Class 9

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the expressions of animals to protect themselves from predators?
Answer:
Hissing of snakes, barking of dogs, stiffing of nailed hair of hedgehog (mullapandi), bad flavour from skin of tasmanian devil etc., are all the expressions to protect them¬selves from predators.

Question 2.
Why fish do not need to learn how to swim?
Answer:
Swimming is an instinct behaviour to fish. Hence they don’t need to learn how to swim.

Question 3.
How can butterfly get to know about nectar?
Answer:
Butterfly gets to know about the nectar instinctively.

Question 4.
Who does teach a bird to make a nest?
Answer:
There is no need to teach the bird to make it’s nest, because it is an instinct behaviour.

Question 5.
Give two examples of reflexes.
Answer:

• Kicking out when the doctor taps your knee with a small hammer.
• Sudden closing of eyes when a bright light is flashed on your face.

Question 6.
Give one example of imprinting from your surroundings.
Answer:
Salmon bird goes back to its home stream to spawn.

Question 7.
Give one example for conditioning.
Answer:
A tiger in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hop to receive a food treat.

Question 8.
Name the branch of zoology that deals with scientific and objective study of animal behaviour.
Answer:
Ethology.

Question 9.
Give one example for imprinting behaviour.
Answer:
Ducklings follow the first moving object they meet after hatching and treat it as their mother.

Question 10.
Give one example of instinctive behaviour.
Answer:
Building a nest by birds/climbing trees by monkeys/swimming of fish in a lake.

Question 11.
Name the scientist who studied animal behaviour – imprinting.
Answer:
Konard Lorenz.

Question 12.
What are the other behaviours we find in animals and give examples?
Answer:
Animals show the feelings like happiness, threat, fear, anger, sadness etc…..
Eg: After returning from fields in the evening cow licks its calf. It reflects it’s affection towards its body.

Question 13.
How Tasmanian Devil protects itself from enemies?
Answer:
By spraying bad odour through it’s body.

Question 14.
What is imitation?
Answer:
People often imitate each other. This can help them to learn new and useful skills. It may also lead them to certain unwanted behaviours like drinking, smoking etc…

Question 15.
How do cockroaches differentiate light and dark?
Answer:
Cockroaches have eyes that are adapted to sense the difference between daylight and dark. Their eyes have cells that perceive light.

Question 16.
What is a pheramone?
Answer:
It is secreted or excreted chemical that triggers a social response in the members of same species.
Eg : ants, honey bees…

Question 17.
What are primates?
Answer:
The group of mammals that includes humans and monkeys.

Question 18.
Name the animal on which Ivan Pavlov done his experiments.
Answer:
Dog.

Question 19.
Give two examples of conditioning.
Answer:

1. Electronic fence stop grazing animals straying.
2. Children come out of the classroom after hearing the school bell.

Question 20.
What is special about Beaver?
Answer:
Beaver is a mammal which lives in South America, builds dams across water streams. Stagnated water is the living home for Beavers family.

Question 21.
Give names of scientists of Ethology.
Answer:

1. Nikolas Tinbergen
2. Konard Lorenz
3. Karlvon Frisch

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by animal behaviour? What it indicates?
Answer:

• Animal behaviour is the scientific study of the wild and wonderful ways in which animals interact with either, with other living beings and with the environment.
• It explores how animals relate to their physical environment as well as to other organisms.
• It also includes topics such as how animals find and defend resources, avoid predators, choose mates, reproduce and care for their young.

Question 2.
What are the uses and loses of imitation in human behaviour?
Answer:

• Imitation can help us learn something new and useful, such as new skill in lessons, sports or at work.
• Imitation also leads us to show less useful or harmful behaviour.
• For example, young people may start smoking, drinking alcohol or taking drugs as a result of copying each other to fit in.
• But it is very dangerous for our health.

Question 3.
How conditioning can be used to change the behaviour of people by advertisers?
Answer:

• Advertisers are very skilled in changing the behaviour of people.
• They use pictures of their products which make them look glamorous or exciting, often by using famous actors or sportspeople.
• By associating the product with attractive images the advertisers are trying to set up a conditioned response to their product.
• People will respond positively and buy the product.

Question 4.
Explain about tagging.
Answer:

• Like birds some other animals also migrate over large distances to find food or nesting sites.
• Animals can be tagged by attaching tracking devices to them.
• Tagging lets the scientists follow the journeys the animals make.

Question 5.
Write the process of hiding food by Scrubjay bird.
Answer:

• A bird called scrubjay hides its food.
• An experiment proved that a scrubjay had hidden its food in presence of another bird.
• After some time it was found that the other bird had stolen it by fixing a plan.

Question 6.
Write about a mammal Beaver, which lives in North America.
Answer:

• Beaver a mammal which lives in North America builds dams across water streams.
• Beaver cut big trees by its sharp teeth to fell the trees across the stream.
• Then the beaver constructed nearly four feet wall by using twigs, stones and mud.
• Stagnated water is the living home for beavers family.

Question 7.
Give two examples for reflexes.
Answer:

• Closing of the eyes when there is anything threatening the eye.
• The contraction of pupil when bright light enters eye.
• Withdrawing our hand when we touch hot objects.
• We sneeze when something enter our nose.
• We cough when we inhale dust etc.

Question 8.
How squirrels cheat others?
Answer:
Squirrels hide their food in an interesting way. They always behave in such a manner that somebody is trying to steal their food. In order to misguide others they dig holes in many places and heap leaves to cover them. Most of the holes do not contain food. In this way they cheat others by making believe that these holes contain food.

Question 9.
How beetle protects itself from enemies?
Answer:
Beetle (or) Bombardie Beetle has two chemicals hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide stored in it’s body. Whenever the beetle feels threatened these chemicals mix with some special enzymes and that heat up the liquids which gives bad smell from it’s body.

Question 10.
What are the amazing features of intelligence of Dolphins?
Answer:
Dolphins have great logical thinking power they could understand a code language if they are trained by practice. The trained dolphins bring ball from the tub and throw it again into the same tub. They remember the names by short whistle.

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the experiment conducted by Ivan Pavlov on conditioning.
Answer:

• Ivan Pavlov (1849 to 1936) was a Russian Scientist who has investigated conditioning.
• He discovered that dogs produced extra saliva when they were offered food.
• Pavlov noticed that they also did the same when the person who fed them came into the room, even if the person had not brought any food.
• Pavlov went on to ring a bell at the start of feeding time, and eventually, the dogs produced extra saliva when they heard the bell, before any food was brought.
• A dog salivating when it hears a bell is not a natural response.
• They would not do this without being conditioned to do so.
• The behaviour has been learned. It is called a conditioned response.

Question 2.
Describe the process of hiding food by squirrel.
Answer:

• Squirrels hide their food in a fascinating way.
• They always behave in such a man¬ner that somebody is trying to steal their food.
• In order to misguide others they dig holes in many places and heap leaves, starch etc., to cover them.
• Sometimes most of the holes does not contain any food.
• In this way they cheat others to make believe that these holes contain food.

Question 3.
How wasp (bee) construct hive and how it collects food?
Answer:

• Wasp is an intelligent bee which builds its home keeping in view its future needs.
• Wasp builds its hive on the walls by using mud.
• They select suitable mud for constructing its hive.
• After constructing its hive they search for food.
• They collect food material by injecting its venom (usually other larva) and kept in it its hive.
• Wasp lay its eggs on the food material, which it used as food for larva of wasps.

Question 4.
Who experimentally proved that Dolphins have logical thinking power? Write about the experiments.
Answer:

• Hermon proved that Dolphins have great logical thinking power.
• Hermon studied four bottle nose Dolphins at Kavalo Basin mammal Laboratory of Hawai Islands.
• He named four Dolphins as Akkikomoi, Phoenix, Allen and Hippo.
• Hermon could understand by his study that Dolphins can remember their names and understand a code language if they are trained by practice.
• For example, the closed fist shows a tub, raised arms show a ball and one hand raised tells ‘bring here’.
• If we show the above actions in a sequence, the Dolphins would bring the ball from the tub, if we reverse the actions they throw the ball into the tub.
• If a Dolphin of particular whistle is called all the Dolphins stare at, while the par¬ticular one comes to us.

Question 5.
Describe the wonder behaviour of an African parrot Alex.
Answer:

• In 1977, Ervin Pepperberg brought a parrot and trained it.
• Slowly he made it learn more than 100 words.
• He then arranged the words in a such a way that Alex can frame its own sentences.
• After some days, he showed Alex one yellow bowl and another yellow dish and it recognised similarities and differences between them.
• Alex even tried to teach other parrots of its group.
• Alex called apple as ‘Bannery’ because it tastes like a banana and look like a big cherry. Naming in this way is a sign of creativity in language.
• Before Alex’s death, it could even learnt up to 7th table.

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain behavioural adaptations of animals using two examples.
Answer:

• Nesting of birds, selecting mates, forming flocks for protection from enemies are some examples for behavioural adaptations in animals.
• Beaver, a mammal which lives in North America builds dams across water streams and catch the fish and feeds it’s family.

Question 2.
What are the ways to observe the behaviour of animals? Explain any one of them with suitable examples.
Answer:

• Scientists observe the animal behaviour either directly or indirectly.
• Behaviour can be investigated in the field or in the laboratory.
• Scientists spend many hours watching and studying the behaviour of animals. Animals can signal to each other. For example, they may call each other to warn danger. Some of the scientists record and study them to work out what the signals mean.
• Scientists use tagging method to observe bird and animal migration. Animals can be ‘tagged’ by attaching tracking devices to them. This lets scientists follow the journeys the animals make.

Question 3.
What is Tagging? How it is useful to scientists?
Answer:

• Scientists use tagging method to observe bird and animal migration.
• Animals can be “tagged” by attaching tracking devices to them.
• This lets the scientists to follow the journeys the animals make.

Question 4.

Observe the figure and answer the following questions.
1) In which chamber more cockroaches are there?
2) In which chamber less cockroaches are there?
3) What are the conditions of chamber that live more cockroaches?
4) How the behaviour of cockroaches?
Answer:

• Dark and damp conditions.
• Light and dry chamber.
• Damp and dark condition.
• Cockroaches searched for their favourite conditions and reached the dark damp chamber.

Question 5.
Observe the picture and answer the following.

a) What is the aim of the experiment?
b) Write about the behaviour of cockroaches.
c) Write down the differences of situation provided between two chambers having less and more cockroaches.
d) What will happen if you put rats instead of cockroaches in the above room?
Answer:
a) To study the behaviour of cockroaches.

b) Cockroaches selected their favourite conditioned chamber – dark and damp. In these conditions only cockroaches can survive.

c) The experimental box is divided into a choice of chamber with four different conditions. They are
a) light and dry
(b) light and humid
(c) dark and dry
(d) dark and humid.
Finally the cockroaches reached dark and humid chamber.

d) Rats also choose dark and damp chamber. Because darkness enable them to escape from predators and damp conditions make favour to maintain body temperature.

Question 6.
Suppose you were a quiz master for biology round in an event. Prepare some questions to ask about “Instinct” and “Imitation” in that event.
Answer:

• Birds fly in the sky – which type of animal behaviour is this?
• Ramu saw some ducklings following a hen. He was amazed to see this. Which type of animal behaviour is this?

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 6 Sense Organs.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 6th Lesson Sense Organs

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How many sense organs are present in human beings? What are they?
Answer:
We have five sense organs.
They are :
1. Eye
2. Ear
3. Nose
4. Tongue
5. Skin.

Question 2.
What are the main parts of an eye?
Answer:
Our eye contains eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal glands.

Question 3.
What are the three layers that covers an eye?
Answer:
Eye has three main layers. They are sclerotic layer or sclera, choroid layer and retina.

Question 4.
How eye is different from other sense organs?
Answer:
The unique characteristic of the eye that makes it different from other sense organs, lies in its ability to take the information from light waves then transforms the characteristics of light into neutral signals that the brain can process.

Question 5.
What are the recent findings regarding the structure of eye?
Answer:
Presence of some other receptor cells sensitive to edges and boundaries of objects and those that respond to light and shadow and motion in the retina have been reported recently.

Question 6.
How iris patterns are useful to issue ‘AADHAR’?
Answer:
Iris patterns are individual specific and can be used for identification as our finger prints.

Question 7.
Write about the diseases and defects of the eye.
Answer:
The main diseases and defects of the eye are night blindness, Xeropthalmia, myopia (Near sightedness, hypermetropia (far sightedness), glaucoma, cataract and colour blindness.

Question 8.
What are the functions of ear?
Answer:

• To collect and transform vibrations produced by sound to nerve impulses to be carried to the brain.
• To maintain balance or equilibrium.

Question 9.
What are the uses of hairs and mucous in the nasal cavity?
Answer:
The hairs and mucous in the nasal cavity kept dust, germs and other unwanted materials away from gaining entry into our bodies through the nose.

Question 10.
How do we see movies?
Answer:
The impression of an image stay in the retina for about 1/16th of a second. If the still images of an object are flashed at the rate faster than 16 per second, the eye receive it as moving. In this way we see movies.

Question 11.
How do we take care of our skin?
Answer:

• Taking bath regularly
• Use soap to clean the body
• In any redness, itching, discoloration and rashes appear we consult the dermatologist,

Question 12.
Write two diseases of skin.
Answer:
Leprosy, chicken pox, measles, leucoderma, pellagra etc.

Question 13.
You entered into a darkroom from outside which is very bright. What happens?
Answer:
We can not see anything in the dark room for sometime because Iris size is very small.

Question 14.
Why coffee tastes less sweet if it is taken after eating sweet?
Answer:
Because a higher level of the same stimulus masks that of the lower level.

Question 15.
What changes the focal length of the eye lens?
Answer:
Ciliary muscles and suspensor ligaments adjust the focal length of the eye lens.

Question 16.
What is the main function of the cornea?
Answer:
Cornea protects the eye from direct exposure to light.

Question 17.
What are the main function of melanin?
Answer:

• The colour of the skin is due to the presence of ’Melanin”.
• Due to this, the skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure.

Question 18.
What are the important functions of our ear?
Answer:
a) Hearing
b) Maintaining equilibrium of the body.

Question 19.
What is MSG?
Answer:
Monosodium Glutamate (Huching) often used in Asian cuisine

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is stimulus? How the information from surroundings reaches the brain?
Answer:

• Something external that influences an activity is called stimulus.
• Information carried by these stimuli are picked up by the certain organs called as receptors.
• The receptors present in sense organs convert the information into nerve signals.
• Nerve signals are carried by sensory nerves to the brain and processed to create a sensation.

Question 2.
What are photoreceptors? How they sense light?
Answer:

• The real work in the retina is performed by light sensitive cells known as photore-ceptors.
• These receptors consists of two different types of specialised cells the rods and cones that absorb light energy and respond by creating nerve impulse.

Question 3.
Write a short note on rods of retina.
Answer:

• Nearly 125 million tiny rods are present in the retina.
• Rods contain the pigment rhodopsin. which defect low intensities of light at night.
• Rods cannot make the fine distinctions that give rise to our sensations.

Question 4.
Write briefly about cones of retina.
Answer:

• Cones contain a pigment called idopsin which helps in identifying colours in bright light.
• Cones are about 7 million in number and concentrate most in the very centre of the retina in a small region called fovea, which gives us sharp vision.

Question 5.
How eyes are protected?
Answer:

• Eye is protected by eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal or tear glands.
• The protective cover conjunctiva covers the front part of the eye.
• Lachrymal glands wash the unwanted substances out of the eye.
• The fluids present in the eyeball protect the lens and other part of the eye from mechanical shocks.
• Cornea protects eye from direct exposure to light.

Question 6.
Write briefly about middle ear.
Answer:

• Middle ear plays an important role in amplifying the vibrations received on the tympanum membrane.
• The chain of three bones malleus, incus and stapes helps to the same.
• Oval window is a membrane, covered ending of the middle ear, it opens into the inner ear through round window.

Question 7.
What is the sensory nature of skin?
Answer:

• Skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure.
• It contains the separate receptors such as tactile receptors for touch, pacinian corpuscles for pressure, nocireceptors for temperature etc.

Question 8.
What is melanin? What is its function?
Answer:

• Melanin is the pigment present in skin.
• This pigment gets stimulation, when exposed to sunlight.
• The skin becomes dark to protect other layers of the skin from harmful effects of light.

Question 9.
What illusions tells us about sensation?
Answer:

• When our mind deceives us by interpreting a stimulus pattern incorrectly, we are experiencing an illusion.
• Such illusions can help us to understand some fundamental properties of sensation and particularly the descripancy between what we see and external reality.

Question 10.
Identify the iabelled parts of the tongue.
Answer:

1) Foliate papillae
2) Vallate papillae
3) Fungi form papillae

Question 11.
What are the different receptors present in the skin?
Answer:
a) Tactile receptors for skin
b) Pacinian corpuscles for pressure
c) Nociceptors for temperature etc.

Question 12.
What happens when light is thrown on the face of your friend?
Answer:
My friend immediately closes his/her eyes because of the light. This is because the eye gets damaged if more light enters inside at a time.

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the centre for ail the sensitive activities? How it interpret the information? Give example.
Answer:

• Brain is the centre for all the sensitive activities.
• It receive information in the form of nerve signals through sensory nerves.
• It interpret the information sends off signals through another type of nerves called as motor nerves.
• Motor nerves take the signals to parts that show response.
• For example, when a mosquito bits you on your leg the sensation is carried to the spinal cord through sensory nerves.
• The spinal cord sense the message to the hand to kill the mosquito through motor nerves. Then we kill it.

Question 2.
Describe the structure of an eye with a neat diagram.
Answer:

• Our eye contains eyelids, eye lashes, eyebrows and lachrymal glands.
• A thin layer called conjunctiva covers the front portion of the eye.
• The eyeball is located in the eye socket only 1/6 portion of the eyeball is invisible to us.
• Eye has three main layers. They are sclerotic layer or sclera, choroid layer and retina.
• The sclera bulges to form cornea.
• The end of sclera connects to the optic nerve.
• The choroid layer is black in colour and contains lot of blood vessels.
• Choroid layer encloses the eye except the part pupil.
• The part formed by the choroid layer around the pupil is iris.
• Biconvex lens is present behind the pupil.
• The lens divides the inner eyeball as aqueous chamber and vitreous chamber.
• Retina contains the cells called rods and cones.
• The area of no vision called blind spot and the area of the best vision called yellow spot are present in the retina.
• The yellow spot is also called macula or fovea.

Question 3.
Write about the functioning of an eye.
Answer:

• The eye gathers light through convex lens, focusses it and forms an image in the retina at the back of the eye.
• The lens turns the image left to right and upside down.
• Brain tends to maintain this reversal in its sensory processing regions.
• Most information from the sense organs crosses over to the opposite side of the brain.
• In the brain’s sensory areas are typically reversed and inverted.
• The eye forms an image that gets extensive further processing in the brain.

Question 4.
Write a short note on external ear.
Answer:

• External ear is a flap like structure, called the pinna.
• Pinna has wax producing ceruminous glands and oil producing sebaceous glands.
• These help to keep the ear canal lubricated prevent the dust and other particles from entering into the ear canal.
• The ear canal is also called auditory meatus.
• A thin layer called tympanum or ear drum is present at the end of the auditory meatus.
• Ear drum is present in between external and middle ear. It is in the shape of a cone.
• Its narrow area connects to the first bone malleus of the middle ear.

Question 5.
Write briefly about inner ear.
Answer:

• Internal or inner ear consists of bony labyrinth enclosing the membranous labyrinth.
• The membranous labyrinth consists of vestibule, three semicircular canals and cochlea.
• The anterior part of the vestibule is sacculus and the posterior part is utriculus.
• Nerve fibres from them form vestibular nerve.
• Vestibule and semicircular or semilunar circles together form vestibular apparatus.
• Vestibular apparatus maintains the equilibrium of the body, pertaining to the posture and balance of the body.
• Cochlea is a spiral shaped structure. It has three parallel tubes called scala vestibuli, scala media and scala tympani.
• Cochlear nerve fibres form cochlear nerve.
• The vestibular and cochlear nerves join together to form auditory nerve.

Question 6.
How the hearing or auditory sensation occurs?
Answer:

• External ear collect the sound waves. They enter into the auditory meatus.
• Then they strike tympanum. The vibrations from tympanum reach the malleus, incus and stapes.
• They magnify the intensity of the sound vibrations.
• The stapes transmits the vibrations to the membrane of oval window.
• Then they transmit to the cochlea.
• The basillar membrane is moved then the vibrations reach to the organ of corti.
• The impulses are sent to the brain through auditory nerve.
• The hearing can be done according to the responses given by the brain.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the structure of nose.
Answer:

1. Our external nose has two nostrils. They lead to nasal cavity.
2. Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two halves.
3. The nasal cavity is lined with mucous membrane and small hairs.
4. Olfactory receptors are present in the mucous membrane.

Question 8.
What are the different kinds of structures that are seen on our tongue?
Answer:

• We can clearly see flake like structures called the filiform papillae.
• The roundish structures on the tongue are fungiform papillae.
• There are large roundish ones at the back of the tongue are circumvallate papillae.
• On the sides of the tongue are the bump like structures are foliate papillae.
• Taste buds are present on all of these except the fili form papillae that are not the sites of taste sensation.

Question 9.
Write a short note on skin.
Answer:

• Skin is the outermost covering of our body.
• It regulates the body temperature and eliminates certain waste material through sweat.
• It is the sense organ of touch.
• The sense of touch is done by the cutaneous receptors.
• It is the largest organ of all.
• It provides the first level of protection to the body.

Question 10.
What are the diseases effecting the skin?
Answer:
Some of the diseases effecting the skin are

1. Viral diseases such as measles, chicken pox etc.
2. Bacterial diseases such as leprosy.
3. Leucoderma, the disease due to the deficiency of melanin.
4. Pellagra the disease due to deficiency of vitamins.
5. Fungal diseases such as ringworm.

Question 11.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing the structure of the skin.
Answer:

1. hair
2. oil gland
3. blood vessel
4. sweat gland
5. nerve
6. fat lobules
7. endodermis
8. epidermis
9. pore

Question 12.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing the structure of nose.
Answer:

Question 13.
Draw a neat and labelled diagrams showing Rods and Cones of the eye.
Answer:

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look at the following picture. Label the parts 1, 2, 3, 4 and answer the following questions.

1) Ear is broadly divided into how many parts?
2) Name the bones of middle ear in correct order.
3) Which part of ear vibrates on receiving sound waves?
4) Name the part of ear that is associated with balancing.
Answer:

1. 3 parts. They are
   a) External ear
   b) Middle ear and
   c) Internal ear
2. Malleus, incus, stapes
3. Ear drum
4. Vestibular apparatus.

Question 2.
What happens if our tympanum ruptured?
Answer:

• If tympanum (or) ear drum is damaged, the sound vibration will not reach the auditory nerve. Hence, it will not carry the hearing impulses to the brain.
• Deafness will occur.

Question 3.
Draw a labelled diagram of eye. What happens if there are no cones in eye?
Answer:

• Cones are very useful in identifying different colours. They are responsible for bright light vision.
• If cones are absent, we can’t identify the array of colours and see in bright light.

Question 4.
Explain how skin works as a sense organ.
Answer:

• Skin is the largest sense organ in our body.
• It gives us the sense of touch which has supreme importance in the sphere of senses.
• It provides the first level of protection to the body.
• Skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure. It contains the separate receptors such as tactile receptors for touch, pacinian corpuscles for pressure nociceptors for temperature, etc.
• By the above reasons, we can say that skin is a sense organ.

Question 5.

1. Label A, B and C.
2. What is the function of lens?
3. Name the cells present in Retina.
4. Give examples of two defects of eye.
Answer:

1. A) Sclera
   B) Choroid
   C) Retina
2. The eye gathers light through a convex lens, focuses it and forms an image in the retina at the back of the eye.
3. Rods and cones are the specialised cells present in Retina.
4. Night blindness, glaucoma, cataract, dry eye, etc.

Question 6.
Observe the figure and answer the following questions.

a) Correct the wrongly labelled ones.
b) What is the function of X?
c) There are two types of photo receptors in the Retina of human eye. What are they?
Answer:
a) Retina
b) The denoted part x’ is optic nerve. Optic nerve carries the information of the object seen to brain.
c) Rods and cones are the two types of photo receptors present in human eye.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are biogeochemical cycles?
Answer:
The cycles that involve the flow of nutrients in on earth from environment to organisms and back through certain pathways are known as biogeochemical cycles.

Question 2.
Write briefly about assimilation.
Answer:
Nitrogen compounds mainly as nitrates or ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) are taken up from soils by plants which are then used in the formation of plant proteins and as animals eat these plants, animal proteins are synthesised.

Question 3.
What is bio-geochemical cycle?
Answer:
A constant interaction between biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere makes a system and this flow of components form a cycle is called bio-geochemical cycle.

Question 4.
What is the percentage of nitrogen and oxygen in the air?
Answer:
Nitrogen – 78%
Oxygen-21%

Question 5.
Name few green house gases.
Answer:
Methane (CH₄), Carbondioxide (CO₂), and Carbon monoxide(CO).

Question 6.
What is denitrification?
Answer:
Conversion of nitrates into free Nitrogen is called denitrification.
Nitrates → Nitrogen(N₂)

Question 7.
What is nitrification?
Answer:
Conversion of free nitrogen present in the atmosphere into compounds of nitrogen is called nitrification.

Question 8.
Name the three processes by which oxygen is lost from the atmosphere.
Answer:
By combustion, respiration, and formation of oxides of nitrogen are the main processes by which oxygen is lost.

Question 9.
Why are root nodules useful for plants?
Answer:
In root nodules, nitrogen fixing bacteria Rhizobium’ is present which fixes the atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to the plant for its growth.

Question 10.
What is acid rain?
Answer:
The gases released due to combustion of fossil fuels are SO₂, NO₂, CO₂. These gases remain suspended in the air. When it rains, the rain water mixes with these gases to form sulphuric acid, nitrous acid, carbonic acid and comes down on the surface of the earth in the form of acid rain.

Question 11.
Give the names of few organisms that help in nitrogen fixation?
Answer:

• Rhizobium helps in the fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen into Ammonia.
• Nitrosomonas converts ammonia to Nitrates
• Nitrobactor converts nitrites into nitrates.

Question 12.
List any three activities which would lead to an increase in the carbon dioxide content of air.
Answer:

1. Burning of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum
2. Industrialisation
3. Deforestation

Question 13.
Which gas is added to the atmosphere by decay of organic matter?
Answer:
CO₂ (Carbondioxide)

Question 14.
List out three recently organized problems of environment.
Answer:
Ozone layer depletion, Green house effect, and Global warming.

Question 15.
What would happen if ail oxygen present in the environment is converted to ozone?
Answer:
Ozone is a poisonous gas and is present in a thin layer in the stratosphere. If all the oxygen is converted to ozone (O₃) the environment becomes poisonous and kills all living things.

Question 16.
Expand CFC’s.
Answer:
Chloro Fluoro Carbons

Question 17.
Expand B.O.D.
Answer:
Biological Oxygen Demand

Question 18.
What is the main concern of montreal protocol?
Answer:
To control the use of gases which have destructive effect on ozone layer.

Question 19.
Define Eutrophication.
Answer:
Increase growth of algae in lakes and ponds is called Eutrophication.

Question 20.
Which ’forms’ of nitrogen are taken up by plants from the soil?
Answer:
Nitrates and Ammonium ions.

Question 21.
What is the most abundant element in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Nitrogen.

Question 22.
What is called as ’Universal Solvent’?
Answer:
Water (H₂O).

Question 23.
How much percentage of water on the earth is present in the ocean?
Answer:
97%

Question 24.
What is the other name for water cycle?
Answer:
Hydrological cycle.

Question 25.
How many oxygen atoms are present in Ozone?
Answer:
Three – (O₃).

Question 26.
What is the chemical formula of ammonium ion?
Answer:
NH₄⁺

Question 27.
What are the affects of ‘Global warming’?
Answer:
1) Global warming affects the weather patterns on Earth and causes climatic change.
2) Climatic changes results in higher sea levels, more rainfall, severe droughts and floods.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the uses of water?
Answer:

• Water participates in many biochemical mechanisms, including photosynthesis, digestion, and cellular respiration.
• Living organisms drink water.
• Water is also used by terrestrial animals and plants for various life processes.
• Water provides hydrogen and oxygen that form integral part of basic organic compounds of life.

Question 2.
What is nitrification? What are the bacteria that participate in nitrification?
Answer:

• Nitrates can also be converted to ammonia by the denitrifying bacteria in the soil.
• The nitrifying bacteria may then use this ammonia to synthesize compounds for their own cell and eventually convert to proteins, nucleic acids, nitrites, and nitrates.
• Nitrites are produced mainly by nitrosomonas, while nitrates by nitrobacters that are also capable of utilizing nitrites and converting them to nitrates.
• Death of these organisms add the nitrogenous compounds to the soil.

Question 3.
What is ammonification? Under which conditions ammonification occurs?
Answer:

• Production of ammonia (NH₃) from nitrates and other nitrogenous compounds is called ammonification.
• Ammonification also occurs when plants and animals die, or when animals emit wastes, the nitrogen in the organic matter reenters the soil and water bodies where it is broken down by other organisms, known as decomposers.

Question 4.
What is denitrification? Explain the process of denitrification.
Answer:

• Denitrification is the conversion, principally by bacteria, of compounds of nitrogen in solid and aquatic systems to the gases, nitrogen (N₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) and eventual release of these into the atmosphere.
• Denitrification occurs primarily in wet soils where water makes it difficult for microorganisms to get oxygen.
• Under these conditions, certain organisms – known as denitrifying bacteria – will process nitrate to gain oxygen, leaving free nitrogen gas as by-product.

Question 5.
Explain briefly about green house effect.
Answer:

• Some gases present in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and water vapour trap heat from radiating back to the space.
• The natural green house gases act like a big blanket around the earth, keeping it warm and making life possible without which temperatures would have fallen to sub zero values.
• This phenomenon of naturally warming up is called ‘Green house effect’.

Question 6.
What are the uses of oxygen?
Answer:

• Oxygen helps in burning things.
• Oxygen is required for survival of living organisms.
• Respiration utilizes oxygen releasing carbon dioxide to atmospheric pool maintaining a balance in nature.
• Dissolved oxygen supports aquatic life.
• Oxygen is needed for the decomposition of organic waste.

Question 7.
What is biological oxygen demand? Explain briefly.
Answer:

• The content of biodegradable substances in water is expressed by a special index called “biological oxygen demand” (BOD).
• BOD represents the amount of oxygen needed by aerobic bacteria to decompose the waste.
• As the wastes get degraded and the dissolved oxygen is used up proportionately, the need or demand for oxygen increases i.e. the BOD increases.
• Thus BOD is a good indicator for amount of biodegradable waste.

Question 8.
What are the differences between oxygen and ozone?
Answer:

• Oxygen has two atoms and it is colorless and odourless.
• Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen atoms. It is blue in colour and has a strong odour.

Question 9.
Complete the following flow chart.

Answer:

1. Ammonia
2. Nitrate
3. Denitrifying bacteria
4. Nitrosomonas
5. Nitrobactor

Question 10.
How is a balance maintained in the environment?
Answer:
The living or biotic components (plants and animals) and the non – living or physial components (air, water, soil, light and temperature) interact and affect each other resulting in the establishment of a complex and complete balance in the environment. There is a continuous cycle of nutrients among the biotic and abiotic components.

Question 11.
Write the two harmful effects of ozone hole.
Answer:

• Ozone hole allows harmful U.V radiation to reach the earth’s surface that may cause skin cancer, cataract, etc
• Ultraviolet rays also ionize the cells, change the gene structure in animals and plants.

Question 12.
What are the harmful effects of acid rain?
Answer:

• It makes the soil acidic.
• It damages the crops and plantations.
• It corrodes statues, monuments of marble buildings, etc…

Question 13.
What is the difference in fog and smog? Give two harmful effects of smog.
Answer:
The water vapour present in air when condenses due to very low temperature is called fog. The smoke released in the air due to burning of fuels mixes with the fog and forms smog.
Smoke + Fog = Smog
a) Smog reduces visibility
b) Smog creates respiratory diseases like asthma etc.

Question 14.
What is bad ozone and good ozone?
Answer:
Ozone when present in the earth’s surface is very poisonous gas hence called bad ozone. When ozone present in stratosphere is very protective in nature as it does not allow the harmful U.V radiation to enter the earth’s atmosphere and hence is called good ozone.

Question 15.
Consider that there is a mass mortality of Ashes in a pond. Guess, what may be the reason for that.
Answer:

• Addition of hot water to the fish tank may leads to their death.
• Addition of poisonous mercury compounds in water may leads to their death.
• Blockage of gills of fishes with any pollutant may be .a cause for their mass death.

Question 16.
Why is it said that nitrogen is important for us?
Answer:

• Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in our atmosphere (78%)
• Nitrogen is a part of many molecules essential to our life like proteins, nucleic acids, (DNA and RNA), and some vitamins.
• It is found in other biologically important compounds also such as alkaloids and urea.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the expansion of water on earth.
Answer:

• Nearly 97% of all the water on the earth is in the oceans, and so only about 3% is freshwater.
• About 2% of this fresh water is permanently frozen in glaciers and at the polar ice caps.
• Thus only about 1% is available fresh water.
• Again about 1/4 of this 1% is present as underground water.
• Only about 0.009% of water on earth is in the rivers and lakes.
• Rest is present in the bodies of living organisms, as soil moisture, as humidity of atmosphere, etc.
• Water is the most essential, abundant substance in living things.
• The human body, for example, is composed of about 70% of water.

Question 2.
What is water cycle? Explain it briefly.
Answer:

• The whole process in which water evaporates and falls back on the surface of the earth as rain and other forms of precipitation including its flow from land into the sea/oceans via several routes like rivers, ground water channels, etc., is known as the water – cycle.
• All of the water that falls on the land does not immediately flow back into the sea.
• Some of it seeps into the soil and becomes part of the underground reservoir of fresh water.
• Some of this underground water finds its way to the surface through springs.
• We bring it to the surface for our use through wells or tube wells.
• Water is continuously exchanged between sea, land and atmosphere.

Question 3.
What is nitrogen fixation? How it occurs?
Answer:

• Atmospheric nitrogen occurs primarily in inert form (N₂) or non-reactive form that few organisms can use; therefore it must be converted into a compound (or) fixed form in a process called nitrogen fixation.
• Most atmospheric nitrogen is ‘fixed’ through biological processes.
• A number of bacteria and blue green algae are known to be able to fix atmospheric nitrogen into compounds in their own body.
• These may be symbiotic e.g.: Rhizobium or free living, e.g.: Nitrosomonas respectively.
• These organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into the organic nitrogen for their own cells.
• In leguminous plants like pea, beans, etc., there is a symbiotic relationship of the nitrogen fixing bacteria with the plant, thus nitrogenous compounds are added to the soil after a leguminous crop is grown.
• Nitrogen can also be fixed as nitrates by lightning.

Question 4.
In which forms carbon found on earth?
Answer:

• Carbon is found in various forms on the earth.
• It occurs in the elemental form as say soot, diamond, and graphite.
• In the combined state, it is found as gases, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, as carbonate it is found in various salts and minerals.
• While all life – forms are composed of carbon containing molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, and vitamins.
• The endoskeletons and exoskeletons of various animals are also formed from carbonate salts.

Question 5.
What is Global warming? What are its effects?
Answer:

• Due to human activities, an excessive amounts of carbon dioxide and other green house gases has been emitted to the environment.
• As a result, more heat gets trapped.
• This causes the temperature of the earth to rise, which results in global warming.
• Global warming is the recorded increase in the average temperatures of the earth’s atmosphere and oceans.
• Global warming affects the weather patterns on earth and cause climate change.
• Climate change results in higher sea levels, more rainfall, and severe droughts and floods.

Question 6.
Describe carbon cycle briefly.
Answer:

• Carbondioxide is used by plants for photosynthesis.
• During this process, CO₂ is converted to glucose.
• Some amount of this glucose is used for respiration by plant.
• Rest of it converted to other carbohydrates and fats stored in various parts of plants.
• When animals eat plants these carbon containing compounds are taken up by the animals and digested and absorbed.
• These are used by animals for respiration.
• Thus carbon in carbon dioxides in atmos-phere finds its way into animals.
• Metabolic degradation of these compounds especially during respiration releases the CO₂ into air.
• Decomposition of dead bodies of animals and plants by bacteria also releases CO₂ into air.
• Thus the CO₂ find its own way into the bodies of animals and plants and back to air.

Question 7.
Briefly describe oxygen cycle.
Answer:

 

• Oxygen dissolved in water is used for respiration by aquatic plants and animals,
• Terrestrial animals use oxygen present in air for their respiration.
• The by-products of respiration, CO₂ and water are released into air.
• These two are taken up by plants and are used for photosynthesis.
• The by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen, which is released into air.
• CO₂ is also formed when fuels are burnt.
• There is fine balance between these processes so that the total amount of oxygen present in air remains constant.
• All these processes together represent oxygen cycle.

9th Class Biology 11th Lesson Bio Geo Chemical Cycles Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Asa responsible citizen what measures you would follow to reduce global warming at your school or village level?
Answer:

• Planting trees in open fields and wastelands.
• Minimising the usage of motorcycles and start using cycles which are eco-friendly.
• Stop burning of firewood, which release the green house gases start using LPG cylinders for cooking.

Question 2.
What is nitrification? Explain how it occurs.
Answer:

1. The denitrifying bacteria present in the soil convert the nitrates into Ammonia.
2. Nitrifying bacteria utilises this ammonia and form proteins, nitrites, nitrates.
3. Nitrosomonas produce nitrites whereas nitrobactor produce nitrates.
4. Due to the death of microorganisms in the soil, the soil becomes nitrogen rich.

Question 3.
Write differences between nitrification and denitrification.
Answer:

Nitrification	Denitrification
1) The part of nitrogen cycle, whereammonium (NH4+) is converted into Nitrate (NO3–) is called nitrification.	1) This is the level where reduction of nitrate (NO3–) is made into Nitrogen (N2)
2) This involves nitrifying bacteria like Nitrobactor Nitrosomonas.	2) This involves denitrifying bacteria like 4 spirillum, lacto bacillus, pseudomonas thiobacillus.
3) Occurs slowly.	3) Occurs rapidly.
4) This requires aerobic condition.	4) This requires anaerobic condition.
5) The microbes involved in this process are autotrophs.	5) The microbes involved in this process are heterotrophs.
6) The end product is nitrate.	6) The end product is nitrogen.

Question 4.
Explain how human activities lead to global warmig.
Answer:

1. Deforestation
2. Burning of excess of fossil fuels in industries and automobiles.
3. Power genaration and utilization
4. Refrigerators, coolers, cell towers
5. Automobiles and cement roads etc.
6. Forest fires and burning of firewood.

Question 5.
Observe the following figure and answer the following questions.

a) What is green house effect?
b) Apart from rest of the world which country contributes more for it?
c) What are CFCs? Give some examples.
d) Suggest some preventive measures to reduce it.
Answer:
a) The phenomenon of naturally warming up by CO₂ and water vapour is called “Green house effect”.
b) USA
c) Fully or partly halogenated paraffin hydro carbons that contain only carbon (C), hydrogen (H) chlorine (Cl) and fluorine (F) which are volatile are called chloro fluorine.
Ex : Freon – 12, R – 410A, R -134

d) i) Stop deforestation
ii) Restrict the usage of fossil fuels
iii) Introducing eco friendly fuels like CNG.
iv) Introducing alternative energy resources like solar energy, wind power etc.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.2 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Maths Solutions 7th Lesson Triangles Exercise 7.2

Question 1.
In an isosceles triangle ABC, with AB = AC, the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C intersect each other at ‘O’. Join A to O. Show that (i) OB = OC (ii) AO bisects ∠A.

Solution:
Given that in ΔABC
AB = AC
Bisectors of ∠B and ∠C meet at ‘O’.
To prove
i) OB = OC
∠B = ∠C (Angles opposite to equal, sides)
\(\frac{1}{2} \angle \mathrm{B}=\frac{1}{2} \angle \mathrm{C}\) (Dividing both sides by 2)
∠OBC = ∠OCB
⇒ OB = OC (∵ Sides opposite to equal angles in ΔOBC)

ii) AO bisects ∠A.
In ΔAOB and ΔAOC
AB = AC (given)
BO = CO (already proved)
∠ABO = ∠ACO (∵ ∠B =∠C)
∴ ΔAOB ≅ ΔAOC
⇒ ∠BAO = ∠CAO [ ∵ CPCT of ΔAOB and ΔAOC]
∴ AO is bisector of ∠A.

Question 2.
In ΔABC, AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC (see given figure). Show that ΔABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC

Solution:
Given that AD ⊥ BC; AD = DC
In ΔABD and ΔACD
AD = AD (common)
BD = DC (given)
∠ADB = ∠ADC (given)
∴ ΔABD ≅ ΔACD (∵ SAS congruence)
⇒ AB = AC (CPCT of ΔABD and ΔACD)

Question 3.
ABC is an isosceles triangle in which altitudes BD and CE are drawn to equal sides AC and AB respectively (see figure). Show that these altitudes are equal.

Solution:
Given that AC = AB; BD ⊥ AC; CE ⊥ AB
In ΔBCD and ΔCBE
∠BDC = ∠CEB (90° each)
∠BCD = ∠CBE (∵ angles opp. to equal sides of a triangle)
BC = BC
∴ ΔBCD ≅ ΔCBE (∵ AAScongruence)
⇒ BD = CE (CPCT)

Question 4.
ABC is a triangle in which altitudes BD and CE to sides AC and AB are equal (see figure). Show that
i) ΔABD ≅ ΔACE
ii) AB = AC i.e., ABC is an isosceles triangle.

Solution:
Given that BD ⊥ AC; CE ⊥ AC
BD = CE
Now in ΔABD and ΔACE
∠ADB = ∠AEC (∵ given 90°)
∠A = ∠A (commori angle)
BD = CE
∴ ΔABD = ΔACE (∵ AAS congruence)
⇒ AB = AC (∵ C.P.C.T)

Question 5.
ΔABC and ΔDBC are two isosceles triangles on the same base BC (see figure). Show that ∠ABD = ∠ACD.

Solution:

Given that ΔABC and ΔDBC are isosceles.
To prove ∠ABD = ∠ACD
Join A and D.
Now in ΔABD and ACD
AB = AC (∵ equal sides of isosceles triangles)
BD = CD (∵ equal sides of isosceles triangles)
AD = AD (∵ common side)
∴ ΔABD ≅ ΔACD (∵ SSS congruence)
⇒ ∠ABD = ∠ACD (CPCT)

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Soil Pollution.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 10th Lesson Soil Pollution

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What will happen if there is increase in acidic or basic nature of soil?
Answer:

• The nutrients available to plants will be greatly reduced by increase in acidic or basic nature of soil.
• This results in the decrease of plant yield.

Question 2.
What is decomposition?
Answer:
Decomposition is the process of materials being digested and broken down into simpler substances, making nutrients more available to plants.

Question 3.
What are the effects of toxic chemicals released into the soil?
Answer:
Toxic chemicals leached from oozing storage drums into the soil, underneath homes, causing an unusually large number of birth defects, cancers and respiratory, nervous and kidney diseases.

Question 4.
What is bioremediation?
Answer:
The process of using microbes to clear up the contamination in soil and water is called bioremediation.

Question 5.
What is mineralization?
Answer:
The process of converting organic elements to inorganic forms and liberating C02, ammonia, sulphate, phosphate etc…. is called mineralization.

Question 6.
What is soil erosion?
Answer:
The removal of top layer of the soil by wind, rainfall is called soil erosion.

Question 7.
What is top soil comprised of?
Answer:
Humus, living organisms and soil particles are present in the top soil.

Question 8.
What is soil profile?
Answer:
Soil profile is the vertical section of earth’s crust generally up to the depth of 1.83 metres.

Question 9.
Name the three natural resources on the earth.
Answer:
Air, water and land.

Question 10.
What is soil?
Answer:
The top most layer of the lithosphere is called soil.

Question 11.
Fertile soils have lots of humus. Why?
Answer:
Fertile soil is rich in organisms that decompose dead organic matter into humus. Humus gives minerals, absorb water and makes soil porous.

Question 12.
Why step farming is common in hills?
Answer:
Step farming is common in the hills to check soil erosion through water currents on the slopes.

Question 13.
What are the factors determining the soil type?
Answer:
The soil type depends on
a) Amounts of humus
b) Size of the soil particles
c) Microorganisms present in the soil.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the components of soil?
Answer:

• Soil is made up of minerals and decomposed organic matter, along with air and water.
• Soil can create a habitat for fungi, bacteria and related organisms which in turn, feed and support plants life.

Question 2.
Write a short note on biodegradable waste. Give examples.
Answer:

• Substances that can be degraded by microbes into harmless and toxic substances are known as biodegradable waste.
• Agricultural and animal wastes like leaves, twigs, hay, dung etc., are examples for biodegradable wastes.

Question 3.
Write a short note on non-biodegradable waste. Give examples.
Answer:

• Substances that cannot be easily degraded are non-biodegradable substances.
• Aluminium cans, plastics, glass, DDT etc., are examples of non-biodegradable wastes.

Question 4.hat is soil erosion? What are causative factors for soil erosion?
Answer:

• Soil erosion occurs when the weathered soil particles are dislodged and carried away by wind or water.
• Deforestation, agricultural development, temperature extremes, precipitation including acid rain and human activities contribute to soil erosion.
• Humans speed up this process by construction, mining, cutting of timber, over¬cropping and overgrazing.
• It results in floods and cause soil erosion.

Question 5.
What are the problems that arise due to uncollected and decomposed solid waste in cities?
Answer:
If solid waste left uncollected and decomposed, they are a cause of several problems such as

1. Clogging of drains
2. Barrier to movement of water
3. Foul smell
4. Increased microbial activities
5. Create health problems if they are solid wastes of hospital.

Question 6.
What will happen if you throw the wastes wherever you want?
Answer:

1. They pollute our surroundings.
2. These wastes cause land pollution.
3. These wastes spread diseases.
4. They show effect on the health of human beings.

Question 7.
What are the effects of soil pollution on agriculture?
Answer:

1. Reduced soil fertility.
2. Reduced nitrogen fixation.
3. Increased erodibility.
4. Larger loss of soil and nutrients.
5. Deposition of silt in tanks and reservoirs.
6. Reduced crop yields.
7. Imbalance in soil fauna and flora.

Question 8.
What are the effects of soil pollution due to industrial waste?
Answer:

1. Dangerous chemicals entering underground water.
2. Ecological imbalance.
3. Release of pollutant gases.
4. Release of radioactive rays causing health problems.
5. Increased salinity.
6. Reduced vegetation.

Question 9.
What are the effects of soil pollution due to urban activities?
Answer:

1. Clogging of drains
2. Inundation of areas
3. Public health problems
4. Pollution of drinking water sources
5. Foul smell and release of gases
6. Waste management problems

Question 10.
What are Bio-degradable pollutants? Give examples.
Answer:
The pollutants that are degraded by natural means are called Bio-degradable pollutants.
Eg : Paper, wood, leaves, etc

Question 11.
Enlist the main causes of soil erosion.
Answer:
(a) Deforestation
(b) Urbanisation
(c) Excessive over grazing
(d) Leaving the land uncultured for a long time.

Question 12.
Fill this flow chart.

Answer:

1. Contour ploughing
2. Planting trees
3. Crop Rotation
4. Salinity Management

Question 13.
Fill this flow chart.

Answer:

1. Reusing of materials
2. Recycling and recovery of materials
3. Reforesting
4. Reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticides use.

Question 14.
Fill this flow chart.

Answer:

1. Agricultural soil pollution
2. Soil pollution by industrial effluents and solid wastes
3. Pollution due to urban activities.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How soil is formed?
Answer:

• Soil formation is a long and complex process and it can take 100 to 10,000 years to create one inch of top soil.
• The factors responsible for soil formation are climate, topography, living organisms and the type of parent material.
• Parent materials come from breakdown of underlying rocks or from deposits by streams and rivers, seas and gulfs, hills, wind and glaciers or organic plant residues.
• Over time, these materials are weathered by the effect of freezing, thawing, wetting, drying, heating, cooling, erosion, plants and animals and from chemical reactions.
• Eventually, the parent material is divided into three horizontal layers, the top layer consists of mostly organic matter and biological activity.
• The middle layer is the zone of maximum material accumulation.
• The bottom layer bold is mainly the parent material, but slightly altered.
• The top soil is important since it is the foundation for the life on the earth.

Question 2.
What are the chemical properties of soil? What effects do this have on the plants?
Answer:

• The term pH is used to indicate the level of acidity or alkalinity of a soil.
• The range of pH values of a good soil lies from 5.5 to 7.5.
• Below pH 7 the soils are termed as acidic and above pH 7 alkaline.
• The pH of soil is important in determining the type of vegetation that will grow in the soil.
• Availability of plants nutrients is strongly tied to the pH in soil.
• The availability of N, K, Ca, Mg and S tends to decrease with decreasing pH.

Question 3.
What are the biological properties of soil? What effects do this have on plants?
Answer:

• Soil is the most abundant and diverse ecosystem on the earth.
• Soil organisms include both plants and animal forms ranging from submicroscopic viruses to earthworms, to large burrowing animals such as gophers (rats) and ground squirrels.
• Major microbial groups in soil are bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa.
• These feed on plant residues burrow the soil and help in aeration and percolation of water.
• Soil microbes convert organic forms of elements to their inorganic forms and liberate carbon dioxide, ammonia, sulphate, phosphate and inorganic forms of other elements. This process is known as mineralization.
• Soil bacteria control the forms of ions in which these nutrients occurs.

Question 4.
Write the effects of insecticide DDT on environment.
Answer:

• The first widespread insecticide use began at the end of world war 11 that included DDT and gamanaxene.
• Insect soon became resistant to DDT and as the chemical did not decompose readily, it persisted in the environment.
• Since it was soluble in fat rather than water, it biomagnified up the food chain and disrupted calcium metabolism in birds, causing egg shells to be thin and fragile.
• As a result, large birds of prey such as the brown pelican, ospreys, falcons and eagles became endangered.
• DDT is now banned in most of the western countries.

Question 5.
Write the examples of pesticides. What are their effects on soil and human beings?
Answer:

• Besides DDT the most important pesticides are Benzene hexachloride (BHC), chlorinate dihydro carbons, organophosphates, aldrin, malathion, dieldrin, furodan etc., are the examples.
• The remnants of such pesticides used on pests may get absorbed by the soil particles, which then contaminate root crops grown in that soil.
• The consumption of such crops causes the pesticides remnants to enter human biological systems, affecting them adversely.
• Pesticides not only have toxic effect on human and animals but also decrease the fertility of the soil.
• Some of the pesticides are quite stable and their biodegradation may take weeks and even months.

Question 6.
Write briefly about biomagnification.
Answer:

1. The nutrients necessary for plant growth are found at very low concentrations in most natural waters.
2. In the process of collecting nutrients, phytoplankton also collects certain human made chemicals such as some persistent pesticides.
3. These may be present in the water at a very low concentrations that they cannot be measured even with a very sensitive instruments.
4. The chemicals however, biologically accumulate in the organism and become concentrated at levels that are much higher in the living cells than in the open water.
5. The small fish and zooplankton eat vast quantities of phytoplankton.
6. In doing so, any toxic chemicals accumulated by the phytoplankton are further concentrated in the bodies of the animals that eat them.
7. This is repeated at each step in the food chain.
8. This process of increasing concentration through the food chain is known as bio-magnification.

Question 7.
What is solid waste? What are different types of solid waste?
Answer:
1. Solid waste may be defined as the organic and inorganic waste produced by various activities of the society which have lost their value to the first user.

2. Solid waste, on the basis of its sources of origin can be classified as
a) Municipal solid waste :
It consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue.

b) Hazardous solid waste :
Industrial and” hospital waste is considered to be hazardous waste as they contain toxic substances.

c) Infectious solid waste:
Biomedical or hospital waste generated during diagnosis, treatment etc., which include sharp chemical wastes, discarded medicines and human excreta.

Question 8.
What are the different ways and methods possible for soil conservation? Briefly explain them.
Answer:
There are several ways possible for soil conservation. They are planting trees, terraces, no-till farming, contour ploughing, crop rotation, soil pH, watering the soil, salinity management, soil organisms and indigenous crops.

1. Planting trees :
a) Soil that is under a vegetative cover has hardly any chance of getting eroded as the vegetative cover acts as a wind barrier.
b) As the roots of the trees spread deep into the layers of soil they contribute to the prevention of soil erosion.

2. Terraces :
a) A terrace is a leveled section of hilly cultivated area.
b) Owing to its unique structure, it prevents the rapid surface runoff of water.

3. No-till farming : It is a way of growing crops without disturbing it through tillage.

4. Contour ploughing :
a) It is the method of ploughing across the contour lines of a slope.
b) This method helps in slowing the water runoff and prevents the soil from being washed away along the slope.

5. Crop rotation: Crop rotation helps in the improvement of soil structure and fertility.

6. Soil pH :
Maintenance of the most suitable value of pH is essential for the conservation of soil.

7. Water the soil :
Watering the soil along with the plants is a way to prevent soil erosion caused by wind.

8. Salinity management :
a) If salinity of the soil increases it results in the death of vegetation.
b) The death of vegetation is bound to cause soil erosion.
c) Hence salinity management is one of the indirect ways to conserve soil.

9. Soil organisms :
The helpful organisms of soil promote its fertility and form an element in the conservation of soil.

10. Indigenous crops :
Planting of native crops is known to be beneficial for soil conservation.

9th Class Biology 10th Lesson Soil Pollution Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write any two preventive measures for fluorosis.
Answer:

• Use river water in place of groundwater.
• Use rainwater and groundwater with less fluoride percentage.
• By using defluoridation method, fluorides can be removed from water.

Question 2.
Look at the picture and answer the questions below.

a) Which substance cause less soil pollution?
b) Which of the above pollutants can be biodegradable?
c) Give two examples of construction soil pollutants.
d) Mention any two preventive measures for soil pollution.
Answer:
1) Peat waste (1%).
2) Organic waste, peat waste, paper.
3) Construction and demolition, metals.
4) Using 4’R principle in our daily life implementing comprehensive solid waste management.

Question 3.
You know that Fluoride cause health hazards, how can you aware people of your village regarding this?
Answer:

• Using surface water sources like rivers and streams.
• Defluoridation technique is very useful in getting Fluorine free water.
• We should not consume the vegetables which are grown in high Fluoride soils.

Question 4.
Plastic is harmful to the environment. What will you do to replace it?
Answer:
We should use paper bags, jute bags and cloth bags in place of plastic bags.

Question 5.
Ravi decided not to use plastic bags. What alternative methods will you suggest?
Answer:

• Using jute covers and cloth bags in place of plastic bags.
• Using bamboo baskets in place of large plastic covers to store and carry goods.

Question 6.
There is an ecosystem, where industrial sewage occurs. Arrange the following living organisms in various trophic levels as per the persistent. (Biomagnification).
Grass, Fish, Sheep, Grass hopper, Phytoplankton, Prawn, Crow, Frog, Larval forms.

Answer:

Question 7.

Observe the above diagram, answer the following questions.
i) Name the pollutant which pollutes the soil the most.
ii) Write the biodegradable materials given in the figure.
iii) What will happen if the usage of plastic increased?
iv) What metals pollute the soil, due to the excessive usage of Super Phosphate fertilisers in cultivation?
Answer:
i) Organic wastes 32%
ii) Organic wastes and paper
iii) They remain in the soil for several hundreds of years. They cause a lot of soil pollution. They damage the soil health.
iv) Nitrates and phosphates

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is exosmosis?
Answer:
The process in which water molecules leave the cell is called exosmosis.

Question 2.
What is endosmosis?
Answer:
The process in which water molecules enter the cell is called endosmosis.

Question 3.
Who are the scientists that removed salt from sea water and how?
Answer:
Freddie Mercury and David Bowie removed salt from sea water by using a semi permeable membrane by a process called desalination.

Question 4.
What happens if red blood cells are placed in distilled water?
Answer:
The red blood cells placed in hypotonic solution like distilled water the cells swell and burst.

Question 5.
What is the better food during a journey?
Answer:
The natural fruits with 80% to 90% water in them, not only quench our thirst but also reduce our hunger.

Question 6.
What is a saturated solution?
Answer:
The solution that cannot takeup more solute to dissolve is called a saturated solution.

Question 7.
Name the principle involved in dialysis and reverse osmosis.
Answer:
Osmosis

Question 8.
Name the principle involved in air freshners, mosquito repellents that are used in our daily life.
Answer:
Diffusion.

Question 9.
What is a hypotonic solution?
Answer:
If the medium surrounding the cells has a higher water concentration than the cell, the cell will gain water by osmosis. Such type of solution is called hypotonic solution.

Question 10.
What is isotonic solution?
Answer:
If the medium has exactly the same concentration as the cell there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane. Such solution is called isotonic solution.

Question 11.
What is hypertonic solution?
Answer:
If the medium has a lower water concentration, then the cell will loose water by osmosis. Such a solution is called hypertonic solution.

Question 12.
What is plasmolysis?
Answer:
When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis there is shrinkage or contraction of the contents of the cell away from the cell wall. This phenomenon is known as plasmolysis.

Question 13.
How do substances like CO₂ and water move in and out of the cell?
Answer:
CO₂ moves by diffusion and water moves by osmosis through cell membrane.

Question 14.
What will happen to the size of the cell if it is placed in hypotonic solution?
Answer:
When the cell is placed in hypotonic solution, water enters into the cell. Hence, the cell swell up.

Question 15.
What will happen to the size of the cell if it is placed in hypertonic solution?
Answer:
Water leaves from the cell when we keep the cell in the hypertonic solution. Hence the swell will shrink.

Question 16.
Why does the skin of your finger shrinks when you wash your clothes for a long time?
Answer:
A soap solution is a hypertonic solution. So, water moves out of your fingers by osmosis.

Question 17.
A person takes concentrated solution of salt. After sometime, he starts vomiting. What is the phenomenon responsible for such solution?
Answer:
Exosmosis in intestine causes dehydration.

Question 18.
When you are cooking vegetables generally you add salt to vegetables during cooking. After adding salt, vegetables release water. What mechanism is responsible for this?
Answer:
Exosmosis is responsible for the above mechanism.

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is reverse osmosis ? What are its applications?
Answer:
1) When heavy pressure is applied on salt solution which is separated from fresh water with semipermeable membrane, the water moves from salt solution into fresh water leaving the salt behind.
2) This process is known as reverse osmosis.

Application :
Home reverse osmosis machines are available in the market, which filter salt water through three membranes.

Question 2.
What is diffusion? Give example.
Answer:
The process by which some materials when kept in a medium like air and water spread equally throughout it, it is called diffusion.

Example :
If a bottle of scent is opened in one corner of a room, the smell spreads in the entire room due to the diffusion of scent molecules.

Question 3.
What is Graham’s law?
Answer:

• Thomas Graham, Scottish physical chemist, worked on diffusion of gases.
• He had infered that a more soluble substance in a medium diffuse faster than a less soluble substance.
• This is popularly known as Graham’s law.

Question 4.
What is dialysis? Who constructed dialysis machine? The machine works on which principle?
Answer:

• Dialysis is the artificial method of removal of wastes from the blood.
• Dr. William Kolff a Dutch physician in the year 1947 constructed dialysis machine.
• Dialysis machine works on principle of diffusion and filtration across a semi permeable membrane.

Question 5.
Why did we feel thirstier, after eating 50 gms of potato chips in journey?
Answer:

• After eating foods preserved like potato chips we feel thirstier because water is drawn from the body into the digestive system to maintain water balance.
• So we have to drink more water after eating salty food.

Question 6.
Why does CO₂ can not enter the cell?
Answer:

• This is due to diffusion of CO₂ from the cell into the blood through semipermeable membrane or cell membrane.
• Due to respiration concentration of CO₂ increases in the cell than outside.
• Hence CO₂ diffuses out.

Question 7.
Water enters the root cells from the soil, why? Name the process involved in this.
Answer:
Water enters the plant through root hairs, because the concentration of water in the soil arounds the roots is higher than that inside the root epidermis. This process is called osmosis.

Question 8.
Why do dry apricots placed in salt solution do not swell while they do so when kept in water?
Answer:
Dry apricots swell up in water because their cells have a high osmotic concentration which causes passage of water into them. They do not swell up when placed in salt solution because the external solution is hypertonic.

Question 9.
What happens if plasma membrane ruptures or breaks?
Answer:
If the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down, the following may happen.
a) The cell will lose its shape.

b) Since plasma membrane is selectively permeable.
If it breaks all the useful substances also move out of the cell, all the metabolic activities of the cell will get effected and the cell may die.

Question 10.
What happens to the dry raisins when we put them in plain water for sometime? What happens if these raisins are now placed in concentrated solution?
Answer:
i) When we put dry raisins in plain water, they gain water and the size of dry raisins will increase.
ii) When these swollen raisins are placed in concentrated salt solution, these loose water and shrink.

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the differences between diffusion and osmosis?
Answer:

Diffusion	Osmosis
1. Substance move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration.	Water moves from area of low concentration to area of higher concentration.
2. Semipermeable membrane is not necessary.	Semipermeable membrane is necessary.
3. Diffusion can takes place in solids, liquids and gases.	Osmosis occurs in liquid medium.
4. It is a physical process.	It is a physical, physiological process.

Question 2.
What is osmosis? Explain with example.
Answer:
The flow of water from a region of dilute solution to a more concentrated one through a semipermeable membrane.
Eg : Osmosis with kishmish / raisin.

1. Dried kishmish are put in pure water and left for some time. Then these kishmish are placed in concentrated solution of sugar or salt.
2. It is proved experimentally that kishmish gains water and swells and when placed in concentrated solution the kishmish loose water and shrink.
3. In the above two situations water moved from low concentration to higher concen-tration due to osmosis.

Question 3.
What is cell membrane? What are its functions?
Answer:
The outermost, extremely delicate elastic membranous covering of the cell that separate its contents from the external environment is called plasma membrane.
Functions of plasma membrane :
1. Shape :
Plasma membrane provides a definite shape to semi-fluid contents of the cell.

2. Mechanical barrier :
It functions as mechanical barrier that protects the internal contents of the cell,

3. Selectively permeable :
Plasma membrane determines what substances are to be allowed entry or exit from the cell.

4. Endocytosis :
It helps the cell to engulf food and other substances from its external environment by endocytosis.

5. Recognition :
The recognition centres of plasma membrane help in tissue formation, distinction of foreign substances and defense against microbes.

6. Flow of information :
Plasma membrane provides flow of information amongst different cells of the same organism.

7. Osmosis :
Osmosis occurs due to presence of tiny water channels in the plasma membrane.

8. Cell continuity :
At places plasma membrane of adjacent cells become continuous to form plasmodesmata and cell junctions.

9. Specialization :
Plasma membrane gets modified to perform different functions.
E.g. : absorption in microvilli.

Question 4.
Importance of osmosis to living organisms.
Answer:

• Water enters into roots through osmosis.
• Water moves between the cells through osmosis.
• Osmosis helps in opening and closing of stomata.
• It bring about movement of water and minerals in certain plants.
• In our body waste materials are filtered from blood.
• In our body useful materials are absorbed along with water through osmosis.

Question 5.
Explain the process of reverse osmosis with a neat labelled diagram.
Answer:
When salt water is separated from fresh water through a semi-permeable membrane, the filteration can be achieved by applying high pressure on salt water. Due to this pressure water moves from salt solution into fresh water leaving the salt behind. This phenomenon is widely used nowadays in water purifiers to filter salt water.

9th Class Biology 4th Lesson Movement of Materials Across the Cell Membrane Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What will happen if we keep deshelled raw egg in salt water?
Answer:
i) Salt water is more concentrated than egg Yolk.
ii) When raw de-shelled egg placed in salt water, water from egg comes out through egg membrane. This called exosmosis.
iii) Due to exosmosis, the size of the egg decreases.

Question 2.
i) Pour sugar solution in the potato cup upto a level as shown by the pin in the figure.
ii) Keep the potato cup in the bowl filled with water upto half the height of the potato cup.

Answer the following questions based on the above experiment
i) What is the aim of the experiment?
ii) What will be the observation in this experiment?
iii) If the potato cup is filled with water and the beaker is filled with sugar solution, what will be the observation?
iv) What is the difference between this experiment when compared with dried grapes (kishmish) kept in water?
Answer:
i) To prove osmosis in potato living cells.
ii) Sugar solution level rises in potato cup beyond the point where needle placed.
iii) Sugar solution level falls down in potato cup.
iv) In both experiments endosmosis is observed in the cells.

Question 3.
Latha dropped some crystals of KMnO₄ in a beaker of water and observing to know what happens. What is the phenomenon that occurs in the experiment?
Answer:
Diffusion

Question 4.
Read and complete the following table according to the given information.

Process / Function	Name of the Phenomenon
1. Plasma membrane determines what substances are to be allowed entry or exit from the cell.
2. The flexibility of membrane to engulf food and other substances.
3. Movements of water through tiny channels of plasma membrane (from lower concentration to higher concentration.)
4. Movement of molecules / substances from higher concentration to lower concentration.

Answer:

1. Selective permeability
2. Endocytosis
3. Osmosis
4. Diffusion

Question 5.
Observe the following substances and answer the following questions.

Substance	Should go into the cell	Should go out of the cell
Oxygen
Glucose
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Carbondioxide
Wastes

a) Which substances should go into the cell?
b) Which substances should go out the cell?
c) Which is useful to transport the substances into the cell?
d) What is use of osmosis?
Answer:
a) Oxygen, Glucose, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins.
b) Carbondioxide, Waste materials.
c) Plasma membrane.
d) Plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane. It allows entry of useful certain materials exit of some unuseful substances while preventing passage to remaining substances.
It helps in keeping the ceil alive.

Question 6.
Observe the diagram answer the following questions.
a) Which chemical material is used to made a semi permeable membrane from an egg?
b) Which precautions do you take to make a semipermeable membrane?

Answer:
a) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid.
b) 1) Keep the raw eggs in dil HCl for 4 to 5 hours.
2) Wash the eggs under tap water.
3) Carefully pierce a pencil sized hole in the egg membrane and drain the contents.
4) Again wash the membrane with fresh water.

Question 7.
Two beakers, funnel, filter paper, retort stand, sugar, dye and wheat or rice flour and plastic bottle would be given to you. What experiment will you do with this? Write the procedure and precautions of that experiment.
Answer:

1. Arrange the filtering apparatus as shown in the figure.
2. Prepare wheat or rice powder solution in a beaker by adding one tea spoon of powder in 100 ml of water.
3. Add a drop of tincture iodine to the solution.
4. Now pour the solution into the funnel.
5. Filter paper allows water and dissolved rice powder to pass through it.
6. Filter paper does not allow the undissolved powder precipitate through it.

Precautions :

1. Ensure that the using filter paper should not have any damage or holes.
2. Stir the powder solution continuously, while pouring it slowly through filter paper.

Question 8.
What happens if cells are not permeable
Answer:
If cells are not permeable, they will not get the useful substances like minerals, water, nutrients and oxygen. Like this way, the waste products released during cellular activities will not be sent out. As a result the cell may die.

Question 9.
Rajesh conducted an experiment to know the movement of substances using potato and sugar solution.
a) What is the objective of Rajesh’s experiment?
b) Write the materials required by Rajesh to conduct this experiment.
c) Where does the level of solution increase?
d) What is your observation in this experiment?
Answer:
a) To observe osmosis
b) One raw potato, one boiled potato, two beakers, bowls, two pins, water, sharp knife.
c) Increase in the level of sugar solution in potato.
d) Water always moves towards the sugar solution the movement of water from less concentration to high concentration through a membrane is called osmosis.

Question 10.
Give some examples for process that occurs through permeable membrane that you observed in your daily life.
Answer:
Ex : 1. Water moves from one cell to another through osmosis.
Ex : 2. Movement of water from soil to roots.
Ex : 3. Waste materials in our blood are filtered.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the parts of a nerve cell?
Answer:
We can identify 3 distinct parts in nerve cell. They are :

1. Cell body or cyton
2. Axon
3. Dendrites

Question 2.
How the bone is made up of?
Answer:

• Bone is made up of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
• These salts are secreted by osteocytes.
• Osteocytes are present in the bone marrow.

Question 3.
What is granular epithelium?
Answer:
Sometimes a portion of epithelial tissue folds inward and formed a multicellular gland. Hence, it is called as granular epithelium.

Question 4.
Where do we found columnar epithelium?
Answer:
Columnar epithelium present where absorption and secretion occurs.
Eg : Intestine.

Question 5.
Why the ‘AB’ group human beings are called as universal recipients?
Answer:

• ‘AB’group human beings can receive the blood from any other groups.
• Hence, they are called as universal recipients.

Question 6.
Why the ‘O’ group people are called as universal donors?
Answer:

• ‘0’group human beings can donate the blood to any other group.
• So, these people are known as universal donors.

Question 7.
Name some modified epithelial cells.
Answer:

• Skin is a kind of epithelial tissue.
• Nails and hair grow from it.
• The scales of fishes and reptiles and feathers of birds etc., are the modified epithe-lial cells.

Question 8.
What is tendon? What is its use?
Answer:

• Tendon is a type of connective tissue, which is also made of fibres.
• The tendon joins the muscle to the bone. It is also made of collagen.

Question 9.
Where do we found cuboidal epithelium? Why?
Answer:
Cuboidal epithelium can be found in the lining of kidney tubules, the ducts of salivary glands. They provide mechanical support.

Question 10.
What is the main function of WBC?
Answer:
WBC provides immunity to the body by providing the body against infections.

Question 11.
Give two examples of cartilage.
Answer:
Tip of the nose and external ear are two examples of cartilage.

Question 12.
Name the muscle tissue that connects muscle to a bone.
Answer:
Tendon

Question 13.
What is the yellow fibres that are connecting bones known as?
Answer:
Ligament.

Question 14.
What are the involuntary muscles?
Answer:
The muscles whose contraction is not under the control of will power.
Eg : Cardiac muscles.

Question 15.
Write the functions of cartilage.
Answer:

• Provides flexibility and support to the body parts.
• It smoothens the surface at the joints.

Question 16.
Name the tissue that is present in the hump of a camel or blubber of whale.
Answer:
Adipose tissue

Question 17.
Name the fat storage tissue and state its location in our body.
Answer:
Adipose tissue stores fat in our body. It is present just below the skin and between internal organs.

Question 18.
Name the types of Rh factors of human body.
Answer:
Positive and Negative (A+, A-)

Question 19.
Name the tissue that is present in brain.
Answer:
Nervous tissue formed with neurons is present in the brain.

Question 20.
What is called action potential?
Answer:
Whenever a nerve is stimulated, it produces a small electrical current (0.055V) called action potential.

Question 21.
What is the other name for Areolar tissue?
Answer:
Fibroblasts.

Question 22.
Name the tissue that acts as insulator.
Answer:
Adipose tissue

Question 23.
What is bone made of?
Answer:
Bone is made of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

Question 24.
Where do you find Osteocytes?
Answer:
In the central hollow portion of the bone called bone marrow.

Question 25.
Where you can see Haversian canal?
Answer:’
In Osteocytes (or Bone cells)

Question 26.
Name the tissue that is present in embryos of several vertebrae.
Answer:
Cartilage

Question 27.
Where do you find contractile proteins?
Answer:
In muscle fibres.

Question 28.
What are the 3 major portions of a nerve cell?
Answer:
1) Cell body
2) Axon
3) Dendrite (or) cyton

Question 29.
Name the only cells in our body, which do not have the ability of regenaration.
Answer:
Nerve cells.

Question 30.
Where do you see Nissl’s granules?
A. Nerve cells

Question 31.
Which nodes present at regular intervals on the nerve cells?
Answer:
Ranvier Nodes.

Question 32.
What is a nerve?
Answer:
Axons of several nerve cells form bundles called nerve.

Question 33.
Nerve tissue has neurons and supporting cells. Name the supporting cells of the nerve tissue.
Answer:
Glial cells.

Question 34.
How do Monocytes destroy the foreign materials?
Answer:
Monocytes move like amoeba and along with granulocytes they attack the foreign materials and engulf them. The foreign materials are destroyed inside these cells.

Question 35.
What are corpuscles?
Answer:
Cells present in blood are called corpuscles.

Question 36.
What is the “grave yard of RBC”?
Answer:
Spleen

Question 37.
What are granulocytes?
Answer:
Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

Question 38.
What are agranulocytes?
Answer:
Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 39.
How many RBC are present in 1 ml of blood?
Answer:
5 million of RBC 1 ml of blood (in human adults).

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you find any difference between skin cells and muscle cells?
Answer:

• There is a difference between skin cells and muscle cells.
• Skin cells are arranged in the form of layers. This is called stratified squamous epithelium.
• Muscle cells are elongated ones and responsible for movement in the body.

Question 2.
Why the involuntary muscles are also called as unstriated muscles?
Answer:

• Unstriated muscles are also called as smooth muscles.
• They have no striations or alternate light and dark bands.
• The cells are long with pointed ends.
• So, they are called as unstriated muscles.

Question 3.
What is epithelial tissue ? How many types are there?
Answer:

• Epi means outer, thelium means tissue.
• The epithelial tissue, extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining.
• Three types of epithelial tissues are identified. They are :
  a) Squamous epithelium
  b) Cuboidal epithelium
  c) Columnar epithelium
  d) Granular epithelium

Question 4.
What is squamous epithelium? Where it is found?
Answer:

• The epithelial tissue, extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining is called squamous epithelium.
• It is found in oesophagus, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli etc.
• The epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers, called stratified squa¬mous epithelium.

Question 5.
What is involuntary movement?
Answer:

• We cannot start or stop the movement of muscles by wanting to do so.
• The movement is called involuntary, the muscles caused for it are called involun-tary muscles.
  Eg : Movements in the alimentary canal, blood vessels etc.

Question 6.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of squamous epithelium. A.
Answer:

Question 7.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of areolar tissue.
Answer:

Question 8.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of osteocyte.
Answer:

Question 9.
Why the pus formed in our body?
Answer:
1. Some white blood cells sacrify their life to fight against external enemy, i.e., micro-organisms.
2. These dead WBC come out of wound.
3. This is generally called pus.
4. The body excretes the dead cells in that manner.

Question 10.
Write the muscles that are present in the body parts.
Answer:

Body part	Muscle present
1. Oesophagus	Smooth muscles
2. Heart	Cardiac muscles
3. Face	Involuntary muscles
4. Lungs	Smooth muscles
6. Hands	Involuntary muscles

Question 11.
How are proteins present in blood helpful to our body?
Answer:
Blood contains Haemoglobin, which contains Iron in its molecule. It transports Oxygen and carbon dioxide in our body.

Question 12.
Why ‘AB’ blood group is called Universal acceptor?
Answer:
‘AB’ blood group is called universal acceptor. A person with AB’ blood group can take all types of human blood, if Rh factor matches.

Question 13.
What is muscular tissue? What is its function?
Answer:
Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells called muscular fibres. This tissue is responsible for movement in our body.

Question 14.
What is the unique feature of cells of nervous tissue as compared to other body cells?
Answer:
All cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli. However, the cells of nervous tissue are highly specialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body. The brain spinal cord and nerves are all composed of nervous tissue.

Question 15.
Give four differences between bone and cartilage.
Answer:

Bone	Cartilage
1. Porous.	1. Non – Porous.
2. Blood vessels present.	2. Blood vessels absent.
3. Hard and flexible.	3. Flexible, not very hard.
4. Matrix made up of protein and mineral salts.	4. Matrix made up of proteins.

Question 16.
Raghu wants to know more about blood. What questions Raghu will ask the teacher?
Answer:
Raghu might ask the following questions.

1. What would happen if blood possesses compact tissue?
2. Do all the organisms are having red coloured blood in their bodies?
3. What will happen if blood platelets are decreased in the blood?
4. What will happen if the percentage of Haemoglobin is decreased in the blood?

Question 17.
Complete the following flow chart.
Answer:

1. Areolar tissue
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Ligament
5. Tendon
6. Adipose Tissue
7. Blood

Question 18.
What are the constituents of pl& ma?
Answer:
Mainly water and several nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, proteins, vitamins and hormones, etc. required for the body and excretory products such as lactic acid, urea, salts etc…. plasma also contains factors responsible for blood clotting.

Question 19.
Draw a diagram showing blood cells.
Answer:

Question 20.
Draw a diagram showing cartilage.
Answer:

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a note on areolar tissue.
Answer:

• Areolar tissue is one type of connective tissue which joins different tissues.
• It helps in packing and helps to keep the organs in place.
• These cells are called fibroblasts.
• These are the major components of areolar tissue.
• These cells secrets fibrous material which holds the other tissue in position.
• They also help in repair of the tissue when they are injured.

Question 2.
Write a note on WBC.
Answer:

• White blood cells or WBC are one type of blood cells.
• They do not have haemoglobin, hence they are colourless.
• They are also called as leucocytes.
• They are less in number when compared to the RBC.
• They are two types :
  1. Granulocytes,
  2. Agranulocytes.
• Granulocytes are three types. They are neutrophils, basophils and esinophils.
• Granulocytes attack and destroy the microorganisms that enter the blood.
• Agranulocytes are two types. They are lymphocytes and monocytes.
• Lymphocytes secret anti-bodies to guard against foreign material, that enter into blood.
• So, lymphocytes are also called as microscopic policemen.
• Monocytes attack the foreign materials and destroyed them.
• So, they are called “scavengers”.

Question 3.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Answer:
Connective tissue connects the organs and muscles. It performs so many functions.

1. Helps in binding the other tissues and organs together.
2. Provides a frame work and support to various organs in the body.
3. Plays a major role in the transport of material from one tissue to another.
4. Helps in the body defence.
5. Helps in the body repairs.
6. Helps in the storage of fat.

Question 4.
Write a note on a nerve cell or neuron with the help of a neat diagram.
Answer:
Nervous tissue is made up of neurons.

It has 3 parts :

1. Cell body or cyton
2. Axon
3. Dendrites.

Cell body or Cyton :

1. It has a large nucleus and cytoplasm.
2. The cytoplasm contains Nissl’s granules.

Dendrites:

1. Projections arising from cell body are called dendrites.
2. They are sharp, branched and more in number.
3. The dendrite connected to another nerve cell’s axon.

Axon :

1. One projection of the cyton is long, called as axon.
2. In some nerve cells, axon covered with myelin sheath.
3. Nodes on axon are called Ranvier Nodes.
4. Axon of a nerve cell is connected with dendrites of another cell to frame a web like structure throughout body.

Question 5.

Read the table and answer the following questions.
1) Where do you find unstriated muscles in our body?
2) Name the muscles which are present in heart.
Answer:
1) Wall of alimentary canal, Iris of the eye, uterus, bronchi of lungs.
2) Cardiac Muscles.

Question 6.
Draw a neat diagram showing different muscles and lable their parts.
Answer:

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Rajiv used a blood group identification kit to test his blood group. Explain what will he observe if his blood is Rh factor positive.
Answer:
Rajiv observes for
i) Agglutinations in the circles where Anti D serum was tested,
ii) Agglutination in Anti Rh – D circle. „

Question 2.
Kamalakar teacher conducts an experiment to show blood cells under microscope to his students. Name the materials used by the teacher for the experiment.
Answer:
Microscope, slide, blood sample, syringe, needle.

Question 3.
Briefly explain epithelial tissue with examples.
Answer:
1) Epithelial tissue is one of the most important tissue of animal tissues.
2) Epithelial tissue is present in the skin, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules. There are three types of epithelial tissue in our body.
They are

1. Squamous epithelium
2. Cuboidal epithelium and
3. Columnar epithelium

1) Squamous epithelium :

a) This epithelium is extremely thin and flat, form a delicate lining.
b) We can observe this tissue, in oesophagus, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli where transportation of substances selectively occurs through permeable membrane.
c) As this epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers. This is called as “stratified squamous epithelium”.

2) Cuboidal epithelium :

a) This tissue forms the lining of organs or tubules or other parts.
b) It provides mechanical support.

3) Columnar epithelium :

a) This is present where absorption and secretion occurs.
b) The scales of fishes, feathers of birds our skin, nails and hairs are also modified epithelial cells.

Question 4.
Read the following paragraph and answer the given questions.

Connective tissues help in binding the other tissues and organs together and provide a frame work and support to various organs in the body. Areolar tissue is a type of connective tissue that helps in packing and also help to keep organs in place. Fat stor¬ing adipose tissue is found below skin and between internal organs. Bone and cartilage form skeletal system, which gives support to the body. Ligament connects bone with bone whereas tendon connects muscle with bone.

i) Which connective tissue is called packing tissue?
ii) Which connective tissue joins muscle with bone?
iii) What are the main components of skeletal system?
iv) Where do you find adipose tissue in the body?
Answer:
i) Areolar tissue
ii) Tendon
iii) Cartilage
iv) Adipose tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs.

Question 5.
Draw the structure of neuron. Label parts. What is the function of myelin sheath?
Answer:

Function of myelin sheath :

1. Myelin is an insulating layer that forms around nerves. It is made up of proteins and fatty substances.
2. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

Question 6.
Write the names of the following.
a) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
b) Tissue that transports food in animals.
Answer:
a) Adipose tissue
b) Blood

Question 7.
Doctor examine Kshitija’s blood report and said, that she did not have the required levels of haemoglobin. What questions will you put the doctor to know about the effects of low level Haemoglobin?
Answer:

• What changes can we observe in a person who has low percentage of haemoglobin?
• What are the reasons for the low haemoglobin levels?
• Which type of food should we require to improve haemoglobin levels?
• Name the disease that occurs when we have less haemoglobin in our blood.

Question 8.
Observe the given diagram :

a) Identify the name of the diagram.
b) Write the names of the parts A & B.
c) Name the granular structure in the cytoplasm.
Answer:
a) The given diagram is nerve cell.
b) A – Cyton (cell body)
B – Axon
c) Nissl’s granules

Question 9.
A lab technician added a few drops of “Antigen-D” to a blood sample. What is the aim of him by doing so?
Answer:
If agglutination occurs in Anti RhD serum the Rh factor is positive and if it does not the Rh factor is negative.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Surface Areas and Volumes Ex 10.4 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Maths Solutions 10th Lesson Surface Areas and Volumes Exercise 10.4

Question 1.
The radius of a sphere is 3.5 cm. Find its surface area and volume.
Solution:
Radius of the sphere, r = 3.5 cm

Question 2.
The surface area of a sphere is 1018\(\frac{2}{7}\) cm² . What is its volume ?
Solution:
Surface area of sphere = 4πr²
= 1018\(\frac{2}{7}\) cm²

= 3054.857cm³
≅ 3054.86cm³

Question 3.
The length of equator of the globe is 44 cm. Find its surface area.
Solution:
Length of the equator of the globe 2πr = 44 cm.
2 × \(\frac{22}{7}\) × r = 44
∴ r = \(\frac{44 \times 7}{2 \times 22}\) = 7cm
∴ surface area = 4πr²
= 4 × \(\frac{22}{7}\) × 7 × 7
= 4 × 22 × 7
= 616cm²

Question 4.
The diameter of a spherical ball is 21 cm. How much leather is required to prepare 5 such balls?
Solution:
Diameter of the spherical ball d’ = 21 cm
Thus, its radius r = \(\frac{d}{2}=\frac{21}{2}\) = 10.5 cm
Surface area of one ball = 4πr²
= 4 × \(\frac{22}{7}\) × 10.5 × 10.5
= 88 × 1.5 × 10.5 = 1386 cm²
∴ Leather required for 5 such balls
= 5 × 1386 = 6930 cm²

Question 5.
The ratio of radii of two spheres is 2 : 3. Find the ratio of their surface areas and volumes.
Solution:
Ratio of radii r₁ : r₂ = 2 : 3
Ratio of surface area
= 4πr₁² : 4πr₂²
= 2²: 3² = 4 : 9
Ratio of volumes
= 4/3 πr₁³ : 4/3 πr₂³
= 2³ : 3³ = 8 : 27

Question 6.
Find the total surface area of hemisphere of radius 10 cm. (Use π = 3.14)
Solution:
Radius of the hemisphere = 10 cm
Total surface area of the hemisphere = 3πr²
= 3 × 3.14 × 10 × 10
= 9.42 × 100
= 942 cm²

Question 7.
The diameter of a spherical balloon increases from 14 cm. to 28 cm. as air is being pumped into it. Find the ratio of surface areas of the balloons in the
two cases.
Solution:
The diameter of the balloon, d = 14 cm
Thus, its radius, r = \(\frac{d}{2}=\frac{14}{2}\) = 7 cm
∴ Surface area = 4πr² = 4 × \(\frac{22}{7}\) × 7 × 7
= 88 × 7 = 616cm²
When air is pumped, the diameter = 28 cm
thus its radius = \(\frac{d}{2}=\frac{28}{2}\) = 14 cm
Its surface area = 4πr²
= 4 × \(\frac{22}{7}\) × 14 × 14
= 88 × 28 = 2464 cm²
Ratio of areas = 616 : 2464
= 1 : 4

(OR)

Original radius = \(\frac{14}{2}\) = 7 cm
Increased radius = \(\frac{28}{2}\) = 14cm
Ratio of areas = r₁² : r₂²
= 7² : 14²
= 7 × 7 : 14 × 14
= 1:4

Question 8.
A hemispherical bowl is made of brass, 0.25 cm thickness. The inner radius of the bowl is 5 cm. Find the ratio of outer surface area to inner surface area.
Solution:
Inner radius of the hemisphere ‘r’ = 5 cm
Outer radius of the hemisphere ‘R’
= inner radius + thickness
= (5 + 0.25) cm = 5.25 cm
Ratio of areas = 3πR²: 3πr²
= R² : r²
= (5.25)²: 5²
= 27.5625 : 25
= 1.1025:1
= 11025 : 10000
= 441 : 400
[Note : If we read “radius as diameter” then we get the T.B. answer]

Question 9.
The diameter of a lead ball is 2.1 cm. The density of the lead used is 11.34 g/c³. What is the, weight of the ball ?
Solution:
The diameter of the ball = 2.1 cm
Thus, its radius, r = \(\frac{d}{2}=\frac{2.1}{2}\) = 1.05 cm
Volume of the ball V’ = \(\frac{4}{3}\)πr³
= \(\frac{4}{3} \times \frac{22}{7}\) x 1.05³ = \(\frac{101.87}{21}\)
∴Weight of the ball = Volume × density
= 4.851 × 1.34
= 55.010

Question 10.
A metallic cylinder of diameter 5 cm 1 and height 3 \(\frac{1}{3}\) cm is melted and cast into a sphere. What is its diameter ?
Solution:
Diameter of the cylinder’d’ = 5 cm
Thus, its radius, r = \(\frac{d}{2}=\frac{5}{2}\) = 2.5 cm
Height of the cylinder,

Volume of the cylinder

Given that cylinder melted to form sphere
∴ Volume of the sphere = Volume of the cylinder

(Where r is the radius of the sphere)
r³ = \(\frac{3}{4}\) × 2.5 × 2.5 × \(\frac{10}{3}\)
r³ = 2.5³
∴ r = 2.5 cm
Hence its diameter, d = 2r
= 2 × 2.5 = 5 cm

Question 11.
How many litres of milk can a hemispherical bowl of diameter 10.5 cm hold ?
Solution:
Diameter of the hemispherical bowl = 10.5 cm
Thus its radius = \(\frac{d}{2}=\frac{10.5}{2}\) = 5.25cm
Quantity of milk, the bowl can hold = Volume of the bowl = \(\frac{2}{3}\)πr³
= \(\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{22}{7}\) × 5.25 × 5.25 × 5.25
= 303.1875 cm³
= \(\frac{303.1875}{1000}\) lit = 0.303 lit.

Question 12.
A hemispherical bowl has diameter 9 cm. The liquid is poured into cylindrical bottles of diameter 3 cm and height 3 cm. If a full bowl of liquid is Riled in the bottles, find how many
bottles are required ?
Solution:
Diameter of the hemispherical bowl ‘d’ = 9 cm
Its radius, r = \(\frac{d}{2}=\frac{9}{2}\) = 4.5cm
Volume of its liquid = Volume of the bowl = \(\frac{2}{3}\) πr³
= \(\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{22}{7}\) × 4.5 × 45 × 4.5
Diameter of the cylindrical bottle, d = 3 cm
Its radius, r = \(\frac{d}{2}\)
= \(\frac{3.0}{2}\)
= 1.5cm

Height of the bottle, h = 3 cm
Let the number of bottles required = n
Then total volumes of these n bottles = n πr²h
But this is equal to volume of the bowl
Hence n. \(\frac{22}{7}\) × 1.5 × 1.5 × 3
= \(\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{22}{7}\) × 4.5 × 4.5 × 4.5
∴ n = \(\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{20.25}{1.5}\) = 9
∴ Number of bottles required = 9

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Plant Tissues.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the functions of stomata?
Answer:

• These are essential for exchange of gases with the atmosphere.
• During transpiration loss of water takes place in the form of water vapour through stomata.

Question 2.
How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue?
Answer:
Xylem tissue consists of four types of elements. They are trachieds, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.

Question 3.
What are the constituents of phloem?
Answer:
Phloem is made up of five types of elements. They are sieve tubes, sieve cells, companion cells, phloem fibres and the phloem parenchyma.

Question 4.
How can the plants perform all the life processes?
Answer:
Different parts of the plant having specific tissues perform specific function.

Question 5.
Meristematic tissue present at the tips of root and shoot is called as?
Answer:
Apical meristem.

Question 6.
Which portion of the plant is responsible for transport of water, minerals and food materials?
Answer:
Stele

Question 7.
What is the other name for stomata?
Answer:
Airpores

Question 8.
Name the cells which divide continuously.
Answer:
Meristematic cells.

Question 9.
Which tissues makes up the husk of coconut?
Answer:
The husk of coconut is made of sclerenchyma tissue.

Question 10.
What is the role of epidermis in plants?
Answer:
Cells of epidermis form a continuous layer without intercellular spaces. It protects all the parts of the plants.

Question 11.
What are guard cells? What is their function?
Answer:
Each stomata is bound by a pair of specialised epidermal cells called guard cells. They control the opening and closing of the stomata.

Question 12.
How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Answer:
Xylem is made up of vessels, trachieds, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.

Question 13.
What are the constituents of Phloem?
Answer:
Phloem constitutes the sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.

Question 14.
What is a vascular tissue?
Answer:
Any tissue which contain vessels through which fluids are passed is called a vascular tissue.

Question 15.
Identify the given tissues.
Answer:

Question 16.
Name the branch of science that deals with the study of tissues.
Answer:
Histology

Question 17.
Name the scientist who coined the term ‘Parenchyma’.
Answer:
Nehamiah Grew

Question 18.
Name the plants that are possessed with Arenchyma.
Answer:
Water plants like Pistia, Eichornia.

Question 19.
Name the tissue that protects the trees from strong winds.
Answer:
Collenchyma gives flexibility and tensile strengh to the branches of the trees and protect them from strong winds and make them to bend. So, the branches won’t break up when they are exposed to the strong winds.

Question 20.
Where do you find sieve cells? What is their function?
Answer:
Sieve cells found in phloem helps in the transportation of materials.

Question 21.
What are companion cells and state their function?
Answer:
Companion cells are the parts of phloem aiding in transport of materials.

Question 22.
Where do you find vessels? Write their function.
Answer:
Vessels are found in xylem helps in conduction of nutrients. They also give mechanical support to the plant.

Question 23.
Name the tissue that is present in root tips.
Answer:
Meristematic tissue.

Question 24.
What is meant by differentiation?
Answer:
The process of taking up a permanent shape, size and function is called differentiation.

Question 25.
What happens to the plant if the vascular bundles are destroyed?
Answer:
The transportation of water, nutrients and food in that plant is totally stopped. Hence, the plant will die.

Question 26.
Name the tissue, that brings about overall growth and repair in plants.
Answer:
Meristematic Tissue.

Question 27.
Name the tissue, that form the bulk of the plant body, helping in packing other tissues.
Answer:
Ground Tissue.

Question 28.
Name the parts of the plant that helps in reproduction.
Answer:
Flowers

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the different elements of xylem. Collect information about the uses of the elements of xylem.
Answer:

• Xylem consists of trachieds, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
• Trachieds and vessels are tubular structures. This allows them to transport water and minerals vertically.
• The parenchyma stores food and helps in the sideways conduction of water.
• Fibres are mainly supportive in function give mechanical support to vascular bundles.

Question 2.
What are the differences between the plant tissues and animal tissues?
Answer:

Plant Tissues	Animal Tissues
1. Most of the tissues are dead.	1. Most of the tissues are living.
2. Plants need less maintenance energy.	2. Animals need more maintenance energy.
3. Tissues organisation is to support fix habitat.	3. Tissues organisation help the organism for locomotion.

Question 3.
What are the differences between simple tissue and complex tissue?
Answer:

• Simple tissues are composed of one type of cells which are structurally and functionally similar.
  e.g. : Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma.
• Complex tissues consists of more than one type of cells which perform a common function.
  e.g.: Xylem and phloem.

Question 4.
What are the characteristic features of cells in meristematic tissue?
Answer:
Cells in the meristematic tissue are

1. Small and having thin cell wall.
2. Living with prominent nucleus and abundant cytoplasm.
3. Compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
4. Continuously dividing cells.

Question 5.
Differentiate between Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell walls.
Answer:

Parenchyma	Collenchyma	Sclerenchyma
The cell walls are thin and made of cellulose.	The cell walls are thick due to cellulose and pectin formation in some places on the walls.	Due to lignin deposition cell walls are thick.

Question 6.
Complete the following flow chart.
Answer:

1. Parenchyma
2. Sclerenchyma
3. Collenchyma
4. Xylem
5. Phloem
6. Chlorenchyma
7. Arenchyma

Question 7.
Write down the arrangement of cells in the given table :
Answer:

Arrangement of the cells (Tissues)	Shoot tip	Root tip
1. At the tip	Apical meristems are present.	Meristems below the root cap are present.
2. At the lateral side	Lateral meristems are present.	Lateral meristems are present.
3. At the point of branching	Intercalary meristems are present.	Meristems are absent

Now answer the following questions.
1) Where do you find meristems in the root tip?
Answer:
Below the root cap.

2) Where do you find intercalary meristems in the shoot tip?
Answer:
At the point of branching

Question 8.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of stomata.
Answer:

Question 9.
a) Identify the given structures.
b) State the role performed by the two structures.

Answer:
a) A is trachied
B) B is vessel
Both help in transporting water and minerals vertically.

Question 10.
Observe the diagram of location of meristematic tissue in plant body. Identify the types of meristematic tissue found in the labelled regions and write their functions.
Answer:

1. Apical meristems are found in the A region
2. Lateral meristems are found in the B region.
3. Apical meristem increases the length of the stem and the root.
4. Lateral meristem (cambium) increases the growth of the stem and root.

Question 11.
How does the cork act as protective tissue?
Answer:

• Cork has dead cells and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
• They have deposition of suberin on the walls that make them impervious to gases and water.

Question 12.
How do you appreciate the functions of vascular tissue in plants?
Answer:

• Vascular tissues carry water to a great heights in the plant body.
• It is upto nearly 200ft in Eucalyptus plants and upto nearly 330ft in the Redwood trees.
• It is an amazing factor of nature. I appreciate the functions of vascular tissue which carry water up to a greater heights.

Question 13.
Write a note on Arenchyma.
Answer:

• Air spaces are present in this type of Parenchyma.
• This type of Parenchyma is seen in plants which float on water, such plants are called hydrophytes.
  Ex : Pistia, Eichornia, Hydrilla.

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Draw a flow chart for plant tissues.
Answer:

Question 2.
What are meristems? Write the types of meristems.
Answer:
1. Tissues that bring about overall growth and repair are called meristems.

2. Meristems are of three types.

1. Apical meristems
2. Intercalary meristems
3. Lateral meristems.

3. Meristems at the growing tip that bring about growth in length are apical meristems.
e.g. : Stem and Root tips.

4. Meristems present around the edges in a lateral manner and giving rise to growth in diameter or girth of the stem are called lateral meristems.

5. Meristems present at the branching takes place or a leaf or a flower stalk grows are known as intercalary meristems.

Question 3.
Describe the structure of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
1) Structure of Parenchyma :

1. The cells of parenchyma are soft thin walled and loosely packed.
2. The parenchyma which contains chloroplasts is chlorenchyma, parenchyma which contains air spaces is arenchyma and the parenchyma which stores food or water is storage tissue.

2) Structure of Collenchyma :

1. Collenchyma tissues have thicker walled longer cells.
2. They give mechanical support to plant.
3. Intercellular spaces are present.

3) Structure of Sclerenchyma :

1. In the sclerenchyma the cells are thick walled and compactly arranged withtiearly no spaces between them.
2. They give mechanical strength to the plant.

Question 4.
Draw the diagram showing different types of ground tissue in plants.
Answer:

Question 5.
Draw the diagram showing different cells of xylem and phloem.
Answer:

Question 6.
Draw and label the diagram of L.S. of shoot tip.
Answer:

Question 7.
If you want to know more about Xylem and phloem, what questions will you ask?
Answer:
I will ask the following questions to know more about xylem and phloem.

1. What is the economic importance of xylem and phloem?
2. What are the factors that are helpful to vascular tissue in conducting water?
3. How do plants get water in the higher mountains?
4. What is the commercial importance of bast fibres?

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What will happen if stomata are absent in the leaves of the plant
Answer:

1. Gaseous exchange will not takes place in leaves.
2. Transpiration does not take place.

Question 2.
What are the different types of ground tissues in plants
Answer:

1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma

Question 3.
Give reasons.
a) Xylem is a conductive tissue.
b) Adipose tissue acts as an insulator of heat.
c) Cardiac muscle works without rest.
d) Epidermis provides protection to plants.
Answer:
a) Xylem acts as conducting tissue as it transports water and minerals from the roots to the top of tree.

b) Fat in our body is stored in adipose tissue. It is found below the skin and between internal organs. They act as insulators.

c) i) The muscles present in the heart are responsible for pumping of blood.
ii) The cells are long, branched and have nuclei.
iii) Cardiac muscles have striations. Though they have striations, they are involuntary muscles.

d) i) Dermal tissue (Dermis) usually consists of a single layer of tissues showing variations in the types of cells on the basis of their functions and location.
ii) The dermal tissue protects the plants from loss of water, mechanical damage like breaking and cleaning of branches and invasion of parasites and disease causing organisms.

Question 4.
Read the following paragraph and answer the following questions :

The cells of the parenchyma are soft, thin walled and loosely packed. The parenchyma which contains chloroplast is called Chlorenchyma. The parenchyma which contains large air spaces are called Aerenchyma and which store water or food is called storage tissue. Collenchyma have thicker walls and longer when compared to Parenchyma. In the sclerenchyma the cells are thick walled and compactly arranged with nearly no spaces between them.

a) What does the paragraph denote?
b) What function does chlorenchyma perform and why?
c) In which plants do you find Aerenchyma abundantly and why?
d) Give some examples of plants where storage tissue is commonly seen.
Answer:
a) Ground tissue in plants.
b) Chlorenchyma has chloroplasts, which are capable of trapping solar energy. Hence, they perform photosynthesis.
c) Aerenchyma is found in water plants [Hydrophytes], Aerenchyma enables the water plant to float on water.
d) Potato, Carrot, Raddish.

Question 5.
a) Kshitija selected a plant and took out a thin section of its stem. She observed it under powerful compound microscope. Draw a diagram of what she observed and label it.
b) Add a note on Vascular bundle.
Answer:
a)

b)

1. Xylem and phloem are collectively called as Vascular bundle.
2. They are called as conducting tissue or vascular tissue.
3. Xylem is responsible for transportation of water and salts.
4. Phloem is responsible for transportation of food materials prepared by photosynthesis in other parts of the plants.

WorkBook Part

1. Take permanent slides of chlorenchyma, arenchyma, storage tissue in your labora-tory. Observe them under microscope and write their characters and differences.
2. Draw and label the diagram of the T.S. of stem.
3. How many basic types of tissues are there in plants? What are they?
4. Write the name of the following picture and write its parts.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Statistics Ex 9.2 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Maths Solutions 9th Lesson Statistics Exercise 9.2

Question 1.
Weights of parcels in a transport office are given below.

Find the mean weight of the parcels.
Solution:

Weight in kg xi	No. of parcels fi	x1fi
50	25	1250
65	34	2210
75	38	2850
90	40	3600
110	47	5170
120	16	1920

Σf_i = 200
Σf_ix_i = 17000
\(\begin{array}{l}
\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}=\frac{17000}{200}=\frac{170}{2} \\
\overline{\mathrm{x}}=85
\end{array}\)
Mean = 85

Question 2.
Number of familles In a village in correspondence with the number of children are given below.

Find the mean number of children per family.
Solution:

No. of childrens xi	No. of families fi	x1fi
0	11	0
1	25	25
2	32	64
3	10	30
4	5	20
6	1	5

Σf_i = 84
Σf_ix_i = 144
\(\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}=\frac{144}{84}\)
Mean = 1.714285

Question 3.
If the mean of the following frequency distribution is 7.2, find value of ‘k’.

Solution:

Σf_i = 40 + k;
Σf_ix_i = 260 + 10k
Given that \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}\) = 7.2
But \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{1} \mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}\)
7.2 = \(\frac{260+10 k}{40+k}\)
288.0 + 7.2k = 260 + 10k
10k – 7.2k = 288 – 260
2.8k = 28
k = \(\frac{28}{2.8}\) = 10

Question 4.
Number of villages with respect to their population as per India census 2011 are given below.

Find the average population in each village.
Solution:

Population (in thousands xi)	Villages fi	x1fi
12	20	240
5	15	75
30	32	960
20	35	700
15	36	540
8	7	56

Σf_i = 145 Σf_ix_i = 2571 thousands
\(\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}\)
Mean = \(\frac{2571}{145}\) = 17.731 thousands

Question 5.
A FLATOUN social and financial educational programme initiated savings programme among the high school children in Hyderabad district. Mandal wise savings in a month are given in the following table.

Mandal	No. of schools	Total amount saved (in rupees
Amberpet	6	2154
Thirumalgiri	6	2478
Saidabad	5	975
Khairathabad	4	912
Secunderabad	3	600
Bahadurpura	9	7533

Find arithmetic mean of school wise savings in each mandal. Also find the arithmetic mean of saving of all schools.
Solution:

Σf_i = 33
Σf_ix_i = 14652
Mean = \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}\)
\(\bar{x}=\frac{14652}{33}\) = ₹ 444 (Mean savings per school)

Question 6.
The heights of boys and girls of IX class of a school are given below.

Compare the heights of the boys and girls.
[Hint: Fliid median heights of boys and girls]
Solution:

Boys median class =\(\frac{37+1}{2}=\frac{38}{2}\)= 19th observation
∴ Median height of boys = 147 cm
Girls median class = \(\frac{29+1}{2}=\frac{30}{2}\) = 15th observation
∴ Median height of girls = 152 cm

Question 7.
Centuries scored and number of cricketers in the world are given below.

Find the mean, median and mode of the given data.
Solution:

Question 8.
On the occasion of New year’s day a sweet stall prepared sweet packets. Number of sweet packets and cost of each packet is given as follows

Find the mean, median and mode of the given data.
Solution:

N = Σf_i = 150
Σf_ix_i = 12000
Mean = \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}=\frac{12000}{150}=80\)
Median = average of (\(\frac{N}{2}+1\) and \(\frac{N}{2}\) terms = average of 75 and 76 observation = 75
Mode = 50

Question 9.
The mean (average) weight of three students is 40 kg. One of the students Ranga weighs 46 kg. The other two students, Rahim and Reshma have the same weight.
Find Rahim’s weight. cgigB)
Solution:
Weight of Ranga = 46 kg
Weight of Reshma = Weight of Rahim = x kg say
Average = \(\frac{\text { Sum of the weights }}{\text { Number }}\) = 40kg
∴ 40 = \(\frac{46+x+x}{3}\)
3 x 40 = 46 + 2x
2x = 120 – 46 = 74
∴ x = \(\frac{74}{2}\) = 37 .
∴ Rahim’s weight = 37 kg.

Question 10.
The donations given to an orphanage home by the students of different classes of a secondary school are given below.

Class	Donation by each student in (Rs)	No. of students donated
VI	5	15
VII	7	15
VIII	10	20
IX	15	16
X	20	14

Find the mean, median and mode of the data.
Solution:

Σf_i = 80
Σf_ix_i = 900
Mean \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\Sigma \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}=\frac{900}{80}=11.25\)
Median = Average of \(\left(\frac{\mathrm{N}}{2}\right)\) and \(\left(\frac{\mathrm{N}}{2}+1\right)\) terms of \(\frac{80}{2},\left(\frac{80}{2}+1\right)\) terms
= average of 40 and 41 terms = ₹10
Mode = ₹ 10

Question 11.
There are four unknown numbers. The mean of the first two numbers is 4 and the mean of the first three is 9. The mean of all four numbers is 15; if one of the four numbers is 2 find the other numbers.
Solution:
We know that mean = \(\frac{\text { sum }}{\text { number }}\)
Given that, Mean of 4 numbers = 15
⇒ Sum of the 4 numbers = 4 x 15 = 60
Mean of the first 3 numbers = 9
⇒ Sum of the first 3 numbers = 3 x 9 = 27
Mean of the first 2 numbers = 4
⇒ Sum of the first 2 numbers = 2 x 4 = 8
Fourth number = sum of 4 numbers – sum of 3 numbers = 60 – 27 = 33
Third number = sum of 3 numbers – sum of 2 numbers = 27 – 8 = 19
Second number = Sum of 2 numbers – given number = 8-2 = 6
∴ The other three numbers are 6, 19, 33.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Cell its Structure and Functions.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Important Questions 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions

9th Class Biology 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the cell organelles present in a cell?
Answer:
The cell organelles present in a cell are endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids and vacuoles.

Question 2.
What is the role played by cell wall in plant cells?
Answer:

• Cell wall excretes and inward wall pressure to resists the outward directed pres¬sure exerted by cell sap.
• So, the plant cells can withstand much greater changes in surrounding medium than animal cells.

Question 3.
What is cell theory?
Answer:

• Cell theory was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann.
• All living organisms are composed of cells and product of cell.
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 4.
Write one precaution while observing nucleus in cheek cells.
Answer:

• Do not scrap the cheek too hard as it may injure the buccal mucosa.
• Excess stain should be drained off.

Question 5.
Name the colourless plastids in plants.
Answer:
Leucoplasts

Question 6.
Write the name of the plastids that are responsible for different colours in flowers and fruits.
Answer:
Chromoplasts

Question 7.
Mention the cell organell that is called “Protein factories”.
Answer:
Ribosomes

Question 8.
Name the cell organell that is known as “suicidal bags of the cell”.
Answer:
Lysosomes.

Question 9.
Write the main function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Answer:
The SER helps in the manufacture of fat molecules or lipids important for cell function.

Question 10.
What happens if Endoplasmic reticulum is destroyed in the cell?
Answer:
The transportation of substances from one part to another part of the cell will not occur.

Question 11.
What is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?
Answer:
Ribosomes

Question 12.
Write some examples for prokaryotic cells.
Answer:
Bacterium, Cyanobacteria and Blue green algae are examples for prokaryotic cells.

Question 13.
Write the unique feature seen in plant cells.
Answer:
Presence of cell wall is the unique feature seen in plant cells.

Question 14.
Name the selectively permeable membrane that covers the cell.
Answer:
Plasma membrane

Question 15.
What is an enzyme?
Answer:
An organic catalyst which catalyses a reaction within a cell.

Question 16.
Who coined the term ’Cytoblast’ and why?
Answer:
Schleiden called the nucleus as cytoblast, because he thought that new cells were created from the nucleus.

Question 17.
What is the site of cellular respiration?
Answer:
Mitochondria

Question 18.
What are vacuoles and write their function.
Answer:
Vacuoles are the fluid filled sac like structures present in the cytoplasm. They store solid or liquid contents.

9th Class Biology 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the difference between protoplasm and cytoplasm?
Answer:

• There is a fluid present inside the cell.
• For a long time it was believed that the essence of life was stored in the fluid.
• Hence the fluid was named as protoplasm, which means life fluid.
• When it became clear that the fluid is basically a medium in which various particles and membranes float, protoplasm was renamed as cytoplasm.

Question 2.
Take one grape fruit and place it in salt solution, Note the observations.
Answer:

• I take one grape fruit and placed it in salt solution.
• After sometime I observed that the fruit shrunk.
• This is because of loss of water inside the fruit, it comes out into salt solution.
• During this, the process of osmosis takes place.

Question 3.
Collect some parts of plants like, orange, beetroot, raddish, drumsticks, lady’s fin-ger, Jasmine, etc. and put a tick mark if you find the listed plastids present in them.
Answer:

Question 4.
Why animals depend upon plants for food?
Answer:

• Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
• Chloroplast trap the energy from sunlight.
• It converts solar energy to chemical energy which takes place during photosynthesis.
• During the process of photosynthesis food materials are formed.
• Due to lack of chloroplasts animals are unable to prepare their own food.
• So, animals depend on plants for food.

Question 5.

Cell organelle	Function
Nucleus	Nucleus regulates and controls all the functions of a cell and determines the characteristics of the organism.
Endoplasmic reticulum	1. It serve as channels for the transport of materials within the cell.
	2. It also functions as a cytoplasmic framework for various biochemical activities.
Golgi Apparatus	It package various substances. Proteins are altered slightly by golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes	It participates in intracellular digestion. It destroys the cell contents.
Mitochondria	It produces energy through cellular respiration.
Plastids	These are responsible for the colour of the plant cell.
A. Chloroplasts	These trap solar energy and convert this to chemical energy during photosynthesis.
B. Chromoplasts	These are responsible for the coloured fruits, flowers.
C. Leucoplasts	These are colourless, stores carbohydrates, oils and proteins.

Study the table and answer the questions.
1) Name the cell structure that helps in photosynthesis.
2) Name the cell organell that participates in intercellular digestion.
Answer:

1. Chloroplasts
2. Lysosomes

Question 6.
What happens if stomata are closed with paraffin wax?
Answer:

• Stomata helps in exchange of gases in leaf.
• If the stomata are closed with paraffin wax gaseous exchange will not takes place.

Question 7.
What questions do you pose to know more details about plasma membrane?
Answer:

1. How can you say that plasma membrane is also known as selectively permeable membrane?
2. Name the substances that can pass through the plasma membrane.
3. Give examples for selectively permeable membrane.

Question 8.
Write the main function of the cell wall.
Answer:

• The cell wall is tough but flexible porous layer that gives a definite shape to the cell.
• It provides protection to the cell from the external shocks.

Question 9.
Venu is asking his teacher about different functions of cell organells of Eukaryotic cell. What questions he would ask to his teacher ?
Answer:

1. Prokaryotic cells devoid of nucleus . Why?
2. Are the cell organells of same size in all the higher animals?
3. Why lysosomes are called suicidal bags of the cell?
4. What happens if cell wall is not present in plant cell?

Question 10.
Write about plastids.
Answer:

• Plastids are present only in plant cells.
• Plastids mainly of two types. 1. Chromoplasts (coloured) and leucoplasts (colourless).
• Chloroplasts are the type of chromoplasts present only in plants.
• The primary function of a chloroplast is to trap the energy of sunlight and transform it to chemical energy thus helping to carryout photosynthesis.
• Chromoplasts are responsible for having various colours of fruits, flowers and leaves.
• Leucoplasts are used to store starch, oil and proteins.

Question 11.
Write differences between plasma membrane and cell wall.
Answer:

Plasma membrane	Cell wall
1. Made up of lipid and proteins.	1. Made up of cellulose.
2. It is Living.	2. It is Dead.
3. Present in both plant and animal cell.	3. Found exclusively in plant cells.

Question 12.
What is the reason for colour change in tomatoes? (green – white – yellow – red)
Answer:
1) Plastids are responsible for colour change in tomatoes.

2) Plastids are of three types :
1. Chromoplasts (coloured)
2. Leucoplasts (colourless)
3. Chloroplasts (green)

3) All the three plastids have the capacity to change from one to another.

4) As the young tomatoes mature we see green, white, yellow and red coloured tomatoes.

Question 13.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of nucleus.
Answer:

Question 14.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing L.S of mitochondria.
Answer:

Question 15.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram showing the structure of chloroplast.
Answer:

Question 16.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of Endoplasmic Reticulum find in electron microscope.
Answer:

Question 17.
What is the function of a nucleus in a cell?
Answer:

• The nucleus plays a vital role in the cell.
• It controls all functions of the cell. It controls cell division.
• Nucleus contains chromosomes. These chromosomes contain DNA and proteins.

Question 18.
“Cell is the structural and functional unit of life” – How?
Answer:
a) A cell is capable of independently carrying out all necessary activities of life,
b) Hence, it is called the structural and functional unit of life.

Question 19.
What is Protoplasm? Who coined this term and when?
Answer:
a) The living fluid substance of the cell is called “Protoplasm”
b) Purkinje in 1839 coined the term protoplasm.

Question 20.
Name the smallest and largest known cells in this world?
Answer:
a) The smallest known cells is pneumonea cell. It is about 0.1 m in diameter.
b) An Ostrich egg cell is the largest known cell. It is 170 x 135 mm approximately.

Question 21.
What will happen to the size of the cell if it is placed in such solutions which vary in their concentrations.
a) When placed in Hypotonic solution?
b) When placed in Isotonic solution?
Answer:

• When a cell is placed in Hypotonic solution (dilute solution), water enters into the cell. Hence the cell swells up.
• When a cell is placed in Isotonic solution (same concentration), there is no movement of water. Hence the cell will stay the same size.

Question 22.
“A cell is a building unit of an organism”. Do you agree with this statement? If yes, explain why.
Answer:

• I agree with the above statement.
• A cell is a building unit of an organism because it is responsible for building the entire body of an organism.

Question 23.
What is Osmosis?
Answer:
Osmosis is the passage of water or any solvent from a region of its lower concentration to a higher concentration through a semi permeable membrane.

Question 24.
What are genes? What is their function?
Answer:
Genes are the segments of DNA present on the chromosomes. These are the hereditary units which are transmitted from one generation to another by chromosomes.

9th Class Biology 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a short note on the Golgi apparatus.
Answer:

• Camillo Golgi first observed the golgi bodies in 1898.
• This is made up of several membranes.
• These membranes create sac-like structure around which many fluid-filled vesicles abound.
• The proteins and other substances produced in the ribosomes reaches the golgi body through these vesicles.
• This organelle package various substances before Ciste they are transported to other parts of the cell. _
• The number of golgi bodies varies from cell to cell. Golgi apparatus
• They are large in number in those cells that secrete hormones and enzymes.

Question 2.
Write about mitochondria.
Answer:

• Mitochondria are small, spherical or cylindrical in shape.
• They are 2-8 micron long and about 0.5 micron wide.
• It is about 150 times smaller than the nucleus.
• 100 – 150 are present in each cell.
• They are made of a double-membrane
• The inner membrane of the wall protrudes into the interior in folds and forms cristae.
• The space between cristae is known as the matrix.
• They are responsible for cellular respiration.
• Energy generated and stored in mitochondria.
• Hence they are also called as cell’s power house.

Question 3.
Write a note on Cytoskeleton.
Answer:

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is one of the important cell organelle.
• It extends all over the cell, so it is also called as cytoskeleton.
• It is responsible for the transport of substances from one part of the cell to another.

• RER has ribosomes on its surface which are caused for protein manufacture.
• The SER helps in the manufacture of fat molecules.
• Invertebrate liver cells SER plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs.

Question 4.
How could you appreaciate the function of nucleus in a cell?
Answer:

• Nucleus is the most prominent one of all cell organelles.
• This is also known as cell’s control room.
• It was named by Robert Brown in 1831.
• All cells have nucleus except a few cells.
• In mammal red blood cells and phloem sieve tube in plants nucleus is absent.
• It regulates and controls all the functions of the cell.
• It determines the characteristics of the organism.
• It is the barrier of all genetic information.
• It involved in the process of cell division.
• If there is no nucleus in the cell, growth of organism not takes place.

Question 5.
Draw the diagram of nucleus and label it.
Answer:

Question 6.
Why the colouring fruits or vegetables changes? Support your answer.
Answer:

• In plants plastids are responsible for the colouring of fruits and vegetables.
• There are 3 types of plastids present in plants.
• Chloroplasts are responsible for green colour.
• Chromoplasts are responsible for different colours, i.e., orange, yellow, red etc.
• Leucoplasts are responsible for white colour.
• These plastids have the capacity to change from one form to another.
• E.g. : Young tomatoes are white in colour as they mature they turn to green and then to red in colour.

Question 7.
In what way different colours in flowers helpful to bio-diversity?
Answer:

• We can easily identify their species at a glance.
• By having different colours plants attracts insects for pollination, for their propagation.
• By having different colours plants appeal to the aesthetic sense of man, immense pleasure and happiness.
• This is useful in the propagation of plants by the human beings.
• Generally butterflies are known as the pollinators, but in fact they are the indicators of the health of an ecosystem.

Question 8.
Describe endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer:

• The network or membranes present in the cytoplasm for the transport of substances
  from the one part of the cell to another is known as endoplasmic reticulum.
• Endoplasmic reticulum is of two types.
  i) Rough endoplasmic reticulum and
  ii) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
• Endoplasmic reticulum having ribosomes on their surface is known as rough endoplasmic reticulum.
• The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the sites of protein synthesis.
• Ribosomes are absent in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in lipid synthesis.
• One function of the endoplasmic reticulum is to serve as channels for the transport of materials within the cytoplasm.
• It also function as a cytoplasmic framework providing a surface for some of the biochemical activities of the cell.

Question 9.
Observe the following slides under the microscope and draw their pictures. Write the cell organelles in them.
Answer:

Organelles present in Amoeba :
Nucleus, contractile vacuole, food vacuole etc.

Organelles present in Euglena :
Nucleus, chloroplasts, contractile vacuole, reservoir, paraflagellar body, endosome etc.

Cell organelles present in Paramoecium :
Anterior and posterior contractile vacuoles, micronucleus, macronucleus, cytostome, cytopyge, food vacuole etc.

Question 10.
Collect the names and photographs of scientists helped for the development of cell biology. Give brief note on them.
Answer:

• 1632 – 1723 Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek constructed simple microscope and draws protozoa, verticella from rain water and bacterium from his mouth.
• 1665 Robert Hooke discover cells in Cork, then in living plant tissues using an early compound microscope.
• In 1831 Robert Brown discovered nucleus. In 1839 Purkinje coined the term protoplasm.
• In 1839 Theodar Schwann and M.J. Schleiden proposed cell theory.
• 1855 – Rudolf Carl Virchow observed cell division.
• 1931 – Earnest Ruska built first transmission electron microscope.
• 1953 – Watson & Crick made their first announcement on the double helix structure of DNA.
• Albert Claude, father of cell biology awarded Nobel prize for Physiology (Medicine) in 1974.
• 1981 – Lynn Margulis published symbiosis in cell evolution detailing the endosymbiotic theory.

9th Class Biology 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What happens if there are no mitochondria in eukaryotic cell?
Answer:
If Mitochondria are absent in Eukaryotes, the energy required to perform all cellular activities will not be released. Hence, all the biological activities occurring in the cell will be stopped ultimately. This leads to the death of the eukaryotic cell.

Question 2.
What are the differences between protoplasm and cytoplasm?
Answer:

• Protoplasm is the content of the cell including the cell membrane, cytoplasm and the cell nucleus.
• Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance surrounding the nucleus within the cell membrane. The cytoplasm contains the cell organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.

Question 3.
a) Identify the figure and write the parts.
b) Write a short note on the above figure.

Answer:
a)

1. Matrix
2. Cristae
3. Inner membrane
4. Outer membrane

b)

1. The above shown cell organelle is mitochondria.
2. It performs cellular respiration and releases energy required for all cellular activities.
3. Mitochondria is also known as “Power house of the cell”.
4. Mitochondria are made up of a double membrane wall. The inner membrane of the wall protrudes into the interior in folds and forms structures called cristae.
5. The space between cristae is filled with a fluid known as the matrix.

Question 4.
Write the functions of the following cell organelles.

Answer:

• Mitochondria performs cellular respiration. They release energy for all biological activities of the cell.
• Chloroplasts trap the solar energy and helpful in photosynthesis through which plants derive their food.

Question 5.
a) Draw a neat labelled diagram of a plant cell.
b) Write the functions of endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer:
a)

b) Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum :

1. The ER is to serve as channels for the transport of materials between various regions of the cytoplasm or between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
2. It is the site of many bio – chemical activities in the cell.
3. It helps in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
4. In vertebrate liver cells, SER plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs.

Question 6.
What does the modern cell theory propose?
Answer:
i) All living organisms are composed of cells and products of the cells.
ii) All cells arise from the pre existing cells.

Question 7.
What happens if lysosomes are absent in the cell?
Answer:
The materials that need to be destroyed are sent to lysosomes. They release the enzymes and digest them. If lysosomes are not present, the harmful substances which are dangerous to the cell would not be destroyed. The cell may die.

Question 8.
Name the chemical substance used in cheek cell lab activity.
Answer:
Methylene blue

Question 9.
Describe the nucleus of cell with the help of a well labelled diagram.

Answer:

• The membrane that encloses the nucleus and separates it from contents of cytoplasm is known as nuclear membrane.
• The entire genetic material of the cell is found in the nucleus.
• The nucleus has fluid like substance called nucleoplasm.
• In the centro of the nucleus, we can see a round shaped structure called nucleolus.
• Nucleus controls and regulates all the activities of the cell.
• Nucleus is closely involved in the process of cell division.

WorkBook Part

1. Write an activity to observe the nucleus in cheek cells.
2. Write a brief notes about mitochondria with help of the diagram.
3. Draw the diagram of Nucleus and label its parts.
4. Write name of the following figure and write its parts.
5. Write the name of the following figure and write its parts.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term tissue? (AS 1)
Answer:
Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and function.
Eg : Nerve tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue etc.

Question 2.
Show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres with diagrams. (AS 1)
Answer:

Question 3.
What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle? (AS 1)
Answer:
Specific function of the cardiac muscle :

1. Cardiac muscle present in the heart.
2. It is responsible for pumping of blood.

Question 4.
Differentiate between striated and unstriated muscles on the basis of their shape and site/location in the body. (AS 1)
Answer:

Striated muscle	Unstriated muscle
Shape : Cells in striated muscle are long cylindrical and unbranched.	Cells in unstriated muscle are long with pointed ends.
Site / Location : These are located in limbs and attached to skeleton.	These are located in Alimentary canal, blood vessels, Iris of the eye, in uterus and in the bronchi of lungs.

Question 5.
Draw a neatly labelled diagram of a neuron. (AS 3)
Answer:

Question 6.
Name the following. (AS 1)
a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
c) Tissue that transports food in animals.
d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
e) Connective tissue present in the brain.
Answer:
a) Epithelial cells
b) Tendon
c) Connective tissue/blood
d) Adipose tissue
e) Areolar tissue

Question 7.
Identify the types of tissue in the following : Linings of the organs, skin, bone, internal lining of kidney tubule. (AS 1)
Answer:

Linings of the organs	Epithelial tissue
Skin	Stratified squamous epithelium(epithelial tissue)
Bone	Connective tissue
Internal lining of Kidney tubule	Cuboidal epithelial tissue.

Question 8.
If the platelets are not present in the blood, what happens? (AS 2)
Answer:

• If the platelets are not present in the blood, blood loss may be more from the injury.
• Whenever a blood vessel is injured, at the site of injury formation of a blood clot will not takes place.
• The wound will not be sealed by the clot.

Question 9.
If you touch at elbow, you get a shock like feeling. Why? (AS 7)
Answer:

• In human beings ulnar nerve runs from the shoulder to the hand.
• The ulnar nerve comes close to the surface near the elbow.
• Due to the superficial location it is not protected by muscle, fat or other soft tissues.
• Thinner skin layer around bone at elbow makes ulnar nerve more receptive for any small stimuli.
• That is the reason for getting a shock like feeling if we touch at elbow.

Question 10.
Why the blood is called a connective tissue?
Answer:
Connective tissue :
A loosely spaced tissue mainly carrying different materials to different parts of the body as well as rendering support, making connection between organs is called connective tissue.

Blood is considered as connective tissue because of the following reasons.

1. Blood connects different organs of our body together by carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other signaling molecules and removing the waste.
2. It has all the three components of connective tissue i.e., cells, fibers and matrix.
3. Similar to other connective tissues, blood is rich in fibres like collagen fibers and blood clotting fibres.
4. Blood originates from the mesodermal layer of the embryo from which all other connective tissues also originate.

Question 11.
Write the procedure to identify your blood group with the help of kit. (As 3)
Answer:
Aim :
Identification of blood group.

Apparatus :
Blood identification kit, glass slide, wax pencil, disposable needle.

Materials used :
Cotton, 70/6 alcohol, toothpicks.

Procedure:

1. Take one porcelain plate, clean and dry it.
2. With a wax pencil, draw three circles on the plate to divide the surface into three parts and draw three circles.
3. Place one drop of the corresponding antiserum near the edge of the circles.
4. Clean the fingertip with an alcohol and let it dry.
5. Press on the bottom of the fingertip with the thumb and quickly prick the fingertip with the help, of a needle.
6. Quickly, let one drop of blood get into each circle, but not touching the anti-serum.
7. Apply gently pressure to the wound with cotton ball.
8. Use a toothpick to mix the blood and anti-serum and stir gently.
9. Watch to see if any of the samples show agglutination.

Result and Inference :
By using the following table determine the blood group.

Anti – A	Anti – B	Type
Yes	No	A
No	Yes	B
Yes	Yes	AB
No	No	O

If agglutination occurs in anti – RhD serum, the Rh factor is positive, and if it does not . the Rh factor is negative.

Note :
1. See the needle is sterile.
2. Usually choose left ring finger.
3. Don’t use same needle to other body.

Question 12.
Ramu felt weak. Ramu’s father took him to hospital. The doctor advised a blood test. The report says that he does not have the required levels of haemoglobin. What are its ill effects?
Answer:
Ill effects of haemoglobin :

• Blood is red in colour due to the presence of red coloured protein called haemoglobin.
• Haemoglobin helps in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Low haemoglobin is the main cause for anemia.
• If there is not enough haemoglobin in blood. The oxygen supply to various parts will be less, which causes shortness of breath.
• Low haemoglobin levels many aggravate extant heart problems.
• People with low haemoglobin levels get very tired as their cells do not get enough oxygen to perform their activities.

Question 13.
How blood test is useful to diagnose the disease? Explain with daily life situation. (AS 1)
Answer:

• Blood test is useful to diagnose diseases such as malaria, typhoid, cancer, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, anemia coronary heart disease, abnormalities in the functioning of kidney, liver, thyroid, etc.
• Abnormal red blood cell levels might be a sign of anemia. Dehydration, bleeding, and other disorder.
• Complete blood count with differential can measure the amounts of different types of white blood cells in our body.
• Abnormal white blood cell levels might be a sign of infection, blood cancer or an immune system disorder.
• Abnormal platelet levels might be a sign of a bleeding disorder or thrombotic disorder.
• Abnormal haemoglobin levels might be a sign of anemia, sickle cell anemia or thalassemia.
• Abnormal glucose levels in the blood might be a sign of diabetes.
• Abnormal calcium levels in the blood might suggest kidney problems, bone disease, thyroid disease, cancer, or malnutrition.
• Abnormal electrolyte levels might be a sign of dehydration, kidney disease, liver disease, heart failure or high B.P.
• Abnormal Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels might suggest a kidney disease.
• High levels of enzymes like Troponin and creatine kinase is a sign of Heart attack.
• Abnormal cholestrol or triglyceride levels might be a sign of increased risk of coronary heart disease.
• Abnormal coagulation pannel test results might suggest risk of bleeding or developing clots in blood vessels.
• Existence of microorganisms or their antibodies in the blood suggest occurence of corresponding disease.
  E.g. : Plasmodium – Malaria, HIV – AIDS etc.

Question 14.
Collect the old blood reports of your friends/relatives and prepare a project report on the contents of the blood.
Answer:
On collection and observation of old blood reports I came to know that the contents of blood should present in definite proportions such as.

Content of blood	Lower and upper limits
WBC	5.0 – 10.0 103 cells / ul
RBC	3.5 -5.5  106 cells/ul
HgB	Men 12 -16 g/dL; Women 9.9 – 13 g/dL
PLT (Platelet count)	1.0-3.0 105 cells/ ul
Neutrophil	40 – 75%
Lymphocytes	20 – 45%
Eosinophil	1 – 6%
Basophil	0-1%
Monocyte	0-3%

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 29

Question 1.
Why do old people shiver in winter when compared to youngsters? Is there any insulator like substance to prevent the escape of heat energy during winter?
Answer:

• Old people shivers in winter when compared to youngsters.
• They didn’t have enough fat storages below the skin.
• Fat storing adipose tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs.
• The cells of this tissue are filled with fat globules.
• Storage of fat also acts as insulator.

Question 2.
Which tissue gives definite shape to body of vertebrae?
Answer:

• Bone is one type of connective tissue.
• It forms the frame work that supports the body.
• It is a major component of the skeletal system of several vertebrae.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 34

Question 3.
During winter, body shivers. Why?
Answer:

• When the body is exposed to cold air, we shiver.
• During shivering muscles contract and relax and produce large amount of heat.
• This keeps the body heat.
• It is one type of defensive mechanism of the body.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 30

Question 4.
Blood is a type of connective tissue. Why is it called connective tissue?
Answer:
Blood is considered as connective tissue because of the following reasons.

1. Blood connects different organs of our body together by carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other signaling molecules and removing the waste.
2. It has all the three components of connective tissue i.e., cells, fibers, and matrix.
3. Similar to other connective tissues, blood is rich in fibres like collagen fibers and blood clotting fibres.
4. Blood originates from the mesodermal layer of the embryo from which ail other connective tissues also originate.

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues Activities

Lab Activity – 1

Question 1.
Aim:
Identification of tissue in collected sample.

Apparatus:
Microscope, slide, dilute HCl, forceps, brush.

Procedure:

1. Collect a small piece of chicken with bone from your nearby chicken centres or market.
2. Put it in dilute HCl for two hours.
3. Take the skin part of chicken piece.
4. Place the material with forceps or brush on the slide
5. Then keep the another slide on it and press both the slides gently.
6. Place a cover slip tap on it and observe under microscope.
7. Draw the diagram of what you have observed under microscope in your notebook.
8. Compare your diagram with the given picture.

Answer these questions.
1. Are all the cells similar?
Answer:
Yes. All the cells are similar.

2. How are they arranged?
Answer:
They are arranged in layers. Each cell is round and nucleated. Observed diagram

3. Are these cells tightly packed and formed as continuous sheath?
Answer:
Yes. The cells are tightly packed and formed as continuous sheath.

4. Is there any intercellular space?
Answer:
No. There is no intercellular space.

5. Think, why these cells look like continuous sheath.
Answer:
These cells are look like continuous sheath because there is no intercellular space and the cells are tightly packed.

6. Does this tissue covering protect inside and outside of the animal body?
Answer:
Yes. This tissue covering protect inside and outside of the animal body.

Question 2.
Aim:
Identification of tissue in collected sample.

Apparatus:
Microscope, slide, blood sample, syringe, cotton.

Procedure:

1. Take a sterilized syringe needle.
2. Collect one drop of blood from finger tip by pricking with syringe needle.
3. Take a slide. Keep the finger on the slide to collect one drop of blood.
4. Put another slide on it gently and press both :
5. Observe under microscope.
6. Draw the diagram of what you observe L microscope in your notebook. Compare diagram with the given picture.
   In this procedure we can identify red blood

Question 3.
Aim:
Identification of tissue in collected sample

Apparatus:
Microscope, slide, dilute HCl, vinegar, forceps.

Procedure:

1. Take a piece of muscle of chicken.
2. Put in diluted HCl or vinegar and leave it for two hours.
3. Next morning collect the piece of muscle on a slide with forceps.
4. Press gently with another slide, put few drops of water and place a cover slip on it.
5. Observe under microscope. Observed diagram
6. Draw the diagram what you have observed under microscope in your notebook. Compare your diagram with the above picture.

Answer these questions.

1. How are the cells arranged?
Answer:
Cells are arranged in layers one above the other.

2. Do you find any difference between skin cells and muscle cells?
Answer:
Muscle cells are long and nucleated.

3. If you want to observe the bone tissue in the chicken bone, settle it in vinegar or diluted HCl over night. Then only the bone becomes soft. Take a piece from it by using knife. Do you find any relation among these tissues?
Answer:
Usually muscle tissue is attached to bones.

4. Is this tissue useful for movements in our body?
Answer:
Yes. This tissue is useful for movements in our body.

Activity – 1

Question 4.
1. Collect the substance lining of mouth by using wooden spoon and observe this under microscope.
2. Draw the diagram that you observed in the microscope, in your notebook.
a) How are the cells arranged?
Answer:
Cells are extremely thin and flat and form a delicate lining.

b) Are there any intercellular spaces?
Answer:
No. Intercellular spaces are absent.

c) Think, why are the epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers?
Answer:

Because skin has to protect our body from cold, heat etc.

d) If you drink hot tea or chilled cool drink, how would you feel?
Answer:
Inner layers of our mouth cannot bear hot tea or chilled cool drink. We immediately spill hot or cold substances from our mouth.

e) If your skin burns or wounded, which tissue would effected ?
Answer:
Epithelial tissue.

Activity – 2

Question 5.
1. Take a permanent slide of cuboidal epithelium from your laboratory slide box and observe under microscope.
2. Draw the picture in your notebook.
3. How are the cells arranged?
Answer:
The cells are compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.

4. Conclusion :
These are the cuboidal epithelial cells which form the lining of organs or tubules or other parts and provide mainly mechanical support.

Activity – 3

Question 6.
1. Take a permanent slide of columnar epithelium from the slide box and observe under microscope.
2. Draw the figure that you observed under microscope. Observed diagram
3. How are the cells? Do you find any hair like projections on the outer surface of epithelial cells?

Answer:
a) The cells are long, compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
b) Hair like projections are present on the outer surface of these cells.
c) These type of epithelial cells are present in the small intestine.

Activity – 4

Question 7.
1. Invite a scientist or doctor to your place.
2. Record an interview about blood structure and its functions.
3. It is important to make a questionnaire in order to conduct an interview.
4. After completion of interview, prepare a booklet about blood and display it on bulletin board or classroom library.

Booklet about blood.

1. Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
2. There are different types of cells in blood and each one has a different function.
3. All the cells in the blood cells float freely in the plasma.
4. Extracellular space is filled with fluid called plasma. There are no fibres in the blood.
5. Normal adult human beings have about 5 litres of blood. A chief component in plasma is water.
6. Besides water it also has several nutrients such as glucose, aminoacids, proteins, vitamins and hormones.
7. Plasma also contain factors responsible for blood clotting. Heparine helps to prevent blood clotting in blood vessels.
8. Cells present in blood are corpuscles. They are three types l.RBC, 2. WBC, 3. Blood platelets.
9. Red blood cells are also known as erythrocytes. They are red in colour due to the presence of haemoglobin.
10. haemoglobin helps in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
11. When we are in mother’s womb, RBC are formed in the liver and spleen. After birth RBC are generated from the bone marrow of long bone.
12. RBC live for 120 days.
13. The second type of cells present in blood are white blood cells, which do not have haemoglobin. Hence they are called leucocytes.
14. There are two types of cells in WBC – granulocytes and agranulocytes.
15. There are three types of cells in the granulocytes – Neutrophils, Basophils and Esinophils.
16. These cells attack and destroy the microorganisms that enter the blood.
17. There are two types of agranulocytes – lymphocytes and monocytes.
18. Lymphocytes secret anti – bodies to guard against foreign material that enter into blood. So they are called microscopic policemen.
19. Monocytes move like amoeba and along with granulocytes. The foreign materials are destroyed inside these cells. They are called as ‘scavengers’.
20. Blood platelets are a separate group of cells which do not have a nucleus. They help in blood clotting.

Lab Activity – 2

Question 8.
Aim:
Identification of blood group.

Apparatus:
Blood identification kit, glass slide, wax pencil, disposable needle, cotton, tooth picks, 70% alcohol.

Kit components:

Components	Quantity (100 tests)
1. anti-A sera	5 ml
2. anti-B sera	5 ml
3. anti-RhD sera	5 ml
4. porcelaine white plate	2
5. wax pencil	1
6. needle (24G)	100
7. instructional mannual	1

Procedure:

1. Take one porcelain plate, clean and dry it. The plate must be very clean so that it does not interfere with the reaction.
2. With a wax pencil, draw three circles on the plate to divide the surface into three parts and draw three circles, one in each part as shown in figure.
3. Place one drop of the corresponding antiserum near the edge but within each of the circles as shown in figure.
4. Choose a left ring finger clean it with alcohol in a cotton ball and let it dry. Keep the cotton ball nearby, as it is needed again. Dangle the hand down to increase the amount of blood in the fingers.
5. Press on the bottom of the finger tip with the thumb of the same hand and quickly prick the finger tip with the help of a needle.
6. Quickly, let one drop of blood get into each circle but not touching the anti-sera.
7. After putting three drops of blood, apply gentle pressure to the wound with cotton ball.
8. Use a toothpick to mix the blood and antiserum and stir gently. Do it for each of the circles using a fresh toothpick every time.
9. Watch to see if any of the samples show agglutination.

Result and inference :
Determine the blood type depending on the result. Following table can be used to determine the blood type :

Anti – A	Anti – B	Type
Yes	No	A
No	Yes	B
Yes	Yes	AB
No	No	0

If agglutination occurs in anti-RhD serum, the Rh factor is positive; and if it does not, the Rh factor is negative.

Result should be noted in the given table :

Name	Blood group
Ramu	O
Gopal	B
Krishna	AB
Apparao	A
Gupta	B

Activity – 5

Question 9.
Collect three types of muscle slides (Striated muscles, Non-striated muscles, Cardiac muscles) from slide box. Then observe these under microscope. Write your findings in the following table.

Activity – 6

Question 10.
Collect the slide of nerve cells from the slide box. Observe it under microscope. Write your findings.
Answer:

1. We can identify three distinct parts in nerve cells.
2. They are
   1. Cell body or cyton,
   2. Axon and
   3. Dendrites
3. Cell body or cyton has a large nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains granular structure called Nissal’s granules.
4. Projections arising from the cell body are called dendrites. They are sharp, branched, more in number.
5. One projection of the cyton is somewhat longer than remaining projections. This is called axon.
6. Nerve cell is covered with myeline sheath. Nodes of Ranvier are present in myelin sheath.