చెక్కదిమ్మె నీటిలో సాధారణ స్థితికంటే ఎక్కువ మునిగేటట్లు చేశారు. ఒకవేళ ఇనుప ముక్కను చెక్కదిమ్మెకు వేలాడదీస్తే చెక్కదిమ్మె ఎంతవరకు మునుగుతుంది? మొదటకంటే ఎక్కువ లోతుకా? తక్కువ లోతుకా?
జవాబు:
మొదటకంటే ఎక్కువ లోతుకు మునుగుతుంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 143

ప్రశ్న 4.
‘ఒక సరదా కృత్యం చేద్దాం’ అనే కృత్యాన్ని నిర్వహించారు కదా… ఈ కింది ప్రశ్నలకు సమాధానం రాయండి.
ఎ) కిరోసిన్ నీటిపై తేలుతుందా? లేక నీరు కిరోసిన్ పై తేలుతుందా?
జవాబు:
కిరోసిన్ నీటిపై తేలుతుంది.

బి) ఏయే వస్తువులు కిరోసిన్ పై తేలుతున్నాయి?
జవాబు:
గుండీలు, అగ్గిపుల్లలు, చిన్న చిన్న కాగితం ఉండలు వంటివి కిరోసిన్ పై తేలుతున్నాయి.

సి) ఏయే వస్తువులు కిరోసిన్లో మునిగి నీటిపై తేలుతున్నాయి?
జవాబు:
మైనం కిరోసిన్లో మునుగుతుంది, కాని నీటిపై తేలుతుంది.

డి) ఏయే వస్తువులు నీటిలో మునిగాయి?
జవాబు:
గుండు సూదులు, చిన్న రాళ్ళు, ఇసుక వంటివి నీటిలో మునిగాయి.

ఇ) పరీక్షనాళికలో ఏయే వస్తువులు ఎలా అమరాయో తెలిపే పటాన్ని గీయండి.
జవాబు:

ఎఫ్) ఎందుకు కొన్ని వస్తువులు తేలుతున్నాయి? కొన్ని మునుగుతున్నాయి?
జవాబు:
ఈ విధమైన ప్రవర్తనకు ఆయా వస్తువుల సాంద్రత ప్రధాన కారణం.

ప్రశ్న 5.
గాజు గోళీకన్నా బరువైన చెక్కముక్కలు నీటిలో ఎందుకు తేలుతున్నాయి?
జవాబు:
నీటి సాంద్రతతో పోల్చినపుడు చెక్క యొక్క సాంద్రత తక్కువగాను, గాజు (గోళీ) యొక్క సాంద్రత ఎక్కువగాను ఉంటుంది. అందువల్ల చెక్క నీటిపై తేలుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 6.
అసలు ‘బరువు’, ‘తేలిక’ అంటే ఏమిటి?
జవాబు:
‘బరువు’, ‘తేలిక’ అనేవి వస్తువు యొక్క సాంద్రత మీద ఆధారపడి నిర్ణయించబడతాయి. ఒకే ఘనపరిమాణం గల రెండు వస్తువులను తీసుకున్నపుడు వాటిలో ఏది ఎక్కువ ద్రవ్యరాశిని కలిగియుంటుందో దానిని ‘బరువైన’ వస్తువుగా చెబుతాము.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 147

ప్రశ్న 7.
ప్రయోగశాల కృత్యం 2 ఆధారంగా ఈ కింది ప్రశ్నలకు సమాధానం రాయండి.
ఎ) కొబ్బరినూనెను నీటితో కలిపితే ఏది పైన తేలుతుంది?
జవాబు:
కొబ్బరినూనె పైన తేలుతుంది.

బి) కిరోసిన్లో చెక్కముక్కను పడవేస్తే మునుగుతుందా? తేలుతుందా? కారణం చెప్పండి.
జవాబు:
చెక్కముక్కను కిరోసిన్లో పడవేస్తే వెంటనే తేలుతుంది. కారణం చెక్క యొక్క సాంద్రత కిరోసిన్ సాంద్రతకన్నా తక్కువ ఉంటుంది. కాని కొంత సేపటి తర్వాత, చెక్కముక్క కిరోసినను పీల్చుకొని కిరోసిన్లో మునుగుతుంది.

సి) మైనం ముక్క నీటిలో తేలుతుందని, మరొక ద్రవం ‘X’ లో మునుగుతుందని అంటే ‘X’ ద్రవం యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా ఎక్కువ ఉంటుందా? తక్కువ ఉంటుందా?
జవాబు:
మరొక ద్రవం ‘X’ యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా తక్కువ ఉంటుంది. కారణం :

1. నీటి సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత = 1
2. మైనం యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా తక్కువ.
3. కావున మైనం నీటిపై తేలును.
4. కాని మైనం, మరొక ద్రవం ‘X’ లో మునుగును.
5. కావున ఆ ద్రవం యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత మైనం యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత కన్నా తక్కువ ఉండాలి.

ప్రశ్న 8.
పాలకు నీరు కలిపితే ఆ మిశ్రమం యొక్క సాంద్రత పాల సాంద్రతకన్నా ఎక్కువ ఉంటుందా? లేక తక్కువ ఉంటుందా?
జవాబు:
పాలకు నీరు కలిపితే ఆ మిశ్రమం యొక్క సాంద్రత పాల సాంద్రతకన్నా తక్కువ ఉంటుంది.

ప్రశ్న 9.
సమాన ఘనపరిమాణం గల రెండు సీసాలలో ఒక దానిలో స్వచ్ఛమైన పాలని, మరొక దానిలో నీళ్ళు కలిపిన పాలని పోస్తే ఏసీసా బరువుగా ఉంటుంది?
జవాబు:
స్వచ్ఛమైన పాలు గల సీసా బరువుగా ఉంటుంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 152

ప్రశ్న 10.
చిన్న చిన్న ఇనుప ముక్కలు నీటిలో మునుగుతున్నప్పటికీ, ఇనుము మరియు స్టీలు వంటి పదార్థాలతో చేయబడిన పెద్ద పెద్ద నౌకలు నీటిలో ఎలా తేలుతున్నాయో వివరించగలరా?
జవాబు:

1. ఆర్కిమెడీస్ ఉత్సవన నియమం ప్రకారం, ఏదైనా వస్తువు ద్రవంలో ముంచబడినపుడు ఆ వస్తువుచే తొలగించబడిన నీటి బరువు, ఆ వస్తువు బరువుకు సమానమైనపుడు ఆ వస్తువు ఆ ద్రవంలో తేలుతుంది.
2. కావున నౌకలను, వాటి బరువుకు సమానమైన బరువుగల నీటిని తొలగించే విధంగా అధిక ఉపరితల వైశాల్యంతో నిర్మిస్తారు.

ప్రశ్న 11.
ఒక లోహపు ముక్కకన్నా అంతే ద్రవ్యరాశి గల ఆ లోహంతో తయారుచేయబడిన గిన్నె ఎందుకు ఎక్కువ నీటిని పక్కకు తొలగిస్తుంది?
జవాబు:
లోహపు గిన్నె యొక్క ఉపరితల వైశాల్యం, లోహపు ముక్క యొక్క ఉపరితల వైశాల్యం కన్నా ఎక్కువ. అందువల్ల లోహపు గిన్నె ఎక్కువ నీటిని పక్కకు తొలగిస్తుంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 153

ప్రశ్న 12.
గాజు గొట్టంలో పాదరస మట్టం ఎందుకు 76 సెం.మీ. ఉంటుంది?
జవాబు:
గాజు గొట్టంలోని పాదరస మట్టం యొక్క “భారం” దానిపై వాతావరణ పీడన ఫలితంగా గిన్నెలోని పాదరసం వల్ల కలిగే బలానికి సమానంగా ఉంటుంది. కావున గొట్టంలోని పాదరసం బరువు, గిన్నె పైనున్న వాతావరణ పీడనానికి సరిగ్గా సమానమయ్యేవరకు గొట్టంలోని పాదరసమట్టం మారుతూ ఉంటుంది. ఇది 76 సెం.మీ వద్ద స్థిరంగా ఉంటుంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 157

ప్రశ్న 13.
రాయి నీటిలో మునిగినపుడు దాని భారాన్ని కోల్పోయినట్లు ఎందుకు అనిపిస్తుంది?
జవాబు:
నీటిలో ముంచబడిన రాయిపై ఊర్ధ్వదిశలో కలుగజేయబడిన ఉత్సవన బలం వలననే దానిపై భూమ్యాకర్షణ బలం, తగ్గినట్లయి ఆ రాయి బరువు కోల్పోయినట్లనిపిస్తుంది.

పరికరాల జాబితా

నీరు, కిరోసిన్, గుండీలు, గుండుసూదులు, అగ్గిపుల్లలు, చిన్న రాళ్లు, చిన్న కాగితం ఉండలు, ఇసుక, మైనం ముక్కలు, గాజు గోళీలు, చెక్క ముక్కలు, పెన్సిల్ రబ్బరు, చెక్కదిమ్మె, గాజు స్లెడులు, ఇనుప సీలలు, ప్లాస్టిక్ ఘనాలు, అల్యూమినియం sheet, రాళ్లు, బెండ్లు, పాలు, కొబ్బరినూనె, ఖాళీ బాల్ పెన్ రీఫిల్, ఖాళీ ప్లాస్టిక్ సీసా, బకెట్, నీరు, గాజు గ్లాస్, బీకరు, దూది, రాయి, పరీక్ష నాళిక, ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్ర, 50 మి.లీ. కొలజాడీ, సాధారణ త్రాసు, బరువులు, స్ప్రింగ్ త్రాసు, సాంద్రత బుడ్డి, లావు పరీక్ష నాళిక, పాస్కల్ నియమాన్ని ప్రదర్శించే నమూనా

9th Class Physical Science 9th Lesson తేలియాడే వస్తువులు Textbook Activities (కృత్యములు)

కృత్యం – 1

సాంద్రతలను పోల్చడం :

ప్రశ్న 1.
సాంద్రత, సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతలను ఒక కృత్యం ద్వారా పోల్చుము.
జవాబు:

1. ఒకే పరిమాణం గల రెండు పరీక్షనాళికలను తీసుకొని ఒకదానిలో నీరు, మరొక దానిలో నూనె నింపండి.
2. వాటి బరువులు కనుగొనండి.
3. నూనెతో నింపిన పరీక్షనాళిక బరువు ఎక్కువ ఉన్నట్లుగా గుర్తిస్తాము.
4. దీనిని బట్టి నూనె సాంద్రత ఎక్కువ ఉన్నట్లుగా తెలుస్తుంది.
5. ఒకే పరిమాణం గల చెక్క, రబ్బరు దిమ్మెలను తీసుకోండి.
6. వాటి బరువులు కనుక్కోండి.
7. చెక్క దిమ్మె, రబ్బరు దిమ్మెకన్నా ఎక్కువ బరువు ఉన్నట్లు గమనిస్తాము.
8. రెండు వస్తువుల సాంద్రతలను పోల్చాలంటే వాటిని సమాన ఘనపరిమాణంలో తీసుకొని వాటి ద్రవ్యరాశులను పోల్చడం ఒక పద్ధతి. అయితే ఇది అన్నిరకాల ఘనపదార్థాలకు వీలుపడకపోవచ్చు.
9. దీనికొరకు ప్రతి వస్తువు సాంద్రతను నీటి సాంద్రతతో పోల్చి చూసే ఒక సులభమైన పద్ధతి ఉంది. దీనినే సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత అంటారు.

కృత్యం – 3

నీటి సాంద్రత కన్నా అధిక సాంద్రత కలిగిన పదార్థంతో తయారైన వస్తువులు నీటిలో తేలుతాయా?

ప్రశ్న 2.
నీటి సాంద్రత కన్నా అధిక సాంద్రత కలిగిన పదార్థంతో తయారైన వస్తువులు నీటిలో తేలుతాయా? ఒక కృత్యం ద్వారా నిరూపించండి.
జవాబు:
1) కింది పట్టికలో సూచించిన విధంగా కొన్ని వస్తువులను సేకరించండి.

2) ప్రతి వస్తువును ఒకదాని తర్వాత మరొకటిగా ఒక గ్లాసులోని నీటిలో వేసి, అవి మునుగుతాయో, తేలుతాయో గమనించండి.

3) మీ పరిశీలనలను కింది పట్టికలో నమోదు చేయండి.

వస్తువు	సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత	మునుగుతుందా? తేలుతుందా?
పెన్సిల్ రబ్బరు		తేలుతుంది
రబ్బరు బంతి		తేలుతుంది
ప్లాస్టిక్ ఘనం		తేలుతుంది
ఇనుప సీల		మునుగుతుంది
ఇనుప పెట్టె		మునుగుతుంది
జామెట్రీ బాక్స్		తేలుతుంది
గాజు గోళీ		మునుగుతుంది
చెక్క		తేలుతుంది
రాయి		మునుగుతుంది

a) ప్రయోగ క్షేత్ర పరిశీలనలు (1) లో సూచించిన విధంగా ప్రతి వస్తువు యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతలను కనుక్కోండి.
b) కొన్ని వస్తువులు నీటిలో మునుగుటను, కొన్ని వస్తువులు తేలుటను గమనిస్తాము.
c) జామెట్రీ బాక్సు వంటిది ఇనుముతో చేసినదైనప్పటికీ, నీటిపై తేలుటను గమనిస్తాము.
d) కావున వస్తువు నీటిలో మునుగుట, తేలుట అనేది ఆ వస్తువు యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత పైనే కాదు, ఆ వస్తువు ఉపరితల వైశాల్యం పైన కూడా ఆధారపడి ఉంటుందని తెలుస్తుంది.

కృత్యం – 4

వస్తుభారం, తొలగింపబడిన నీటిభారాలు సమానమా?

ప్రశ్న 3.
నీటిలో తేలే వస్తువు విషయంలో, ఆ వస్తువు బరువు దానిచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి భారానికి సమానంగా ఉంటుందని చూపండి.
జవాబు:

1. ఒక బీకరును తీసుకొని దాని భారాన్ని త్రాసుతో కొలిచి నమోదు చేయండి.
2. ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్రలో నీటిని నింపి, దాని పక్క గొట్టం గుండా నీరు పొర్లిపోవడం ఆగేంతవరకు వేచిచూడండి.
3. త్రాసులో తూచిన బీకరును తీసి ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్ర పక్క గొట్టం కింద ఉంచండి.
4. ఒక చెక్క దిమ్మెను తీసుకొని మొదటగా దానిని నీటిలో తడిపి, తర్వాత దానిని ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్రలోని నీటిలో నెమ్మదిగా జారవిడవండి.
5. చెక్కదిమ్మెను నీటిలో విడవగానే పొర్లిన నీరు’ బీకరులో చేరుతుంది.
6. ఇప్పుడు బీకరు బరువును నీటితో సహా కనుక్కోండి.
7. రెండవసారి కనుగొన్న బీకరు బరువునుండి, మొదటిసారి కనుగొన్న బీకరు బరువును తీసివేస్తే చెక్కదిమ్మెచే తొలగించబడిన నీటి బరువు వస్తుంది.
8. ఇప్పుడు చెక్కదిమ్మెను ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్ర నుండి తీసివేసి, ఆరనిచ్చి, దాని బరువును కనుక్కోండి.
9. చెక్కదిమ్మె బరువు, ఆ చెక్కదిమ్మెచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి బరువులు సమానమని మనకు తెలుస్తుంది.
10. ఇదే ప్రయోగాన్ని వివిధ రకాల వస్తువులతో చేసి మీ పరిశీలనలను కింది పట్టికలో నమోదు చేయండి.

కృత్యం – 5

అల్యూమినియంను తేలేటట్లు చేద్దాం :

ప్రశ్న 4.
అల్యూమినియంను తేలేటట్లు చేసే విధానాన్ని వివరింపుము.
జవాబు:

1. పలుచటి అల్యూమినియం రేకును కొద్దిగా తీసుకోండి.
2. దానిని 4 – 5 మడతలు మడవండి.
3. దానిని నీటిలో పడవేసి పరిశీలించండి. అది మునుగుటను గమనిస్తాము.
4. తర్వాత అల్యూమినియం రేకును బయటికి తీసి, దానిని తెరిచి ఒక గిన్నెవలె తయారుచేయండి. దానిని నీటిలో ఉంచి పరిశీలించండి.
5. అది తేలుటను గమనిస్తాము.
6. గిన్నె బరువును కనుక్కోండి.
7. ఆ అల్యూమినియం గిన్నెచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి బరువును కనుక్కోండి.
8. ఈ రెండు బరువులు సమానంగా ఉండడాన్ని గమనించండి.
9. కావున ఒక వస్తువు బరువు, దానిచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి బరువుకు సమానమయినపుడు ఆ వస్తువు నీటిలో తేలుతుంది.

కృత్యం – 6

ద్రవాలలో ఊర్ధ్వముఖ బలాన్ని పరిశీలిద్దాం :

ప్రశ్న 5.
ద్రవం వస్తువులపై ఊర్ధ్వముఖ పీడనాన్ని కలుగజేస్తుందని ఋజువు చేయండి.
జవాబు:

1. ఒక ఖాళీ ప్లాస్టిక్ సీసాను తీసుకొని దానికి గట్టిగా మూతను బిగించండి.
2. ఆ సీసాను ఒక బకెట్ లోని నీటిలో ఉంచండి.
3. అది నీటిలో తేలుతుంది.
4. ఆ సీసాను పటంలో చూపినట్లు నీటిలోకి అదమండి. పై దిశలో ఒత్తిడి కలుగుతున్నట్లు అనిపిస్తుంది.
5. సీసాను ఇంకా కిందికి అదమండి. పై దిశలో పనిచేసే బలం పెరుగుతున్నట్లుగా అనిపిస్తుంది.
6. ఇప్పుడు సీసాను వదిలేయండి. అది నీటి ఉపరితలంపైకి దూసుకు వస్తుంది.
7. ఊర్ధ్వ దిశలో పనిచేసే నీటి యొక్క ఈ బలం నిజమైనది మరియు పరిశీలించడానికి అనువైనది.
8. ఒక వస్తువు ఉపరితల ప్రమాణ వైశాల్యంపై పనిచేసే బలాన్ని “పీడనం” అంటారు.

కృత్యం – 7

గాలి పీడనాన్ని పరిశీలిద్దాం :

ప్రశ్న 6.
గాలి పీడనాన్ని పరిశీలించడానికి ఒక కృత్యాన్ని వివరించండి.
జవాబు:

1. ఒక గాజుగ్లాసును తీసుకొని దానిలో అడుగుభాగాన కొంత దూదిని అంటించండి.
2. గ్లాసును తలకిందులుగా చేసి పటంలో చూపినట్లు ఒక పాత్రలోని నీటిలో అడుగువరకు ముంచండి.
3. తర్వాత గ్లాసును అలాగే బయటకు తీయండి.
4. గ్లాసులోని దూది తడవకుండా ఉండడాన్ని గమనిస్తాము.
5. గ్లాసులోని గాలి యొక్క ఒత్తిడి నీటి పై పనిచేసి గ్లాసులోనికి నీరు చేరకుండా అడ్డుకుంది.
6. నీటి ఉపరితలంపైన ప్రమాణ వైశాల్యంలో కలుగజేయబడిన ఈ గాలి ఒత్తిడిని గాలి పీడనం అంటారు.

కృత్యం – 8

ఉత్ల్ఫవన బలాన్ని కొలవగలమా? ప్రయత్నిద్దాం !

ప్రశ్న 7.
ఉత్ల్ఫవన బలాన్ని ఎలా కొలుస్తారు?
జవాబు:

1. ఒక రాయిని స్ప్రింగు త్రాసుకు కట్టి దాని బరువును కనుగొనండి.
2. ఒక బీకరులో సగం వరకు నీటిని తీసుకోండి.
3. స్ప్రింగు త్రాసుకు వేలాడదీయబడిన రాయిని నీటిలో ముంచండి.
4. ఇప్పుడు స్ప్రింగు త్రాసు రీడింగు నీటిలో ముంచబడిన రాయి బరువును తెలుపుతుంది.
5. నీటిలో మునిగినప్పుడు రాయి బరువు మొదట ఉన్న బరువుకన్నా తగ్గినట్లుండడం గమనిస్తాము.
6. ఆ రాయి కోల్పోయినట్లనిపించే బరువుని కొలవడం ద్వారా ఆ ద్రవం కలిగించిన ఉత్సవన బలాన్ని కొలవగలుగుతాము.

కృత్యం – 9

రాయి చేత తొలగింపబడిన నీటి బరువును కొలుద్దాం:

ప్రశ్న 8.
ఆర్కిమెడీస్ ఉత్తీవన సూత్రాన్ని పేర్కొని నిరూపించుము.
(లేదా)
ఆర్కిమెడిస్ సూత్రం తెలిపి దానిని ప్రయోగ పూర్వకంగా నీవెలా ఋజువు చేస్తావో రాయండి.
జవాబు:
ఆర్కిమెడీస్ ఉత్తవన సూత్రం:
ఏదైనా ఒక వస్తువును ఒక ప్రవాహిలో పూర్తిగా గాని, పాక్షికంగా గాని ముంచినప్పుడు ఆ వస్తువు తొలగించిన ప్రవాహి బరువుకు సమానమైన ఉత్సవన బలం ఆ వస్తువుపై ఊర్ధ్వ దిశలో పనిచేస్తుంది.

నిరూపణ:

1. ఒక రాయిని తీసుకొని స్ప్రింగ్ త్రాసుతో దాని బరువును తూచండి.
2. ఒక ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్రను తీసుకొని దాని పక్క గొట్టం వరకు నీరు పోయండి.
3. పటంలో చూపినట్లు ఆ పక్క గొట్టం కింద కొలతలు గల బీకరును ఉంచండి.
4. ఇప్పుడు స్ప్రింగు త్రాసుకు వేలాడదీసిన రాయిని ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్రలో పూర్తిగా ముంచండి.
5. స్ప్రింగు త్రాసు రీడింగును, బీకరులోని నీటి కొలతను నమోదు చేయండి.
6. స్ప్రింగు త్రాసు రీడింగు నీటిలో ముంచబడిన రాయి బరువును, బీకరులోని నీటి కొలత రాయి వలన తొలగించబడిన నీటి ఘనపరిమాణాన్ని తెలుపుతుంది.
7. స్ప్రింగు త్రాసు యొక్క రెండు రీడింగులలోని తేడా, ఆ రాయి నీటిలో కోల్పోయినట్లనిపించే బరువుకు సమానం.
8. బీకరులోని నీటి బరువును కనుక్కోండి.
9. తగ్గినట్లనిపించే రాయి బరువు, ఆ రాయిచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి బరువు సమానంగా ఉంటాయి.
10. ఇది ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సూత్రానికి నిరూపణ.

Andhra Pradesh AP Board 5th Class Telugu Solutions 1st Lesson ఏ దేశమేగినా Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 5th Class Telugu Solutions Chapter 1 ఏ దేశమేగినా

చిత్రం చూడండి. ఆలోచించి మాట్లాడండి.

ప్రశ్నలకు జవాబులు చెప్పండి.

ప్రశ్న 1.
చిత్రంలో ఏం జరుగుతున్నది ?
జవాబు:
చిత్రంలో జెండా ఎగురవేస్తున్నారు.

ప్రశ్న 2.
చిత్రంలో ఎవరెవరు ఉన్నారు ? ఏ మేం చేస్తున్నారు ?
జవాబు:
చిత్రంలో ప్రధానోపధ్యాయురాలు, ఉపాధ్యాయులు, విధ్యార్ధులు, విధ్యార్థినులు ఉన్నారు. ప్రధానోపాధ్యాయురాలు జాతీయ జెండా ఎగుర వేస్తున్నారు. విద్యార్ధులు అందరూ నమస్కారం చేస్తున్నారు.

ప్రశ్న 3.
మీ బడిలో జెండా ఎప్పుడెప్పుడు ఎగురవేస్తారు? ఏయే కార్యక్రమాలు నిర్వహిస్తారు?
జవాబు:
మా బడిలో జాతీయజెండా ఆగస్టు 15వ తేదీ స్వాతంత్ర్య దినోత్సవాన, జనవరి 26 గణతంత్ర దినోత్సవమున ఎగురవేస్తారు. ఆ రోజు 1. వందేమాతరం 2. జనగణమన జాతీయ గీతాలు, దేశభక్తి గీతాలు అలపిస్తారు. జాతీయ నాయకుల త్యాగాలను వివరిస్తూ ఉపాధ్యాయులు ఉపన్యాసాలు ఇస్తారు.

ఇవి చేయండి

వినడం – ఆలోచించి మాట్లాడటం

ప్రశ్న 1.
గేయాన్ని రాగయుక్తంగా పాడండి.
జవాబు:
విద్యార్థి కృతము

ప్రశ్న 2.
గేయ భావం సొంత మాటల్లో చెప్పండి.

జవాబు:
మన జన్మభూమి భారతదేశం. మనం భారతీయులం. మన దేశీయులు మీరు. మీరు ఏ దేశం వెళ్ళినా, ఎంత గొప్ప పదవి పొందినా, ఇతరులు మనలను నిందించినప్పుడు సహించక, మన జాతి గౌరవాన్ని నిలుపండి.

మనం పూర్వ జన్మంలో ఎంతో పుణ్యం చేసుకున్నాం. గొప్ప యోగం – కలవాళ్ళమై ఈ భారతదేశంలో జన్మించాం. ఇది స్వర్గభూమి. ఈ దేశంలో ఆ జన్మించడానికి ఎన్నో గొప్ప పూవులతో ప్రేమించి పూజించి యుంటాం. అందుచేత భారతమాత నిన్ను తన కడపున మోసింది.

ఇంత గొప్ప భూమాత ప్రపంచంలోనే లేదు, మన భారతీయులంత ఉన్నతులు ఏ దేశంలో లేరు. పొద్దస్తమానం, సముద్రంలో ఓడలు అల్లంత కంగా దూరాన రెపరెపలాడుతూ కనబడే ప్రాంతం వరకూ ఈ జన్మభూమి గురించి పొగడు. మన భూమాతవంటి చల్లని తల్లి ఎచ్చటా లేదు. మన వీర భారత దేశం గురించి, నీవెక్కడ ఉన్నా పొగడుతునే ఉండు.

ప్రశ్న 3.
మీకు తెలిసిన దేశభక్తి గేయాలు పాడండి.
జవాబు:
దేశమును ప్రేమించుమన్నా
మంచియన్నది పెంచుమన్నా
ఒట్టి మాటలు కట్టిపెట్టాయ్
గట్టిమేల్ తలపెట్టవోయ్

పాడిపంటలు పొంగిపొరలే
దారిలో నువు పాటు పడవోయ్
తిండి కలిగితే కండ కలదోయ్
కండకలవాడేను మనిషోయ్……..

ప్రశ్న 4.
మీ బడిలో జరుపుకునే జెండా పండుగ గురించి చెప్పండి.
జవాబు:
మాబడిలో అందరం గణతంత్ర దినోత్సవాన్ని జనవరి 26న జరుపుకున్నాం. బడిని రంగురంగుల జెండాలతో అలంకరించాం. ముందు “వందే మాతరం” పాడాం, జాతీయగీతం పాడాం. మా గ్రామ సర్పంచ్ జాతీయ జెండా ఎగురవేసారు. ఉపాధ్యాయులు దేశభక్తిని ప్రబోధించే ఉపన్యాసాలు ఇచ్చారు. బాలబాలికలం దేశభక్తి గేయాలు పాడాము. చివరగా ” జనగణమన” జాతీయ గీతం పాడాం. మాకు మిఠాయిలు పంచి పెట్టారు. అందరం ఆనందంగా ఇళ్ళకు చేరాం.

పదజాలం

అ) కింది పదాలను చదవండి.

ఆ) కింది అక్షరాలతో మొదలయ్యే పదాలను రాయండి.

జవాబు:
క = కడవ
గ = గడప
చ = చరణం
జ = జడ
ట = టపా

డ = డబ్బా
త = తలుపు
ద = దడ
న = నలుపు
ప = పడవ

బ = బలము
మ = మర
య = యముడు
ర = రంగు
ల = లత

వ = వల
శ = శకటము
ష = షరతు
స = సరుకు
హ = హంస

ఇ) కింది గుణింతాలతో పదాలను రాయండి.

జవాబు:

ప్రశంస

ప్రపంచమంతా కరోనా వంటి మహమ్మారి వ్యాపించినప్పుడు వైద్యులు, నర్సులు, పోలీసులు, పారిశుద్ధ్య కార్మికులు ప్రజలను కాపాడడంలో విశేష కృషి చేసారు. వారి ప్రాణాలు సైతం పణంగా పెట్టారు. మీరు తోటివారిలోని మంచిని, శ్రమ విలువను ప్రశంసిస్తూ మాట్లాడండి.

ధారణ చేద్దాం

ఆంధ్రభాష యమృత మాంధ్రాక్షరంబులు
మరువు లొలుకు గుండ్ర ముత్తియములు
ఆంధ్రదేశ మాయురారోగ్య వర్ధకం
బాంధ్రజాతి నీతి ననుసరించు

భావం :
ఆంధ్రభాష అమృతం వంటిది. తెలుగు అక్షరాలు గుండ్రంగా ముత్యాల్లాగా ఉండి అందాలొలుకుతూ ఉంటాయి. ఆంధ్రదేశం ఆయుష్షును, ఆరోగ్యాన్ని వృద్ధి చేస్తుంది. ఆంధ్రజాతి ధర్మాన్ని అనుసరించి నడుచుకొంటుంది.

కవి పరిచయం

కవి : రాయప్రోలు సుబ్బారావు
కాలము : 13-3-1892 – 30-06-1984
రచించిన కావ్యాలు : తృణ కంకణం, స్నేహలత, స్వప్నకుమారం, కష్టకమల, ఆంధ్రావళి, జడకుచ్చులు, వనమాల మొదలైనవి
రచించిన గ్రంథాలు : రమ్యాలోకం, మాధురీదర్శనం
బిరుదులు : పద్మభూషణ్

గేయములు-భావములు

1. ఏదేశమేగినా, ఎందుకాలిడిన
ఏపీఠమెక్కినా, ఎవ్వరేమనిన
పొగడరా నీ తల్లి భూమి భారతిని!
నిలుపరా నీ జాతి నిండు గౌరవము!

2. ఏపూర్వపుణ్యమో, ఏయోగ బలమో
జనియించినాడవీ, స్వర్గ ఖండమున
ఏమంచి పూవులన్, ప్రేమించినావో
నిను మోచె ఈ తల్లి, కనక గర్భమున!

3. లేదురా ఇటువంటి, భూదేవి యెందు
లేరురామనవంటి, పౌరు లింకెందు
సూర్యుని వెలుతురుల్, సోకు నందాక
ఓడల జెండాలు ఆడు నందాక!

4. అందాక గల ఈ, యనంత భూతలిని
మన భూమి వంటి, చల్లని తల్లి లేదు
పాడరా నీ తెగ్గు, బాల గీతములు
పాడరా నీ వీర, భావ భారతము !

పదాలు – అర్థాలు

పీఠం = గద్దె, సింహాసనం:
యోగం : అదృష్టం
స్వర్గ ఖండం = స్వర్గంలాంటి ఈ భారత దేశం
జనియించుట = పుట్టుట
తెన్గు = తెలుగు
కాలిడు = అడుగు పెట్టు
భారతి = భారతదేశం
గర్భము గర్భము
సోకు = తగులు
అనంతం = అంతులేనిది

చదువు – అర్ధం చేసుకో – ఆనందించు. పరీక్షల కోసం కాదు.

వివేకానందుని షికాగో ప్రసంగం

“ఏ దేశమేగినా ఎందుకాలిడిన పొగడరా నీతల్లి భూమి భారతిని” అని ఎక్కడికి వెళ్ళినా మన దేశపు గొప్పతనాన్ని తెలియజేయాలని ! తెలుసుకున్నారు కదా? అలా మన దేశ ఖ్యాతిని ప్రపంచానికి తెలియజేసినవారు | స్వామి వివేకానంద. అదేంటో ఆయన షికాగోలో చేసిన ప్రసంగం ద్వారా ” తెలుసుకోండి.

1893 సెప్టెంబరు 11వ తేదీ ఉదయం స్వామి వివేకానందునితో పాటు సర్వమత మహాసభ ప్రతినిధులందరూ షికాగోలోని కొలంబస్ హాలులోని ఒక విభాగంలో సమావేశమయ్యారు.

వచ్చిన ప్రతినిధులంతా ఒకరి తరువాత ఒకరు ప్రసంగిస్తున్నారు. విఏకానందుని వంతు వచ్చింది. వివేకానందుడు లేచాడు. ఒక్కక్షణం తన ఇష్టదైవాన్ని తలచుకుని “అమెరాకా దేశపు సోదరీసోదరీమణులారా” అంటూ సంబోధించాడు. ఆ సంబోధనతో అక్కడ అందరిని ఒక మహెూత్సాహం ఆవహించింది. చెవులు చిల్లులుపడేటట్ల కరతాళధ్వనులు మిన్నంటాయి. వివేకానందుడు ఆ కరతాళ ధ్వనుల మధ్య కాసేపు మాట్లాడలేకపోయాడు.ఈ ఘనమైన స్వాగతానికి ఆయన చలించిపోయాడు.

తన ఉపన్యాసాన్ని కొసాగిస్తూ “సమస్త మతాలకు, సమస్త ధర్మాలకు సనాతనధర్మం తల్లి అనదగింది. సహనాన్ని, సర్వమత సత్యత్వాన్ని లోకానికి బోధించిన సనాతనధర్మం నా ధర్మం. సర్వమత సహనాన్నే కాక, సర్వమతాలు సత్యాలనే మేం విశ్వసిస్తాం. పరపీడితులై, శరణాగతులై వచ్చిన వారికి శరణ్యమైన దేశం నా దేశం.

శాఖాభిమానం, మతమౌఢ్యం లాంటి వాటిని ఖండించి అవి లేనట్టి , ఒక సమాజాన్ని రూపొందించాలనే ఒక సదుద్దేశంతో మీ ముందుకు వచ్చాను” అని అన్నాడు వివేకానందుడు. అన్ని మతాలు ఒకటేననీ, ఆ మతాలలో జరిగే పూజా విధానాలన్నీ భగవంతుడి తత్వాన్ని తెలియజేసేననీ వివేకానందుడు చెప్పాడు.

వివేకానందస్వామి సనాతన ధ్మం గొప్పతనాన్ని లోకానికి తెలియజేశాడు. ఈ ప్రసంగం ద్వారా ప్రపంచ ప్రజలకు భారతీయ సంస్కృతి గొప్పతనాన్ని చాటాడు.
– స్వామి చిరంతనానంద

SCERT AP 7th Class Maths Solutions Pdf Chapter 12 Symmetry Ex 12.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Maths Solutions 12th Lesson Symmetry Ex 12.3

Question 1.
Draw lines of symmetry for the following figures. Identify which of them have point symmetry. Is there any relation between lines of symmetry and point symmetry?

Answer:

(i) Rectangle has point of symmetry.
Number of lines of symmetry = 2
Order of symmetry = 2
Lines of symmetry point or symmetry are same.

(ii) Square has a point of symmetry.
Number of lines of symmetry = 4
Order of symmetry = 4
Lines of symmetry, point of symmetry are same.

(iii) Triangle has no point of symmetry.

(iv) Regular hexagon has point of syrninetìy.
Number of lines of symmetry = 6
Order of symmetry = 6
Lines of symmetry point of symmetry are same.

(v) Pentagon has no point of symnetry

Question 2.
Identify which of the English alphabet have point symmetry in the following:

Answer:

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Maths Solutions 5th Lesson Comparing Quantities Using Proportion InText Questions

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Comparing Quantities Using Proportion InText Questions and Answers.

8th Class Maths 5th Lesson Comparing Quantities Using Proportion InText Questions and Answers

Do this

Question 1.
How much compound interest is earned by investing Rs. 20000 for 6 years at 5% per annum compounded annually? (Page No. 114)
Answer:
P = Rs. 20,000; R = 5%; n = 6 years

∴ Compound Interest = Amount – Principal = 26802 – 20,000
∴ C.I. = Rs. 6802 /-

Question 2.
Find compound interest on Rs. 12600 for 2 years at 10% per annum compounded annually.    (Page No. 114)
Answer:
P = Rs. 12,600; R = 10%; n = 2 years

∴ Compound Interest = Amount – Principal = 15,246 – 12,600
∴ C.I. = Rs. 2646 /-

Question 3.
Find the number of conversion times the interest is compounded and rate for each.
i) A sum taken for 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) years at 8% per annum is compounded half yearly.
ii) A sum taken for 2 years at 4% per annum is compounded half yearly.     (Page No. 115)
Answer:
Compound interest will be calculated for every 6 months.
There will be 3 periods in 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) year.
∴ n = 3
∴ Rate of interest for half yearly = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 8% = 4%
∴ R = 4%; n = 3
ii) C.I. should be calculated for every 6 months.
There will be 4 time periods in 2 years.
∴ n = 4
∴ Rate of interest for half yearly = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 4% = 2%
∴ n = 4 ; R = 2%

Try These

Question 1.
Find the ratio of gear of your bicycle.       (Page No. 96)

Count the number of teeth on the chain wheel and the number of teeth for the sprocket wheel.
{number of teeth on the chain wheel} : {number of teeth of sprocket wheel}
This is called gear ratio. Write how many times sprocket wheel turns for every time the chain wheel rotates once.
Answer:
The ratio between the rotations of chain wheel and sprocket wheel is 4 : 1.

Question 2.
Collect newspaper cuttings related to percentages of any five different situations.  (Page No. 96)
Answer:
1) Bharti to sell 5% stake for $ 1.2b:
New Delhi, May 3: The country’s largest telecom operator Bharti Airtel said on Friday that it will sell 5 per cent stake to Doha – based Qatar Foundation Endowment (QFE) for $1.26 billion (Rs. 6,796 crores) to fund its future growth plans.
The deal will bring cash for the company at a time when its balance sheet is stretched and there is threat of Bharti Airtel having to pay hefty fees to regulatory authorities as government is re-looking at past policies.

2) Indian Firms Mop – Up Down By 36% In FY13:
New Delhi: Indian companies raised nearly Rs. 31,000 crore from the public issuance of equity and debt in 2012 – 13, a slump of 36 per cent from the preceding year.
According to latest data available with market regulator Sebi (Securities and Exchange Board of India), a total of Rs. 30,859 crore worth of fresh capital were mopped – up from equity and debt market during 2012 – 13, which was way below than Rs. 48,468 crore garnered in 2011 -12. Going by the statistics, it was mostly debt market that was leveraged to meet the funding requirements of businesses in the past fiscal as compared to capital raised through sale of shares through instruments like initial public offering (IPO) and rights issue. A total of Rs. 15,386 crore were raised from the debt market via 11 issues in 2012 – 13, much lower than Rs. 35,611 crore garnered through 20 issues in the preceding fiscal.

3) IT – ITeS sector employs 2.97m people in FY13:
New Delhi: The total number of professionals working in India’s $100 billion IT – information technology enabled services (IT – ITeS) sector grew by 7 per cent to 2.97 million in the last fiscal, Parliament was informed on Friday.
The IT – ITeS sector, which contributes about 8 per cent to the country’s economy, provided employment to 2.77 million professionals in 2011 -12 fiscal, minister of state for communications and IT Milind Deora said. “The Indian IT – ITeS industry has been progressively growing and is able to secure new projects from various foreign coun¬tries,” Mr Deora said. During the 2012 -13 fiscal, 6,40,000 professionals were employed in the domestic market.

4) For RBI, it’s not all is well yet:
Slashes repo rate by 0.25%; rules out any more cuts; raises red flag on CAD DC Correspondent Mumbai, May 3:
The RBI cut the repo rate (rate at which it lends to banks) by a quarter per cent on Friday to 7.25 per cent from 7.75 per cent, but this will not be passed on to the consumers by way of lower personal loans for housing etc., immediately according to bankers.
It also raised the growth rate from 5.2 per cent projected in January to 5.7 per cent for 2013 -14 and lowered the inflation rate to 5.5 per cent for the year.
RBI governor Dr D. Subbarao said based on the current and prospective assessment of various economic factors and the dismal 4.5 per cent lowest growth rate in the last quarter, it was decided to cut the policy rate by 25 basis points.

5) Markets sink on RBI’s Bearish outlook on rate:
DC Correspondent Mumbai, May 3:
In a highly volatile trading session, the markets retreated from their three month high led by interest rate sensitive banking, auto and real estate sector stocks after the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) cautioned that the room for further monetary policy easing is limited.
The Sensex closed 19,575.64, sliding 160.13 points or 0.81 per cent while the Nifty dropped 55.35 points or 0.92 per cent to end the week at 5,944.

Question 3.
Find the compound ratios of the following. (Page No. 99)
a) 3 : 4 and 2 : 3
b) 4 : 5 and 4 : 5
c) 5 : 7 and 2 : 9
Answer:
Compound ratio of a : b and c : d is ac : bd.

Question 4.
Give examples for compound ratio from daily life.     (Page No. 99)
Answer:
Examples for compound ratio from daily life:
i) To compare the ratio of tickets of 8th class students (Boys & Girls) is 3:4 and the ratio of tickets of 7th class students is 4 : 5.
ii) The comparision between two situations is 4 men can do a piece of work in 12 days, the same work 6 men can do in 8 days.
iii) Time – distance – speed.
iv) Men – days – their capacities etc.

Question 5.
Fill the selling price for each.     (Page No. 104)

Answer:

Question 6.
i) Estimate 20% of Rs. 357.30 ii) Estimate 15% of Rs. 375.50      (Page No. 105)
Answer:

ii) 15% of 375.50 = \(\frac{15}{100}\) × 375.50 = 15 × 3.7550 = Rs. 56.325

Question 7.
Complete the table.     (Page No. 105)

Answer:

Think, discuss and write

Question 1.
Two times a number is 100% increase in the number. If we take half the number what would be the decrease in percent?    (Page No. 101)
Answer:
Increase percent of 2 times of a number = \(\frac{(2-1)}{1}\) × 100 = 1 × 100 = 100%
Half of the number = 1 – \(\frac{1}{2}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
Decrease in percent = \(\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{1}\) × 100 = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 100 = 50%

Question 2.
By what percent is Rs. 2000 less than Rs. 2400? Is it the same as the percent by which Rs. 2400 is more than Rs. 2000? (Page No. 101)
Answer:
Decrease in percent of Rs. 2000 less than Rs. 2400

Increase in percent of Rs. 2400 more than Rs. 2000

Question 3.
Preethi went to a shop to buy a dress. Its marked price is Rs. 2500. Shop owner gave 5% discount on it. On further insistence, he gave 3% more discount. What will be the final discount she obtained? Will it be equal to a single discount of 8%? Think, discuss with your friends and write it in your notebook. (Page No. 105)
Answer:
Marked price of a dress selected by Preethi = Rs. 2500
After allowing 5% of discount then S.P = M.P. – Discount%
= 2500 – \(\frac{5}{100}\) × 2500 = 2500 – 125 = Rs. 2375
Again 3% discount is allowed on Rs. 2375 then
S.P = 2375 – 3% of 2375
= 2375 – \(\frac{3}{100}\) × 2375 = 2375 – 71.25 = Rs. 2303.75
If 8% discount is allowed then S.P =

The S.P’s of both cases are not equal.
Discount on 5% + Discount on 3% = 125 + 71.25 = Rs. 196.25
Discount on 8% = Rs. 200
∴ Discounts are not equal which are obtained by Preethi.

Question 4.
What happens if cost price = selling price. Do we get any such situations in our daily life?
It is easy to find profit % or loss% in the above situations. But it will be more meaningful if we express them in percentages. Profit % is an example of increase percent of cost price and loss % is an example of decrease percent of cost price. (Page No. 106)
Answer:
If selling price is equal to cost price then either profit or loss will not be occurred.
In our daily life S.P. will not be equal to C.P. Then profit or loss will be occurred.
∴ Profit % = \(\frac{\text { Profit }}{\text { C.P. }}\) × 100;
Loss % = \(\frac{\text { Loss }}{\text { C.P. }}\) × 100.

Question 5.
A shop keeper sold two TV sets at Rs. 9,900 each. He sold one at a profit of 10% and the other at a loss of 10%. Oh the whole whether he gets profit or loss? If so what is its percentage? (Page No. 108)
Answer:
S.P of each T.V = Rs. 9,900
S.P of both T.Vs = 2 × 9,900 = Rs. 19,800
10% profit is allowed on first then C.P. =

10% loss is allowed on second then C.P.

C.P. of both T.V.’s = 9000 + 11000 = Rs. 20,000
Here C.P > S.P then loss will be occurred.
∴ Loss = C.P – S.P = 20000 – 19,800 = 200

Question 6.
What will happen if interest is compounded quarterly? How many conversion periods will be there? What about the quarter year rate – how much will it be of the annual rate? Discuss with your friends. (Page No. 115)
Answer:
Here C.I will be calculated for every 3 months. So, 4 time periods will be occurred in 1 year.
Rate of Interest (R) = \(\frac{R}{4}\) [∵ \(\frac{12}{3}\) = 4]

A = P\(\left[1+\frac{R}{400}\right]^{4}\)

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions 14th Lesson Statistics InText Questions

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Chapter 14 Statistics InText Questions and Answers.

10th Class Maths 14th Lesson Statistics InText Questions and Answers

Think & Discuss

(Page No. 327)

Question 1.
The mean value can be calculated from both ungrouped and grouped data. Which one do you think is more accurate? Why?
Answer:
Mean calculated from ungrouped data is more accurate than, mean calculated from the grouped data. Since its calculation takes all the observations in the data into consideration.

Question 2.
When it is more convenient to use grouped data for analysis?
Answer:
Grouped data is convenient when the values f_i and x_i are low.

(Page No. 331)

Question 3.
Is the result obtained by all the three methods the same?
Answer:
Yes. Mean obtained by all the three methods are equal.

Question 4.
If x_i and f_i are sufficiently small, then which method is an appropriate choice?
Answer:
Direct method.

Question 5.
If x_i and f_i are numerically large numbers, then which methods are appropriate to use?
Answer:
Assumed – Mean method and Step – Deviation method.

Do these

(Page No. 334)

Question 1.
Find the mode of the following data.
a) 5, 6, 9, 10, 6, 12, 3, 6, 11, 10, 4, 6, 7.
Answer:
Mode = 6 (most repeated value of the data).

b) 20, 3, 7, 13, 3, 4, 6, 7, 19, 15, 7, 18, 3.
Answer:
Mode = 3,7.

c) 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6.
Answer:
Mode = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Question 2.
Is the mode always at the centre of the data?
Answer:
No. Mode may not beat the centre always.

Question 3.
Does the mode change, if another observation is added to the data in Example? Comment.
Answer:
In the example the observations are 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Here mode = 2.
If we add ‘2’ then mode doesn’t change.
It we add ‘3’ then the mode will be ‘2’ and ‘3’.
Even if we add other then 3 the mode will not be changed.
So we cannot decide whether the mode changes or not. It depends on the situation.

Question 4.
If the maximum value of an observation in the data in Example 4 is changed to 8, would the mode of the data be affected? Comment.
Answer:
If the maximum value is altered to 8, the mode remains the same. Mode doesn’t consider the values but consider their frequencies only.

Think & Discuss

(Page No. 336)

Question 1.
It depends upon the demand of the situation whether we are interested in finding the average marks obtained by the students or the marks obtained by most of the students.
a) What do we find in the first situation?
Answer:
We find A.M.

b) What do we find in the second situation?
Answer:
We find the mode.

Question 2.
Can mode be calculated for grouped data with unequal class sizes?
Answer:
Yes. Mode can be calculated for grouped data with unequal class sizes.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Story of Microorganisms 2 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Solutions 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 2

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 2 Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
How do vaccines works in our body?
Answer:
When a vaccine is given which contains weak microorganisms our body learn to fight them by producing antibodies whenever danger comes. When the disease causing microorganisms enter in our body, the already present antibodies fight and eliminate them. And the disease is controlled. The weakened disease causing microorganisms which are injected into our bodies are called as vaccine.

Question 2.
What are the differences between Antibiotic and Vaccine?
Answer:

Antibiotic	Vaccine
An antibiotic is a compound or a substance that inhibits or kills the growth of bacteria.	Vaccine is a preparation that improves the immunity to a particular disease.
An antibiotic heals infection caused by small pox.	A vaccine prevents diseases like polio, bacteria.
Antibiotics are available in different forms like tablets, capsules, drops or ointments.	Vaccines can be given orally or through injection.
Antibiotics are taken after getting infected.	Vaccines are preventive method that is taken before getting infected.

Question 3.
Invention of pencillin protected the world from deaths during first world war, Explain.
Answer:

1. Pencillin was invented by Dr. Alexander Flemming.
2. He was an army doctor in First World War.
3. In the First World War many injured soliders died because of bacterial infection of wounds.
4. Pencillin killed many disease causing bacteria.
5. So the invention of pencillin protect the world from deaths during the first World War.

Question 4.
Take three bowls and mark as A,B,C. Pour lukewarm milk in bowl A, hot milk in bowl B, cold milk in bowl C. Add one tea spoon of curd or butter milk in three bowls and stir them slightly. Cover the bowls with lids. Keep the bowls undisturbed for five to six hours. In which bowl milk turned into curd ? Give your reasons.
Answer:
After six hours the milk in the bowl A converted into curd.
This conversion is happened by fermentation. Fermentaion is one kind of enzy-matic action in anaerobic respiration. Fermentation needs the help of microbes like yeast or some other bacteria. This process occurs at a particular temperature. Be-cause of enzymes are inactive at low and high temperatures. Hence the milk in bowl A converted into curd by the bacterium Lactobacillus.

Question 5.
Collect more information about scientists who invented and discovered other facts related to Microorganisms. How these discoveries helped mankind ? Make a chart presentation and paste it on your classroom wall magazine.
Answer:

Question 6.
Make an album of scientists and their discoveries related to Microorganisms.
Answer:

Question 7.
Visit the veterinary hospital and prepare a list of cattle diseases by asking questions, to the doctor.
Answer:

Disease	Animal
1) African Horse Sickness	Horses
2) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy	Cattle
3) Contagious Equine Metritis	Horses
4) Equine Infectious Anaemia	Horses
5) Anthrax	Cattle and other mammals
6) Brucellosis (Brucella abortus)	Cattle
7) Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis)	Sheep and Goats
8) Contagious agalactia	Sheep and Goats
9) Contagious bovine pleuro – pneumonia	Cattle
10) Dourine	Horses
11) European Bat Lyssavirus (FBLV)	Bats
12) Enzootic bovine leukosis	Cattle

Question 8.
What is pasteurisation? What is the use of it?
Answer:

1. Pasteurisation is a process which helps in the preservation of the milk.
2. It is discovered by “Louis Pasteur.” Hence it is called as pasteurisation.
3. In this process milk is heated up to 70° for 15 to 30 seconds and suddenly chilled and stored.
4. This prevents the growth of the microorganisms.

Question 9.
How do you appreciate Edward Jenner’s experiment?
Answer:

Edward Jenner was a man of the Enlightenment and believed in the intellectual and moral improvement of mankind.
Possessing that spirit, he predicted in 1801 that “the annihilation of small pox-the most dreadful scourge of the human race-will be the final result of this practice” of vaccination. And he was right. Since the Enlightenment, the core branches of science and medicine have generally developed rationally. As a result, the World Health Organization was able to declare in 1980 that smallpox had been eradicated worldwide. Only two laboratory samples emained, one in Russia and one in the United States.

Question 10.
Visit a nearby milk chilling centre. Observe the process and make a report on it.
Answer:
The Milk Collection Station is a specially designed, integrated unit, which combines the several functions of a milk collection centre. It measures the weight, fat content and gives the price of the milk brought in by the each producer. The equipment is particularly useful for the milk cooperatives / milk collection centres as it can also maintain a summary of milk supplied. This state of the art equipment operates both on battery and mains and is able to process and record 120-150 milk collection per hour. An Electronic Milk Weighing Unit, the Electronic Milk Tester and Data Processor Unit are main components of the system. The membership code of individual mem¬bers is entered automatically by member identity card / manually by an electronic key-board.

Question 11.
“Prevention is better than cure” comment.
Answer:
We heard about “prevention is better than cure” since our childhood – brushing of teeth twice to prevent tooth decay, washing of hands before eating to prevent stomach upset, do not eat uncovered road side food items, get vaccine against polio to free from disability, get rid of stagnate water to prevent malaria like that follow the life skills to avoid dangerous AIDS. It’s better to take care that a problem does not happen than to have to solve the problem afterwards. It’s easier to stop something bad from happening in the first place than to fix the damage after it has happened.

Question 12.
Raheem tells to his neighbours, “stagnation of’ sewage in our surroundings is harmful to our health. ” Do you support this? Why?
Answer:
Stagnation of sewage in our surroundings is harmful to our health in different ways. Sewage consist different wastes of organic matters. Microbes decompose all organic wastes. Disease transmitting carriers prefer to grow on decomposing organic matters. Hence sewage provides good shelter to mosquitoes, houseflies and other insects which transmit life threatening diseases like encephalitis, malaria, cholera, typhoid and other epidemics. Therefore sewage stagnation is more harmful to our health.

Question 13.
Jeevan said that “If there are no microorganisms earth will remain with wastes. ” Will you agree this statement? Why?
Answer:
Yes, I will agree this statement. Because of:

1. Microorganisms present in the soil, air and water act upon wastes around us.
2. They decomposes them.
3. They are converted into simple substances.
4. Thus microorganisms help us in cleaning the environment.
5. So if there are no microorganisms earth will remain with wastes.

Question 14.
Pranavi is suffering from serious illness. Doctor prescribed antibiotics for five days. After three days of usage she stopped taking antibiotics. Is it right or not, discuss.
Answer:
No, it is not right. Doctor prescribed anitbiotics for five days. Because the doctor knows that the correct days of the recovering of her illness. After three days of usage she stopped taking antibiotics. But her illness is not completely recovered. It is breaking out after some time. So it is not right.

Question 15.
What are the precautions taken to eradicate malaria?
Answer:

1. Malaria is caused by the pathogen piasmodium, is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito.
   
2. Methods used to prevent malaria include medications, mosquito elimination and the prevention of bites.
3. Using of indoor mosquito repellents, residual sprays, taking care not to store water.
4. Providing awareness how to control mosquito population.

Question 16.
One medical store owner is giving antibiotics to his customer who is suffering from fever without doctor’s prescription? But the customer’s daughter Malathi is telling her father not to take antibiotics without doctor’s prescription. Whom do you support and why?
Answer:
We must use antibiotics prescribed by qualified doctor only. If you use antibiotics without consulting a qualified doctor it may harm us. Unnecessary use of antibiotics affects blood cells which fight infections. Sometimes they may kill useful bacteria too in our intestine and this increases the resistance towards antibiotics.

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 2 InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What diseases can be prevented if we control mosquitoes?
Answer:
Malaria, Dengue, Chickungunya, Japanese Encephalitis.

Question 2.
Which diseases can we prevented by vaccination?
Answer:
Tuberculosis, Chickenpox, Measles, Polio, Swineflu.

Question 3.
Name the diseases which are transmitted by contaminated water?
Answer:
Cholera, Typhoid

Question 4.
Can you name some diseases which are transmited by Air?
Answer:
Tuberculosis, Chickenpox, Measles, Polio, Swineflu.

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 2 Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Take some lukewarm milk in two small bowls. Add a few drops of butter milk or little curd in one of the bowls. In the second bowl do not add anything. Keep the two bowls in a warm place and observe the milk in the bowls after 5 to 6 hours.
a) What changes did you observe?
Answer:
In the first bowl milk changed into curd. There is no change in the second bowl.
b) What is the reason for this?
Answer:
We add curd or butter milk in the first bowl. Curd or buttermilk contain bacterium named lactobacillus. Lactobacillus converts the milk into curd.

Activity – 2

Question 2.
Take 100 grams of maida in a bowl, add one or two spoons of yeast powder, add some water and knead it to make dough. Keep the dough in a warm place. Observe the dough after 3 – 4 hours.
a) What changes do you observe in the dough ?
Answer:
We observe that the dough rises and increase its volume.
b) What might be the reason ? Discuss with your friends and write about it.
Answer:
When yeast is added to the maida dough, the dough rises. This is due to the produc¬tion of carbondioxide gas during the process of fermentation. Bubbles of the gas fill the dough, increase its volume and make it spongy in nature.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
Commercial use of microorganisms.
Take some water in two separate beakers. Add 5 to 10 spoons of sugar to each beaker, then add 2 to 3 spoons of yeast to one of the bowls only. Close both of the bowls with lids and keep them in a warmplace. After 3 to 4 hours remove the lids and smell the contents.
a) What differences did you observe between the two bowls?
Answer:
We feel a new variety of smell from one of the bowls. This is the characteristic smell of alcohol. There is no smell from another bowl.
b) What will be the reason for the odour in yeast mixed bowl?
Answer:
Sugars are converted into alcohol by yeast. This process of conversion of sugars into alcohol is known as fermentation.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
Visit nearby PHC and collect information about vaccination given to 0-15 years chil-dren. Meet a doctor or a health worker and ask what types of vaccines are there ? Which disease can be prevented ? When it should be taken? List them out.
Answer:

Activity – 5

Question 5.
Take two pots or dig two pits in the corner of the garden at home or at your school ground. Fill them up to half with loose soil. Put some biological wastes like fallen leaves, vegetable wastes, waste papers, etc., in one of them. Fill the second one with plastic wastes, polythene bags and with some empty glass bottles.
Answer:
Now cover both the pits with soil and sprinkle water twice a day up to three weeks and observe the changes in both the pits and record.
After three weeks the pit which consists organic wastes decomposed into inorganic matter. But the pit which is filled with polythene bags, plastics and glass bottles is remain same no change is observed. Because of plastics and polythene materials are non biodegradables.

Activity – 6

Question 6.
Meet a doctor of your locality and ask him about the different types of diseases, caused by different microorganisms. Note them down. (OR)
Read the following table and answer the following questions.


Questions:
a) Name the viral diseases that can be prevented by controlling mosquito population.
Answer:
Dengue, Chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis.

b) Which bacterial disease / diseases cannot be controlled by vaccination (acc.to above table) ?
Answer:
Cholera, Typhoid.

c) What would you do to control mosquito population ?
Answer:
Use mosquito repellents, control breeding of mosquitoes by not allowing water stag¬nation in our surroundings.

d) Name the viral disease that spreads through water.
Answer:
Polio.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Maths Solutions 9th Lesson Area of Plane Figures InText Questions

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Area of Plane Figures InText Questions and Answers.

8th Class Maths 9th Lesson Area of Plane Figures InText Questions and Answers

Do this

Question 1.
Find the area of the following figures:     [Page No. 200]
i)

Answer:
Area of a parallelogram = b × h = 7 × 4 = 28 sq.cm.

ii)

Answer:
Area of a triangle = \(\frac{1}{2}\) bh = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 7 × 4
= 14 sq.cm.

iii)

Answer:
Area of a triangle = \(\frac{1}{2}\) bh = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 5 × 4
= 10 sq.cm.

iv)

Answer:
Area of rhombus = \(\frac{1}{2}\) d₁d₂
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × (4+4) × (3+3)
[∴ d₁ = 4 + 4 = 8, d₂ = 3 + 3 = 6]
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 8 × 6
= 24 cm²

v)

Answer:
Area of a rectangle = l × b
= 20 × 14 = 280 sq.cm

vi)

Answer:
Area of a square = s²
= s × s
= 5 × 5 = 25 cm²

Question 2.
The measurements of some plane figures are given in the table below. However, they are incomplete. Find the missing information.     [Page No. 200]
Answer:

Question 3.
Find the area of the following trapezium.      [Page No. 204]
fig (i)

Answer:
Area of a trapezium

fig (ii)

Answer:
Area of a trapezium

Question 4.
Area of a trapezium is 16 cm². Length of one parallel side is 5 cm and distance between two parallel sides is 4 cm. Find the length of the other parallel side. Try to draw this trapezium on a graph paper and check the area.
[Page No. 204]
Answer:
Given that
Area of a trapezium = 16 sq.cm
Length of one of the parallel sides is a = 5 cm; h = 4 cm
Length of 2nd parallel side (b) = ?
A = \(\frac{1}{2}\)h(a + b)

Graph Sheet:

Area of parallelogram ABCD = 12 sq.cm + (S + P) + (Q + R) + (W + T) + (V + U)
= 12 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
= 12 + 4
= 16 sq.cm

Question 5.
ABCD is a parallelogram whose area is 100 sq.cm. P is any point insile the parallelogram (see fig.) find tie area of △APB + △CPD.       [Page No. 204]

Answer:
Area of parallelogram ABCD = 100 sq.cm
From the given figure,
ar (△APB) + ar (△CPD) = ar (△PD) + ar (△BPC)

Question 6.
The following details are noted in meters in the field book of a surveyor. Find the area of the fields.     [Page No. 213]
i)

Answer:

From the above figure
i) A, B, C, D, E are the vertices of pentagonal field,
ii) AD is the diagonal.
iii) Now the area of the field = Areas of 4 triangles and a trapezium.
PQ = AQ – AP = 50 – 30 = 20
QD = AD – AQ = 140 – 50 = 90
RD = AD – AR = 140 – 80 = 60
Area of △APB:

Area of trapezium PBCQ:

Area of △QCD:

Area of △DER:

Area of △ERA:

∴ Area of the field = ar △APB + ar trapezium PBCQ + ar △QCD + ar △DER + ar △ERA
= 450 + 800 + 2250 + 1500 + 2000 = 7000 sq. units
ii)

Answer:

From the above figure
i) A, B, C, D, E are the vertices of a pentagonal field.
ii) AC is the diagonal.
iii) The area of a field is equal to areas of 4 triangles and a trapezium.
QC = AC – AQ = 160 – 90 = 70
RC = AC – AR = 160 – 130 = 30
PR = AR – AP = 130 – 60 = 70
Area of △AQB:

Area of △QBC :

Area of △DRC :

Area of trapezium EPRD:

Area of △EPA :

∴ Area of the field = ar △AQB + ar △QBC + ar △DRC + ar trapezium EPRD + ar △EPA
= 2700 + 2100 + 450 + 2450 + 1200 = 8900 sq. units

Try these

Question 1.
We know that parallelogram is also a quadrilateral. Let us split such a quadrilateral into two triangles. Find their areas and subsequently that of the parallelogram. Does this process in turn with the formula that you already know?   [Page No. 209]

Answer:
Area of a parallelogram ABCD

Area of parallelogram ABCD
= base x height
= bh sq. units
(OR)

Area of parallelogram ABCD
= ar △ABC + ar △ACD
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) BC × h₁ + \(\frac{1}{2}\) AD × h₂
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) bh + \(\frac{1}{2}\) bh [∵ h₁ = h₂]
= bh sq. units.
∴ This process in turn with already known formula.

Question 2.
Find the area of following quadrilaterals.      [Page No. 213]
i)

Answer:
d = 6 cm, h₁ = 3 cm, h₂ = 5 cm
Area of a quadrilateral
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)d(h₁ + h₂)
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 6 (3 + 5) = 3(8) = 24 cm²

ii)

Answer:
d₁ = 7 cm; d₂ = 6 cm
Area of a rhombus A = \(\frac{1}{2}\) d₁d₂
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 7 × 6
= 7 × 3 = 21 cm²

iii)

Answer:
Area of a parallelogram (A) = bh
(∵ The given fig. is a parallelogram in which two opposite sides are parallel)
Area of a parallelogram = 2 ar AADC
= 2 × \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 8 × 2 = 16 Sq. cm.
[∵ Area of a parallelogram = ar △ADC + ar △ABC. But ar △ABC = ar △ADC]

Question 3.
i) Divide the following polygon into parts (triangles and trapezium) to find out its area.     [Page No. 214]

Answer:
FI is a diagonal of polygon EFGHI.
If perpendiculars GA, HB are drawn on the diagonal FI, then the given figure pentagon is divided into 4 parts.
∴ Area of a pentagon EFGHI = ar △AFG + ar AGHB + ar △BHI + ar △EFI.

NQ is a diagonal of polygon MNOPQR. Here the polygon is divided into two parts.
∴ Area of a hexagon MNOPQR = ar NOPQ + ar MNQR.

ii) Polygon ABCDE is divided into parts as shown in the figure. Find the area.     [Page No. 215].

If AD = 8 cm, AH = 6 cm, AF = 3 cm and perpendiculars BF = 2 cm, GH = 3 cm and EG = 2.5 cm.
Answer:
Area of polygon ABCDE = ar △AFB + ar FBCH + ar △HCD + ar △AED

So, the area of polygon ABCDE = 3 + 7.5 + 3 + 10 = 23.5 sq.cm

iii) Find the area of polygon MNOPQR if MP = 9 cm, MD = 7 cm, MC = 6 cm, MB = 4 cm, MA = 2 cm.   [Page No. 215].

NA, OD, QC and RB are perpendiculars to diagonal MP.
Answer:
Area of MNOPQR
= ar △MAN + ar ADON + ar △DOP + ar △CQP + ar BCQR + ar △MBR
Hence CP = MP – MC = 9 – 6 = 3 cm
BC = MC – MB = 6 – 4 = 2 cm
AB = MB – MA = 4 – 2 = 2 cm
DP = MP – MD = 9 – 7 = 2 cm
AD = MD – MA = 7 – 2 = 5 cm

= 2.5 + (2.5 × 5.5) + 3 + 3 + 4.5 + (2 × 2.5)
= 2.5 + 13.75 + 3 + 3 + 4.5 + 5
= 31.75 sq.cms

Think, discuss and write

Question 1.
A parallelogram is divided into two congruent triangles by drawing a diagonal across it. Can we divide a trapezium into two congruent triangles?    [Page No. 213]
Answer:

No, we cannot divide a trapezium into two congruent triangles.
∵ From the adjacent figure,
△ABC ≆ △ADC

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions 13th Lesson Probability InText Questions

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Chapter 13 Probability InText Questions and Answers.

10th Class Maths 13th Lesson Probability InText Questions and Answers

Do This

(Page No. 307)

Outcomes of which of the following experiments are equally likely ?
Question 1.
Getting a digit 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 when a die is rolled.
Answer:
Equally likely.

Question 2.
Picking a different colour ball from a bag of 5 red balls, 4 blue balls and 1 black ball.
Note: Picking two different colour balls …………..
i.e., picking a red or blue or black ball from a …………
Answer:
Not equally likely.

Question 3.
Winning in a game of carrom.
Answer:
Equally likely.

Question 4.
Units place of a two digit number selected may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9.
Answer:
Equally likely.

Question 5.
Picking a different colour ball from a bag of 10 red balls, 10 blue balls and 10 black balls.
Answer:
Equally likely.

Question 6.
a) Raining on a particular day of July.
Answer:
Not equally likely.

b) Are the outcomes of every experiment equally likely?
Answer:
Outcomes of all experiments need not necessarily be equally likely.

c) Give examples of 5 experiments that have equally likely outcomes and five more examples that do not have equally likely outcomes.
Answer:
Equally likely events:

1. Getting an even or odd number when a die is rolled.
2. Getting tail or head when a coin is tossed.
3. Getting an even or odd number when a card is drawn at random from a pack of cards numbered from 1 to 10.
4. Drawing a green or black ball from a bag containing 8 green balls and 8 black balls.
5. Selecting a boy or girl from a class of 20 boys and 20 girls.
6. Drawing a red or black card from a deck of cards.

Events which are not equally likely:

1. Getting a prime or composite number when a die is thrown.
2. Getting an even or odd number when a card is drawn at random from a pack of cards numbered from 1 to 5.
3. Getting a number which is a multiple of 3 or not a multiple of 3 from numbers 1, 2, …… 10.
4. Getting a number less than 5 or greater than 5.
5. Drawing a white ball or green ball from a bag containing 5 green balls and 8 white balls.

Question 7.
Think of 5 situations with equally likely events and find the sample space.    (Page No. 309)
Answer:
a) Tossing a coin: Getting a tail or head when a coin is tossed.
Sample space = {T, H}.
b) Getting an even or odd number when a die is rolled.
Sample space = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
c) Winning a game of shuttle.
Sample space = (win, loss}.
d) Picking a black or blue ball from a bag containing 3 blue balls and 3 blackballs = {blue, black}.
e) Drawing a blue coloured card or black coloured card from a deck of cards = {black, red}.

Question 8.
i) Is getting a head complementary to getting a tail? Give reasons.   (Page No. 311)
Answer:
Number of outcomes favourable to head = 1
Probability of getting a head = \(\frac{1}{2}\) [P(E)]
Number of outcomes not favourable to head = 1
Probability of not getting a head = \(\frac{1}{2}\) [P(\(\overline{\mathrm{E}}\))]
Now P(E) + P(\(\overline{\mathrm{E}}\)) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) + \(\frac{1}{2}\) = 1
∴ Getting a head is complementary to getting a tail.

ii) In case of a die is getting a 1 comple-mentary to events getting 2, 3, 4, 5, 6? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Yes. Complementary events.
∵ Probability of getting 1 = \(\frac{1}{6}\) [P(E)]
Probability of getting 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 = P(E) = P(\(\overline{\mathrm{E}}\)) = \(\frac{5}{6}\)
P(E) + P(\(\overline{\mathrm{E}}\)) = \(\frac{1}{6}\) + \(\frac{5}{6}\) = \(\frac{6}{6}\) = 1

iii) Write of five new pair of events that are complementary.
Answer:

1. When a dice is thrown, getting an even number is complementary to getting an odd number.
2. Drawing a red card from a deck of cards is complementary to getting a black card.
3. Getting an even number is complementary to getting an odd number from numbers 1, 2, ….. 8.
4. Getting a Sunday is complementary to getting any day other than Sunday in a week.
5. Winning a running race is complementary to loosing it.

Try This

Question 1.
A child has a dice whose six faces show the letters A, B, C, D, E and F. The dice is thrown once. What is the probability of getting (i) A? (ii) D?     (Page No. 312)
Answer:
Total number of outcomes (A, B, C, D, E and F) = 6.
i) Number of favourable outcomes to A = 1
Probability of getting A =
P(A) = \(\frac{\text { No.of favourable outcomesto } \mathrm{A}}{\text { No.of all possible outcomes }}\) = \(\frac{1}{6}\)

ii) No. of outcomes favourable to D = 1
Probability of getting D
= \(\frac{\text { No.of outcomes favourble to } \mathrm{D}}{\text { All possible outcomes }}\) = \(\frac{1}{6}\)

Question 2.
Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?     (Page No. 312)
(a) 2.3
(b) -1.5
(c) 15%
(d) 0.7
Answer:
a) 2.3 – Not possible
b) -1.5 – Not possible
c) 15% – May be the probability
d) 0.7 – May be the probability

Question 3.
You have a single deck of well shuffled cards. Then, what is the probability that the card drawn will be a queen?     (Page No. 313)
Answer:
Number of all possible outcomes = 4 × 13 = 1 × 52 = 52
Number of outcomes favourable to Queen = 4 [♥ Q, ♦ Q, ♠ Q, ♣ Q]
∴ Probability P(E) = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { Total no. of outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{4}{52}\) = \(\frac{1}{13}\)

Question 4.
What is the probability that it is a face card?     (Page No. 314)
Answer:
Face cards are J, Q, K.
∴ Number of outcomes favourable to face card = 4 × 3 = 12
No. of all possible outcomes = 52
P(E) = \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { Total no. of outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{12}{52}\) = \(\frac{3}{13}\)

Question 5.
What is the probability that it is a spade?       (Page No. 314)
Answer:
Number of spade cards = 13
Total number of cards = 52
Probability
= \(\frac{\text { Number of outcomes favourable to spades }}{\text { Number of all outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{13}{52}\) = \(\frac{1}{4}\)

Question 6.
What is the probability that is the face card of spades?       (Page No. 314)
Answer:
Number of outcomes favourable to face cards of spades = (K, Q, J) = 3
Number of all outcomes = 52
P(E) = \(\frac{3}{52}\)

Question 7.
What is the probability it is not a face card?       (Page No. 314)
Answer:
Probability of a face card = \(\frac{12}{52}\) from (1)
∴ Probability that the card is not a face card

(or)
Number of favourable outcomes = 4 × 10 = 40
Number of all outcomes = 52
∴ Probability
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { Total no. of outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{40}{52}\) = \(\frac{10}{13}\)

Think & Discuss

(Page No. 312)

Question 1.
Why is tossing a coin considered to be a fair way of deciding which team should get the ball at the beginning of any game?
Answer:
Probability of getting a head is \(\frac{1}{2}\) and of a tail is \(\frac{1}{2}\) are equal.
Hence tossing a coin is a fair way.

Question 2.
Can \(\frac{7}{2}\) be the probability of an event? Explain.
Answer:
\(\frac{7}{2}\) can’t be the probability of any event.
Since probability of any event should lie between 0 and 1.

Question 3.
Which of the following arguments are correct and which are not correct? Give reasons.
i) If two coins are tossed simultaneously, there are three possible outcomes – two heads, two tails or one of each. Therefore, for each of these outcomes, the probability is \(\frac{1}{3}\).
Answer:
False.
Reason:
All possible outcomes are 4
HH, HT, TH, TT
Thus, probability of two heads = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
Probability of two tails = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
Probability of one each = \(\frac{2}{4}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\).

ii) If a dice is thrown, there are two possible outcomes – an odd number or an even number. Therefore, the probability of getting an odd number is \(\frac{1}{2}\).
Answer:
True.
Reason:
All possible outcomes = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) = 6
Outcomes favourable to an odd number (1, 3, 5) = 3
Outcomes favourable to an even number = (2, 4, 6) = 3
∴ Probability (odd number)
= \(\frac{\text { No. of favourable outcomes }}{\text { Total no. of outcomes }}\)
= \(\frac{3}{6}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\).

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Different Ecosystems Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Solutions 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Define an ecosystem. Explain it with a suitable example.
Answer:

1. An ecosystem can be defined as a functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment.
2. For example, Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystem on earth, deriving nourishment from terrestrial fresh water and tidal salt water.
3. Coringa mangrove is situated south of Kakinada Bay and is about 150 km south of Visakhapatnam.
4. It is named after the river coringa. Coringa mangroves receives fresh water from coringa and Gaderu rivers and salt waters from Kakinada Bay.
5. Biotic components in coringa:
   Producers: Mangrove, Spirogyra, Euglena, Oscilatoria, Blue Green Algae, Ulothrix etc.
   Consumers: Shrimp, crab, hydra, protozoans, mussel, snails, turtle, daphnia, brittle word, tube worm etc.
   Decomposers: Detritus feeding bacteria etc.
6. Abiotic components: Salt and fresh water, air, sunlight, soil, etc.

Question 2.
Explain how diversity of living organisms helps in enriching any ecosystem.
Answer:

1. The existence of the ecosystem depends on the continued survival of the organisms in the ecosystem.
2. All organisms require energy for growth, reproduction and survival.
3. This energy is obtained by the organisms from the food they consume.
4. Plants are the producers producing food in any ecosystem. The animals present in the ecosystem are consumers as they consume food from plants.
5. Some of the organisms in the ecosystem such as bacteria and fungi, obtained their nutritional requirements by decomposing the dead bodies of both producers and consumers.
6. They retain nutrients to the soil for the plants to use. As the cycle begins again.
7. Like this diversity of living organisms helps in enriching any ecosystem.

Question 3.
What happens when two animals having similar habits share one ecosystem?
Answer:
When two animals having similar habits, sharing one ecosystem , only the stronger and better equipped animal can survive, while the weaker one die or eliminated from the ecosystem. This is called ‘Survival of the fittest’.

Question 4.
What is the difference between habitat and ecosystem?
Answer:
Habitat is the natural living place of an organism or a group of organisms. Land and water are the major habitates.
An ecosystem is a Natural unit and has both Abiotic and biotic components, which interact and influence each other.

Question 5.
Who am I?
1. I am the base of food chain.
Answer:
Green plants.
2. I depend on plants for food.
Answer:
Consumers (Herbivorous Animals)
3. I break down the remains of dead plants and animals.
Answer:
Decomposers.
Ex: Bacteria, Fungi.

Question 6.
Which of the following is producer and why?
а) fox b) fungus c) chicken d) grass.
Answer:

1. Grass is the producer.
2. All green plants produce food materials with the help of carbondioxide and water in the presence of sunlight. So plants are called producers.
3. As grass is the green plant and produce food for other animals, it is called producer.

Question 7.
What do you understand by food web? Describe your own food web with the help of diagrammatic representation.
Answer:

1. A food web consists of several interlinked food chains and each organism in the food web will be a member of more than one food chain.
2. For example rats and insects eat seeds and other plant parts. As their food.
3. Insects are eaten by frogs and lizards.
4. Rats and frogs are eaten by snakes.
5. Lizards and snakes are eaten by birds.
6. Birds are eaten by fox, wolves. These are eaten by tigers and lions.
7. Thus a single plant or an animal may become food for more than one animal.
8. Similiarly an animal may consume more than one type of food depending on its taste and availability in the ecosystem.
9. Thus each organism in an ecosystem may be a member of more than one food chain.
10. When we looked at these relationships between various organisms for food in the ecosystem, it appears that several food chains are interlinked with each other forming a food web.

FOOD WEB

Question 8.
An ecosystem that had mice. What happens if more cats were added to it?
Answer:

1. In an ecosystem if the mice and the cats were existing equally, smooth balance would be maintained. When reproduction took place in these animals, generations would be continued then the ecosystem would be maintained healthy.
2. When more cats were added in that ecosystem all the mice would be eaten away by the cats it leads to the end of mice population.
3. Because of lack of food, the cats, either have to leave the ecosystem or they die.
4. If there is no continuity of the animals, the ecosystem would be destroyed.

Question 9.
List out producers (plants, bushes, trees), consumers (herbivores and carnivores) and decomposers that you observed in your agriculture field or school garden.
Answer:
Producers:
Plants – Grass plants, creepers like pumpkin, bottlegourd, etc.
Bushes – Rose, Jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold.
Trees – Palm, coconut, mango, drumstick, lemon, sweet lemon, guava.
Consumers:
Herbivores – Goat, sheep, buffalo, ox, rats, butterflies, etc.
Carnivores – Crow, dogs, snakes, frogs, lizards.
Decomposers – Fungi (mushroom), Bacteria.

Question 10.
In grassland ecosystem, rabbit eats only plants. They eat plants faster than the plants can grow back. What must happen to bring the ecosystem into balance?
Answer:
The animals like fox, wolves, tigers, etc. which feed on rabbits will be introduced in that grass land ecosystem, then the rabbits will be controlled by them. Thus the ecosystem will comes into balance.

Question 11.
Plant, Tiger, Rabbit, Fox, Hawk.
Did you find any connection among the above list of things. If we remove Rabbit from the list what will happen?
Answer:

1. Plant, tiger, rabbit, fox, hawk these are the animals living in an ecosystem and are interdepending one on the other, and maintaining a food web – Plants → Rabbit → Hawk → Fox → Tiger.
2. A delicate balance is seen in nature between members of different species.
3. Any disturbance in this balance affects the organisms in a food web.
4. If we remove rabbit from the list the other animals like tiger, fox, hawk which are depending one on the other for food will die because of no food.
5. All the organisms, big or small, have right to live on this planet as man. We should respect this and allow other organisms to live and share the wealth of this planet.
6. “LIVE AND LET LIVE” should become our motto.

Question 12.
What do you understand by interdependency of animals and plants ? How do you appreciate ?
Answer:

1. An ecosystem is made up of groups of living things and their environments.
   
2. Living things like plants, animals and microorganisms are known as biotic components and others like soil, water, sunlight etc are called as abiotic components of the ecosystem.
3. All these organisms live together and interact with one another in many ways.
4. There is a feeding relationship between plants and animals. Along with this an interdependence between plants and animals for space, reproduction, shelter, etc.
5. All organisms in an ecosystem derive energy from food to live.
6. The sun is the main source of energy for all living things.
7. Plants being autotrophic, trap this energy through a process called photosynthesis and produce food to all living organisms. They are known as Primary producers.
8. Animals as they can not prepare food, they consume plants directly or indirectly and called consumers.
9. Living organisms like fungi and bacteria which are called decomposers, decay and decompose the dead animals of producers and consumers, and valuable nutrients to the soil for plants to use, as the cycle begins again.
10. A delicate balance is seen in nature between plants and animals by interdependence one to the other for thousands of years, which is unreachable to the human brain.

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is a Habitat?
Answer:

1. The dwelling place for plants and animals is called habitat.
2. One habitat shared by different types of plants and animals.
3. Try to add more such points to your list.
4. The natural home for plants and animals is called a habitat.
5. Habitat is the environment of an animal or plant.
6. Habitat is a suitable place for plants and animals to live.
7. Habitat is the origin for plants and animals.

Question 2.
Draw the diagram of Interdependence between the biotic components and answer the following questions.
Answer:
Interdependence between the biotic components:

1. What do the arrows in the figure indicate?
Answer:
The animals are depending one on the other for food.

2. Trace the path from grass to tiger. You may trace out other paths as well.
Answer:
Grass → grass hopper → frog → snake.
Carrot and grass → rabbit → fox → tiger
Plants → deer → bear → tiger
Seeds → squirrel → eagle → tiger

3. On how many organisms is rabbit dependent? Write their names.
Answer:
Carrot, grass.

4. How many organisms depend on rabbit? Write their names.
Answer:
Snake, fox, eagle, tiger.

5. Where do plants get their food from?
Answer:
Plants are autotrophs they can prepare their food from carbondioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight.

6. What other things do animals need for their survival?
Answer:
Abiotic components like soil, water, sunlight, etc.

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems Activities

Activity – 1

Lab Activity
Answer:
Aim: Study an ecosystem at your school/ home garden to understand it’s structure. Material Required : Measuring tape string, small sticks, hand lens, hand towel.
Procedure: To know about structure of the ecosystem we have to follow the following procedure.

1. Use the tape to measure a square area that is one meter long and one meter wide. It can be on grass, bare dirt or side wall.
2. Mark the edges of the square with the help of string/chalk.
3. Observe the study area (that has been marked). Look for the plants and animals that live there. Use the hand lens.
4. Record all the living organisms you see. You can even dig to go deeper to find out other living organisms that may be present there.

Observation / Findings: We find –

1. Plants like grass, herbs, shrubs, guava, neem and creepers.
2. Insects like ants, grass hoppers, butterflies, mosquitoes, houseflies, locusts, etc.
3. Animals like cat, dog, buffalo, frog, lizards, garden lizards, snake.
4. Mushroom, algae.
5. Deeper layers of soil we find earth worm, leech, rats, bandicoots, rabbits, etc.
6. Birds like crow, parrot, mynah, etc.

Discussion:
1. What living things did you find in your study area? Try to count them if possible.
Answer:
Grass, creepers, shrubs, herbs, trees, herbivores, carnivores, fungi.
2. Which kind of living thing was most common in your study area?
Answer:
Plants.
3. How was your study area different from those of other student groups?
Answer:
Living conditions, food, animals and plants are different.
4. Other than the living organisms what other things can you record from your study area?
Answer:
Soil, water, sunlight (temperature) are recorded.

Activity – 2

Question 2.
Observe the food web given below figure.

Answer:
The diagram showing food web.
Now answer the following Questions.
1. Which are the producers in the food web?
Answer:
Grass, rice plants, maize, bushes.
2. Which are consumers?
Answer:
Fish, frog, birds, rats, rabbit, deer, tadpole, larva ,sheep, cat, fox, tiger, crane, eagle, snake, owl, peacock, insects, lion.
3. Where does the food web start from?
Answer:
Food web starts from green plants.
4. Name the organism where the food web ends.
Answer:
Crane, eagle, owl, peacock, lion.
5. What happens when plants and animals die in a food web?
Answer:
When plants and animals die, they are decayed and decomposed by Decomposers like bacteria and fungi. They return nutrients to the soil for plants to use, as the cycle begin again. This is the reason ‘Decomposers are also called as recyclers.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
Collect the information forests of Andhra Pradesh and write the flora and fauna and fill up the following table:
Answer:
Forests of Andhra Pradesh

Name of the Forest – Kondapalli Reserve Forest

Investigations:

1. Do all the forest have same type of vegetation?
Answer:
No, there are mainly trees that show much species diversity and greater degrees stratification.
2. Are producers afforest ecosystem higher than its consumers?
Answer:
Trees are higher than consumers, besides trees shrubs and ground vegetation also there.
3. Do all the forests have same type of animals?
Answer:
No, the availability of food and environment different type of animals are present in different forest.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Story of Microorganisms 1 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Solutions 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 1

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 1 Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Which organisms are interlinked between living and non-living organisms? Why do you think so?
Answer:
Viruses are an interesting type of microorganisms. They usually made up of crystalized proteins. They behave like nonliving things when they are outside of a living cell. But they behave like living organisms when they are inside host living cells and reproduce just like bacteria. Hence viruses can also call as connecting links between living and nonliving things.

Question 2.
What are microorganisms? Where do you find them?
Answer:
We can see several organisms in our surroundings but we cannot see many of them with our unaided eyes. They can be seen only with the help of microscope only. They are called microorganisms. They can found in air, water, soil and all living organisms.

Question 3.
What type of microorganisms we can observe in pond water?
Answer:
Usually pond water contains bacteria, phytoplanktons, algal members, fungi, rotifers, hydra etc. Collect some pond water with greenish scrapings on a slide and we can observe different algal members like Spirogyra, Chara and Chlamydomonas through the microscope.

Question 4.
Whether microorganisms are useful or harmful. How? Explain.
Answer:

1. Microorganisms are useful and some are harmful.
2. Some microorganisms are useful in formation process, medicine preparation and increase soil fertility.
3. Some microorganisms are harmful by causing diseases and spoling food items.

Question 5.
How are the human actions causing the death of useful bacteria and fungi? What will happen if it continuous?
Answer:

1. Soil is highly rich in microorganisms such a bacteria, fungi, protozoa, micro arthropods.
2. The top eight inches of soil of one acre many contain as much as five and half tons of fungi and bacteria.
3. This is very much useful for growing crops.
4. Excess use of pesticides kills these bacteria.
5. Thus human actions causing death of useful bacteria and fungi.
6. If it happens continue, then it causes to ecological imbalance.

Question 6.
Why the cooked food spoil soon but not uncooked food ? Give your reasons.
Answer:

1. Cooking of food items makes the proteins in the food materials coagulate.
2. It also degrades the protective surface of the food.
3. Thus the cooked foods can be easily inhabited by microoganisms.
4. So they can be spoiled in less time than the uncooked food.

Question 7.
What questions would you like to ask your teacher to know about different shapes of bacteria ?
Answer:

1. Where can we find bacteria?
2. How can we see bacteria?
3. What do we call the round shaped bacteria?
4. What do we call the spring shaped bacteria?
5. What is the name of coma shape bacteria?
6. How many types of bacteria do we find in nature?
7. What is the shape of Lactobacillus bacteria? How is it useful?
8. How is septicemia bacteria harmful?
9. Which type of bacteria is responsible for food poisoning?
10. Which bacteria is present in root nodules of leguminous plants? How do they useful?
11. Name the bacteria that causes leprosy.
12. Which type of bacteria is responsible for tuberculosis?
13. What is the shape of Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria how is it useful to plants?
14. What is the shape of staphylococci bacteria? In what way it affect the health of people?

Question 8.
What will happen if you add buttermilk to chilled milk?
Answer:

1. Lacto bacillus bacteria is responsible for the formation of curd.
2. When we add buttermilk to luke warm milk it takes 2 or 3 hours time to form curd.
3. But if we add buttermilk to chilled milk it takes more time or curd would not form.
4. Curdling indicates that the increase in number of bacteria in milk.
5. In chilled condition the number of bacteria do not increase in number there by curd would not be formed.

Question 9.
How do you observe Lactobacillus bacterium?
Answer:
Take one or two drops of buttermilk on a slide and spread it. Heat the slide slightly on a lamp (3-4 sec¬onds). Add a few drops of crystal violet. Leave it for 30-60 seconds and wash the slide gently with water.
Observe the slide under the Compound Microscope to see the Lactobacillus bacterium.

Question 10.
Visit any bakery or milk chilling center near your school with the help of your teacher or parents. Learn about some techniques to culture and usage of some Microorganisms and prepare a note on them.
Answer:
The Milk Collection Station is a specially designed, integrated unit, which combines the several functions of a milk collection centre. It measures the weight, fat content and gives the price of the milk brought in by the each producer. The equipment is particularly useful for the milk cooperatives / milk collection centres as it can also maintain a summary of milk supplied. This state of the art equipment operates both on battery and mains and is able to process and record 120-150 milk collection per hour. An Electronic Milk weighing Unit, the Electronic Milk Tester and Data Processor Unit are main components of the system. The membership code of individual mem¬bers is entered automatically by member identity card / manually by an electronic key-board.

Question 11.
Observe some permanent slides of microorganisms in your school lab with the help of microscope. Draw its picture.
Answer:

Question 12.
Prepare a model of any microorganism. And write a note on them.
Answer:

Question 13.
Why should we clean our hands with soap before eating ?
Answer:

1. We touch the objects.
2. Microbes are present on them.
3. When we touch them, they will inhabit our hands.
4. Washing our hands with soap kills all the microbes.
5. And makes our hands clean and hygenic.
6. So we should clean our hands with soap before eating.

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 1 Activities

Activity – 2

Question 1.
Identify the fungi present, in rotten vegetables.
Answer:
Take some rotten part of vegetable or black spoiled part of bread or coconut with help of a needle on a slide, Put a drop of water. Place a cover slip on it and we can see the following microorganisms through microscope.

Activity – 6

Question 2.
Observe different soil microorganisms through microscope and draw rough sketches.
Answer:
Collect some soil from the field in a beaker or in a glass. Add some water to it and stir it. Wait for some time to allow the soil particles to settle down. Take a drop of water on a slide and we can observe the following microorganisms.