Class 8

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 22 Film and Print Media.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 22nd Lesson Film and Print Media

Question 1.
What are the similarities in a stage play and a film?
Answer:

1. Both give entertainment.
2. Both have actors.
3. Both are encouraged by the people.

Question 2.
With the help of your teacher discuss the changes in the livelihood opportunities from play to films.
Answer:
The persons who have good voice were encouraged as stage artists. But in films, their physical beauty was also taken for consideration. The stage artists made a beeline to the studios for a chance in films. Those who have chances in this field are settled well. Some have lost their wealth also.

Question 3.
Do you think any story or poem in your language textbook could be made into a small film? Can you think of various people you will need in making a film based on that?
Answer:
Yes. It could be made into a small film.
Producer, Director, Editor, Cameraman, Actors, Actresses, Junior artists, Singers, Musicians and other technicians are needed for this.

Question 4.
Ask your parents about the plays during their childhood.
Answer:
Bhuvana Vijayam, Chintamani, Kanyashulkam, Rakta Kanneeru etc., are the most popular plays in those days.

Question 5.
List at least two more films which tell about the freedom struggle.
Answer:
Bharatheeyudu, Mangal Pandey and Bhagath Singh.

Question 6.
What were the various forms of entertainment?
Answer:
Folk art forms, folk dances, classical dances, music, dramas etc.

Question 7.
When was ‘The Peking Gazette’ started?
Answer:
The Peking Gazette’ was started in the year 618.

Question 8.
Appreciate the cinema ‘Alluri Seetharamaraju’.
Answer:
“Alluri Seetharamaraju was filmed in 1974. The British passed the Forest Act in 1882 and were denying the tribals free movement in the forest and Podu cultivation. Raju led the tribals in protesting against the British harassment and raided several police stations, popular as Rampa Rebellion of 1922. They fought the British both with their traditional weapons and arms captured during the raids. The British deployed a company of Assam Rifles under Rutherford and ultimately killed Raju and all the tribal leaders including Ghantam Dora. The film apart from being a big commercial success won the National Best Lyric award for the song ‘Telugu Veera Levara’ by Srirangam Srinivasarao, popularly known as Sri Sri.

Question 9.
Is cinema knowledge giving or life spoiling? Conduct a debate.
Answer:
Student A: According to me movies are awesome and give as great fun.
Student B: In my opinion films are corrupting the truth.
Student: No, I don’t agree with this. Movies are good or bad according to oneself. It is ourselves who can extract good or bad morals from a movie.
Movies have become an integral part of life in today’s world. We cannot take this part out of our lives. It is teachers and parents who should guide the youth on which type of movies are to be seen and which are not.

Question 10.
Look at a News Paper and classify how the pages have been organised? What type of images and photograhs are used? How much space is given for advertisment? What issues are covered in the editorial?
Answer:
Photographs of:

1. Political
2. Accidental
3. Meetings
4. Films etc.

40% to 60% of the space is given to the ads.
Political issues are covered in the editorial.

Question 11.
Read the following para and answer the questions.

Cinema – form of entertainment:

Before the cinema ‘ were various forms of entertainment like folk an forms, folk dances, classical dances, music, dramas etc. But gradually, cinema became the major form of entertainment. The songs from films have a popularity of their own. Earlier radio and now television broadcast these songs independent of the movie. The actors have a following in the public and fan clubs have emerged. Popular dialogues from films have become a part of daily life. The style and dresses of the actors and actresses are imitated by the people. With the advent of TV, one need not go to a theatre to watch a movie. There are dedicated channels and time slots for telecasting films, songs, news about film industry etc.

1. What were the various forms of entertainment?
Answer:
Folk art forms, folk dances, classical dances, music, dramas etc.

2. Which have popularity?
Answer:
The songs from films have a popularity of their own.

3. Which broadcast songs?
Answer:
Radio and TV broadcast songs.

4. Which have become part of daily life?
Answer:
Popular dialogues from films have become part of daily life.

5. What are imitated by the people?
Answer:
The style and dresses of the actors and actresses are imitated by the people.

Question 12.
Read the following para and answer the questions.

Cinema and freedom movement:

Rangaiah is visibly excited even now when he talks about the films Mala Pilla and Ryhtu Bidda released in 1938 and 1939. Mala Pilla is a film about untouchability and about entry of dalits into the temple. The protagonist is Chowdarayya, a Gandhian, who preaches to the upper caste to mend their ways and exhorts the dalits to give up drinking and get educated. The priest’s son falls in love with a dalit girl. The priest’s wife, who is caught in a fire, is saved by a dalit, and that is when the priest realises that there should be no untouchability. The dalits are given entry into the temple and the marriage of the priest’s son and the dalit girl is blessed.

1. Who was Rangaiah?
Answer:
He was a character in the lesson.

2. What were the two cinemas?
Answer:
Malapilla and Rythu bidda.

3. What was Mala Pilla about?
Answer:
Mala Pilla was about untouchability and about entry of dalits into the temple.

4. Who was Gandhian?
Answer:
Chowdarayya

5. Who falls in love?
Answer:
The priest’s son falls in love.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 21 Performing Arts and Artistes in Modern Times.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 21st Lesson Performing Arts and Artistes in Modern Times

Question 1.
What was the special role of the nattuvanars?
Answer:
The nattuvanars are the dance masters of devadasis. They were usually male children of devadasis. They maintained these traditions from generation to generation. They also trained the new dancers from other castes.

Question 2.
What changes do you see in the position of the artistes and the subject of their performances since the time of the national movement?
Answer:
After the national movement, their condition became worse. Nobody is there to encourage them. As a result the folk artists are facing a decline and crisis of livelihood.

Question 3.
Is it possible to orient folk arts to new requirements of modern life and revive them?
Answer:
I think it is impossible. Today the life style is very fast. The people who are stuck to the TVs and computers, may not be interested in these arts which are expensive.

Question 4.
Who is Nazar Vali?
Answer:
He was a Burrakatha artist.

Question 5.
Where did Nazar Vali start his profession?
Answer:
He started it with Tenali Balaratna Nataka Samajam.

Question 6.
Do you think it is important to preserve the folk art traditions when TV and films are becoming the dominant forms of entertainment? Give your reasons
Answer:
I think it is important to preserve it. Our customs and traditions are gifts from our ancestors. Mainly folk arts – These are our traditional entertainment. We should preserve them. They are the soul of nation.

Question 7.
Why do you think the nationalists and communists tried to revive and renew folk arts?
Answer:
Nationalists and communists encouraged these folk arts. They opposed the foreign arts and tried to revive and renew our folk arts.

Question 8.
Do you think institutions like Kalakshetra can help to revive folk arts too?
Answer:
Yes, they can help to revive folk arts too.
But they encourage the rich and the interested people only. They cannot render services to the real hires of the arts. Thus there are mixed results with this type of institutions.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 20 Understanding Secularism.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 20th Lesson Understanding Secularism

Question 1.
In what way is Indian secularism different from that of other democratic countries?
Answer:
The governments of other democratic countries will not interfere in the religions of its people. But the Indian government interferes in the religious matters. Thus it is different from other democratic countries.

Question 2.
Can there be different views within the same religion?
Answer:
Yes. There can be different views within the same religion. Many religions in the world have different views.

Question 3.
Will the government intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practise infanticide? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
The government intervenes in this issue.
Reasons:

1. In Indian secularism the state can intervene in religious affairs.
2. This interference will be according to the ideals of the Constitution.

Question 4.
What are the three main schools of thoughts in Buddhism?
Answer:

1. Theravada
2. Mahayana
3. Vajrayana

Question 5.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
In February 2004, France passed a law banning students from wearing any conspicuous religious or political signs or symbols such as the Islamic headscarf, the Jewish skullcap, or large Christian crosses. This law has encountered a lot of resistance from immigrants who are mainly from the former French colonies of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. In the 1960s, France had faced a shortage of workers and, therefore, had provided visas for these immi
grants to come and work in the country. The daughters of these immigrants often wear headscaives while attending school. However, with the passing of this new law, they have been expelled from their schools for wearing headscatves.
1. What was the law?
Answer:
The law was to ban any conspicuous religious or political signs or symbols.

2. Who opposed the law?
Answer:
The immigrants of France opposed this.

3. When was the law passed?
Answer:
In February, 2004.

Question 6.
Read the first two paras and prepare two questions on this.
The most important aspect of secularism is its separation of religion from State power. This is important for a country to function democratically. Almost all the countries of the world will have more than one religious group living in them. Within these religious groups, there will most likely be one group that is in a majority. If this majority religious group has access to State power, then it could quite easily use its power and financial resources to discriminate against and persecute the persons of other religions. This tyranny of the majority could result in the discrimination, coercion and at times, even the killing of religious minorities. The majority could quite easily prevent minorities from practising their religions. Any form of domination based on religion is in violation of the rights that a democratic society guarantees to each and every citizen, irrespective of their religion. Therefore, the tyranny of the majority and the violation of Fundamental Rights that can result from it is one reason why it is important to separate the State and religion in democratic societies.
Another reason that it is important to separate religion from the State in democratic soci-eties is because we also need to protect the freedom of individuals to exit from their religion, embrace another religion or have the freedom to interpret religious teachings differently.
Answer:
1. What is the most important aspect of secularism?
2. Who were in majority in India?

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 19 Social and Religious Reform Movements.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 19th Lesson Social and Religious Reform Movements

Question 1.
Compare the efforts of Narayana Guru and Jyotiba Phule. What similarities do you see between them?
Answer:

1. Both opposed caste system.
2. Both established many schools.
3. Both opposed the supremacy of Brahmins.

Question 2.
Recall the teachings of Buddha with regard to the caste system.
Answer:
Buddha preached that ‘All are equal’. He opposed caste and religious discriminations. He treated all his followers equal.

Question 3.
What are the similarities in the approaches of Gandhiji and Ambedkar towards dalits?
Answer:

1. Both worked for dalits.
2. Both were the members of Congress Party.

Question 4.
Do you find any religious idea advocated by the above reformers which was not part of the Bhakti Movement?
Answer:
No. All the reformers advocated the religious ideas of the Bhakti Movement only.

Question 5.
Do you think dalits have equal access to temples, water sources and schools today? What problems do they still face?
Answer:
At present dalits have equal access to temples, water sources and schools. To say frankly they have equal access and reservations also. So we can say that there were no social problems to them.

Question 6.
What did Ambedkar want to achieve through the temple entry movement?
Answer:
Ambedkar wanted to say that ‘All are equal before God and everyone has rights on God”.

Question 7.
Do you think today equal importance is given to the education of girls or do girls still face discrimination?
Answer:
Equal importance is given to girls education with boys. To be frank the girl enrolment is more than boys in some schools and colleges. But in some families girls face discrimination, mostly in some backward states.

Question 8.
What problems do girls face in getting educated which boys do not face?
Answer:

1. Girls are not encouraged for higher education.
2. Girls are not permitted to far off places for education.
3. Some courses are only meant for boys.

Question 9.
To what extent has the treatment of widows changed today?
Answer:
We can say that the attitude of the society is changed. Widows are treated equally with other women. Their elders are only arranging remarriages for them.

Question 10.
Do dalit girls and Muslim girls face special problems in education even today?
Answer:
Nowadays we seldom hear such a news from newspapers that dalit girls are facing some problems from others. They are also receiving education in classrooms along with others. Muslim girls also have separate schools. They are also studying without problems.

Question 11.
Who founded Brahmo Samaj in combined Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
Veeresalingam founded Brahma Samaj in combined Andhra Pradesh.

Question 12.
On what did Veeresalingam concentrate all his efforts and energies?
Answer:
Veerasalingam concentrated all his efforts and energies on the widow remarriage and abolition of child marriage.

Question 13.
Why was Veeresalingam called ‘Gadya Tikkana’?
Answer:
He was called ‘Gadya Tikkana’ for his writings in prose.

Question 14.
How would the feeling that the dalits were the orginal inhabitants of Telangana and Andhra have helped in boosting the confidence of the dalits?
Answer:
The feeling would raise the confidence in dalits. This confidence would strengthen them in fighting against the discrimination. That led them to their success.

Question 15.
Did all women get the right to vote in independent India?
Answer:
Yes, all women get the right to vote in independent India.

Question 16.
Locate the following in the given India Map.

1. West Bengal
2. Punjab
3. Bombay
4. Aligarh
5. Bhopal
6. Kerala

Answer:

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 3 Earth Movements and Seasons.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 3rd Lesson Earth Movements and Seasons

Question 1.
Can you relate what are the major seasons you have seen?
Answer:
The major seasons I have seen are Summer season, Rainy season and Winter season.

Question 2.
Write any two factors that influence the order of seasons.
Answer:
The factors are:
a) The spherical shape of the Earth and the curvature of its surface.
b) Daily rotation of the Earth on its own Axis.

Question 3.
From where can we see the axis of the earth?
Answer:
The axis of the earth is an imaginary line. We cannot see it.

Question 4.
What are the reasons behind the formation of seasons?
Answer:
Earth’s revolution and inclination of the axis are the reasons behind it.

Question 5.
What happens if there are no seasons?
Answer:
If there are no seasons, there will be no life on the earth.

Question 6.
Find out if Andhra Pradesh is in the Tropical Belt or in the Temperate Beit.
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh is extended between 18°N to 79°N latitude (approximately). It is in Tropical Belt.

Question 7.
Will the Sun shine directly on our heads in Andhra Pradesh during any month? If yes, in which month?
Answer:
The Sun’s rays fall straightly on Andhra Pradesh in the month of May.

Question 8.
Find out in which belt is Delhi and if it would receive snowfall in winters.
Answer:
Delhi is located between 28°22″ N. latitude and 28°54″ N. latitude. It is in Temperate Belt. It records low temperatures but there is no snowfall.

Question 9.
The earth is rotating daily in such a high speed. But why don’t we feel this?
Answer:
The earth is rotating in such a speed with all its – atmosphere, human, animal and plant kingdoms. So we don’t feel this.

Question 10.
Appreciate the rotation and revolution.
Answer:
The Earth is rotating and revolving since her birth without any rest. If it stops for a while, the life on the Earth may get disappeared. So a lot of thanks to Mother Earth.

Question 11.
Which season is important out of all the seasons?
Answer:
All the seasons are important. The existence of all the seasons only supports the life on the earth.

Question 12.
What are the factors that influence the order of seasons?
Answer:
The factors that influence the order of seasons are:

1. The spherical shape of the Earth and the curvature of its surface.
2. Daily rotation of the Earth on its own Axis.
3. The tilt of the Axis of rotation compared to the plane on which the Earth moves.
4. The Earth’s movement around the Sun once a year (revolution).

Question 13.
From where can we see the axis of the earth?
Answer:
The axis of the earth is an imaginary line. We cannot see it.

Question 14.
The earth is rotating daily in such a high speed. But why don’t we feel this?
Answer:
The earth is rotating in such a speed with all its – atmosphere, human, animal and plant kingdoms. So we don’t feel this.

Question 15.
Appreciate the rotation and revolution.
Answer:
The Earth is rotating and revolving since her birth without any rest. If it stops for a while, the life on the Earth may get disappeared. So a lot of thanks to Mother Earth.

Question 16.
Which season is important out of all the seasons?
Answer:
All the seasons are important. The existence of all the seasons only supports the life on the earth.

Question 17.
Draw the important latitudes.
Answer:

Question 18.
Draw the temperature belts on the earth.
Answer:

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 18 Rights Approach to Development.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 18th Lesson Rights Approach to Development

Question 1.
What would give the poor people like Pavan and his mother a life with dignity?
Answer:
“Work hard – Lead the life”.
This only gives them a life with dignity.

Question 2.
Whose duty is it to ensure that Pa van and his mother are able to live a life of dignity and freedom?
Answer:
It is the duty of the society and the government to ensure that Pavan and his mother are able to live a life of dignity and freedom.

Question 3.
What are the arguments of people in “disclosing the information?”
Answer:
Their arguments are as follows.

1. Information is crucial to the human development, and democratic rights. People can participate in government and ensure just development only if they have sufficient information in the form of official documents.
2. Information will make governments more accountable in their functioning. It is possible to monitor the functioning and check possibility of corrupt practices. Information is crucial to the survival of the poor.
3. In a situation where information has to be made public, arbitrary decisions by the elected representatives or the officials can be controlled.

Question 4.
How did the movement begin for disclosing information?
Answer:
A group of people in Rajasthan, organised themselves under the banner of Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) and demanded information. There was no legal provision to get the details of information as mentioned in the above paragraph from government to the people. Initially, these documents were collected with the help of officials. People evaluated these documents through public meetings. Soon officials began to resist the idea of disclosing the information. This led to a people’s movement.

Question 5.
Write about six main points of RTE.
Answer:
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009
The RTE Act is meant for providing free and Compulsory Education to all Children in the age group of 6 – 14 years and came into force from 1st April 2010.
Important provisions of RTE Act

• Ensure availability of schools within the reach of the children.
• Improve School infrastructure facilities.
• Enroll children in the class appropriate to his / her age.
• Children have a right to receive special training in order to be at par with other children.
• Providing appropriate facilities for the education of children with special needs on par with other children.
• No child shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing the elementary education. No test for admitting the children in schools.

Question 6.
Comment this figure.

Answer:
There is an old lady in this picture. She belongs to a poor family. All the vessels are empty. We can see the rice in a vessel in a small quantity. The woman is also very weak due to lack of food. It is because of monsoon failure. She is a victim of famine.

Question 7.
Read the following passages and answer the given questions.
Answer:
Pavan is a boy of about 13 years, who lives with his mother. He lives in a temple town visited by a large number of pilgrims. Pavan stands outside the temple gate and begs the pilgrims for food by falling at their feet. Sometime, some of them give him stale left over food from their tiffin boxes. Sometimes, he carries heavy bags for them and is paid a small amount.

His mother works in a house as domestic help. She works almost for twelve hours everyday, through out the month. She is constantly ordered about by her employers including young children. She is given left over food after everyone else has eaten. She is not allowed to sit before the employers, and has to always talk to them meekly. She is often insulted for some minor errors or delays and has to fight back her tears and anger lest she be thrown out of job.
1) How old is Pavan?
Answer:
He is 13 years old.

2) Why do the people give Pavan some money?
Answer:
Sometimes he lifts heavy bags for them. So they give Pavan some small amount.

3) What does his mother do?
Answer:
She works in a house as domestic help.

4) Try to write any two of her problems.
Answer:

1. She is not allowed to sit before the employers.
2. She is often insulted for some minor errors.

5) Why does Pavan fall at their feet?
Answer:
To create pity and sympathy in the minds of pilgrims for money.

Question 8.
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
JAN SUNVAYI: MKSS used to conduct meetings, called ‘jan sunvayi’ (or people’s hearings). It is true that many people cannot read the government documents themselves. But every person in a village would like to know what the documents say. Thus, these were read out and explained. A muster roll would give names of people for whom wages were paid for making a hand-pump. The villagers can identify if the people mentioned in the muster roll were present during those days or were migrants, or if they were paid the amount stated in the document. This would bring out the corrupt in practices. Through these events people brought in necessary action. Officials were also given opportunity to defend and talk about the details given in the documents. The district administration and panchayat officials also participated in these meetings. When corruption was identified, criminal cases were registered against the concerned persons.

1) What is the meaning of ‘Jan Sunvayi’?
Answer:
It means people’s hearings.

2) Why do they read out the documents?
Answer:
Many people cannot read the government documents, so they read out.

3) What is a muster roll?
Answer:
It is an attendance register.

4) What did they do through these events?
Answer:
Through these events they brought in necessary action.

5) When did they register criminal cases?
Answer:
When corruption was identified, they registered criminal cases.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 17 Understanding Poverty.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 17th Lesson Understanding Poverty

Question 1.
What is the average calorie intake of persons in the top quarter in the country?
Answer:
The average calorie intake of persons in the top quarter in the country is 2521.

Question 2.
By what percentage does the calorie intake of persons in the bottom quarter fall short of the daily calorie standard?
Answer:
23% of the calorie intake of persons in the bottom quarter fall short of the daily calorie standard.

Question 3.
Do you find any relationship between economic background of person and his/her nutritional status?
Answer:
Yes, I find the relationship between economic background of person and his/her nutritional status. If the economic standard is less, the nutritional status is also low and vice versa.

Question 4.
What do you think can be done such that Ramachari and his family get two square meals a day?
Answer:
Ramachari should also go to the nearest town with his wife for daily works. Then only he and his family can get two square meals a day.

Question 5.
How would you describe the exchange between Ramachari and the farmers in the village?
Answer:
I discribe the exchange between Ramachari and the farmers in the village as follows:
“One for all and all for one”.

Question 6.
Why do you think the MNREGA places priority on provision of irrigation facility to land owned by households belonging to the SCs and STs?
Answer:
The government sanctioned some funds for the development of SCs and STs from many years. These funds were remained unused. So these are used for irrigation and drinking water facilities to them only. With this they feel self-reliance.

Question 7.
Why do you think the calorie intakes of the people are so low?
Answer:
As they have low earnings, they cannot purchase costly foods which have high calories. They cannot eat and cannot work. So they.are habituated to eat stomachful of food, e.g.: Rice & chutney / rice & curry or rice & sambar.
So they are taking so low calories.

Question 8.
Do you think the poor will be served better now with new policy? Provide reasons in favour of your answer.
Answer:
I think that the poor will be served better now with new policy.
Reasons:

1. The government takes back the white cards from ineligibles.
2. So the provisions are supplied only to the poor and the poorest.

Question 9.
Ration shops are also called fair price shops. Can you guess why?
Answer:
The provisions in ration shops are available at low prices when compared to open market. So they are called fair price shops.

Question 10.
Why are people without employment also often without assets, such as land, cattle, shops etc.?
Answer:
The people those who have no employment cannot save their earnings. Without savings they cannot purchase assets. So they do not have assets.

Question 11.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Why Poverty? How can it be eliminated?’ and answer the following: What are the other reasons for poverty?
Answer:
The other reasons for poverty:

1. Big families
2. Only one person works hard in the family while all others eat.
3. Lack of chances according to their capacity or eligibility.
4. Less wages / salaries.

Question 12.
Give your comments on the given picture.
Answer:
This picture belongs to ‘Mid day meals scheme’. The girls are the beneficiaries of this scheme. In some poor families, children are not provided nutrious food and they are often suffered from hunger. The children studying in government schools, especially from such families will get benefited by this scheme. Undernourished children do not grow as quickly as healthy children. They will feel hard to study, work or otherwise perform physical activities. Mentally, they may develop more slowly. Keeping all these in view, the government is implementing Mid-day meal scheme for the well-being of the children belonging to poor families.

Question 13.
Observe the graph and answer the following questions.

1. Who are taking more calories?
Answer:
The rich

2. What is the difference between the top quarter and second quarter in calories?
Answer:
621 calories.

3. Who are taking least calories?
Answer:
The bottom quarter

4. What do you understand by observing this picture?
Answer:
Economic standard dictates the nutrition status.

Question 14.
Activity: One way to find out if adults are undernourished is to calculate what Nutrition Scientists call Body Mass Index (BMI). This is easy to calculate. Measure the weight of the person in kgs. Then measure the height in metres. Divide the weight by the square of the height. If this figure is less than 18.5 then the person would be considered undernourished. However, if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight. Do remember that this criterion is not applicable to growing children.
Let each student in the class find out the weight and height of three adult persons of different economic backgrounds like office workers, servants, business person etc. Collect the data from all the students and make a combined table. Calculate their BMI.
Answer:

S.No.	Years of Age	M/F	Their work	Height (inches)	Weight (kgs.)	BMI
1.	35	M	Labourer	165	57	20.94 Normal
2.	42	M	Labourer	161	61	30.68 Fat
3.	28	F	Labourer	163	50	18.82 Normal
4.	37	M	Worker	168	56	19.84 Thin
5.	40	M	Worker	157	52	21.1 Normal
6.	42	F	Worker	161	56	21.6 Normal
7.	54	M	Business person	158	66	26.44 Fat
8.	46	M	Business person	170	71	24.57 Fat
9.	32	F	Business person	157	68	27.59 Fat

Question 15.
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
The poorest families are issued Antyodaya cards. Next, the people whose situations are slightly better but still can be considered poor are issued BPL (Below Poverty Line) cards. The remaining families are issued APL (Above Poverty Line) cards.
Quantities and prices of ration given to each cardholder are different. For example, the Antyodaya cardholders are entitled to get 35 kgs of foodgrains (rice and wheat) per month per family. The BPL cardholders in Andhra Prasdesh can receive 4 kgs of foodgrains per head not exceeding 20 kgs per family. The Annapurna Scheme card holders who are the poorest of the poor (Indigent senior citizens) get 10 kgs of rice free of cost.
1. Who are issued Antyodaya cards?
Answer:
The poorest families.

2. Which colour cards are issued to BPL families?
Answer:
White cards.

3. What is meant by BPL?
Answer:
Below Poverty Line.

4. How much food grains can receive the BPL card holders in Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
4 kgs of food grains per head.

5. Who are the Annapurna scheme card holders?
Answer:
The poorest of the poor (Indigent senior citizens).

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AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 16 Abolition of Zamindari System.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 16th Lesson Abolition of Zamindari System

Question 1.
While the slogan Land to the Tiller meant that the tenant will get the land, what will happen to the landless agricultural worker, who works for wages?
Answer:
The conditions of the tenants were somehow improved. But the conditions of the landless agricultural workers remain the same. They are still in the same poverty.

Question 2.
Some people feel that the land reform laws only tried to help the landlords. Do you agree with them?
Answer:
Yes, I agree with them.
Giving compensation to the zamindars, continuing them as owners of the Khudkasht etc., reveal this.

Question 3.
Do you think there was any other way of giving gainful employment to the rural poor?
Answer:
At present there are many ways of giving gainful employment. But there were less opportunities at that time. The British destroyed the occupational system of India. The people lost all their chances of employment. So I think there were no other ways.

Question 4.
How many acres of land does a family of four persons need to get a decent living in your area? (Give the figures separately for both irrigated and unirrigated land.)
Answer:
A family of four persons needs 8 acres of irrigated land and 30 acres of dry land to get a decent living in our area.

Question 5.
To what extent did the landless service castes benefit from these reforms?
Answer:
They were not benefited in any way from these reforms.

Question 6.
Why did the Land Ceiling Act become necessary?
Answer:
Many Acts after independence have not changed the ownership of lands in India. It changed Zamindars as landlords, landlords as big farmers. But it did nothing to the common poor.
The ownership of the land was only a few hands. So the Land Ceiling Act became necessary.

Question 7.
Why was the end to vetti important for all kinds of peasants?
Answer:
‘Vetti’ is a black spot for humanity. Many struggles were led against this. So the end of it was important for all kinds of peasants.

Question 8.
Is vettis prevalent still in your region ? If it is there, prepare a report?
Answer:
No, at present vetti is not prevalent in my region. But it is not completely abolished from our society still in some villages the poor people who are taken money from land lords for their needs, they are unable to repay that, due to this they are working in their lands as bounded labourers.

Question 9.
Why do you think the spirit of Bhoodan did not help to end landlordism and get land to the tiller?
Answer:
In this movement the landlords should donate their land with their own interest. This kind of humanity was not in them. Some of them donated only ‘Banjar’ and ‘Porambok’ lands only instead of cultivated land. 90% of the fertile lands were remained with the landlords. So the movement did not help to end landlordism and get land to the tiller.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 7 Money and Banking.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 7th Lesson Money and Banking

Question 1.
How do we usually exchange old clothes?
Answer:
We usually exchange old clothes with steel utensils. This depends mostly on the seller.

Question 2.
How do we usually exchange plastic & newspaper?
Answer:
We usually exchange these with onion traders. He gives 1 1/2 kg onions for 1 kg plastic or newspaper.

Question 3.
How do we exchange hair?
Answer:
Money is offered for hair.

Question 4.
How do we exchange paddy?
Answer:
In our village paddy is exchanged for services rendered by washerman, barber etc.

Question 5.
Ask your parents how washermen, barbers, need kaavalikaru were paid for their work in villages and towns.
Answer:
Nowadays they are paid money only. But 15 years ago our parents paid them in the form of paddy.

Question 6.
When should one use fixed deposits for savings?
Answer:
The money invested in fixed deposits should not be withdrawn in the given period. Then only one can use fixed deposits for savings.

Question 7.
If a very large number of account-holders do not wish to keep their money in the bank, how will it affect the bank’s working?
Answer:
This affects the reserves of a bank. The bank cannot lend loans to customers. This affects their income. As a result it is impossible to run a bank.

Question 8.
Suppose you need Rs. 2000. You fill a cheque and give it to your friend and send her to get the money in cash. What happens?
Answer:
Bankers reject this cheque. Bankers never give cash to the cheques. The sister should have an account in the branch. Then only she can withdraw the amount.

Question 9.
What are the names of some banks you know?
Answer:

1. Kotak Mahindra,
2. State Bank of India,
3. Andhra Bank,
4. Indian Bank.

Question 10.
Name some durable metals.
Answer:
Copper, bronze, silver and gold.

Question 11.
Are all the problems solved with the invention of money?
Answer:
With the invention of money, some problems remained and new problems came up.

Question 12.
Why were metals preferred for use as money?
Answer:
Copper, bronze, silver and gold are durable, can be divided into parts and be carried around Since they were scarce they became acceptable by all. So the metals were preferred for use as money.

Question 13.
Do you think minting of coins was a good idea?
Answer:
Yes, I think so. But the quality and measurement should be perfect as per norms.

Question 14.
Why do banks ask for security while lending?
Answer:
There is no personal relation and identification between the bank people and their customers. If the bank people failed to recollect the debts, it leads to bankrupt. So banks ask for security while lending.

Question 15.
What will happen if some borrowers do not repay the bank loan?
Answer:
The bank collects the loan from the guarantors or disposes the mortgage.
For e.g.: If any customer fails to repay the housing loan, the bank sells the house in auction. It takes the loan amount and gives the remaining amount to the customer.

Question 16.
What a crossed cheque?
Answer:
The cheque which is crossed as on the left side top of the cheque.

Question 17.
Fill in the blanks:
1. If we use ———– there will be no problem in exchanging commodities.
2. Exchange of goods and services with each other is called ———– system.
Answer:
1. money
2. barter

Question 18.
Why do we save money in a bank?
Answer:
Money kept at home does not earn interest. But, money kept in a bank account does. If you keep money in the bank it wili grow.
In the villages, poor peoples incomes are irregular and unpredictable. You have to cope with a bad crop season, loss of employment, illness or death in the family. You also need money for marriages and festivals. Saving money in a bank account helps you smoothen your income.
Money is safe in bank, please check, if the bank in which you intend to keep your hard earned money is licensed, please do not share bank account details with anybody. Protecting your bank acount is as important as opening and using it.

Question 19.
How do we open a bank account for a Minor?
Answer:
A savings/fixed/recurring bank deposit account can be opened by a minor of any age through his/her natural or legally appointed guardian.
Minors above the age of 10 years are allowed to open and operate savings bank accounts independently, subject to bank’s risk management systems that are in place.
Additional banking facilities like internet banking, ATM / debit card, cheque book facility etc., are allowed. But minor accounts are not allowed to be overdrawn and should always remain in credit.

Question 20.
Read the following paragraph and answer the following questions.
Over time, people preferred scarce and attractive metals as medium of exchange. Copper, bronze, silver and gold are durable, can be divided into parts and be carried around. Since they were scarce, they became acceptable by all. People could buy and sell with the assurance that the money they had in hand would be valuable and sought by others. They did not have to worry that their money might lose value as could happen with grains or cattle. However, some problems remained and new problems came up. For every exchange, the metal had to be weighed and later on traders were not sure about the quality of the metal. What one might get in exchange may not be pure gold or silver. After sometime, there was a serious problem of trust in the quality of metal that was used as money for exchange.
1. Name some durable metals.
Answer:
Copper, bronze, silver and gold

2. What was the assurance of the people?
Answer:
People could buy and sell with the assurance that the money they had in hand would be valuable and sought by others.

3. Why did the people not have to worry?
Answer:
They did not have to worry that their money might lose value as could happen with grains or cattle.

4. Are all the problems solved with the invention of money?
Answer:
With the invention of money, some problems remained and new problems came up.

5. People preferred scarce and attractive metals as
Answer:
Medium of exchange.

Question 21.
Read the following paragraph and answer the following questions.
In many towns and cities representatives of all banks meet on each day to settle what each bank has to pay to the other and receive from the other. Cheques that have been verified are handed over to each other. One of the banks works as the Clearing Bank where all the banks have an account. The payments and receipts between banks are done by this Clearing Bank.

In the present system, all banks and most of their branches are linked by computers. All deposit holder accounts and their signatures can be accessed by the branches anywhere. Hence representatives don’t have to meet nor do banks have to send cheques to the outstation branches. The transaction between one bank and another is done through interlinked com-puters. This makes the whole system work faster and in an easier manner.

1. Who meet on each day?
Answer:
In many towns and cities representatives of all banks meet on each day.

2. What did they exchange?
Answer:
Cheques that have been verified are handed over to each other.

3. What is the work of Clearing Bank?
Answer:
The payments and receipts between banks are done by the Clearing Bank.

4. What is the novelty in the present system?
Answer:
In the present system all banks and most of their branches are linked by computers.

5. What is the result of this?
Answer:
This makes the whole system work faster and in an easier manner.

Question 22.
Read the following passage and prepare two questions.
Paper money also has its defects. It will tear and get dirty. So there is an idea of using plastic material for notes. Plastic or polymer currency is easy to handle, more durable and forgery can be detected easily. It is water-proof and eco friendly (recycling is easy). From metal to paper and now probably paper to plastic.
Answer:

1. What are the defects of paper money?
2. What are the advantages of paper or polymer currency?

Question 23.
Locate any three places of early bankers of India in the given Indian map.
Answer:

Discussion
Invite the local postmaster/postman to your class and conduct the interaction on different saving schemes.
Answer:
Children: Good morning, Sir.
Postmaster: Good morning, Children.
Children: Sir, we want to know about different saving schemes in the post office.
Postmaster: For especially students some saving schemes are introduced in post offices to habituate the savings by children whenever they get pocket money without wastage, it is useful to them buy books in higher classes.
Children: Please Sir, explain such schemes.
Postmaster: Recurring deposit: This is one of the important saving scheme.
Children: Sir, how should we save money in this scheme?
Postmaster: Children this is monthly scheme. From above Rs.10 to how much we need we should save for a certain period of time.
Children: Sir, is there any other schemes.
Postmaster: Savings account.
Children: Sir, How should we maintain this?
Postmaster: Children, in this scheme we opened an account on our name and whenever we have surplus amount should deposit in our account.
Children: Sir, very interesting, is there any other schemes?
Postmaster: Sukanya scheme, this is for only girls.
Children: Sir, we have interest to know about more schemes.
Postmaster: Children, another scheme is also there, that is fixed deposit.
Children: Please, explain Sir.
Postmaster: In this scheme we will deposit our money for a certain period of time, like 1 year, 2 years, 3 years. But we will get interest on behalf of this deposit.
Children: Thank you Sir, today we know more valuablé information about saving schemes in the post office.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 6 Minerals and Mining.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 6th Lesson Minerals and Mining

Question 1.
How has been the contribution of mining to economy identified in this chapter?
Answer:
India is underdeveloped country immediately after independence. These mines yield income to the government and also get royalty, when the mines were given to others. So I think this is the contribution of mining to economy.

Question 2.
What is the use of the stick in coal mines?
Answer:
The stick is used to check the blasted place in the mine by tapping.

Question 3.
What is meant by SCCL?
Answer:
Singareni Collieries Company Limited.

Question 4.
Write about the quality of Barytes.
Answer:
Barytes available in the upper layers are of lower grade while those mined from depth are of higher grade. Quality is determined by the grain size of the stone.

Question 5.
How many kinds of minerals are there? What are they?
Answer:
Environmentalists differentiate minerals into two kinds of resources-renewable and non-renewable. Renewable resources are those which can be regenerated like wood.
Most minerals are non-renewable. There is only a limited amount of these available on the earth. If we finish them then there will not be any more of it. These are called non-renewable sources of energy, e.g.: gold, coal, petroleum.

Question 6.
Match the following.
1) Bauxite     ( ) A) Non-conductors of electricity
2) Mica         ( ) B) Roof sheets
3) Chrome    ( ) C) Aluminium
4) Asbestos  ( ) D) Wash basin
5) Feldspar   ( ) E) Stainless steel
Answer:
1) C,
2) A,
3) E,
4) B,
5) D

Question 7.
Fili in the blanks:
1. Ten rings in Hollage indicates danger.
2. Narrow tunnel in mine is mine shaft.
3. Coal layer is called coal seam.
4. The coal drilling area is called face.
5. Coal is transported through conveyor belts.

Question 8.
Appreciate the mineral resources of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
Mineral Resources of Andhra Pradesh:
Andhra Pradesh is very rich in mineral resources. It is a large producer of granites of various colours, Kadapa stones, etc., used in buildings. It also produces limestone and dolomite used in cement industry. Northern districts have large coal deposits (Kothagudem in Godavari valley) while the Krishna Godavari basin has great potential for mineral oil and gas. AP is historically known for its famous diamond mines too and some of the largest diamonds in the world were found here.

Question 9.
What are the sensitivities in obtaining minerals from mines?
Answer:
Most of the mining practices result in disturbing the surface area – it can mean cutting down forests, destroying fields and habitations, creating large pits or mounds. Mines also need large amounts of water to wash the minerals. This results in polluting the nearby rivers and water sources. This usually means that older use of the land cannot be continued and farmers or tribal people have to leave the land. Even people who live nearby face problems created by mining. At the same time mining employs a large number of people who come to live in nearby areas and build new townships. It thus provides livelihood for nearly ten lakh people in India and over one lakh people in Andhra Pradesh. The work of miners is also very hazardous, as they are constantly exposed to accidents besides breathing in poisonous substances which cause long term health damage.

Question 10.
What aspects of regulations in the mining by the government do you agree with? And why?
Answer:
If the government introduced sophisticated methods and technology instead of giving the mines on lease, I feel better.
The reasons are:

1. The private people may not take the safety measures.
2. Their attitudes may cause ‘0’ (zero) minerals to the future citizens.
3. The right percentage of royalty may not reach the government properly.
4. The unused mines may not be closed in view of expenditure.

So I support the government regulation only.

Question 11.
Why is the SCCL interested in open cast?
Answer:
When compared to underground mines, the open casts are less expensive. Machines can be used widely in these. So SCCL is interested in open casts.

Question 12.
Why is the mining of atomic fuels in the hands of government?
Answer:
Atomic fuels are most valuable. We have less reserves of them. They play a key role in our safety. So they are in the hands of government.

Question 13.
Why should the residents of mining areas be rehabilitated?
Answer:
The residents of mining areas are the owners of those lands. The lands are confiscated from them by force. So they should be rehabilitated.

Question 14.
Read a news report of 29 June 2009:

Sinqareni coal mines open wounds

By Our Correspondent
WARANGAL, June 28: Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) has decided to adopt Open Cast Mining (OCM), to meet the demand for coal. The decision could render 20,000 people homeless and affect 200 villages. The mines will also affect an estimated 3,000 hectares of forests.

“If the mining underground produces 1,500 tonnes of coal a day, open cast mines pro-duce 10,000 tonnes per day and obviously at a much lesser cost,” said a senior SCCL official.

While that is so, the open cast mining will displace thousands of families, destroy scores of habitations and cause loss of livelihood to locals. According to the company official, the company will pay compensatory afforestation charges and develop forests on an equal amount of land where it has lopped off the jungles. It will pay Rs. 4.38 to Rs. 10.43 lakh per hectare, he said. The local people also complained that due to these mines which dig up the earth and create huge artificial hills of loose earth, rivers and streams are getting choked and ground water is getting polluted and there is acute scarcity of even drinking water.

Now answer the following questions.
1. When was this news published?
Answer:
It was of 29-6-2009.

2. What is meant by SCCL?
Answer:
Singareni Collieries Company Limited.

3. What will happen with this decision?
Answer:
The decision could render 20,000 people homeless and affect 200 villages. The mines will also affect an estimated 3,000 hectares of forests.

4. Underground mines, open cast mines – which are profitable to the company?
Answer:
Opencast mines

5. What did the local people complain?
Answer:
The local people complained that due to these mines which dig up the earth and create huge artificial hills of loose earth, rivers and streams are getting choked and ground water is getting polluted and there is acute scarcity of even drinking water.

Question 15.
Look at the mineral map of Andhra Pradesh and fill the table.

Answer:

Mineral	Districts
Barytes	P.S.R. Nellore, Y.S.R Kadapa, Ongole.
Limestone	Ananthapur, Y.S.R. Kadapa, Ongole, Kurnool, Vizianagaram, Guntur, West Godavari.
Granite	Chittoor, Ongole, Krishna, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram.
Iron ore	Y.S.R. Kadapa, Ananthapur, Ongole, Krishna.
Mica	Nellore
Crude oil	West Godavari

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 12 Factorisation Ex 12.2 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Maths Solutions 12th Lesson Factorisation Exercise 12.2

Question 1.
Factorise the following expression
i) a² + 10a +25
ii) l² – 16l + 64
iii) 36x² + 96xy + 64y²
iv) 25x² + 9y² – 30xy
v) 25m²– 40mn + 1 6n²
vi) 81x² – 198 xy + 12ly²
vii) (x+y)² – 4xy
(Hint : first expand ( x + y)² )
viii) l⁴ + 4l²m² + 4m⁴
Solution:
i) a² + 10a +25
= (a)² + 2 × a × 5 + (5)²
It is in the form of a² + 2ab + b²
a² + 2ab + b²= (a + b)²
∴ a² + 10a + 25 = (a + 5)² = (a + 5) (a + 5)

ii) l² – 16l + 64
l² – 16l + 64
= (l)² – 2 × l × 8 + (8)²
It is in the form of a² – 2ab + b²
a² – 2ab + b² = (a – b)²
∴ l² – 16l + 64 = (l – 8)² = (l – 8) (l – 8)

iii) 36x² + 96xy + 64y²
36x² + 96xy + 64y²
= (6x)² + 2 × 6x × 8y + (8y)²
It is in the form of a² + 2ab + b²
a² + 2ab + b² = (a + b)²
∴ 36x² + 96xy + 64y²
= (6x + 8y)² = (6x + 8y) (6x + 8y)

iv) 25x² + 9y² – 30xy
25x² + 9y² – 30xy
= (5x)² + (3y)² – 2 × 5x × 3y
It is in the form of a² + b² – 2ab
a² + b² – 2ab = (a – b)²
∴ 25x² + 9y² – 30xy
= (5x – 3y)² = (5x – 3y) (5x – 3y)

v) 25m²– 40mn + 1 6n²
25m² – 40mn + 16n²
= (5m)² – 2 × 5m × 4n + (4n)²
It is in the form of a² – 2ab + b²
a² – 2ab + b² = (a – b)²
∴ 25m² – 40mn + 16n²
= (5m – 4n)²
= (5m – 4n) (5m – 4n)

vi) 81x² – 198 xy + 12ly²
81x² – 198xy + 121y²
= (9x)² – 2 × 9x × 11y + (11y)²
It is in the form of a² – 2ab + b²
a² – 2ab + b² = (a – b)²
∴ 81x² – 198xy + 121y²
= (9x – 11y)² – (9x – 11y) (9x – 11y)

vii) (x+y)² – 4xy
(Hint : first expand ( x + y)² )
= (x + y)² – 4xy
= x² + y² + 2xy – 4xy
= x² + y² – 2xy = (x – y)² = (x – y)(x – y)

viii) l⁴ + 4l²m² + 4m⁴
l⁴ + 4l²m² + 4m⁴
= (l²)² + 2 × l² × 2m² + (2m²)²
It is in the form of a² + 2ab + b²
a² + 2ab + b² = (a – b)²
∴ l⁴ + 4l²m² + 4m⁴
= (l² + 2m²)² = (l² + 2m²) (l² + 2m²)

Question 2.
Factorise the following
i) x² – 36
ii) 49x² – 25y²
iii) m² – 121
iv) 81 – 64x²
v) x²y² – 64
vi) 6x² – 54
vii) x² – 81
viii) 2x -32 x⁵
ix) 81x⁴ – 121x²
x) (p² – 2pq + q²)-r²
xi) (x+y)² – (x-y)²
Solution:
i) x² – 36
x² – 36
⇒ (x)² – (6)² is in the form of a² – b²
a² – b² = (a + b) (a – b)
∴ x² – 36 = (x + 6) (x – 6)

ii) 49x² – 25y²
= (7x)² – (5y)²
= (7x + 5y) (7x – 5y)

iii) m² – 121
m² -121
= (m)² – (11)²
= (m + 11) (m – 11)

iv) 81 – 64x²
81 – 64x²
= (9)² – (8x)²
= (9 + 8x) (9 – 8x)

v) x²y² – 64
= (xy)² – (8)²
= (xy + 8)(xy – 8)

vi) 6x² – 54
6x² – 54
= 6x² – 6 x 9 ‘
= 6(x² – 9)
= 6[(x)² – (3)²]
= 6(x + 3) (x – 3)

vii) x² – 81
x² – 81
= x² – 9²
= (x + 9 )(x – 9)

viii) 2x – 32 x⁵
2x – 32 x⁵
= 2x – 2x x 16x⁴
= 2 x (1 – 16x⁴)
= 2x [1²) – (4x²)²]
= 2x (1 + 4x²) (1 – 4x²)
= 2x (1 + 4x²) [(1⁵ – (2x)²]
= 2x (1 + 4x²) (1 + 2x) (1 – 2x)

ix) 81x⁴ – 121x²
81x⁴ – 121x²
– x² (81² – 121)
= x²[(9x)² – (11)²]
= x² (9x + 11) (9x -11)

x) (p² – 2pq + q²)-r²
(p² – 2pq + q²) – r²
= (p – q)² – (r)² [∵ p² – 2pq + q² = (p – q)²]
= (p – q + r) (p – q – r)

xi) (x + y)² – (x – y)²
(x + y)² – (x – y)²
It is in the form of a² – b²
a = x + y, b = x- y
∴ a² – b² =(a + b)(a-b)
= (x + y + x – y) [x + y- (x – y)]
= 2x [x + y-x + y]
= 2x x 2y = 4xy

Question 3.
Factorise the expressions
(i) lx² + mx
(ii) 7y² + 35Z²
(iii) 3x⁴ + 6x³y + 9x²Z
(iv) x² – ax – bx + ab
(v) 3ax – 6ay – 8by + 4bx
(vi) mn + m + n + 1
(vii) 6ab – b² + 12ac – 2bc
(viii) p²q – pr² – pq + r²
(ix) x (y + z) -5 (y + z)

(i) lx² + mx
lx² + mx
= l × x × x + m × x = x(lx + m)

(ii) 7y² + 35z²
7y²+ 35z²
= 7 × y² + 7 × 5 × z²
= 7(y² + 5z²)

(iii) 3x⁴ + 6x³y + 9x²Z
3x⁴ + 6x³y + 9x²Z
= 3 × x² × x² + 3 × 2 × x × x² × y + 3 × 3 × x² × z
= 3x² (x² + 2xy + 3z)

(iv) x² – ax – bx + ab
x² – ax – bx + ab
= (x² – ax) – (bx – ab)
= x(x – a) – b(x – a)
= (x – a) (x – b)

(v) 3ax – 6ay – 8by + 4bx
3ax – 6ay – 8by + 4bx
= (3ax – 6ay) + (4bx – 8by)
= 3a (x – 2y) + 4b (x – 2y)
= (x – 2y) (3a + 4b)

(vi) mn + m + n + 1
mn + m + n + 1
= (mn + m) + (n + 1)
= m (n + 1) + (n + 1)
= (n + 1) (m + 1)

(vii) 6ab – b² + 12ac – 2bc
6ab – b² + 12ac – 2bc
= (6ab – b²) + (12ac – 2bc)
= (6 × a× b – b × b) + (6 × 2 × a × c – 2 × b × c)
= b [6a – b] + 2c [6a – b]
= (6a – b) (b + 2c)

(viii) p²q – pr² – pq + r²
p²q – pr² – pq + r²
= (p²q – pr²) – (pq – r²)
= (p × p × q – p × r × r) – (pq – r²)
= P(pq – r²) – (pq – r²) × 1
= (pq – r²)(p – 1)

(ix) x (y + z) -5 (y + z)
= x(y + z) – 5(y + z)
= (y + z) (x – 5)

Question 4.
Factorise the following
(i) x⁴ – y⁴
(ii) a⁴ – (b + c)⁴
(iii) l² – (m – n)²
(iv) 49x² – \(\frac{16}{25}\)
(v) x⁴ – 2x²y² + y⁴
(vi) 4 (a + b)² – 9 (a – b)²
Solution:
= (x²)² – (y²)² is in the form of a² – b²
a² – b² = (a + b) (a – b)
x⁴ – y⁴ = (x² + y²)(x² – y²)
= (x² + y²)(x + y)(x – y)

(ii) a⁴ – (b + c)⁴
a⁴ – (b + c)⁴
= (a²)² – [(b + c)²]²
= [a² + (b + c)²] [a² – (b + c)²] ,
= [a² + (b + c)²] (a + b + c) [a – (b + c)]
= [a² + (b + c)²] (a + b + c) (a – b – c)

(iii) l² – (m – n)²
l² – (m – n)²
= (l)² – (m – n)²
= [l + m – n] [l – (m – n)]
= [l + m -n] [l – m + n]

(iv) 49x² – \(\frac{16}{25}\)
= (7x)² – (\(\frac{4}{5}\))²
= (7x+ (\(\frac{4}{5}\)) (7x – (\(\frac{4}{5}\))

(v) x⁴ – 2x² y² + y⁴
= (x² )² – 2x² y² + (y² )²
It is in the form of a² – 2ab + b²
a² – 2ab + b² = (a – b)²
∴ x⁴ – 2x² y² + y⁴ = (x² – y² )²
= [(x)² – (y)² ]²
= [(x + y) (x – y)]²
= (x + y)² (x – y)²
[∵ (ab)^m = a ^m . bⁿ ]

(vi) 4 (a + b)² – 9 (a – b)²
4 (a + b)² – 9 (a – b)²
= [2(a + b)]² – [3(a – b)]²
= [2(a + b) + 3(a- b)] [2(a + b)-3(a- b)]
= (2a + 2b + 3a – 3b) (2a + 2b – 3a + 3b)
= (5a – b) (5b – a)

Question 5.
Factorise the following expressions
(i) a²+ 10a + 24
(ii) x² +9x + 18
(iii) p² – 10q + 21
(iv) x² – 4x – 32
Solution:
(i) a²+ 10a + 24
a² + 10a + 24 .
= a² + 6a + 4a + 24
= a x a + 6a + 4a + 6 × 4
= a(a + 6) + 4(a + 6)
= (a + 6) (a + 4) (or)
a² + 10a + 24

∴ a² + 10a + 24 = (a + 6) (a + 4)

(ii) x² + 9x + 18
x² + 9x + 18
= (x + 3) (x + 6)

∴ x² + 9x + 18 = (x + 3) (x + 6)

(iii) p² – 10q + 21
p² – 10p + 21
= (P – 7) (p – 3)

∴ p² – 10p + 21 = (p – 7)(p – 3)

(iv) x² – 4x – 32
x² – 4x – 32
= (x – 8) (x + 4)

∴ x² – 4x – 32 = (x – 8) (x + 4)

Question 6.
The lengths of the sides of a triangle are integrals, and its area is also integer. One side is 21 and the perimeter is 48. Find the shortest side.
Solution:
Perimeter of a triangle
= AB + BC + CA = 48
⇒ c + a + b = 48

The solutions of Harmeet, Rosy are wrong.

∴ Srikar had done it correctly.
⇒ 21 + a + b = 48
⇒ a + b = 48 – 21 = 27
∴ The lengths of a, b should be 10, 17
∴ a + b > c [the sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the 3rd side]
∴ 10 + 17 > 2
27 > 21 (T).
∴ The length of the shortest side is 10 cm.

Question 7.
Find the values of ‘m’ for which x² + 3xy + x + my – in has two linear factors in x and y, with integer coefficients.
Solution:
Given equation is x² + 3xy + x + my – m ……….(1)
Let the two linear equations in x and y be (x + 3y + a) and (x + 0y + b).
Then (x + 3y + a) (x + 0y + b)
= x² + 0xy + bx + 3xy + 0y² + 3by + ax + 0y + ab
= x² + bx + ax + 3xy + 3by + ab ………….. (2)
Comparing equation (2) with (1),
x² + 3xy + x + my – m
= x² + (a + b)x + 3xy + 3by + ab
Equating the like terms on both sides,
ab = – m ………….. (3)
(a + b)x = x ⇒ a + b = 1 ……………. (4)
3by = my ⇒ 3b = m ⇒ b = \(\frac{\mathrm{m}}{3}\)
Substitute ‘b’ value in equation (4),
a = \(1-\frac{m}{3}=\frac{3-m}{3}\)
ab = -m
[ ∵ from (3)]
put a & b value then ,
\(\left(\frac{3-m}{3}\right)\left(\frac{m}{3}\right)\) = -m
\(\frac{3 \mathrm{~m}-\mathrm{m}^{2}}{9}\)= -m
⇒ 3m – m² = – 9m
⇒ m² – 12m = 0
⇒ m(m – 12) = 0
⇒ m = 0 (or) m = 12
lf m = 12

∴ b = \(\frac{12}{3}\) = 4&a = \(\frac{3-\mathrm{m}}{3}=\frac{3-12}{3}\)
= \(\frac{-9}{3}\) = -3
∴ Linear factors are (x + 3y – 3), (x + 4) If m = 0
b = \(\frac{0}{3}\) = 0 & a = \(\frac{3-0}{3}=\frac{3}{3}\) = 1
∴ Linear factors are (x + 3y + 1), x.