Mahesh

Andhra Pradesh AP Board 3rd Class Telugu Solutions 6th Lesson మేమే మేక పిల్ల Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 3rd Class Telugu Solutions Chapter 6 మేమే మేక పిల్ల

చిత్రం చూడండి. ఆలోచించి మాట్లాడండి.

ప్రశ్నలకు జవాబులు చెప్పండి.

ప్రశ్న 1.
చిత్రంలోని సన్నివేశాల గురించి మాట్లాడండి ?
జవాబు:
మొదటి చిత్రంలో – పై నున్న పెద్ద చిత్రంలో ఒక పిల్లవాడు – ఒక పెద్దాయనను చేయి పుచ్చుకుని నడిపిస్తున్నాడు. ఇది పెద్దల పట్ల గౌరవం, మానవత్వం.

క్రింద ఉన్న చిత్రంలో – కింద పడిన పిల్లాడిని మరొక పిల్లాడు చేయందించి సహాయం చేస్తున్నాడు. ఇది తోటి వారి పట్ల ఉండాల్సిన స్నేహభావం, మానవత్వం.

మరొక చిత్రంలో – నేల మీద నీళ్ళను తుడిచి ఇంటిని శుభ్రం చేస్తున్నది. ఒక చిన్నారి. ఇది ఇంటి పట్ల ఉండాల్సిన జాగ్రత్త. ఉండవలసిన మంచి లక్షణాలలో పరిశుభ్రత ఒకటి.

ప్రశ్న 2.
చిత్రంలో ఎవరెవరు ఏం చేస్తున్నారు ?
జవాబు:
చిన్నతనం నుండే సామాజిక సృహ కలిగి, సేవాధర్మంతో మెలిగే విధానం ఈ మూడు చిత్రాలలో కనిపిస్తున్నది. నడవలేని పెద్దాయనకు – చేయి పుచ్చుకుని నడిపించడం, కింద పడిన తోటి బాలుడికి చేయందించి లేపటం, ఎవరికీ ఇబ్బంది కలగకుండా కింద పడిన నీటిని వెంటనే శుభ్రం చేయడం అనే పనులు చేస్తున్నారు చిన్నారులు.

ప్రశ్న 3.
మీ తోటి పిల్లలతో మీరు ఎలా ఉంటారు?
జవాబు:
నాతోటి పిల్లలతో స్నేహభావంతో ఉంటాను. ఇచ్చి పుచ్చుకునే గుణం కలిగి ఉంటాను. సహాయకారిగా ఉంటాను. మంచి మాట కలిగి ఉంటాను. అందరూ ఇష్టపడే ప్రవర్తన, గుణాలు కలిగి ఉంటాను.

పిల్లలూ! పై చిత్రం నుండి మీరు రాయగలిగినన్ని పదాలు రాయండి:
జవాబు:

1. పెద్దాయన, తాతగారు
2. చేతి కర్ర
3. కాళ్ళకు చెప్పులు
4. చిన్న పిల్లవాడు
5. చిన్న పిల్ల
6. తుడుపు కర్ర
7. నీరు
8. నీళ్ళ లోటాలు
9. బకెట్
10. తలుపు

ఇవి చేయండి

వినడం – ఆలోచించి మాట్లాడటం

ప్రశ్న 1.
పాఠంలోని చిత్రాన్ని చూడండి. ఎవరెవరున్నారో! ఏం చేస్తున్నారో చెప్పండి.
జవాబు:
మొదటి చిత్రంలో – ఏరు, ఆకులతో ఊగిపోతున్న కొమ్మ, మేమే (మేమే)
రెండవ చిత్రంలో – కట్టెలతో మండుతున్న మంట, మేమే
మూడవ చిత్రంలో – చెట్టు చుట్టుకున్న ముళ్ళ కంచె, గాలి, మేమే
నాల్గవ చిత్రంలో – వంటవాడు, మేమే ఉన్నారు.
వీళ్ళందరూ ఢిల్లీ వెళ్తున్న మేమేను సాయం కోరుతున్నారు. మేమే వంటవాడిని సాయం కోరింది.

ప్రశ్న 2.
మేకపిల్లకు ఎవరెవరెదురయ్యారో, ఏమిని అడిగారో చెప్పండి.
జవాబు:

1. మేకపిల్లకు మొదట ప్రవహిస్తున్న ఏరు ఎదురైంది. దానికి అడ్డంగా ఒక కొమ్మ పడి ఉంది. ఆ ఏరు మేక పిల్లతో…… మేక పిల్లా….. మేకపిల్లా! కొమ్మ నాకు బరువుగా ఉంది. దీని ఆకులన్నీ తినమని కోరింది.
2. తోవలో మంట కనిపించి “ మేకపిల్లా…. మేకపిల్లా…! నేను ఆరిపోతున్నాను, కొంచెం నాలుగు పుల్లలు ఎగదోయమ్మా ! అని అడిగింది.
3. దారిలో యింకొంచెం ముందు కెళ్ళాక చెట్టుకు ఆనుకుని చల్లగా వీచె ‘గాలి’ ఎదురై…. మేకపిల్లా!… మేకపిల్లా!…. ఈ చెట్టూ చుట్టి ఉన్న ముళ్ళకంచెను జరపవా! గుచ్చు కుంటున్నాయి. అని కోరింది.

ప్రశ్న 3.
మేకపిల్లకు వంటవాడు కాకుండా రాజు ఎదురయితే ఏమి జరిగి ఉండేదో ఊహించి చెప్పండి.
జవాబు:
మేకకు రాజును చూసిన ఆనందం కలిగింది. రాజుగారు ముచ్చటపడి మేకపిల్లను తనతో పాటు తీసికెళ్ళి వంటవాడికి ఇచ్చేవాడు. వంటవాడు తనపని తాను పూర్తి చేసేవాడు. కొన్ని జీవితాలింతే……. “తనకు మాలిన ఆశలు అనర్ధదాయకాలు” ఎవరు ఎక్కడ ఉండాలో అక్కడే ఉండాలి – అప్పుడే క్షేమం. ఇది సృష్టి ధర్మం .

ప్రశ్న 4.
మీరు మేకపిల్ల స్థానంలో ఉంటే ఏం చేసేవారో చెప్పండి?
జవాబు:
1వ జవాబు : అమ్మమాట వింటాను. అమ్మ చెప్పింది చేస్తాను. అమ్మకు చెప్పకుండా ఏ పని చేయను. ఆపదలను కొని తెచ్చుకోను.

2వ జవాబు : జీవితంలో ఎప్పుడూ! ఎక్కడ ఎవరితో అవసరం ఏర్పడుతుందో తెలియదు కనుక- దారిలో ఎదురైన గాలికి, నిప్పుకు, నీటికి సాయం చేస్తాను. ఆపదలో వాటి సాయాన్ని పొంది బయటపడతాను.

చదవడం – వ్యక్త పరచడం

అ) కింది మాటలు ఎవరు ఎవరితో అన్నారో పాఠంలో గుర్తించి రాయండి.

ప్రశ్న 1.
“అమ్మా నాకు తీరిక లేదు. ఢిల్లీకి పోవాలి, రాజును చూడాలి”
జవాబు:
(మేక) “మే మే” – ఏరుతో పలికినది.

ప్రశ్న 2.
” కొంచెం నాలుగు పుల్లలు ఏగదోయమ్మా”
జవాబు:
మంట – మేమేతో పలికినది.

ప్రశ్న 3.
“ఓహూ అలాగా, నేను రాజు దగ్గరే ఉంటా. నాతోరా చూపిస్తా” .
జవాబు:
వంటవాడు మేమేతో పలికాడు.

ప్రశ్న 4.
“చూశావా మరి. నీవు ఎవరికీ సాయం చేయలేదు. మరి నీకెవరు సాయం చేస్తారు?”
జవాబు:
గాలి – మేమేతో పలికినది.

ఆ) కింది పేరాను చదవండి. కింద ఇచ్చిన ప్రశ్నలకు జవాబులు రాయండి.

అనగనగా ఒక కూరగాయల తోట. ఆ తోటలోని కూరగాయలకు పక్షుల్లా ఎగరాలని కోరిక. వనదేవత వరంతో వాటికి రెక్కలు వచ్చాయి. కూరగాయలు ఎగరటం ప్రారంభించాయి. దొండ, కాకర, మిరప హుషారుగా ఎగిరాయి. సొరకాయ, గుమ్మడి కాయలు ఎగరలేక ఆయాస పడుతున్నాయి. క్యారెట్టు, ముల్లంగి, బెండ చక్కర్లు కొడుతూ ఎగురుతున్నాయి.

అంతలో ఒక పక్షుల గుంపు కూరగాయల పై దాడి చేసింది. పక్షులు పొడుస్తుంటే తప్పించుకోవడానికి కూరగాయలు – నానా తిప్పలు పడ్డాయి. చివరకి ఎలాగోలా తప్పించుకోవడానికి తోటలోకి చేరాయి. వనదేవతను ప్రార్థించి తమకు రెక్కలు వద్దన్నాయి. తిరిగి వాటి యథాస్థానానికి చేరిపోయాయి.

ప్రశ్న 1.
పై పేరాలో ఉన్న కూరగాయల పేర్లు రాయండి.
జవాబు:
దొండకాయ, కాకర, మిరప, సొరకాయ, గుమ్మడి, క్యారెట్టు, ముల్లంగి, బెండ.

ప్రశ్న 2.
కూరగాయలకు కలిగిన కోరిక ఏమిటి?
జవాబు:
కూరగాయలకు పక్షుల్లా ఎగరాలని కోరిక. కలగింది.

ప్రశ్న 3.
కూరగాయలు చివరకు వనదేవతను ఏమిని ప్రార్థించాయి?
జవాబు:
తమకు రెక్కలు వద్దని ప్రార్థించాయి.

ప్రశ్న 4.
పక్షులు కూరగాయలను ఏమి చేశాయి?
జవాబు:
పక్షులు కూరగాయల పై దాడి చేశాయి. పొడిచి పొడిచి తిప్పలు పెట్టాయి.

ఇ) అ- అభ్యాసంలో ఇచ్చిన పేరా ఆధారంగా కింది వాక్యాలలోని ఖాళీలను పూరించండి.

ప్రశ్న 1.
………………………. వరంతో కూరగాయలకు రెక్కలు వచ్చాయి.
జవాబు:
వనదేవత

ప్రశ్న 2.
…………………….. ఎగరలేక ఆయాసపడ్డాయి.
జవాబు:
సొరకాయ, గుమ్మడికాయ

ప్రశ్న 3.
కూరగాయల ………………………. గుంపు దాడి చేసింది.
జవాబు:
పక్షులు

ప్రశ్న 4.
కూరగాయలు తప్పించుకొని ……………………. లోకి చేరాయి.
జవాబు:
తోట

పదజాలం

అ) ముందు పాఠంలో ‘వికటకవి’ కథను చదివారు కదా! ‘వికటకవి’ పదం ఎటునుండి చదివినా ఒకేలా ఉంటుంది. వీటిని భ్రమక పదాలు అని అంటారు. కింద భ్రమక పదాలను చదవండి. అలాంటివి మరికొన్ని మీరు రాయండి.
ఉదా :
జలజ
మిసిమి
ముత్యము
కిటికి
జవాబు:
ఫులుపు
కనుకు
విరివి
కలక
కులుకు
వారెవా

ఆ) కింది ఆధారాలతో గళ్ళమ పూరించి మాటలు తయారు చేయండి.

1. గోడకు కొట్టేవి (   )
2. పశువులకు వేసేది (   )
3. భవనానికి మరో పేరు (   )
4. పొలం దున్నడానికి ఉపయోగించేది  (   )
5. పక్షిని ఇలా కూడా పిలుస్తారు (   )
6. చెక్కతో చేసేది (  )

జవాబు:

1. గోడకు కొట్టేవి   ( మేకులు )
2. పశువులకు వేసేది   ( మేత )
3. భవనానికి మరో పేరు   ( మేడ )
4. పొలం దున్నడానికి ఉపయోగించేది   ( అరక )
5. పక్షిని ఇలా కూడా పిలుస్తారు   ( పికం )
6. చెక్కతో చేసేది  ( బల్ల)

స్వీయరచన

అ) కింది ప్రశ్నలకు సొంత మాటల్లో జవాబులు రాయండి.

ప్రశ్న 1.
పాఠం ఆధారంగా మేకపిల్లకు ఎదురైన సంఘటనల గురించి రాయండి.
జవాబు:
‘ఢిల్లీ వెళదాం- రాజును చూద్దాం’ అని పాడుకుంటూ పరిగెత్తుతున్న మేకపిల్లకు దారి మధ్యలో ఒక ఏరు ఎదురైంది. ఆ ఏరు తనకు అడ్డంగా పడి ఉన్న కొమ్మకున్న ఆకులను తినమని అడిగింది మేకపిల్లను. అమ్మో! నాకు తీరిక లేదు ఢిల్లీ పోవాలి రాజును చూడాలి అని పరిగెత్తుతున్న మేకపిల్లకు తోవలో ఒక మంట ఎదురైంది. ‘నేను ఆరిపోతున్నాను’ ‘కొంచెం నాలుగు పుల్లలు ఎగదోయమ్మా’ అని అడిగింది.

అమ్మో! ఢిల్లీకి వెళ్ళాలి. రాజును చూడాలి. నాకు తీరిక లేదని పరిగెడుతున్న మేకపిల్లకు దారిలో ఒక చెట్టు ఎదురైంది. ఆ చెట్టుమీదగా వచ్చే ‘గాలి’ మేకపిల్లను ఆపి- మేకపిల్లా ! మేకపిల్లా! కాస్త ఆ చెట్టుకు చుట్టూ ఉన్న ముళ్ళ కంచెను జరపవూ – నాకు ముళ్ళు గుచ్చుకుంటున్నాయి అని అడిగింది.

అమ్మో! నేను ఢిల్లీ వెళుతున్నా, రాజును చూడాలి నాకు తీరకలేదు ఫో ఫో అని పరిగెడుతున్న మేకపిల్ల ఢిల్లీలో అడుగు పెట్టింది. ఆ గందరగోళం చూసి ఎటు వెళ్ళాలో తెలియక ఆలోచిస్తున్నది. అంతలో- రాజుగారి కోటలోని వంటవాడిని ఆశ్రయించింది. వంటవాడు మేకపిల్లను తెచ్చి వండబోయాడు.

ప్రశ్న 2.
మే మే మేకపిల్లకు గాలి ఏమని హితబోధ చేసింది?
జవాబు:
గాలికి జాలివేసి ” చూశావా మరీ, నీవు ఎవరికీ సాయం చేయలేదు. మరి నీకెవరు సాయం చేస్తారు! అని హిత బోధ చేసింది.

ప్రశ్న 3.
మీరెప్పుడైనా అమ్మ వద్దన్న పనులు చేసారా? ఏమిటవి?
జవాబు:
విద్యార్థి కృత్యము.

సృజనాత్మకత

అ) కింది చిత్రాల ఆధారంగా సంభాషణలు రాయండి.

జవాబు:
గాలి : నువ్వు చాలా మారిపోయావు
మేక : అవును ఇకనుండి మనం స్నేహితులం

జవాబు:
నిప్పు : నువ్వు చాలా మారిపోయావు
మేక : అవును ఇకనుండి మనం స్నేహితులం

జవాబు:
ఏరు : నువ్వు చాలా మారిపోయావు
మేక : అవును ఇకనుండి మనం స్నేహితులం

ప్రశంస

మీ ఇంటికి వచ్చిన స్నేహితులను మీరు ఎట్లా గౌరవిస్తారో చెప్పండి.
జవాబు:
ముందుగా సాదరంగా ప్రేమతో లోపలకి ఆహ్వానిస్తాను. కుర్చీలు చూపించి కూర్చోమంటాను. త్రాగటానికి మంచినీరు ఇస్తాను. వాళ్ళ రాకకు కారణం తెలుసుకుని వారితో చక్కటి సంభాషణ చేస్తాను. వారు నానుండి కోరుకుంటున్న విషయానికి సాయం చేస్తాను.

వారు వచ్చిన సమయాన్ని బట్టి అల్పాహారానికి గాని, భోజనానికి గాని, ఆహ్వానించి అమ్మ చేసిన రుచికర మిఠాయిలను గాని తినిపిస్తాను. వారిపట్ల ఈ విధంగా స్నేహ పూరిత గౌరవాన్ని చూపిస్తాను.

ప్రాజెక్టుపని

ఏవైనా జంతువుల కథలను సేకరించి మీ తరగతిలో ప్రదర్శించండి.
జవాబు:
విద్యార్థి కృత్యము.

భాషాంశాలు

అ) కింది వాక్యాలు చదవండి. గీత గీసిన పదాలు గమనించండి.

1. విజయ్ తెలివైన బాలుడు
   అతడు మూడవ తరగతి చదువుతున్నాడు.
   

మొదటి వాక్యంలో ‘విజయ్’ నామవాచక పదం కదా! రెండవ వాక్యంలో ‘అతను’ అనే పదాన్ని ‘విజయ్’కి బదులుగా వాడారు. ఇలా నామవాచకాలకు బదులుగా వాడే పదాలను సర్వనామాలు’ అంటారు.
అతడు, ఆమె. అది, మేము, నేను, వారు, వీరు మొదలైనవి “సర్వనామాలు”

ఆ) కింది పట్టికలోని సర్వనామాలను గుర్తించి రాయండి.

లత, అతను, ఆమె, వీరు, రాజు, చిలుక, అది, చెట్టు, వారు, ఇతను, మేము, వనజ, బడి, నేను, నీవు మనం
ఉదా : మనం
జవాబు:

1. అతను
2. ఆమె
3. వీరు
4. అది
5. వారు
6. ఇతను
7. మేము
8. నేను
9. నీవు

ఆ) కింది సర్వనామాలను గమనించండి.

నేను  –  మేము/మనం
నీవు  –  మీరు
వాడు/ఆమె  –  వారు/వాళ్లు
వీడు/ఈమె  –  వీరు/వాళ్లు
అది  –  అవి
ఇది  –  ఇవి
జవాబు:
ఏక వచనం  –  బహువచనం
నేను  –  మేము/మనం
నీవు  –  మీరు
వాడు/ఆమె  –  వారు/వాళ్లు
వీడు/ఈమె  –  వీరు/వాళ్లు
అది  –  అవి
ఇది  –  ఇవి

కవి పరిచయం

చందమామ కథలు
1949లో బాపట్లకు చెందిన ఆర్. శకుంతల రచించిన చందమామ కథ

పదాలు – అర్థాలు

బుద్ధి = ఆలోచన
వాలకం = తీరు
గందరగోళం = తికమక
అదృశ్యం = మాయం
పొగరు = గర్వం
తిన్నగ = నేరుగా
మరగడం = కాగడం
కాగు = పెద్ద బిందె

ఈ మాసపు పాట

తెలుగు తోట

పల్లవి :
ఎంత చక్కనిదోయి ఈ తెలుగు తోట
ఎంత పరిమళమోయి ఈ తోట పూలు
|| ఎంత ॥

చరణం :
ఏ నందనమునుండి ఈ నారు తెచ్చిరో
ఏ స్వర్ణనదీజలము ఈ మడుల కెత్తిరో
ఎంత వింతల జాతులీ తోటలో పెరుగు
ఈ తోట ఏపులో ఇంత నవకము విరియ
||ఎంత ||

చరణం:
ఏ అమృత హస్తాల ఏసురలు తాకిరో
ఏ అచ్చెరల మరుపులితీరు దిద్దిరో
ఈ పూల తీరులో ఇంత తీయందనము
ఈ లతల పోకళ్ళ కింత వయ్యారము
|| ఎంత ||

కవి పరిచయం

కవి : కందుకూరి రామభద్రరావు
కాలము : (31-1-1905 – 8-10-1976)
రచనలు : ‘లెమొగ్గ’, ‘తరంగిణి’, ‘గేయమంజరి’
విశేషాలు : కందుకూరి రామభద్రరావు కవి, విద్యావేత్త,

ఈ మాసపు కథ

మేకపోతు గాంభీర్యం

ఒక రోజు ఒక మేక మంద నుండి తప్పిపోయింది. ఇంటిదారి కోసం వెతుకుతూ.. అడివిలోపలికి వెళ్లి పోయింది. చీకటి పడింది. కాని ఇంటికి వెళ్ళే మార్గం కనిపించలేదు. ఏం చేయాలో పాలుపోక అటూ… ఇటూ తిరుగుతున్న దానికి ఒక రాతి గుహ కనిపించింది. అ గుహ లోపలికి వెళ్ళి పడుకుంది.

కొంత సమయం గడిచాక సింహం అక్కడికి వచ్చింది. అ గుహ సింహానిదే . లోపలికి వెళ్ళబోయిన సింహానికి ఆ చికట్లో మిలమిలా మెరుస్తున్న మేక కళ్ళు కనిపించాయి. దాంతో భయపడింది సింహం. లోపలికి వెళ్ళకుండా ఆ రాత్రంతా బయటే కూర్చుంది.

సింహం జాడ పసికట్టిన మేకపోతు కూడా భయంతో గడగడ వణికిపోయింది. ‘ అమ్మో ఇది సింహం గుహా? తెలీక వచ్చి చిక్కుకుపోయాను. దాని కంట్లో పడితే ఇంకేమైనా వుందా! గుటుక్కున మింగేయదూ.. ఎలా ఆపద నుండి గట్టేక్కేది’ అనుకుని వున్న చోటే కూలబడి పోయింది మేకపోతు.

తెల్లవారింది. మేకపోతు దడదడలాడే గుండెను చిక్కబట్టుకుంది. పైకి మాత్రం ధైర్యం ప్రదర్శిస్తూ గుహబయటకు వచ్చింది. ” ఏయ్ ఎవర్నువ్వు? ” సింహాన్ని గద్దించి అడిగింది. ఆ గద్దింపు వినగానే సింహం భయంగా ” అయ్యా నేను ఈ అడివికి రాజుని. తమరెవరు?” అంది.

” నా గురించి నీవు వినలేదా? ఇప్పటి వరకు నేను తోంభై తొమ్మిది సింహాలను చంపి తిన్నాను. నూరు సింహాలను చంపితే కాని నా గెడ్డం తీయనని వ్రతం పట్టాను. నీకోసమే ఎదురు చూస్తు నీ గుహలోనే మాటు వేసాను. నిన్ను చంపితే నా వ్రతం పూర్తవుతుంది” అని మేకపోతు గంభీరంగా అంది.

అంతేకాదు రెండు కాళ్ళు పైకెత్తి సింహం మీదకు దూకడానికి సిద్ధం అయింది. మేకపోతు మాటలు నమ్మిన సింహం భయపడి అక్కడి నుండి పారిపోయింది. ఈ విధంగా ఉపాయంతో అపాయాన్ని తప్పించుకుంది మేకపోతు.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Respiration in Organisms

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Important Questions 11th Lesson Respiration in Organisms

7th Class Science 11th Lesson Respiration in Organisms Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is breathing?
Answer:
The process by which air goes in and out of our body is called breathing.

Question 2.
What is inspiration and expiration ?Explain the term ‘respiration rate’.
Answer:

1. The process of breathing in air is called inspiration and that of breathing out air is called expiration.
2. The number of times we breathe in and breathe out air in a minute is called the respiration rate.

Question 3.
What does our breath contain?
Answer:

1. We know that we inhale and exhale air.
2. The exhaled air is warm and has moisture in it.
3. What we do not know is about the gases our body takes from the inhaled air and throws out in exhaled air.
4. We know that air is a mixture of several gases not only Oxygen and Carbon dioxide, there are others as well. Air also contains several suspended particles.
5. We inhale all these.
6. We exhale Carbon dioxide, Oxygen, Nitrogen and other gases.

Question 4.
How does a fish breathe?
Answer:

1. Observe fishes in an aquarium. Fishes continuously open and close their mouth in water.
2. Why do the flaps on both sides of the head alternately open and close?
   
3. If you look below the flaps, you will see gills. These are the respiratory organs of the fish.
4. The water that enters the mouth flows through both the gills as it comes out of the flaps.
5. The gills absorb the oxygen that is dissolved in the water. This oxygen is carried to different parts of the body.

Question 5.
Describe how does a frog take its breathe.
Answer:

1. We know that frog is able to stay on land, in water and even underground.
2. To breathe on land it has lungs while it goes deep underground and sleeps twice every year, its moist skin takes over the function of its lungs.
   
3. In baby frogs or tadpoles there are special organs like that of fishes called gills.
4. These gills help them to breathe in water by taking in the air dissolved in water.
5. Tadpoles of the frog live only in water but the frog lives either on land or in water. Sometimes you may see frogs under the soil also.
   

Question 6.
Explain the breathing process in cockroach.
Answer:

1. A cockroach has small openings on the sides of its body.
2. Other insects have similar openings.
   
3. On the underside of the cockroach in each segment, there are small holes which are connected through respiratory tubes in a network.
4. These help the cockroach to breathe. These holes are called spiracles.
5. The network of respiratory tubes called trachea take air from these spiracles, circulate it throughout the body, collect it back and send it out through these spiracles.
   
6. To know more about this process you may observe a live cockroach by keeping it covered by a transparent bottle or glass.

Question 7.
Describe how does an earthworm breathe.
Answer:

1. Earthworms breathe through their skin.
2. It is thin and moist with minute holes.
   
3. Through the skin, air passes in and out.
4. The earthworm thus breathes through its whole body surface.

Question 8.
How do plants respire?
Answer:

1. In human beings gaseous exchange with the surroundings takes place through nose and mouth.
2. We know the parts in plants that help in gaseous exchange.
3. They are stomata present on surface of leaves and lenticels present on the surface of stems.
4. They respire through them.

Question 9.
At what time plants respire and photosynthesize?
Answer:

1. In day time plants respire as well as photosynthesize.
2. At night only part of the process of photosynthesis takes place and carbon dioxide is not used up completely by this process.
3. Respiration continues at night also.

Question 10.
What is use of oxygen in hospitals?
Answer:

1. You may have heard of big hospitals keeping cylinders filled with oxygen.
2. When a person has breathing problems he is given oxygen.
3. An oxygen mask is fitted to the nose and mouth of the person and a rubber tube connects the mask to the oxygen cylinder.
4. Sometimes a patient is given oxygen during an operation.

Question 11.
In your opinion does the expiration rate increase or decrease after exercising?
Answer:

1. The air we breathe in fills our lungs that are located in our chest.
2. Exercise and running increase the rate of our breathing.

Question 12.
What happens to your chest when you take a breath?
Answer:

1. Take a length of twine or a measuring tape. Wrap the tape around the chest of one of your friends and measure the width of her / his chest.
   
2. Hold the tape lightly and ask your friend to breathe in and out deeply a few seconds.
3. You find that the chest expands when air is inhaled, it reaches the lungs and chest expands.

Question 13.
What is the difference between inhaled and exhaled air?
Answer:

1. Exhaled air is warm and contains moisture and carbon dioxide.
2. Inhaled air is at room temperature and contains oxygen along with other gases.

Question 14.
How long a person can hold his / her breath? How do you find?
Answer:

1. Use a watch with a seconds needle to time our breathing.
2. If we don’t have a watch, then practice counting at a uniform rate.
   
3. We can measure the time by counting.
4. Close our mouth and close our nose with our fingers so that air cannot pass through it.
5. We can find the time for how long could we keep our mouth and nose closed.

Question 15.
How many breathes do you have in a minute?
Answer:

1. Hold a finger under the nose of one of your friends.
2. The side with the fingernail should face the nostrils.
   
3. Ask your friend to breathe in and out normally.
4. When your friend exhaled your finger felt the warmness of the air.
5. Using this method you can find out how many times your friend inhales and exhales in a minute.

Question 16.
How much air do you breath? Do a simple activity to know it?
Answer:

1. Make a measuring cylinder with a two-litre plastic bottle and 100 ml injection bottle.
2. To do this, pour 100 ml of water at a time in the bottle and mark the water level after each addition.
3. Now fill the bottle to the brim and invert it in a bucket or a large container of water.
4. But remember, no air bubbles should remain in the bottle after you invert it.
   
5. Insert one end of a rubber tube into the mouth of the bottle under water.
6. Hold the other end of the tube in your hand. Inhale as much air as you can and blow the air into the measuring cylinder through the rubber tube.
7. Don’t breathe in while blowing the air out.
8. Blow out as much air as you can in a single breath.
9. This air will collect in the measuring cylinder.
10. As a result,-the water level in the cylinder will fall.
    The reduction in water level is equal to the air you breath.

Question 17.
How do you find the gases that are present in our breath? Describe the activity you perform.
Answer:

1. Set up the apparatus shown in Figure (a) for this experiment. Be careful while inserting the glass tube in the cork. It could break. So take the help of your teacher to do this.
   
2. Fill both boiling tubes one fourth with phenolphthalein solution. Mark them A and B.
3. Now repeatedly blow in and suck out air in this apparatus as shown in Figure (b).
   
4. Note the boiling tube in to which air flows when you suck in air.
5. Note the boiling tube through which air flows out when you blow out air.
6. You find that there is a difference between inhaled air and exhaled air.
7. Repeat the experiment by replacing the boiling tubes with lime water filled one fourth in them.
8. You will find that the lime water in the tube through which exhaled air passed turned milky.
9. This indicates that the exhaled air contains carbon dioxide.
10. The table given here under shows the components in the inhaled air and exhaled air.
    

Question 18.
How can you find out the respiration in plants by an experiment?
Answer:

1. Take a conical flask. Fit a two-holed rubber cork tightly into its mouth and insert glass tubes into the two holes.
2. Fit a rubber tube on one of the glass tubes and a funnel on the other. If the funnel does not sit tightly on the glass tube, make a funnel with an ink dropper.
3. Fill a test tube about one-fourth with lime water and dip the rubber tube into it.
4. Now add water to the funnel drop by drop. Keep adding water till the conical flask is filled one-fourth with water. Observe the test tube carefully while you add water.
5. You find no change in the colour of lime water.
6. Now remove the water from the conical flask and put some flowers and buds in it. Fit a cork on the flask and let it stand for half an hour.
7. Now add water drop by drop to the conical flask through the funnel as you did in the previous experiment. Look carefully at the test tube while doing so.
8. The lime water turns milky indicating the release of carbon dioxide.
9. This is how plants respire. They take oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Question 19.
How do you find respiration in sprouted seeds?
Answer:

1. Take sprouted seeds is the conical flask.
2. Pour water drop by drop in to the funnel through the funnel.
   
3. The released gases are allowed to pass through lime water.
4. Lime water turns milky indicating the release of carbon dioxide.
5. Sprouted seeds respire taking oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

Question 20.
Write a note on the discovery of carbon dioxide.
Answer:

1. The first step towards trying to find out what air contained was carried out by Von Helmont.
   
2. He conducted an experiment of burning charcoal which leads to the formation of ash.
3. He found the weight of ash to be much less as compared to charcoal.
4. On the basis of this, he concluded that the decrease in mass was due to the formation of an invisible substance which he named “gas”.
5. In the year 1756, Joseph Black studied this gas in more detail.
   
6. He found that when limestone is heated or reacted with acids, it gives rise to a gas which he called “fixed air”.
7. He studied several properties of this gas. One of the properties was, lime water turned milky when this gas was passed through it.
8. Now we know this gas as carbon dioxide.

Question 21.
How is oxygen discovered? Write the history of its discovery.
Answer:

1. After nearly two decades of discovery of carbon dioxide, oxygen was discovered.
2. Joseph Priestley, published his“Experiments and observations on different kinds of air” and was the first to prove the different qualities of the gases released by plants and the one’s exhaled by animals (mice).
   
3. He discovered that, although a candle burned out in a closed container, when he added a living sprig of mint to the container, the candle would continue to burn.
4. At the time, Priestley did not know of Oxygen, but he correctly concluded that the mint sprig “restored” the air that the burning candle (or mice which he used in a similar set of experiments) had spoiled.
5. Priestley shared his observations with Lavoiser.
   
6. Lavoiser had also conducted several experiments on atmospheric air and knew that it contained many gases, and he identified Priestley’s discovery as the active component of air for which he had been searching.
7. He called it oxygen (Greek: acid former), in the belief that all acids contained it.

Question 22.
Do plants respire?
Answer:

1. Plants respire like us.
2. But it is difficult to observe this through experiments.
3. Both plants and animals use oxygen during respiration.

Question 23.
Read the table and answer the following questions.

1. Which animals respire through the trachea?
2. Why does fish respire only in water?
3. In how many ways does frog respire?
4. Give some more examples for animals that respire with lungs.

Answer:

1. Scorpion, Cockroach, Grasshopper.
2. Gills are the respiratory organs of the fish. The gills absorb the oxygen that is dissolved in water. Hence, fish respire only in water.
3. Gills, Lungs, Skin.
4. Frog, Monkey, Man.

Question 24.
Name the respiratory organs of the following animals,
a) Fish b) Earthworm
Answer:
a) Fish ——– Gills.
b) Earthworm ——– Skin.

Question 25.
Read the table. Answer the questions given below.

a) Which gas is more in inhaled air?
b) What changes do you observe in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the exhaled air? Where does it come from?
c) How much Oxygen is retained in our body?
d) Which gas is more useful in our respiration process?
Answer:
a) Nitrogen
b) The volume of carbon dioxide is increased. CO₂ is released during respiration.
c) 45 ml
d) Oxygen.

Question 26.
Latha’s teacher conducted an experiment in the classroom. Look at the picture and answer the following questions.

1. What is the aim of this experiment?
2. Which equipment is required to conduct this experiment?
3. Which gas is released during the experiment?
4. What other material can be used in this experiment instead of seeds?

Answer:

1. To prove that respiration takes place in plants.
2. Conical flask, a two-holed rubber cork, test tube, funnel, rubber tube and lime water.
3. CO₂ (Carbon dioxide)
4. Moong, Bengal gram.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 5 Materials: Separating Methods Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 6th Class Science Solutions 5th Lesson Materials: Separating Methods

6th Class Science 5th Lesson Materials: Separating Methods Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Fill in the Blanks.

1. Combination of more than one substance forms a ——–.
Answer:
Mixture
2. The method used to separate stones from rice is ——–.
Answer:
handpicking
3. The process in which a substance changes directly from solid to gaseous form and vice-versa is called ——–.
Answer:
Sublimation

Choose the Correct Answer.

1. Which of the following does not change its shape?
A) Solid
B) Liquid
C) Gas
D) None of these
Answer:
D) None of these

2. This method is useful for the separation of dissolved substances from a liquid
A) Sedimentation
B) Chromatography
C) Crystallization
D) Filtration
Answer:
C) Crystallization

3. Chromatography is the method used to separate
A) Mud from Water
B) Colours
C) Impurities from water
D) Husk from grains
Answer:
B) Colours

Answer the Following Questions.

Question 1.
List five things that we can make using each of the following materials:
a) glass b) metal c) plastic d) wood
Answer:
A) Five things made of glass:

1. Drinking a glass
2. Glass bowl
3. Glass paperweight
4. Glass jar
5. Glass beaker
6. Round bottomed glass flask

B) Five things made of metal:

1. Metal metre scale
2. Metal box
3. Metal sheet
4. Metal cauldron
5. Metal pan

C) Five things made of plastic:

1. Plastic chair
2. Plastic comb
3. Plastic bottle
4. Plastic cup
5. Plastic bags
6. Plastic dish

D) Five things made of wood:

1. Wooden chairs
2. Wooden doors
3. Wooden tables
4. Wooden almirah
5. Wooden sheet
6. Wooden cot
7. Wooden cup-board

Question 2.
Why is handpicking necessary after winnowing?
Answer:

1. During winnowing, only husk and light particles can be separated from grains.
2. But small stones and clay pieces will remain in the grains heap as they are heavy.
3. To remove these stones and other particles, we have to pick them by hand and separate them.
4. Hence handpicking is necessary after winnowing.

Question 3.
Which separation process is used when one component is in a mixture,
a. Heavier than the other?
b. Bigger than the other?
c. Different shape and colour from the other?
d. One is soluble in water and the other is not?
e. One floats and the other sinks in water?
Answer:
a) Winnowing
b) Sieving
c) Handpicking
d) Filteration
e) Decantation

Question 4.
Siri saw a ship travelling on a sea. She knows that iron nail sinks in water. She has many doubts. What are her doubts? Write them.
Answer:

1. Why is the ship not sinking in water though it is made up of iron?
2. Does iron float in salty water?
3. Why did such a huge body like ship not sink in sea?
4. What is the secret of ships floating in the sea?
5. What is the science behind this floating?

Question 5.
We use so many wooden items in our daily life. Is it good to use wood? What happens by excessive use of it? What is the reason? Is there any alternative for this?
Answer:

1. In fact it is good to use wooden items then the plastic items as it is biodegradable.
2. But excessive use of it may lead to deforestation as we have to cut more trees for making wooden items.
3. It may lead to several consequences such as
   i) disturbance in the water cycle,
   ii) decrease in rainfall,
   iii) decrease in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere,
   iv) increase in carbon dioxide and pollution,
   v) imbalance in nature etc,
4. We can use items made up of bamboo instead of wood as bamboo is a type of grass and grow quickly when compared to woody trees.
5. We can also use items made up of metals as they lost longer and can be recycled.

Question 6.
How can you get your own distilled water in the laboratory?
Answer:
Aim: To get distilled water from normal water.
What do you need? (Materials required):
1. Water, 2 conical flasks, 2 one holed rubber cork, delivery tube, bunsen burner, stand.
What to do? (Procedure):

1. Fill a conical flask with water, close it with a cork having a hole.
2. Take another conical flask with a cork having a hole.
   
3. Connect both flasks with a delivery tube.
4. Now heat the flask containing water using a burner.

What do you see? (Observation): After some time, water vapour goes into the second conical flask through the delivery tube. The water vapour will slowly turn to water.
What do you learn? (Result) : This water is called a distilled water. It is free from impurities.
Thus Impurities can be removed from water by distillation get our own distilled water.

Question 7.
Draw a labelled diagram showing the experimental setup required for the sublimation of camphor?
Answer:

Question 8.
We know that a ship, even though it is made up of tonnes of iron, floats on water. How do you feel about the scientists who found the scientific principles and efforts in making a ship?
Answer:

1. The ship is so constructed that it is full of air which keeps it a float.
2. Air makes the ship lighter than the surrounding water.
3. The displaced water of the ship pushes back up against the ship holding it up.
4. The observation of the scientists who felt that the shape of the ship can hold more air to make it light made them to construct this.
5. Observation of scientists as well as putting it to practical use is very much appreciable on the part of the scientists.

Activities and Projects

6th Class Science Textbook Page No. 58

Question 1.
Drop an egg in a beaker of water. Now drop the same egg in another beaker of water in which excessive salt is added. Write your observation.
Answer:

1. When the egg is droped in a beaker of water the egg sinks in the water.
2. When the egg is droped in the beaker of water in which excessive salt is added, the egg floats in that water.
3. In the first case the density of water is less so no upward force act on the egg to float.
4. But in the later case salt water density is more then normal water, so it exerts upward force on the egg as a result egg floats.

Question 2.
Do the following activities. Write down your observations. What do you conclude.
a. Mix chalk powder in water.
b. Place a piece of candle in water.
c. Add some oil drops to a beaker of water.
Answer:
a) Chalk powder is insoluble in water and is precipitated in water.
b) The candle floats in water. The density of the candle is less than the density of water.
c) The oil drop spreads as a thin film on the water surface. The density of oil is less than the density of water.

Question 3.
Make a list of items from your kitchen like utensils, food ingredients etc. Classify them as sinks /floats and soluble/insoluble.
Answer:

Question 4.
Is it possible to separate sugar mixed with wheat flour? If yes, how will you do it? If powdered sugar is mixed with wheat flour, how do you separate them?
Answer:

1. Yes. This can be done through the process of sieving.
2. The mixture of sugar and wheat flour is allowed to pass through a sieve.
3. The fine wheat flour passes through the sieve while sugar remains on the sieve.
4. To separate powdered sugar from wheat flour, first we have to add excess water to the mixture of powdered sugar with wheat flour.
5. As sugar is soluble in water it get dissolves in water.
6. Wheat flour is insoluble in water so it settles down.
7. Now wheat flour can be separated from sugar solution by decantation or filtration.
8. Now sugar can be obtained from sugar solution by crystallization (heating till the water evaporates leaving behind the sugar in crystalized form).

6th Class Science 5th Lesson Materials: Separating Methods Activities

Activity – 1

Finding the materials used to make different objects. (Page No. 46)

1. A list of things in a house are given in table. Name the materials from which each object is may possibly be made of:

Answer:

i) Which objects are made of one material?
Answer:

1. Pot
2. Towel (if not dyed)
3. Shoes
4. Water bottle.

ii) Which objects are made of more than one material?
Answer:

1. Door
2. Rubber
3. Knife
4. Mirror

iii) How many materials can be used for making chairs? List them.
Answer:

1. Wood
2. Iron nails
3. Plywood

Activity – 2

Finding the objects made from different materials: (Page No. 47)

2. Name as many things/objects as you can, made using the materials given in the table shown.

Answer:

Activity – 3

Light a candle (Page No. 48)

3. You may have lit a candle with a matchstick many times, holding the burning matchstick to touch the wick of the candle until the wick catches fire. But, can you light the candle without touching the wick with a burning matchstick? Do you think this is impossible? Let us see how it can be done.
Answer:

1. A candle is taken and is lighted. The candle is lit only when the burning match stick touched its wick.
2. When the candle is burning at the bottom of the wick liquid wax can be observed.
3. White smoke is observed over the flame of the candle, when the flame is put off. This is the vapour state of wax.
4. If a burning match stick is brought near this smoke, the candle catches fire though match stick does not touch the wick.

i) Did the candle catch fire from a distance?
Answer:
Yes, It catches fire from a distance.

ii) Discuss with your friends how and why the candle got lit from a distance.
Answer:
The candle got lit from a distance because the white smoke rising from the wick is flammable. It catches fire as a result candle got lit.

iii) Does the white smoke represent candle wax in the state of gas?
Answer:
Yes, that white smoke is nothing but the wax in the gaseous state.

Activity – 4

Classification of Materials: (Page No. 49)

4. Think of different solids, liquids and gases around you and group them in the table.

Answer:

Discuss with your friends and find out who had the longest list. Can you list their properties? For example, liquids take the shape of the container they are put into. Write all possible properties of solids, liquids and gases in your notebook. Discuss them with your friends and teachers.
Answer:
A) Solids:

1. Solids have a definite shape.
2. Solids are incompressible.
3. Solids do not flow.

B) Liquids

1. Liquids occupy the shape of the container.
2. Liquids are incompressible.
3. Liquids can flow.

C) Gases:

1. Gases have no fixed shape.
2. Gases can be compressible.
3. Gases flow and diffuse.

Activity – 5

Sinking or Floating in Water (Page No. 50)

Let us assume that a tomato, brinjal, potato, iron nail, sponge, wood, stone, leaf, piece of chalk and paper are given to you. Predict which of them will sink or float in water. Record your predictions in table.

Answer:

i) Now try to test whether your predictions are correct or wrong by dropping the above objects in a beaker of water one by one. What do you find? Record your observations in the following table.

Answer:

ii) For which of these objects your prediction is wrong? Why?
Answer:
1) All my predictions proved correct.
2) I have taken good quality tomato, brinjal and potato.
Now, add a lot of salt to the water in the beaker. Try this same activity with water which is excessively salty..

iii) What do you observe?
Answer:
Some of the objects which sinks previously now began to float.

iv) Do you get the same result? Discuss.
Answer:
No, some of the objects which sink previously now began to float. This is because the density of salt water is more than that of freshwater. As the density of water increases objects with less density than this water will float.

Activity – 6

Do Iron Objects of boat (Page No. 50)

6. i) Take some water in a wide-mouthed bowl. Put an iron nail in it. What do you observe?
Answer:
The wooden nail will sink to the bottom.

ii) Put an empty iron tin in that bowl. What do you observe?
Answer:
The iron tin float on the water.

iii) Also try to observe whether a wooden piece floats on water. What happens when a wooden bowl is dipped in water?
Answer:
When a wooden bowl is dipped in water, it again floats.

iv) What do you conclude from this activity?
Answer:
Some materials in one shape will sink in water but float on water when they are in another shape. The materials that can sink can be made to float, but all the materials that float cannot be made to sink.

Activity – 7

Soluble or Insoluble in Water: (Page No. 51)

7. i) Take five beakers with water. Take small quantities of sugar, salt, chalk powder, sand and sawdust. Add each material to separate beakers and stir- Observe the changes and record your observations in the table.

Answer:

ii) Repeat the above activity with different liquids like vinegar; lemon juice, coconut oil and kerosene and add them to water. What do you observe? Discuss.
Answer:

iii) List out the different substances that are used to make the items given in table.

Answer:

iv) Complete the following table.

Answer:

Activity – 8

Sedimentation and Decantation: (Page No. 53)

8. How do you separate mud and sand from muddy water? What is sedimentation and decantation?
Answer:

1. Take a mixture of soil and water in a glass tumbler and keep it undisturbed for some time.
2. You will find that the sand and the mud particles in the soil settle down at the bottom of the glass tumbler.
   
3. These are called sediments and this process of sepa¬ration of mud and sand is called sedimentation.
4. After sedimentation, the tumbler is gently lifted.
5. The tip of the tumbler is inclined on the edge of another tumbler without disturbing the sediments.
6. The water gets separated from the sediment(mud).
7. This process is called decantation.

i) Why did mud particle settle at the bottom of the tumbler?
Answer:
Mud particles settle at the bottom of the tumbler as they are insoluble in water and heavier in weight.
Sedimentation and decantation are used in your home while cleaning rice and pulses for cooking.

ii) Think of other examples where we use this method of separation and list them.
Answer:
Example of sedimentation are: Tea leaves settling down on cup of tea, soil settling in pond water.
Example of decantation: Oil and vinegar mixture decanting in the experiment, water is poured out from cooked peas etc.

Activity – 9

9. Why can’t we filter salt from salt water? (Page No. 54)
Answer:
Take water in a beaker. Dissolve some salt in it. Filter this mixture with a filter paper.
i) Are you able to separate the salt from the salt water with a niter paper?
Answer:
We cannot separate the salt from the salt water with a filter paper.

ii) Why could you not niter the salt from salt water?

1. The pores in a filter paper are so minute that we cannot see them with naked eyes.
2. The dissolved salt particles are very minute and they pass through the filter paper.
3. So we cannot filter the salt from salt water with a filter paper.

Activity – 10

Crystallization. (Page No. 54)

10. Explain the process of Crystallization.
Answer:
Aim: To separate salt from salt water.
What you need? Salt, water, beaker, glass rod, tripod Stand, Bunsen burner, wire guage.

What to do?

1. Heat some salt water in a beaker, over a flame.
2. Stir the solution with a glass rod.
3. Continue heating till all the water in the beaker has evaporated.

What do you see? Crystals of salt remain in the beaker.
What do you learn? Salt can be separated from salt water by heating (Crystallization). Some dissolved substances can be separated from the liquids by heating. On heating water evaporates and dissolved substances will form their crystals. This method of separation is called Crystallization.

Activity – 11

Get your own Distilled Water (Page No. 55)

11. How do you prepare distilled water ? (Or) Explain the process of distilling water.
Answer:
Aim To get distilled water from normal water.
What you need?:
1. Water, 2 conical flasks, 2 one holed rubber cork, delivery tube, bunsen burner, stand.
What to do?:

1. Fill a conical flask with water, close it with a cork having a hole.
2. Take another conical flask with a cork having a hole.
   
3. Connect both flasks with a delivery tube.
4. Now heat the flask containing water using a burner.

What do you see? After some time, water vapour goes into the second conical flask through the delivery tube. The water vapour will slowly turn to water. This water is called a distilled water. It is free from impurities.
What do you learn? Impurities can be removed from water by distillation.

Activity – 12

Sublimation of camphor (Page No. 55)

12. How do you demonstrate the sublimation of camphor?
Answer:
Aim To understand the process of sublimation.
What you need? Mixture of camphor and powdered salt, china dish, funnel, cotton, stand burner.
What to do?

1. Take a mixture of camphor and powdered salt in a china dish and cover it with a funnel.
2. Close the tube of the funnel with cotton.
   
3. Place the dish on a stand and heat it with a burner.

What do you see? When camphor is heated, it transforms to gaseous form without changing into liquid leaving the salt powder in the dish. On reaching the cotton it cools, the gaseous form of camphor changes directly into a solid without going to the liquid state.
What do you learn? The process in which a substance changes directly from solid to gaseous form and vice-versa is called sublimation.

Activity – 13

A Chalk with different colours (Page No. 56)

13. How do you separate colour from a miture of colours?
Answer:

Aim : To separate colours from a mixture of colours (ink).
What you need?: stick of white chalk, ink, plate, water
What to do?:

1. Take a whole stick of white chalk.
2. Around the curved surface of the chalk put an ink mark with blue or black ink.
   
3. Now pour some water in a plate and keep the piece of chalk in the water.
4. Ensure that the water in the plate is very little and does not touch the ink mark.
5. Observe the colour patterns that form on the piece of chalk after some time.
6. Remove the chalk before the water reaches its top.

What do you see?: Different colours are formed around the chalk from the bottom to top.
What do you learn?: The ink appears to be made of a single colour but it is actually a mixture of many colours hidden in it. Those colours are separated by this method. It is an example of chromatography.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Electricity – Current and Its Effect

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Important Questions 7th Lesson Electricity – Current and Its Effect

7th Class Science 7th Lesson Electricity – Current and Its Effect Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are Series and Parallel electric circuits?
Answer:
A) Series circuits:

1. In a series circuit, electricity has only one path to flow through.
2. All the electrical components are connected in this path.
3. If any one of them is removed or is not functioning properly, the circuit will be incomplete.

B) Parallel circuits:

1. A parallel circuit has more than one path for the flow of electricity.
2. Each bulb in the circuit is connected in a separate path through which electricity can flow.

Question 2.
Describe the effect of connecting electrical cells in series. How would you connect them in series?
Answer:
Connecting Electrical cells in series:

1. Take a dry cell and torch bulb.
2. Connect the bulb to a cell using copper wires shown in figure-a. Observe the intensity of light.
   
3. Now take one more dry cell and connect two cells as shown in figure-b.
   
4. In this method the positive terminal of the first cell and the negative terminal of the second cell are connected to the bulb.
5. .When the cells are connected in series more electricity flows in the circuit and the bulb glows with greater brightness.

Question 3.
Describe the connection of cells in parallel. Draw the circuit diagram also.
Answer:
Connecting Electric Cells in Parallel:

1. Take three dry cells and connect them as shown in figure-a.
   
2. That is all the positive terminals of the three cells are connected together and all the three negative terminals are connected together.
3. These three positives and three negatives are connected together to a bulb.
4. There is no difference in the intensity of the bulb glow compared to that in the case of only one cell.
   

Question 4.
How are electric bulbs connected in series? Where do you find such connections in your daily life? What is the disadvantage with this arrangement?
Answer:
Connecting electric bulbs in series:

1. Connect three torch bulbs in series as shown in figure.
   
2. Connect this to a dry cell. Observe the brightness of each of the three bulbs.
3. Now connect one more dry cell in series with the first cell.
4. Observe the brightness of each of the bulb.
5. Then connect one more dry cell in series with the first two cells. Again observe the bulbs. The brightness of the bulbs increases with the addition of cells.
6. In series connection of bulbs, if one bulb gets fused, all the other bulbs in the series will stop glowing.
7. It means that if one bulb is disconnected the other bulbs do not glow. This is the disadvantage.
8. This can be observed in serial bulbs used in decorative items at the time of marriages and other festivals.

Question 5.
a) How are electric bulbs connected in parallel?
b) What is, the advantage with this type of connection?
c) Where do you find such connections?
Answer:
Connecting bulbs in parallel:
a)

1. Connect three bulbs in parallel as shown in figure.
   
2. That is, one end of each of the three bulbs are connected to one wire.
3. The other ends of the three bulbs are connected to another wire.
4. These two wires are connected to a cell. All the three bulbs glow dimly.
5. Now disconnect one of the bulbs.

b)

1. It means that if one bulb is disconnected the other bulbs continue to glow.
2. This is the advantage with this type of connection.
3. This can be observed in our household electric circuit. All components in our houses are connected in parallel.

Question 6.
What are the advantages of using tube lights and compact fluorescent lamps.
Answer:

1. Wastage of electricity can be reduced by using fluorescent tube lights in place of the bulbs, as shown in figure, (a).
   
2. Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFLs) shown in figure, (b) also reduces wastage and can be fixed in ordinary bulb holders.
   
3. The ISI mark of a lamp ensures that the appliance is safe.

Question 7.
What is an electric fuse? Explain its importance. How does it work?
Answer:
Electric Fuses:

1. When excessive electric current flows through a circuit the wires or the appliances may get heated and can catch fire.
2. To avoid fire, a safety device known as a fuse is connected in series in the circuit.
3. A fuse is a small piece of wire as shown in figure.
   
4. It is made of a special alloy that gets heated quickly and melts.
5. If the current in the circuit is too high, the fuse wire gets hot and melts.
6. This leaves a gap in the circuit. Automatically the circuit is broken and flow of electricity is stopped.
7. This protects appliances from getting burnt due to the passage of too large a current through them.

Question 8.
What is a Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)? What is its advantage? For which mark should we look at it?
Answer:
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB):

1. These days Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) is increasingly being used in place of fuses.
2. These are switches which automatically turn off when current in a circuit exceeds the safe limit.
3. It has a switch which goes OFF automatically if there is overheating.
   
4. This breaks the circuit. If we turn them on, the circuit is once Miniature Circuit again complete.
5. The advantage miniature circuit breakers have over fuses is that they can be reset (manually or automatically) to restore normal operation, whereas fuses need to be replaced after every single operation.
6. The MCB can be reset by hand and the circuit becomes complete once again.
7. Look for ISI mark on MCBs.

Question 9.
What are the inventions of Michael Faraday?
Answer:
Michael Faraday (1791-1867): Michael Faraday observed that by moving a magnet in and out of a coil we can make electric current flow through the coil. Using this he built the first electric generator or dynamo in 1831. He also invented the transformer.

Question 10.
What is the importance of symbols? What role do they play in our life?
Answer:

1. We know about symbols. We do indicate to our teacher that we wish to go out to drink water.
2. We know the signs for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
3. We might have used the symbols for ‘greater than’, ‘less than’, ‘equal to’ etc.
4. Symbols play an important role in our life.
5. They convey precise meaning with few descriptions.
6. Some common electric components can be represented by standard symbols.

Question 11.
What happens to the electric bulb when the current is passed?
Answer:

1. The bulb becomes hot when we put it on for some time.
   
2. It is the filament of the bulb that heats up due to current flowing through it.

Question 12.
What do you understand by the term ‘the filament of an electrical appliance’?
Answer:

1. We have seen an electric iron, electric cooker and electric heater.
   
2. All these contain a coil of wire made up of Nichrome.
3. This coil is called a filament of the appliance.

Question 13.
What happens when electrical appliances like electric iron, electric heater etc., are switched on?
Answer:

1. We have noticed that when these appliances electric heater, electric iron are switched on, their filaments become red hot and give out heat.
2. The amount of heat produced in a wire depends on its materials, length and thickness.
3. Thus, for different requirements, the wires of different materials, lengths and thicknesses are used.

Question 14.
What happens when an electric current passes through wires used for making electric circuits and through the elements of some electric appliances?
Answer:

1. The wires used for making electric circuits do not normally become hot.
2. On the other hand, the elements of some electric appliances become so hot that they are easily visible.
3. The filament of an electric bulb gets heated to such a high temperature that is starts glowing and giving out light.

Question 15.
Describe how can you make your own cell. Explain how do you test the working condition of that cell.
Answer:

1. We will need a few things to make a cell.
2. First get two injection bottles. Then cut two 3 cm long bits of thick copper wire. Use sandpaper to scrape about 1 cm of the coating off both ends of the wires.
3. Break open a discharged dry cell and remove its outer metal covering (made of Zinc). Cut two 2 mm wide and 3 cm long strips from this zinc plate.
4. Insert the copper wires and zinc strips separately into the rubber caps of the injection bottles as shown in Fig.
   
5. Ensure that the copper wires and zinc strips do not touch each other.
6. Now take a wire and connect the zinc plate of one bottle with the copper wire of the other bottle.
7. Fill both bottles with sulphuric acid. Carefully close the bottles with the caps in which the copper wires and zinc strips are inserted.
8. The cell is ready. To test its working take a LED.
9. Attach two wires to its two terminals. Touch the wire from one terminal to the copper wire of the first bottle and the wire from the other terminal to the zinc plate of the second bottle.
10. The LED lights up. It means the cell is working.

Question 16.
What can you see inside a dry cell when it is cut open?
Answer:

1. With the help of your teacher cut open a dry cell.
   
2. Observe the chemical components in the dry cell.
3. Inside a dry cell there are certain chemicals which react with one another to produce electric energy.

Question 17.
Think of the main use of electrical appliances and write their names in a table.
Answer:

Question 18.
How is electricity supplied to our houses ? Are we getting it free of cost?
Answer:

1. Most of the electricity that we use at home and at school is alternating current.
2. The main electricity that is supplied to our houses comes from power stations and sub-stations distribute electricity.
3. Electricity is not free of cost.
4. We have to pay for it according to how much we consume.

Question 19.
How can you know the current consumed in your house?
Answer:

1. We notice that a person belonging to the electricity department, the meter reader, visits houses every month and takes the meter readings.
   
2. If we look at the meter in our house we will notice a wheel that goes around and the numbers in the window keep changing.
3. Modern meters have digital displays.

Question 20.
What does the term ’one unit’ mean? How is the usage of electricity measured?
Answer:

1. If we look at the bulbs used in our home, we will notice that they are marked in watts 25 W, 40W, 60W, 100W.
2. The wattage measures how ‘powerful’ the bulb is.
3. The brighter the bulb, the higher its wattage and the more the electricity used by it.
4. 1 kilowatt (KW) is 1000 watts (W).
5. When any appliance of 1 Kilo Watt is used for one hour, it uses up one Kilo Watt – hour (KWH) or ‘one unit’ of electricity.
6. If it runs for two hours it will use up two units of electricity.

Question 21.
Draw a neat diagram of the dry cell and label its parts.
Answer:

Question 22.
Describe the construction of a dry cell.
Answer:
Description of a dry cell:

1. A dry cell consists of a container made up of zinc metal.
2. The container also serves as the negative terminal in the centre.
3. A carbon (graphite) rod with a metal cap serves as a positive terminal.
4. The carbon rod is surrounded by a mixture of carbon particles and a chemical called ammonium chloride.
5. The cell is sealed from the top.
6. The dry cell can supply electric current in a circuit for a certain time.
7. After that/its chemicals get exhausted and it cannot be used any more.
8. Dry cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

Question 23.
Write the symbols of some common electric components and describe their use.
Answer:

Question 24.
Draw a simple switch to close the circuit. For that draw the circuit diagram.
Answer:

1. See figure (a). A bulb, battery and switch are connected as shown.
2. Can we make this drawing simpler using symbols ?
3. The picture of circuit using symbols is called a circuit diagram.
4. Figure (b) shows a circuit diagram of the same circuit as shown in figure (a).

Question 25.
What is a circuit diagram? Explain it appreciating the simplification.
Answer:
Circuit Diagram: The picture of a circuit using symbols is called a circuit diagram.

1. There should be a source, which is one or more electric cells (battery).
2. The switch can be placed anywhere in the circuit. If the switch is in the ON position, the circuit is complete from the positive terminal of the battery to its negative terminal.
   
3. The circuit is then said to be closed and the current flows throughout the circuit constantly.
4. The wires should not have any discontinuity (gaps).
5. When the switch is in the OFF position, the circuit is incomplete. It is said to be open. No current flows through any part of the circuit.
6. Observe the sequence in which the cell, bulb and switch are connected in the circuit.
7. The sequence of components is as follows:
   Positive terminal of the cell → Wire → Switch → Wire → Bulb → Wire → Negative terminal of the cell

Question 26.
Why does the bulb glow brighter and brighter when electric cells are connected in series?
Answer:

1. The electricity can flow through one path when electric cells are connected in series.
2. Addition of a cell in such a circuit adds strength to the electricity flowing.
3. As more electricity flows into the bulb its glow becomes brighter.

Question 27.
Does electric bulb in your house glow with dry cell? Why?
Answer:

1. The electric bulb in our house does not glow with dry cell.
2. The electric bulb in our houses glows with the supply of A.C. at high voltage.
3. Dry cell supplies only D.C. at a low voltage.

Question 28.
Are the cells used in a torch light and wrist watch the same?
Answer:
They are not the same.

Question 29.
What is the reason for connecting electric bulbs in parallel in household electric appliances?
Answer:

1. In the house every bulb should glow independently without depending upon the working condition of other bulbs.
2. This is possible only with parallel connection.
3. So electric bulbs or electric appliances are connected in parallel in household electric connections.

Question 30.
How do we get a battery?
Answer:
By connecting small cells in series we get a battery.

Question 31.
The meter reading in Ayub’s house in January is 400 units, February 580 units. Calculate how much his parents would have to pay towards electricity bill of February. The unit cost is Rs. 3.05.
Answer:

Question 32.
Suppose in a house there are four bulbs of 100 W each, six of 60 W each and six of 40 W each. All of them are used for two hours a day. How many units of electricity will be used up in 30 days? How much will they have to pay at Rs. 2.80/- per unit.
Answer:

1. Total power used = (4 × 100 W) + (6 × 60 W) + (6 × 40 W) = 1000 W = 1 KW
2. Total power used every day = 2 hrs × 1 KW = 2 KWH
   In 30 days, power used = 2 × 30 KWH = 60 KWH
3. The cost of the power is = Rs. 2.80 × 60 = Rs. 168/-

Question 33.
Why should we use electricity carefully and only when needed?
Answer:

1. Our country faces a shortage of electricity.
2. So wasting electricity means we are depriving someone else of electricity.
3. Our bill also goes up.
4. So use electricity carefully and only when it is needed.

Question 34.
a) Look at the diagram, correct it and redraw.

b) Guess the reasons why the bulb did not glow in the circuit.
Answer:
a)

b)

1. The wires are not properly connected.
2. The battery lost its efficiency
3. The battery is not set properly.
4. The bulb has lost its filament.

Question 35.
Fill the table with suitable symbol of electric components listed in the table.

Answer:

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Motion and Time

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Important Questions 4th Lesson Motion and Time

7th Class Science 4th Lesson Motion and Time Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give few examples of motion you observe in day to day life.
Answer:

1. Motion is a common experience in our life. We observe birds flying in air, buses, autos, cars, bullock carts, moving on roads, trains on railway tracks and many other objects around us in motion.
2. Apart from observing motions of objects around us, we ourselves experience motion while we are walking, running, playing, riding a bicycle etc.
3. Similarly, we observe many objects like trees, buildings, display boards, electric poles etc., at rest while we walk to school.

Question 2.
How do you explain the terms motion and rest? Give an illustrative answer.
Answer:

1. We know that the position of the car has changed with respect to the tree in ‘2’ seconds. But there is no change in the position of the tree with respect to its surroundings.
   
2. An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its surroundings in a given time.
3. An object is said to be at rest if there is no change in its position with respect to its surroundings in a given time.
4. Thus, we can say that the tree is at rest and the car is in motion while we observe them over a period of time (2 seconds in this case).

Question 3.
Explain the terms uniform and non-uniform motions and define them.
Answer:
Uniform and non-uniform motion:

1. A body is said to be in motion if its position keeps on changing with time (with respect to the observer).
2. But in our daily life we experience certain motions in which, the change in position of objects remains the same for a time interval, in some other motions, the change in position of the object will not be the same for a given time interval.
3. Uniform motion (Definition): If a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time it is said to be in uniform motion.
4. Non – Uniform motion (Definition): If a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in non – uniform motion.

Question 4.
Explain the types of motion with suitable examples.
Answer:
Types of Motions:

1. When we discuss about motion, it is important to be aware that there exist different types of motions and each type is dependent on a particular situation.
2. Let us consider the following examples.
3. A car travelling along a straight road.
4. Motion of blades of a ceiling fan.
5. Motion of needle in a running sewing machine.
6. Motion of pendulum in an old wall clock.
7. Considering the direction of motion what differences do we notice in above examples?
8. The motions in the above examples are different in terms of direction of motion.
   a) Car is moving in same direction along a straight line.
   
   b) Blades of ceiling fan rotate about a fixed line in a circular path.
   
   c) Needle of sewing machine moves up and down about a fixed point.
   
   d) Pendulum of the wall clock oscillates ‘to’ and ‘fro’ about a fixed point.
   
9. Based on the path taken by the bodies in motion we classify motion of bodies as,
   1) Translatory motion
   2) Rotatory motion
   3) Oscillatory motion

Question 5.
Define rectilinear motion and curvilinear motion.
Answer:

1. Rectilinear motion (Definition): If a body in translatory motion moves along a straight line then motion is called rectilinear motion.
2. Curvilinear motion (Definition): If a body in translatory motion moves along a curved path then motion is called curvilinear motion.

Question 6.
Identify the types of motion in the examples given below.
We notice everyday some motions which are rectilinear and curvilinear at a time. Some examples of motions are given below; Label them as rectilinear (R) or curvilinear (C) or Rectilinear and curvilinear (RC) motions.
1. Seconds hand of a watch. ( )
2. Movement of a train on tracks. ( )
3. Movement of a tape in a tape recorder. ( )
4. Movement of a needle in a speedometer of car. ( )
5. Movement of a bus on hill station road. ( )
6. Motion of coins on a carrom board. ( )
7. Motion of the ball in pin board. ( )
8. Motion of a mango falling from tree.  ( )
Answer:
1. Seconds hand of a watch. ( C )
2. Movement of a train on tracks. ( R )
3. Movement of a tape in a tape recorder. ( C )
4. Movement of a needle in a speedometer of car. ( C )
5. Movement of a bus on a hill station road. ( RC )
6. Motion of coins on a carrom board. ( R )
7. Motion of ball in pinboard. ( RC )
8. Motion of a mango falling from tree. ( R )

Question 7.
Explain Rotatory motion with suitable examples.
Answer:
Observe the following diagrams.


1. What similarity do we find in all the motions?
Answer:
We find all the bodies rotating around an axis.

2. What is the path of motion of each particle of the body that moves?
Answer:
The path of motion of each particle of the body that moves is circular.

3. Is there any change in the position of a body while it is in motion?
Answer:
Except car there is no change in the position of the bodies while they are in motion.
The motion of all these bodies is rotatory motion.

Question 8.
Explain rotatory motion by taking the blades of a fan moving as an example. Define rotatory motion.
Answer:

1. While the blade of a fan is moving, the points A, B, and C on the blade move to Av Br Cj first and then move to A2, B, and C2 position,
2. Thus when a fan is in motion, each point on the blade moves in a circular path around the centre of the fan which is fixed.
3. Here, we observe that the position of a fan is not changing.
   Only the blades of fan are changing their position continuously and moving in circular path around a fixed point.
   
4. The imaginary line passing through this fixed point is called axis of rotation.
5. This type of motion is called Rotatory Motion.
6. Rotatory motion (Definition) : Rotatory motion means that, motion of all particles of a moving body follow a circular path with respect to a fixed centre or axis of rotation.

Question 9.
Explain the terms ‘slow’ and ‘fast motions’.
Answer:

1. We observe many objects in motion in our daily life.
2. In some cases objects move slowly and in other cases they move fast.
3. To know whether the motion is slow or fast

Let us assume that you started to school on a bicycle and your friend started in a bus at the same time from a place.
a) Who reaches the school first? Why?
b) Do you find any difference in the time taken by bicycle and bus to reach the school?
Answer:
a) My friend reached the school first. Because he started in a bus and I started on a bicycle.
b) Bus reaches the school fast. It means bus took less time to reach the school. Bicycle took more time to reach the school.

Question 10.
Observe following pairs of objects that are in motion. Compare their motions and decide which moves slower and which move faster. Mark (S) in relevant box.
a) Whether the motion of a body is slow or fast?
Answer:

a) The body is said to be moving fast if it takes less time to travel the given distance as compared to another body.

Question 11.
Do we need to know about distance covered, time taken by the body in motion to decide whether the motion is slow or fast?
Answer:
Yes, we need to know about distance covered, time taken by the body in motion, to decide whether the motion is slow or fast.

Question 12.
Priya, Karthik, Divya and Kiran participated in a 100 m. running race. They took 20 s, 22s, 25s and 28s respectively to reach the finishing line. Who do you think ran the fastest and whose running is slowest? Why?
Answer:

1. Obviously we can see that all of them ran the same distance of 100 m but time taken to cover the distance was different.
2. Priya took the shortest time of 20 seconds which shows that she was the fastest.
3. Kiran took the longest time of 28 seconds which shows that he was the lowest.

Question 13.
Write the units of time.
Answer:
The basic unit of time is a second(s). Larger units of time are minutes (min) and hours (h).
Table: Units of time

Question 14.
What is the need to know the speed? How do we know it?
Answer:

1. Many objects in the world around us are moving.
2. To compare how fast they are moving, we need to know their speed.
3. You may have observed the speedometer in motor cars which tells us how fast the car is travelling.
4. Usually, the speedometer in a vehicle shows the distance travelled in kilometers and the needle shows the speed of the journey in kilometers per hour.
5. Look at the speedometers of two vehicles shown here and decide which vehicle is slower.
   Car – 1 is slower.
   

Question 15.
How do you calculate the average speed of any object?
Answer:

1. Average speed = Total distance travelled / Total time taken to travel the distance.
2. Thus we can define speed of an object as the distance travelled by it in a unit of time.

Question 16.
What are the units of speed?
Answer:
Units of speed.

1. Depending on the need and context, speed is measured in different units.
2. Unit of speed in S.I. system is meter per second (m/s)
3. Another unit commonly used for speed is kilometer per hour (Km/h).
4. The basic unit of speed is m/s.

Question 17.
Observe motion of the car.

1. The distance between the driver and the car changes. ( )
2. The distance between the car and gate of the house is changed. ( )
3. There is no change in the position of gate of the house with respect to its surroundings. ( )
4. There is no change in the position of the car with respect to its surroundings. ( )

Answer:

1. The distance between the driver and the car does not change.
2. The distance between the car and gate of the house is changed. (Correct statement)
3. There is no change in the position of the gate of the house with respect to its sourroundings (Correct statement)
4. There is change in the position of the car with respect to its surroundings.

Question 18.
Show that 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s.
Answer:
1 km = 1000 m
and 1 h = 3600 s
1 km / h = 1000 m/3600 s = 5/18 m/s

Question 19.
Consider a car driven on a road. A person seated beside the driver recorded the distance travelled after every 10 minutes by noting the distance reading in the
speedometer. The distance travelled by the car at different instances of time is as follow.
a) What is the total distance travelled by the car?
b) What is the time taken to travel the distance?

c) How do you find the speed of the car?
d) Is the speed of the car uniform throughout the journey?
Answer:
a) Total distance travelled by the car = 60 km.
b) Time taken = 40 min.
c) To find the speed of the car in the journey we should calculate total distance travelled by the car and the total time taken to cover that distance.
Total distance travelled by the car = 60 km
Time taken = 40 min.
The distance must be either in meters or kilometers and time in seconds or hours. We express the speed either in m/s or in km/h. In this example distance is 60 km and time is 40 min.
1 hour = 60 min

Thus, the car travelled with an average speed of 90 km/h.
d) From the table, we notice that the car has covered unequal distances in equal intervals of time (10 min), which shows the speed of the car is not uniform.

Question 20.
The speed of a bus is 72 km/h, whereas the speed of a car is 12.5 m/s. Which vehicle moves faster?
Answer:
1) The speed of the bus is = 72 km/h
= 72 × \(\frac{5}{18}\) = 20 m/s
2) The speed of the car is = 12.5 m/s
3) As the speed of the bus is more than the speed of the car, the bus moves faster.
Note: To compare two speeds. They must be expressed in the same units. In the above example, speed of a bus is expressed in km/h and the speed of a car in m/s, tp compare these speeds, one of them must be converted to other.
Speed of a bus = 72 km/h = 20 m/s

Question 21.
How can you prove that motion is relative to the observer?
Answer:
Observing motion of the car.
Look at the pictures.

1. Imagine that you sat in the moving car beside the driver.
2. As the car moves, the distance between you and the landmarks like buildings, trees, poles etc., outside the car changes.
3. This change in the scene you view through the window indicates that the car is moving.
4. However your position with respect to the driver of the car remains the same.
5. That is you and the driver of the car are at rest with respect to each other, but both of you are in motion with respect to the surroundings outside the car.
6. A body may be at rest with respect to one set of surroundings and at the same time be in motion with respect to another set of the surroundings.
   Thus motion is relative to the observer.

Question 22.
Observe the following pictures. Read the statement below the first picture and write similar statements about other pictures.
a) 1) The man in the boat is moving in respect to the bank of river.

2) He is at rest with respect to the boat.

b) 1) The girl on the swing is with respect to the to seat of the swing.

A) The girl on the swing is at rest with respect to the seat of the swing.
2) She is with respect to the garden.
A) She is moving with respect to the garden.

c) 1) The girl on the bicycle is in respect to the road.

A) The girl on the bicycle is in motion in respect to the road.
2) She is in respect to the bicycle.
A) She is at rest in respect to the bicycle.

Question 23.
How are the hands of wall clock and the movement of a butterfly in a garden described?
Answer:

1. Imagine the movement of hands in a wall clock and the movement of a butterfly in a garden.
   
2. In these two cases hands of wall clock and the butterfly are in motion.
3. They change their positions with time.

Question 24.
a) What difference do you find in the movement of hands of clock and the body of butterfly?
b) In which case is the change of position with time constant?
Answer:
a)

1. We observe that in case of the wall clock, Change in position of minute hand is same for every minute.
2. How do we know this?
3. Measuring the angle between two positions of the minute hand is the way.

b) 1) But in the case of the butterfly, the change in its position is not constant while it is flying from one flower to another in the garden.

Question 25.
Observe the following tables, showing distances travelled by two different cars for different instances of time.

1) Which car has travelled equal distances in equal intervals of time?
2) Which car has travelled unequal distances in equal intervals of time?
Answer:

1. Obviously we notice that for car – A, the change in position in every 10 seconds is 150 m. But for car – B, the change in position is not constant.
2. For 1st 10 seconds, it is 50 m, for 2nd 10 seconds, it is 40 m, for 3rd 10 seconds it is 90 m, and for 4th 10 seconds it is 50 m.
3. Thus motion of car – A is uniform and motion of car – B is non – uniform.

Question 26.
Define uniform motion and non- uniform motion.
Answer:

1. Uniform motion : If a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in uniform motion.
2. Non – uniform motion : If a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in non – uniform motion.

Question 27.
Observe the following motions of objects, State whether they are in rotatory motion? Draw a line showing axis of rotation by using pencil.
Answer:

Question 28.
Take a table tennis ball, and keep it on the surface of a table. Push the ball with your finger and observe its motion. Is it in Rotatory motion or in Translatory motion?
Answer:

1. When you push the ball on the surface of a table, it moves from one end to the other end and all the particles of the ball also move along the direction of motion of the ball.
   
2. Hence the balls is in translatory motion.
3. Similarly, each particle of the ball moves in a circular path about a particular line, when the ball rolls on the surface.
4. Therefore it is in rotatory motion.
5. Thus in the above example the ball possesses both translatory and rotatory motions.

Question 29.
Observe following motions of bodies and label them as Rotatory (R), Translatory(T), Translatory and Rotatory (TR).
Answer:

Question 30.
Take a cell phone. Go to ‘setting’ and open ‘stop clock’ option. If you are not able to do this take help from your friend or teacher. Measure the time taken for the events mentioned in the table.

Which event has taken more time to complete? Think! How much time does it take to sing the national anthem?
Answer:
The student is advised to do this activity in the school and fill up the columns.

Question 31.
Write the motion of different parts of a bicycle while it is in motion.
Answer:
a) The wheel: Rotatory and Translatory motion.
b) The cycle chain: Rotatory motion.
c) The pedal with its arm: Rotatory.
d) The movement of feet pedaling Rotatory.
e) The rider along with the bicycle; Translatory.

Question 32.
Identifying Uniform and Non – Uniform motion.
Identify uniform and non uniform motions among the following examples and mark Uniform as (U) and Non-Uniform as (NU).
Answer:
1. Movement of hands of a clock. ( U )
2. A boy cycling in a crowded place. ( NU )
3. Movement of a housefly. ( NU )
4. The fan in an air cooler running at fixed speed. ( U )
5. A train entering into a railway station,. ( NU )
6. Kite in the air ( NU )
7. Rotation of the earth. ( U )

Question 33.
Look at the following pictures.

The bus moved from point ‘A’ to ‘B’ in a certain interval of time.
Think and answer the following questions:
1. Do all the parts of bus (like wheels, head lights, windows etc., move along from point A’ to B’?
2. Is the direction of motion of bus along straight line or curved line?
Answer:

1. Yes all parts of bus (like wheels, head lights, windows … etc.,) move along from point A to B.
2. The direction of motion of bus is along straight line.
3. If all parts of a moving body move in the direction of motion then the motion is said to be translatory motion.

Question 34.
Observe the following table, and state the paths of motion for each case by putting (✓) mark in the relevant column.

Answer:

Question 35.
Identify oscillatory motion among the following and put (✓) mark in the brackets given.
Answer:
A spinning top (- )
Bullet from a gun (-)
Typewriter key (✓)
Motion of a potter’s wheel. (-)
Motion of a vibrating sitar string. (✓)
Motion of a car taking a turn while moving. (-)
Ringing of a bell (✓)
A bouncing belli (✓)

Question 36.
Observe the following pictures and answer the following questions.

1. What similarity do you find in the motions of the above given situations?
2. Are the objects in motion following the same path again and again?
3. Is the direction of motion constant?
4. What type of motion is this?
5. Define oscillatory motion.

Answer:

1. If we critically examine the above mentioned motions, we understand that in each case the objects move backwards and forwards or upward and downward, on the either side of a fixed point or a line.
2. Yes. For example, the girl on a swing moves backwards and forwards, on either side of the rest position of the swing.
3. Similarly in other cases also the body is in ‘to’ and ‘fro’ motion along the same path of motion.
4. This type of motion is called oscillatory motion.
5. Oscillatory motion: (Definition)
   The ‘to’ and ‘fro’ motion of an object about a fixed point always following the same path is called oscillatory motion.

Question 37.
How do you communicate the meaning of the terms ‘faster’ and ‘slower’ with the help of situation showing drawings?
Answer:
We understand that the distance travelled by an object in a given interval of time can help us to decide which one is faster and which one is slower.

1. We use the word time very often in our daily life. Look at the following examples.
2. If we observe the above examples, we use the word ‘time’ for different purposes.
3. In some situations, without using the word ‘time’, we express the duration of time like ‘so late’, so early’ etc.

Question 38.
How do we measure or estimate time? Explain with an example.
Answer:

1. Ravi and Sathish started for school at 8.00 a.m. from their houses which are side by side. Ravi started on a bicycle and Sathish by walk.
   • Who will reach the school first? How much earlier will he be compared to the other?
   • How do you measure ‘early’ or ‘late’ arrival at school?
     
2. You can easily estimate that Ravi reaches the school earlier than Sathish.
3. But to answer the question of how early Ravi reached, we need to measure the times taken by both Ravi and Sathish and find the difference of time between both the cases.
4. For this we need time measuring instruments like watches, clocks etc.
5. Nowadays, we use different instruments like electronic clocks, digital clocks, quartz clocks etc. to measure time.
6. A few decades ago people used pendulum clocks that have now become rare.

Question 39.
What are the different units for measuring time?
Answer:
Like minutes and hours, week, fortnight, month, season, ayanam are also units for measuring time.

Question 40.
How is the measurement of time done?
Answer:

1. Stop Clocks are used to measure time accurately.
2. We have seen stop clocks in the laboratory.
   
3. We use stop clocks in the laboratory to measure short intervals of time like time taken for completion of chemical reaction, time taken by the pendulum for one oscillation etc.
4. Nowadays we find stop clocks almost in all cell phones.
5. In our daily life stop clocks help measure pulse rate etc.
6. Apart from this, they also help us to accurately measure the times in running races, swimming races, etc.

Question 41.
Travel on a motor vehicle with your father to market or any other place and observe the changes in speedometer reading.
Note the exact time when you started from home and observe the speedometer reading carefully and note it and the corresponding time in the table. Some examples are given in the table.

a) Does the speed of the vehicle remain the same throughout the journey?
b) If not, what can you say about the speed of the vehicle during the journey?
Answer:

1. We experience in our everyday life that most of the objects in motion do not have the same speed throughout the journey.
2. To express the speed of the object, we consider its average speed.
   a) The speed of the vehicle is not the same throughout the journey.
   b) If such is the case, we consider its average speed.

Question 42.
We can classify motion based on the path taken by the bodies during motion. What are translatory motion and rotatory motion?
Answer:
Translatory motion: If all parts of a moving body move in the direction of motion, then the motion is said to be translatory motion.
Rotatory motion: Movement of any object about an axis.

Question 43.
i) How many types of motions are there and what are they?
ii) Read the table and identify the motion.
If the motion is Rotatory, put (R), Translatory (T), both Rotation and Translatory (RT), Oscillatory (O).

Answer:
a) There are 3 types of motions.
They are: 1) Translatory motion; 2) Rotatory motion and 3) Oscillatory motion.

b)

Question 43.
Why do you think the objects like trees, buildings, electric poles, etc. appear to be moving when you are sitting inside a moving bus or train?
Answer:

1. An object may be in the state of movement and at the state of rest at the same time.
2. It happens when the objects compared with different surroundings.

Question 44.
Write the motion of different parts of a bicycle while it is in motion.
i) The wheel
ii) The cycle chain
iii) The pedal with its arm
iv) The movement of the rider along with the bicycle
Answer:
1) The wheel – Rotatory motion
2) The cycle chain – Rotatory and transverse motion
3) The pedal with its arm – Rotatory motion
4) The movement of the rider along with the bicycle – Transverse motion

AP State Syllabus AP Board 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 8 How Fabrics are Made Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 6th Class Science Solutions 8th Lesson How Fabrics are Made

6th Class Science 8th Lesson How Fabrics are Made Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Fill in the Blanks.

1. When we burn artificial fibres it gives a ——– smell.
Answer:
Pungent
2. Fibre → ——– → Fabric.
Answer:
Yarn
3. The process of removing seeds from cotton wool is called ——–.
Answer:
ginning
4. ——– fibre is called golden fibre.
Answer:
Jute
5. An example of a natural fibre ——–.
Answer:
cotton, wool, silk

Choose the correct answer.
1. Artificial fibre is
A) Cotton
B) Wool
C) Acrylic
D) Jute
Answer:
C) Acrylic

2. An instrument for spinning
A) Needle
B) Knife
C) Spindle
D) Scissor
Answer:
C) Spindle

3. Making fabric from cotton yarn is called
A) Spinning
B) Ginning
C) Weaving
D) Cutting
Answer:
C) Weaving

4. Jute fibre is obtained from this part of a jute plant
A) Root
B) Leaves
C) Flowers
D) Stem
Answer:
D) Stem

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Name the things you find in your home that are made of different fibres.
Answer:
Shirt – Cotton
Swetter – Wool
Carry bag – Polythene
Raincoat – Pvc
Saree – Silk
Doormat – Coir
Umbrella – Pvc
Gunny bag – Jute

Question 2.
Yarn is stronger than fibre. Why?
Answer:

• The tiny strands like structures are called fibres.
• A single fibre can easily break up.
• But the yarn is a strand made up of multiple fibres.
• The number of fibres increases the thickness or fitness of yarn will increases.
• So the yarn is stronger than fibre.

Question 3.
Write differences between natural fabrics and artificial fabrics.
Answer:

Question 4.
How do you get jute yarn? Write the process.
Answer:

• Jute fibre is obtained from stem of jute plant.
• The stem of the harvested plant is cut and immersed in water for some days.
• When the stem is soaked in water it becomes rotten and easy to peel.
• Then the fibres are separated from the stem and twisted in to yarn.
• By weaving of these yarn, we can make gunny bags.

Question 5.
What will happen if a raincoat is made from cotton fabric?
Answer:

• The raincoat is fully waterproof.
  (The raincoat should allow the flow of water on it without absorbing any drop of water.
• But if the raincoat is made from cotton fabric it absorbs rainwater falling on it.

Question 6.
Make a flowchart showing the process of getting fabric from the cotton plant?
Answer:

Question 7.
Siri donated cloth bags to her schoolmates on her birthday. Why should we appreciate her?
Answer:

• Siri donated cloth bags on her birthday. This can be practised by all in the world.
• Because the polythene covers take much time to decompose and pollute the soil.
• They also (polythene covers) prevent the percolation of rainwater into the ground.
• But the cloth bags decompose easily and mixes in the soil and do not cause any harm to the environment.
• So this is a good step to protect the environment.

Question 8.
Prepare some slogans to promote using natural fibre bags instead of polythene bags.
Answer:

• Stop using plastic bags
• No Plastic – Yes Fabric
• Say no to plastic bags
• Long live earth – Not Plastic
• Be a part of the solution – Not a part of pollution
• Save our planet – use reusable bags

Activities and Projects

6th Class Science Textbook Page No. 92

Question 1.
Prepare a bag using cloth. Collect pieces of fabric and make designs on your bag by using them. Display it in your school.
Answer:
The students can do this activity depending upon their skill. (Student Activity)

Question 2.
Make a scrapbook containing pictures of different types of fabric and name them.
Answer:
(Student Activity)
They can take the help of cloth shop people to identify the different fabric in naming them.

Question 3.
Discuss with your teacher or your parents and prepare a chart showing spinning mills in our state.
Answer:
The student has to collect information from internet. (Student Activity)

Question 4.
Collect news items about handloom workers and cotton growers. Analyze one news item in your own way.
Answer:
Student can do this activity depending on their skill. (Student Activity)

Question 5.
What did you do to know whether artificial fibres give a pungent smell while burning? Write the steps of your experiment.
Answer:

• Cloth pieces of different artificial fibres are taken and they are burnt one after another.
• Wool does not burn quickly.
• Fibres like Nylon. Polyester, Terylene, Rayon, when they are burnt they give out the pungent smell.
• These materials shrink while burning.

Question 6.
Observe these logos. What do they mean? Collect information about this from your school library.
Answer:

• ‘apco’ is the abbreviation of Andhra Pradesh State Handlooms Weavers Co-operative Society Limited.
  
• apco was registered in 1976.
• Co-optex is the abbreviation of the Tamilnadu Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society Limited.
• Co-optex is a pioneer marketing organization of handloom fabrics, through its network of 203 showrooms spread all over India with an annual turnover of around Rs.1000 crores established in 1935.
• The multi-hued butterfly logo is today synonymous with the quality, durability and fair trade practice of Co-Optex.

6th Class Science 8th Lesson How Fabrics are Made Activities

Activity – 1

I. List the fabric items in your house and state what type of fabric they are made of. Classify them into cotton, silk, wool, polyester, terylene, etc. (Page No. 85)
Try to enrich the list as much as you can. For identifying the fabrics, you can take the help of your elders and teachers.

Answer:

i) Which kind of fabric is mostly used in your house?
Answer:
Cotton and silk fabrics used mostly in my house.

ii) How can you identify the type of fabric?
Answer:
By touch and look, generally, we identify the type of fabric.

Activity – 2

Fibre. (Page No. 85)

2. Take a piece of fabric. With the help of a magnifying lens, observe how the fabric is. Pull out threads one by one from the fabric. Observe these threads.

i) What did you observe?
Answer:
The thread has small fine like structures.
Take one thread. Scratch its end. Observe it through a magnifying lens.

ii) Are you able to see the fine structure of the thread?
Answer:
Yes, it has fine structures.
Take a needle and try to insert this thread into the eye of the needle. Can you? Isn’t it difficult?

iii) Have you ever seen what people do to overcome this problem?
Answer:
Generally when we are not able to put a thread into the eye of the needle, either we twist the end of the thread or we wet the end using saliva.

Activity – 3

Characteristics of Fabrics. (Page No. 86)

3. Collect some natural and artificial fabrics and observe the following chara- cterstics. Record your observations in table.

Answer:

i) Which type of fabrics are smooth in nature?
Answer:
Natural fabrics are smooth in nature.

ii) Which type of fabrics dry in a short time?
Answer:
Artificial fabrics dry in a short time.

iii) Do you find any relation between smoothness and time to dry?
Answer:
Yes, the smooth clothes take less time to dry.

iv) Which fabrics give ash when they are burnt?
Answer:
Natural fabrics give ash when they are burnt.

Activity – 4

Making Cotton Yarn. (Page No. 87)

4. Collect cotton bolls from nearby houses or cotton-growing fields.

Remove seeds from the cotton bolls and separate cotton. Take a small piece of cotton; observe it using a magnifying lens or under a microscope.
Answer:
i) What do you observe?
Answer:
I observe small hairy structures. These are the fibres of cotton.

Activity – 5

Spinning Yarn. (Page No. 87)

5. Take a cotton boll and remove the seeds from it. Take some cotton in one hand and gently start pulling out cotton by using the thumb and forefinger figure.

Continuous twisting of the fiber will make yarn. Is it strong or not?
Answer:
The yarn that we make from cotton wool is not strong enough to be used for weaving. To get strong yarn from fibre an instrument is used as wheel and spindle.

Activity – 6

How is jute yarn? (Page No. 89)

6. Collect gunny bags. Pull out the threads from the bag and observe under a magnifying lens. You will see strands of yarn. Observe how the fibre looks like? Compare these fibres with cotton fibres.
Answer:
Like cotton, jute yarn is also useful in making fabric. It is also called golden fibre. Jute fabric is not the same as cotton fabric. It is harder, stronger and rougher.

Activity – 7

Mat Making. (Page No. 90)

7. Write the produce of mat making.
Answer:
Take coconut leaves or two different colour paper strips. Cut and remove the middle vein of the leaf to get two halves. Now put these strips parallel to each other. Take one more strip and insert horizontally and alternately between the vertical strips. Finally, you will get a sheet-like structure. This is the way a mat is made. In the same manner, weave a paper sheet by using paper strips.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 4 Water Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 6th Class Science Solutions 4th Lesson Water

6th Class Science 4th Lesson Water Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Fill in the Blanks.

1. The process of changing water into its vapour is called ——–.
Answer:
evaporation
2. The water cycle is also called as ——–.
Answer:
Hydrological cycle
3. No rainfall for a year or more may lead to ——– in that region.
Answer:
drought
4. Excessive rains may cause ——–.
Answer:
floods.

Choose the correct Answer.

1. The nature of sea water is
A) Salty
B) Tasteless
C) Odourless
D) Sweet
Answer:
A) Salty

2. Which of the following is not a part of water cycle?
A) Evaporation
B) Condensation
C) Rain
D) Distillation
Answer:
D) Distillation

3. Which of the following processes add water vapour to the atmosphere?
A) Solidification
B) Precipitation
C) Condensation
D) Evaporation
Answer:
D) Evaporation

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
List out the activities in our daily life where we use water.
Answer:
We need water to perform day to day activities like
a) drinking b) toilets c) bathing d) washing clothes e) for cleaning utensils

• Water is essential for the germination of seed.
• Water is used to generate electricity.
• Water is used for irrigation in the crops.
• Water is essential for our body metabolic activities.
• Water is used in many industries.

Question 2.
How are clouds formed? Explain.
Answer:

• The process of evaporation followed by condensation causes the formation of clouds.
• On a warm day, the sun heats up the water in oceans, seas, rivers, ponds etc.
• It helps the water convert to water vapour by the process of evaporation.
• When the water vapour rises up into the atmosphere it becomes cooler.
• When water vapour reaches a higher level, it condenses due to contact with cool air and forms small drops or water droplets.
• These tiny droplets remain floating in the air at higher levels of the atmosphere and appear as clouds.

Question 3.
Which of the following days is more suitable for drying of washed clothes? Explain
why. (a) Windy day (b) Cloudy day
Answer:

• A windy day is more suitable for drying washed clothes.
• In the case of a cloudy day, the amount of moisture is high. So evaporation will occur slowly.
• On a windy day, the amount of moisture in the atmosphere is less so the rate of evaporation will be higher.
• Hence, the windy air reaches the washed clothes and makes them dry.

Question 4.
Why do we experience cloud-like smoke near our mouth while we speak during the winter season?
Answer:

• In the winter season, the atmospheric temperature is less than the body temperature.
• This causes the water vapour to condense into a fog of tiny droplets of liquid water.
• So, the water vapour in the mouth cools suddenly when it reaches the outside of the mouth.
• So that we experience cloud-like smoke near our mouth while we speak during the winter season.

Question 5.
Why does the driver of a vehicle wipe the glass inside, even if the wiper is working on the outer surface of the glass when he drives in rain?
Answer:

• The outside wiper of a vehicle wipes off the rainwater.
• The coolness of the rain causes condensation of natural moisture on the inner surface of the glass.
• Due to this condensation of moisture, it makes invisibility to the driver, to drive
• To maintain the visibility through the glass the driver wipes off the glass manually.

Question 6.
What is the water cycle? Explain its main parts briefly.
Answer:
The circulation of water between the earth surface and air is called the water cycle. !t is also called the Hydrological cycle.
There are four main stages in the water cycle.

1. Evaporation: As the sun heats up the water bodies, water becomes water vapour.
2. Condensation: As the vapour rises high levels into the air it cools and forms a cloud.
3. Precipitation: When the clouds cool the water vapour it becomes water which is heavy and falls down as rain.
4. Collection and runoff: Water collects on the earth’s surface and flows into the water bodies like lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers etc.

Question 7.
Revanth blew air from his mouth onto the mirror while he was getting ready to go to school. He observed that the image in the mirror was not clear. Do you know, why? Prepare questions to get clarity.
Answer:

• Why the image in the mirror was not clear when I blow air onto the mirror?
• Which process is responsible for this?
• Does this happen in all seasons?
• In which atmospheric conditions it happens frequently?

Question 8.
If we use water in the same way what will happen in future?
Answer:

• If we use water in the same way it causes scarcity of water in future.
• We will not be able to do various activities where water is required.
• Life is not possible on earth without water.
• It also leads to global warming.
• It is very difficult to get food and fodder.

Question 9.
How can you demonstrate condensation of water by using glass, water and pieces of ice?
Answer:
Aim: To demonstrate condensation of water.
What do we need?: A glass, water, and ice cubes.
How to do?:

• Take a glass half-filled with water.
• Wipe the glass from the outside with a cloth.
• Add some ice cubes into the water.
• Wait for one or two minutes.
• Observe the changes that take place on the outer surface of the glass.

What do we see? :

• Water drops appear on the outer surface of the glass.

What we learn?:

• The cold surface of the glass cools the air around it.
• The surrounded water vapour condenses and forms water droplets on the surface of the glass.

Question 10.
Draw the diagram showing water cycle.
Answer:

Question 11.
How do you appreciate the contribution of the water cycle in making water available for various needs of plants and animals?
Answer:

• Water is the basic need of living organisms to survive.
• Water cycle is responsible for rainfall and it contributes healthy growth of crops.
• Water cycle maintains the ecological balance of earth.
• Water cycle maintains the temperature of the earth constant.
• Water is a habitat for so many plants and animals.

Question 12.
Write your suggestions to prevent water wastage.
Answer:

• Turn off taps quickly after use.
• Reuse water directly from other sources like collected rainwater.
• Switch off the water pumping motor in time to save water.
• Check all pipes and toilets for leaks and other purposes.
• Drinking water should not be used for other purposes.
• Recycle the water by separating the pollutants.
• Follow the water management techniques such as rainwater harvesting.

Question 13.
If people are suffering due to severe floods, what would you do to help them?
Answer:
If people are suffering due to severe floods, I will help them by following the ways.

• By providing food.
• By providing the drinking water.
• By providing blankets, clothing to them.
• By providing the basic needs related to sanitary hygiene and medicines.
• By providing shelter.
• By approaching individual charity institutions and non-govt, organisations to take their help.

Activities and Projects

6th Class Science Textbook Page No. 44

Question 1.
Prepare a map of your village showing different water sources.
Answer:
(Student Activity)
Water sources differ from place to place. So, the student is advised to observe the water sources available in his or her area and prepare a map accordingly.

Question 2.
Make a pamphlet on “Don’t wastewater. ” Display it on wall magazine.
Answer:

• Our primary needs are air, water and food.
• We need water for many activities in our daily life.
• Water is a precious gift of nature.
• We can’t live a single day without water.
• In some areas, people are suffering from a lack of drinking water.
• Some areas are slowly becoming deserts due to lack of water.
• In some areas, people need to travel long distances to collect water.
• If water is scarce, it is very difficult to get food and fodder,
• Water is precious. Let us not waste even a single drop of water.
• We must preserve water not only for us but also for future generations.
• So don’t wastewater.

Question 3.
Collect information about water-related games and make a scrapbook.
Answer:
Water games are the games played in a body of water such as a swimming pool, pond, lake, river or sea.
Following are some water-related games.

1. Swimming
   
2. Jumping into water from a height
   
3. Boat competitions
   
4. Diving
   
5. Water polo
   
6. Surfing
   
7. Yachting
   

Question 4.
Justify the statement “droughts and floods are a result of actions made by man. ” Investigate your reasons.
Answer:

• Droughts and floods are a result of the actions of man.
• This is due to deforestation, wastage of water in huge amount, drilling of several borewells.
• Pollution from factories causes global warming.
• Global warming disturbs the water cycle and causes either less rainfall or too much rainfall.
• Due to the human activities mainly destroying the vegetation, causes no rain for a long period results in drought.
• In the same way human being clears the vegetation when the rain falls in that region the excess water will overflow results floods.
• Hence, we can say that droughts and floods are the results of the action of man.

Question 5.
Conduct a seminar on drought control activities.
Answer:

• If there is no rain for a long period, it may cause drought.
• It creates a water shortage that damage crops, livestock and the environment.
• To control drought, we have to follow the given activities.
  • We should control the emission of gases which causes pollution.
  • Control deforestation and encourage forestation.
  • We should promote water conservation techniques.
  • Wastewater treatment should be implemented.
  • We should follow wastewater recycling, desert landscaping.
  • We should use water judiciously to prevent water scarcity.
  • We should follow the water conservation methods.

Question 6.
Collect information from your grandparents and their experiences about the drought they experienced.
Answer:
The student is advised to collect the information from his/her grandparents and their experiences about the drought.

Activity – 1

Water and its uses: (Page No. 33)

1. Arjun used buckets of water to bathe and to wash his clothes. He said that he had used four buckets of water. Answer the following questions.
i) Is bucket a measure of the volume of water used?
Answer:
No. a Bucket is not a measure of the volume of water used.
ii) How do we measure the volume of water?
Answer:
We measure the volume of water by using the shape of the vessel containing the water.
iii) Do you know any specific unit of measurement of volume?
Answer:
Yes. Water and other liquids have a specific unit to measure the volume in litres.

Activity – 2

How much water do we use daily? (Page No. 33 & 34)
Can you estimate how much water your family uses in a day? Record your estimates in a table. How you could reduce the amount of water and write how much water can you save?
Answer:

Answer (the following questions from the observations and data collected by you.
a) Approximate quantity of water used per day by a person …………………
b) Number of people in the colony/village etc. …………………..
c) Approximate quantity of water used per day in the colony/village etc.
d) Approximate quantity of water used per month in the colony/village.
e) Approximate quantity of water per year in the colony/village etc.
f) Imagine how much water is needed across the world!
Answer:
a) Approximate quantity of water used per day by a person = 182 litres
b) Number of people in the colony/village etc.
= 100 people in the colony = 5000 people in the village
c) Approximate quantity of water used per day in the colony/village.
i) In the colony = 100 x 182 = 18200 litres
ii) In the village = 5000 x 182 = 910000 litres.
d) Approximate quantity of water used per month in the colony/village.
i) In the colony = 18200 x 30 = 546000 litres.
ii) in the village = 910000 x 30 = 27300000 litres.
e) You can calculate in a similar way for the quantity of water used per year in the colony/village.
f) Same procedure is adopted to imagine the water needed across the world.

Activity – 3

How is a well dug? (Page No. 34)

3. Collect information from elders in the village about the level of water in the wells over the years and answer the following questions.
i) Is the water level constant or has it changed?
Answer:
No. The water level is not constant, in the rainy season the water level in the good increases. In the summer season, the water level decreases.

ii) How was the well dug?
Answer:

• The place where the well is to be dug is selected first.
• Workers using crowbars and spades begin to remove the soil at that place.
• The process of digging continues till the water in the underground fills in this well.
• The level of water in the well goes down in the summer as the water table in the groundwater goes down.

iii) Have you seen a bore well being dug? Write the process.
Answer:

• A bore well is a deep, narrow hole drilled into the ground.
• Water is drawn through a pipe and pump.
• The depth to be drilled should be at least 40 metres.
• Borewells are typically small in diameter ranging from 4.5-12 inches.

Activity – 4

4. i) Can you convert water into ice? Explain what should we do. (Page No. 35)
Answer:
Yes. We can convert water into ice.
Fill the ice cube box with water and kept it in the refrigerator for some time. After some time, the water converts into ice.
ii) What happens if ice is kept in the open air?
Answer:
If we kept ice in the open air it melts and converts into water.
iii) What happens when water is heated?
Answer:
When we heat water, it turns into water vapour.

Activity – 5

5. i) Spread a piece of wet cloth in the sunlight. Observe after some time. Where has the water in the wet cloth gone? (Page No. 36)
Answer:
The water in the wet cloth evaporates into the atmosphere due to the heat of the sun.
ii) Does the water in wet clothes dry up only due to sunlight or due to other reasons?
Answer:
The water in the wet clothes dry up not only due to sunlight but also wind.
iii) Where does this water go after drying up?
Answer:
The water is heated by sunlight, it gets converted to vapour and mixes with the air.
iv) Where does this water vapour go after evaporation?
Answer:
The water vapour which enters into the air through the process of evaporation forms clouds in the sky.

Activity – 6

6. Take some water in a glass. Add a piece of ice to it. Observe for a few minutes. Answer the following questions.
i) What changes do you observe on the outer surface of the glass? (Page No. 37)
Answer:
We observed the formation of small drops of water on the outer surface of the glass.
ii) Why are these drops formed?
Answer:
The water vapour which surrounds the glass gets condensed due to the low temperature of the glass outer surface.
iii) Do they form if there is no ice in the glass?
Answer:
No. It does not form any water drops if there is no ice in the glass.

Activity – 7

Drought & Water Scarcity. (Page No. 40)
7. i) What will happen if rainfall this year is less than last year?
Answer:
If rainfall this year is less than last year, it may cause less production of crop yield, depletion of water levels, water scarcity and the atmospheric temperature raises.

ii) What would happen if there was no rainfall for five years?
Answer:

• If there was no rainfall for five years its cause drought.
• All the water sources are dried up.
• There will be no vegetation, animals die due to lack of fodder.
• The soil will be getting dried and cracked.
• Drinking water scarce.

iii) What could be the possible reason for water scarcity in a particular place?
Answer:

• Water scarcity may be caused by climate change due to deforestation and pollution from industries.
• Less amount of rainfall for so many years leads to water scarcity.

iv) What problems can rise due to water scarcity in a particular place?
Answer:

• It is very difficult to get food and fodder.
• Drinking water is scarce.
• People need to travel long distances to collect water.
• Soil becomes dry, agriculture and cultivation become difficult.
• People migrate to other places in search of jobs.

Activity – 8

8. Drought affects our life: (Page No. 41)
Read the letter and answer the following questions.
Dear Firoz,
I hope you are fine there. Nowadays, we are facing severe problems due to drought. For the last five years, we have no rains. All our fields have dried and there are cracks in them’ We fail to grow any crop. My father invested money on bore wells with no results. Now we get water, after a great struggle from the bore-well which is five kilometres from our village. The days have become very bad. Several people have sold their cattle and migrated to Hyderabad and Bengaluru. My family also wants to do so. I request you to ask your parents to search for a job for my father at your place. My father may have been a well-known, rich farmer here but he is willing to do any kind of job there.

Your loving friend
Ramanna

i) What problems did Ramanna face?
Answer:

• Ramanna faced severe problems due to drought.
• Fields are dried and cannot grow a crop.
• Borewells are dried and water scarcity is there.
• People collect water from far away to their village.
• People are migrated to cities to search a job.

ii) How can Firoz help him?
Answer:
Firoz father can search a job for Ramanna’s father to escape from the crucial drought conditions.

iii) What will happen if a farmer grows a crop that required more water in drought-prone districts?
If a farmer grows a crop that required more water in a drought area,

• It leads to water scarcity.
• it increases the investment of the crop.
• it reduces the groundwater level.
• it makes it more expensive to dig deep wells.
• moreover, it is a hot condition so the crops do not give a good yield.

iv) What will happen to the source of groundwater when we constantly dug several bore wells?

• The groundwater level is decreased more and more.
• To get the water farmers to need to dig deep bore wells which are expensive.
• If it continues for some time the bore wells will be dried up.

Activity – 9

Floods a natural hazard. (Page No. 33)
Observe the picture and answer the following questions.

i) What does the picture tell us?
Answer:
It tells us about the floods.

ii) Does excessive rainfall in certain areas of our country lead to such a condition?
Answer:
Yes. Recently we saw this situation in Madras, Kerala and Mumbai.

iii) Are there any reasons that can lead to this situation?
Answer:
Climatic changes, pollution, deforestation, El Nino etc. are some factors for this situation.

iv) Have you ever faced or heard about the flood? Write about your experiences.
Answer:
Yes. I heard about the floods named Hud hud in 2014 and Tithli in 2018.

• A powerful Titli cyclone tore into coastal areas of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh with winds of up to 150 km/h.
• About 3 lakh people have been evacuated from low lying districts in Odisha.
• Roads are blocked and power supply has been lost in many areas.
• There is a shortage of drinking water in many areas.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 1 The Food we Need Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 6th Class Science Solutions 1st Lesson The Food we Need

6th Class Science 1st Lesson The Food we Need Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Fill in the Blanks.

1. Salt is obtained from …………..
Answer:
seawater.
2. The materials which are required to prepare food are known as …………..
Answer:
ingredients.
3. We use ………….. to preserve food for some time.
Answer:
preservatives.
4. Eating foods after the expiry date may damage our …………..
Answer:
health.

Choose the correct answer.

1. The method of preparing idly is
A) Roasting
B) Fermentation
C) Steaming
D) Boiling
Answer:
C) Steaming

2. The source of sugar is
A) Plant
B) Animal
C) Sea
D) All of these
Answer:
A) Plant

Matching.
Group-A                                           Group-B
A) Raagulu             ( )                   1. Pearl millet
B) Sajjalu                ( )                   2. Proso millet
G) Jonnalu             ( )                   3. Foxtail millet
D) Korralu              ( )                    4. Finger millet
E) Samalu               ( )                   5. Great millet
Answer:
Group-A                                              Group-B
A) Raagulu             ( 4 )                   1. Pearl millet
B) Sajjalu                ( 1 )                   2. Proso millet
G) Jonnalu             ( 5 )                   3. Foxtail millet
D) Korralu              ( 3 )                    4. Finger millet
E) Samalu               ( 2 )                   5. Great millet

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Write some: examples of animal and plant materials.
Answer:
Plant food materials: Grains, cereals, vegetables, leafy vegetables and fruits.
Animal food materials: Meat, egg, milk and honey.

Question 2.
Find out the ingredients of the given food items.
a) Potato curry
b) Coconut chutney
c) Gulab jamun
d) Pongal
Answer:

Question 3.
How does food get spoilt? Write its effects on human health.
Answer:

• If the food is not preserved properly, it can be attacked by germs and get spoiled.
• Eating of such spoiled food causes food poison.
• Eating such poisonous food causes abdominal pain, diarrhoea, vomiting, etc.
• And sometimes it also leads to death.

Question 4.
If you have a chance to meet a chef, what questions you will ask about preparing tasty food?
Answer:

• What is the cheapest and healthiest food to eat?
• When you are preparing the food, are you add colours to it?
• Which ingredients do you add to give an extra flavour to the food?
• In the preparation of sweets which ingredients are preferred to add taste to it?

Question 5.
Write down the process of making any food item, which you like.
Answer:

• I like the food item vegetable rice.
• Ingredients required for vegetable rice: Rice, onion, tomato, green peas, carrot, cinnamon cloves, turmeric powder, garam masala powder, chilli powder, coriander leaves, oil, ghee, salt and water.

Procedure:

• Wash rice and soak it for 10 to 15 minutes.
• Place a cooker on the flame. Pour two spoons of ghee and oil in it.
• Add cinnamon, clove and onion and heat it until it turns brown.
• Add chopped tomato, green peas, and carrot.
• Stir-and fry them for two or three minutes.
• Add soaked rice, garam masala powder, turmeric powder red chilli powder and salt.
• Stir and fry them for 2 or 3 minutes.
• Add 1 or 2 cup of water and mix well.
• Close the cooker with lid and cook over medium flame for 2 whistles.
• Turn off the flame. Let it cool at room temperature.
• Open the lid carefully and transfer it to a serving bowl and garnish with fresh coriander leaves.

Question 6.
Draw some fruits and vegetable diagrams which you like.
Answer:
Student Activity

Question 7.
Prepare slogans on “Wastage of Food”.
Answer:

• Food is precious – Don’t waste food.
• Think for those who are hungry before throwing your food into the dustbin.
• Conserve food so that no one dies out of hunger.
• Today’s wastage is tomorrow’s shortage.

Question 8.
Suppose fish / raw mango/lemons are given to you, how would you preserve them?
Answer:

6th Class Science 1st Lesson The Food we Need InText Questions and Answers

Think and Discuss

6th Class Science Textbook Page No. 9

Question 1.
Now a days, we see lot of food getting wasted in all places. Food wastage is happening in our houses, schools and other places (Hostels, Hotels…etc,.) on daily and special occasions. What are the ways to avoid wastage of food ? Discuss with your teacher.
Answer:

1. We should use up the left over food in the next day.
2. By preparing sufficient quantities of food during functions and marriages.
3. We should read the labels of the food products to know the date of manufacture and expiry.
4. Be quickly on fruits and vegetables.

Question 2.
Does everyone around you get enough food to eat? If not, why?
Answer:

1. No. So many people are not getting enough food to live.
2. Food is not produced enough to meet the needs of overgrowing population.
3. Many people are ignoring the importance of food. They are wasting the food by cooking in large quantities and throwing away during functions even in our day to day life.
4. Food is very precious – Don’t waste it.

Activities and Projects

Question 1.
Collect any wrapper of packaged food. Read the information in detail and answer the following questions.
a) When was it manufactured and how long can we use it?
b) What ingredients does it contain? name them.
Answer:
a) Name of the packaged food: Britannia 50 : 50
Date of manufacturing: 19 April 2020
How long can we use it: Best before six months from packaging
b) Ingredients it contained:

Question 2.
List out the names of some plants that grow in your village. Which parts of it are used as food?
Answer:

Question 3.
With the help of your teacher form groups of 5 or 6 students of your class. Make a fruit chat or vegetable salad and eat it. How did you feel? Write few lines about your experience.
Answer:

• With the help of our teacher all of our classmates were divided into 5 groups.
• To make a fruit salad we collected fruits like papaya, grapes, pineapple, mangoes, apple, banana and orange.
• We chopped all the fruits and mixed them in a bowl.
• We added Honey and fresh orange juice and lemon juice two or three spoons to the mixed fruits.
• Now all the contents are mixed well with spoon.
• Our friends tasted the fruit salad.
• We felt very tasty as its mixture of different fruits pieces.
• The taste of salad is sweet, sour and juicy.

Question 4.
Find out from your parents about the various methods of preserving food and write notes on it.
Answer:
I collected the different methods of preserving food from my parents, as given below.

• Food preservation prevents the growth of the microorganisms which causes food spoilage.
• More processes designed to preserve food involve more than one food preservation method.
• Preserving fruit by turning into jam, involves boiling to reduce the moisture in the
  fruits and sugaring to prevent re-growth of organisms and canning to prevent contamination in air tight jar.

Question 5.
Collect information about the main food habits of different states of India. Refer in your school, library books and discuss with your teacher and write a report on it.
Answer:
People of different states in India have different types of food habits because of different climatic and geographical conditions, and natural vegetation.

Question 6.
Collect information regarding ‘our traditional food’ from your grandparents.
Answer:

• The cooking is very diverse due to the vast spread of the people and varied tropical regions in A.P.
• Rice, Dal, Tomato, Gongura, and Tamarind are largely used for cooking curries.
• Spicy and hot varieties such as pickles form an important part of Telugu cuisine.
• Different communities have their own variations and the rural areas still follow the centuries-old cooking habits and recipes.
• Idly, dosa, poori and curd rice with onion is the famous varieties as the breakfast dishes.
• Broad varieties of pickles are used for preserving some of the vegetables and fruits throughout the year.
• Pakodi, janthikalu, pea snacks (guggillu), bajji are used as snacks.
• Sweets and savories form an important part of Telugu culture made on festive and auspicious occasions.

6th Class Science 1st Lesson The Food we Need Activities

Activity – 1

1. Look at the following food items in the stall: (Page No. 2)

Write the names of the above food items in the table given below.

Answer:

Activity – 2

What did we eat? (Page No. 3)

2. What did you eat Yesterday? Make a list. Ask your classmates what they ate yesterday and write in the table.

Answer:
Yes. Yesterday I ate the following items.
a) Breakfast – Milk and egg
b) Lunch – Rice, Dal, Brinjal curry, Rasam, curd
c) Evening – Biscuits and fruits
d) Dinner- Rice, potato curry, curd.

i) Did all the students eat the same type of food?
Answer:
No. The students did not eat the same type of food.
ii) Are there any common food items in the above list?
Answer:
Yes. Rice, dal, egg, milk, vegetables, curd are the common food items in the above list.
iii) Prepare menu chart of the food served for a week during mid-day meal in your school?

We take different types of food every day. But some food items like rice, dal and vegetables are common. On special occasions, we eat a variety of food items. What are the food items made of?
Answer:
On special occasions we eat a variety of food items. They are Pulihora, Pongal, Payasam, Garelu, Poornalu, Daddhojanam, Vundarallu. Pulagannam, etc.

Activity – 3

Food Ingredients. (Page No. 4)

3. List out some food items and mention the ingredients required to prepare them in the table given below.

Answer:

a) Some food items and its ingredients have been listed below. Write the source of each ingredient in table. (Page No. 5)

Answer:

b) Write the names of the edible parts of the plant in the table – 5.  (Page No. 6)

Answer:

i) Which part of the plants do we generally eat?
Answer:
Leaves, roots, seeds and fruits of plants are generally we eat. Stems and flowers are not so widely used.

ii) Do we also use flowers as food?
Answer:
Yes, we use flowers as food. Banana flower, Cauliflower, etc.

c) Write the food items opposite to each of the process in the table – 6.  (Page No. 7)

Answer:

Activity – 4

Preparation of Upma. (Page No. 7)

Aim: To prepare upma
What yoy need (Ingredients): Upma rawa, onion, green chillies, oil, tomato, salt, water, mustard seeds, curry leaves, pan, etc.
What to do? (Procedure):

• Chop the clean vegetables into pieces.
• Place a pan on the flame.
• Pour 3 spoons of oil and add mustard seeds, onions, chillies, chopped vegetables and fry them.
• Pour sufficient water and add salt to it.
• Let it boil for sometime.

Then add rawa when the water gets boiled. Stir it well.
What do you see? (Observation) :After a few minutes it becomes thick, the tasty upma is ready.
What do you learn? Using different ingredients, we can make tasty upma.

i) Preparation of Tomato Curry:
Answer:

1. Clean all the vegetables in water and chop them into pieces.
2. Place a pan on a flame.
3. Pour three spoons of oil. When oil becomes hot, put one spoon full of mustard, black gram and jeera.
4. Then add green and red chilli pieces and put a pinch of turmeric powder.
5. Half a minute later add pieces of onion and tomato.
6. Then add some salt and close the lid. After five minutes the curry is ready.

Activity – 5

Let us store food. (Page No. 8)

5. Ask your parents the other ways of preserving the food follow and fill the table given below.

Answer:

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Nutrition in Plants

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Important Questions 10th Lesson Nutrition in Plants

7th Class Science 10th Lesson Nutrition in Plants Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How is the process of photosynthesis carried on in plants?
Answer:

1. We know that plants take water through their roots and air though the stomata of their leaves. (There are some other parts like loose tissues and lenticels present on the bark of plant through which exchange of air takes place).
2. We also know that leaves contain the green substance, chlorophyll.
3. In the presence of sun light the process of photosynthesis takes place as follows. Green parts of plants use carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight along with water to make glucose starch and other food materials.
   

Question 2.
What effect light has on the formation of starch in leaves? Describe an activity to find out.
Answer:

1. We need to find out if starch is present in leaves. We already know how to test for starch, but a problem arises if we try this test with leaves.
2. Leaves are green in colour. When iodine solution is put on a leaf, it should turn blue if starch is present.
3. However, the green colour of the leaf disguises the blue colour.
4. So we must first remove the green colour of the leaves if we want to test whether they contain starch.
5. The way to do this is to first put the leaves in a boiling tube and boil them in alcohol.
6. 4 to 5 leaves of a plant were plucked in the afternoon.
7. After removing their green colour in the way described above, they were put in diluted iodine solution.
8. The leaves turned black.
   
9. It means the leaves has starch in them.
10. In the second part of the experiment, 4 to 5 leaves of the same plant were covered with black paper without removing them from the plant.
11. The way the black paper was cut and fixed to the leaves is shown in the figure.
12. These leaves were plucked two days later. Their green colour was removed and they were dipped in iodine solution.
13. The leaves turned black in the pattern shown in the figure.
14. We will notice with the iodine solution test that starch was not present in the portion of the leaves covered with black paper.
15. This experiment confirms that light is essential for the formation of startch in plants.

Question 3.
Do plants produce only starch? If not, what are the other compounds it could produce? explain.
Answer:

1. We know that starch, fats and proteins are present in food.
2. They are also present in plants.
3. Plants produce sugar first, which is converted to starch and then another compound as well.
4. But plants need other nutrient elements to do this.

Question 4.
What are the main nutrients for plants ? What do you mean by micronutrients?
Answer:

1. The main nutrients needed are nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus.
2. Plants require many other nutrient elements as well, but these are needed only in minute quantities.
3. Hence, they are called micronutrients.
4. Plants absorb these nutrient elements from the soil through their roots.

Question 5.
What is Cuscuta? Explain what is meant by hetero trophic nutrition.
Answer:

1. We see yellow thread-like structures twining around the stem, branches and leaves of some trees.
2. Figure shows such a plant.
3. This thread-like plant is Cuscuta. It neither has leaves nor Chlorophyll.
4. Cuscuta takes food from the plant on which it is climbing.
   
5. Like humans and animals such plants depend on the food produced by other plants.
6. This mode of nutrition is called heterotrophic nutrition.

Question 6.
What are saprophytes? Where do they grow?
Answer:

1. Often after rains we find umbrella like structures growing from the ground.
2. Such plants are called saprophytes.
3. They grow on dead / decaying matter.
4. Mushrooms belong to this type of plants.

Question 7.
What is fungi? Where do you find it?
Answer:

1. Black and white spots appearing on bread pieces, pickles, when kept in moist places. These spots develop due to the growth of fungi, which is a type of plant.
2. All these types of plants do not contain chlorophyll so they simply absorb organic material usually from decaying matter.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on ‘insectivorous plants’.
Answer:

1. A few plants manufacture their own food but also obtain a part of their nutrition from insects.
2. Leaves of these plants are specially modified to trap insects.
   
3. These plants grow in areas deficient in nitrogen.
4. Hence they meet their nitrogen requirements from insects.
5. Being green in colour, they can manufacture their own food.
6. Droseras, Utricularia, Venusflytrap are examples of some such insectivorous plants.
7. These are also called as carnivorous plants.

Question 9.
Mention some plants on whose roots bacteria grow.
Answer:
Some plants like those of the Dal family have a type of bacteria growing on their roots in nodules. The bacteria fixes nitrogen for the plant while it gets shelter in the roots of these plants. Such an association is beneficial to both groups and called symbiosis.

Question 10.
What are Lichens? Write a note about it.
Answer:
There are colonies of algae and fungi living together in a symbiotic relationship. These colonies are known as Lichens. This relationship starts with the attack of the algal colony by a type of fungus. It is an example of balanced parasitism then. Later as algae survive, they are given protection from intense light and conditions of drying up due to the presence of fungus colony. The fungus gets food from its partner.

Question 11.
Describe the experiment conducted by Jan Baptista Von Helmont and discuss his results.
Answer:

1. In the year 1648 a Belgian scientist Jan Baptista Von Helmont conducted an experiment that continued for five years.
   
2. He took a small willow tree and planted it in a large pot of soil.
3. Before he did this he carefully measured the mass of the dry soil and the mass of the tree.
4. He covered the soil with a lid so that nothing could fall onto the surface of the soil and add to its mass.
5. There were holes in the lid so that the tree could grow out of the soil and so that air and water could reach the roots. Von Helmont left the tree for five years, giving it only rain water to drink.
   
6. At the end of the five years he measured the mass of the tree and the mass of the dry soil for a second time.
7. The results of this experiment are shown below.
8. This experiment changed the belief of hundreds of years. This was because Von Helmont arrived at a result that –
9. 
   a) The substances needed for the growth of a plant do not come from the soil only.
   b) The plant grow because of the water it gets.

Question 12.
Who was the first to point out a possible role of light in plant nutrition?
Answer:

1. People tried to check the conclusions of Von Helmont and thus experiment after experiment followed.
   
2. Stephan Hales described the leaves as organs of transpiration (loss of excess water from plant body) and he said that plants exchange gases with their surrounding air.
3. Furthermore, he was the first to point out a possible role of light in plant nutrition.

Question 13.
List the four major things needed by plants to carry out the process of photosynthesis.

Answer:

1. In nature, the presence of the green substance in leaves is essential for photosynthesis to take place.
2. This green substance is called chlorophyll. Plants get water from the soil through their roots while the process of photosynthesis takes place in the leaves.
   

Question 14.
Why is it necessary to irrigate the fields after sprinkling urea?
Answer:

1. Farmers sprinkle urea in rice or wheat fields whenever the leaves turn yellow.
2. The leaves soon become green again.
3. After sprinkling urea, farmers irrigate their fields.
4. Urea dissolves in water and stay near the roots of the rice plants.
5. The plants absorb this urea dissolved in water through their roots.
6. This is the reason why farmers irrigate the fields after sprinkling urea.
7. The rice or wheat plants get water and other nutrients dissolved in it thus.

Question 15.
How does the exchange of air take place in plants?
Answer:

1. Plants get water from the soil through their roots.
   They use carbon dioxide of air. This job is done by the leaves.
2. The leaves have tiny holes through which the exchange of air takes place.
   
3. These holes are so minute we can only see them with the help of a microscope.
4. They are called stomata.
5. It is through the stomata that the exchange of air in leaves takes place continuously.

Question 16.
Draw a diagram of mango tree and write its soliloquy.
Answer:

Question 17.
How do parasitic plants get food from the host plants?
Answer:
Parasitic plants develop special roots called haustoria, which penetrate into the tissues * of the host plant and absorb food materials from them.

Question 18.
What is herberium? How is it useful to us?
Answer:

1. Preservation of plant parts like leaves, flowers or whole plant is a traditional designery art.
2. If the plants are not available in a particular place then the plant physiologists collect those plants where they available and make them in the preservative form.
3. This is commonly known as herberium.
4. They study those plants, and these preserved plants also helpful for the future studies.

Question 19.
Read the para and answer the quesions given below.
Cascuta is a parasitic plant. This receives nutrients from the host plant. It has a finger like structure called haustoria. It inserts it into the stem of the host and receives nutrients.

1. Why do we call Cascuta a parasitic plant?
2. What helps to receive nutrients in Cascuta?
3. Why does Cascuta depend on host for nutrition?
4. Give some more examples of parasitic plants.

Answer:

1. Because Cascuta depends on other plants for food.
2. Haustoria.
3. As Cascuta has no chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis, it depends on other plants for food.
4. a) Corpse flower (Rafflesia plant)
   b) Hydnora plant
   c) Thurber’s stem sucker.

Question 20.
What happens if the stomata is absent in the plants?
Answer:

1. If there are no stomata in plant, transpiration will not occur.
2. Moreover, the gaseous exchange (CO₂, O₂) will not take place in plants.
3. Photosynthesis will not occur in plants.

Question 21.
In human beings respiratory organs are lungs. What are the respiratory organs of plants?
Answer:
Stomata act as respiratory organs in plants.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Let us Measure Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 6th Class Science Solutions 7th Lesson Let us Measure

6th Class Science 7th Lesson Let us Measure Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Fill in the Blanks.
1. Millimetre is a unit for measuring ——–.
A. length
2. For measuring long distances we use ——– as a unit.
A. kilometre
3. The measure of the extent of a plane surface occupied by an object is called ——–.
A. area

Choose the Correct Answer.
1. The smallest distance that you can measure with a centimetre scale is [ B ]
A) Centimetre
B) Millimetre
C) Metre
D) Micro Metre
Answer:
B) Millimetre

2. Volume of solids is measured in [ C ]
A) Metres
B) Square Metres
C) Cubic Metres
D) Centimetres
Answer:
C) Cubic Metres

3. this is used to measure the area of a irregular plane surface [ B ]
A) Thread
B) Graph paper
C) Measuring Cylinder
D) Scale
Answer:
B) Graph paper

Answer the Following Questions.
1. A school hall measures 20 m in length and 15 m in breadth. Find its area.
Answer:
The length of hall (L) = 20 m
The breadth of hall (B) = 15 m
The area of hall = l × b
= 20 m × 15 m = 300 m² = 300 sq. m.

2. Ramu’s father had a rectangular plot of length 60 ft. and breadth 50 ft. He built a house occupyinglength 40 ft. ofthepoltand breadth 40 ft. and in the remaining area he planted a garden. Can you help Ramu to find out the area of his garden?
Answer:
The Area of Rectangular plot A = L1 × B1 Here L1 = 60ft, B1 = 50ft
A1 = L1 × B1 = 60ft × 50ft = 3000 square feet.
The Area of house A2 = L2 × B2 Here L2 = 40ft, B2 = 40ft A2 = L2 × B2 = 40ft × 40ft = 1600 square feet
The remaining area A3 = A1 – A2 = 3000 – 1600 = 1400s feet A3 = 14 × B2 = 40ft × 40ft = 1600 square feet
The remaining area A3 = A1 – A2 = 3000 – 1600 = 1400s feet A3 = 1400 Square feet.
So the area planned for garden = 1400 square feet.

3. What questions do you ask a mason to know how he is taking measurements while constructing the building?
Answer:

• What is the instrument used to measure the length and breadth of an area?
• How many bricks we need to build a wall?
• How much cement and sand we have to mix to prepare concrete?
• What is the instrument used to break the bricks?

4. How can you measure the thickness of a metal wire? Explain?
Answer:

• Take a metal wire and a pencil.
• Coil the metal wire around the pencil.
• Now measure the length of metal wire by using a scale.
• Divide this with coils of metal wire around pencil. Then we get the thickness of a metal wire.

5. How can you measure the length of a banana? Explain?
Answer:

• The length of a banana can measure by a common scale.
• Take a 30 cm long scale.
• Keep the banana on a scale, and note the two ends on scale.
• Remove banana and count the centimeters.

6. How can you measure the area of your palm using graph paper? Explain.
Answer:

• Take a graph paper and place your hand on it.
• Draw an outline of your palm by using a pencil.
• Remove your hand and you can find an outline of your hand on the graph paper.
• Now count the number of complete squares inside the boundary of palm:
• Then count the squares which are half or greater than half as a full square.
• The squares which are less than half are to be neglected on graph papers.
• If there are ‘n’ squares in the boundary, then the area of palm becomes ‘n’ cm²
• This process gives us the value of area of a palm.

7. A carpenter who makes wooden furniture, needs accuracy in measurements. Do you ever notice how he measures? How would you appreciate him?
Answer:

• The carpenters takes measurements with a metal tape.
• He takes measurements very accurately and nearest to a millimeters.
• As he is a practical worker he has to take correct measurment. If any wrong measure-ment is taken it will affect the furniture that he is making.
• So the carpenters put his mind and concentration on the measurements as his quality of work depends on these measurements.
• Otherwise it will be loss of time and money.

8. The distance between numbers in a clock is accurately the same. List out the things that you observe in your surroundings with accurate distance between them.
Answer:

• The distance between the kilometer stones on the road is same.
• The radius between front and back wheels of cycles, scooters is exactly same.
• The distance between wings of fan is also same etc.

Activities and Projects

6th Class Science Textbook Page No. 82

Question 1.
Measure the volume of “Kalakanda ” (sugar crystal) and piece of “Patika ” (alum). Record your measurements.
Answer:

• The volume of Kalakanda and Patika are measured by taking kerosene in the measuring cylinder.
• The measurements are recorded in the table.
  

  Name of the Student	Volume of Kalakanda	Volume of Patika
  RAMESH	30 CC	40 CC
  VENKAT	28.5 CC	42.1 CC
  GEETHA	27.6 CC	41.8 CC
  SHAHEENA	25.1 CC	42.7 CC

• All the volumes of Kalakanda measured by students are not equal.
• All the volumes of Patika measured by the students are not equal.
  There is parallax error in observing the readings by the students. So there is small variation in their readings.

Question 2.
Make a visit to panchayat office and collect information how VRO measures areas of agricultural lands in your village. Prepare a questionnaire for this.
Answer:

• Areas of agricultural lands are not measured with the measuring instruments known to us.
• They use chains and the measurement is made in links.
• As the measurements involves large distance, VRO uses chains to measure.

QUESTIONNAIRE:

• Why do not you use tape for measurement?
• What is the advantage of using a chain?
•  Do you get accurate measurement with chain?
• Can we use meter scale to measure the length of a place?
• How many links we need to measure 1 acre of land?

Question 3.
Collect any invitation card with envelope. Find out the difference between measurements of card and cover. Write down the process that you follow.
Answer:

• 1. Measurements of covers:
  Length of cover L1 = 25 cm; Breadth of cover B1 = 20 cm
• 2. Measurements of card:
  Length of card L2 = 23 cm; Breadth of card B2 = 17 cm
• The lengths and breadths of cover and card are measured with the scale.
• The card suitable fits in the cover.

Question 4.
Try to imagine the area of CD, sim card, the mobile phone then find out the area of the above by using graph paper. Compare the values of your guess with graph paper measurement. Which thing is closely related to your guess?
Answer:
Student Activity.

6th Class Science 7th Lesson Let us Measure Activities

Activity – 1

Measuring Lengths. (Page No. 71)

1. Measure the length of one side of a table using your hand-span (Fig. ).

Ask your classmates to do the same. Record the length of the table in terms of a number of handspans in the given table:

i) Do all of you get the same number of handspans for the length of the table?
Answer:
No. I got different number of hand-spans for the length of the table.

ii) Who got more number of hand-spans?
Answer:
David got more number of hand-spans.

iii) Why is there a difference in number of hand spans, though you measured the same table?
Answer:

1. Hand spans size is differ from person to person and also from child’s to adults.
2. The students who have little hand spans take more number in measurements.

iv) Now find the length of your classroom using your foot-span. Enter your observations in terms of number of foot-spans in the given table:
Answer:

v) Is the number of foot-spans same when different students measure the length of the same classroom?
Answer:
No, foot spans are different.

vi) Who got the most number of foot spans? Why?
Answer:
Pavan got more number of foot spans, because whose foot span are little, so, he got more number of foot spans.

vii) Who got the least number of foot spans? Why?
Answer:
Sai Ram got least number of foot spans because he has long foot span.

Activity – 2

2. How do you measure the height of your classmate using a meter scale? (Page No. 74)
Answer:
Ask your classmate to stand with his/her back against a wall.
Make a mark on the wall exactly above his/her head.
Now measure the distance, from the floor to this mark on the wall, with a scale.
Let all other students measure this length in a similar way. Record your observations in your notebook.
i) Study carefully the measurements reported by different students. Do you all have the same readings of measurements?
Answer:
No, the measurements are different.

ii) If not, what could be the reason for the differences?
Answer:
Though the measurement was done using a standard scale, results may be close to each other but not exactly equal. The difference in reading is due to some errors in measurement.

Activity – 3

3. How do you measure the thickness of coins? (Page No. 76)
Answer:

• Take about 10 one rupee coins of the same size and place them one upon the other as shown in the figure.
  
• Measure the total thickness with a scale and then divide it by the number of coins to get the thickness of one coin.

Activity – 4

4. How do you find the length of a curved path? (Page No. 76)
Answer:

• Fix pins at the ends of curved line to be measured as shown in figure.
  
• Now tie a knot with cotton thread at the first point ‘A of the pin A and move the cotton thread along with points B, C, D, E etc.
• Care should be taken that the thread is neither too tight nor too lose and see that the thread coincides with the curve at each point while moving along the path.
• When the thread reaches the extreme end of the curved path cut it at that point.
• Remove the thread from A and then place it straight along the length of a meter scale and measure its length.
• The length of the thread is the measure of the length of the curved path.

Activity – 5

5. Can you decide which is the bigger and which is the smaller sheet by observing them? If not, what method do you adopt to decide the bigger one or smaller one? (Page No. 76)
Answer:

• Take two sheets of A4 paper and cut them in the shapes of shown in Figure.
  
• Now take some empty matchboxes of equal size and keep them on the sheet.
• Starting from one corner of the sheet, count how many matchboxes are needed to cover the entire surface of the sheet.
• Similarly repeat the process for the second sheet also and record the findings in your notebooks.
• Which sheet needs more number of matchboxes? Which is bigger in size?
• You may find that one of the sheets needs more number of matchboxes which shows that one sheet is bigger in size than the other.
• Thus, we need to measure the surface of an object to decide whether it is bigger or smaller.
• Area is the measure of the extent of plane surface occupied by an object.
• With this activity, a matchbox is taken as a unit to measure area but it is not a standard unit. We need a standard unit to measure the area.

Activity – 6

Measurement of irregular plane surface: (Page No. 78)

6. How do you find the area of an irregular plane surface (a leaf)?
Answer:

• Let us find out the area of a surface, say a banana peel or a leaf, which has an irregular shape.
• Place the leaf on graph paper. Mark the boundary of the piece of leaf on the graph paper with a pencil.
• Now remove the leaf to find the outline or boundary of the leaf on graph paper.
• Count the number of complete squares (each of 1 cm² area) inside the boundary.
• Also count those squares, inside the boundary, which are half or greater than half. Add this to the number of complete squares.
• This total number of squares inside the boundary gives the area of the leaf. If there are ‘n’ squares inside the boundary, the area of the leaf becomes n cm².
• Neglect those squares, inside the boundary, which are less than half.
• This process will gives us the value of area which is close to the actual area.

Activity – 7

7. How do you measure the volume of irregular solids using a measuring cylinder? (Page No. 80)
Answer:

• Take a measuring cylinder and fill almost half of it with water.
  Record the volume of water.
• Let us assume it is “a” cm³ (or “a” ml).
  
• Now tie a small irregular solid (stone) with a fine cotton thread.
• Put the solid gently into the water in the cylinder so that it is completely immersed in water.
• We notice that the level of water in the measuring cylinder rises as the stone displaces water equal to its own volume.
• Record the new volume of water. Let us assume that it is “b” ml.
• Now the volume of stone will be the difference between the second volume and the first volume i.e volume of the stone = (b – a) cm³.

SCERT AP 7th Class Science Study Material Pdf 5th Lesson చలనం – కాలం Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science 5th Lesson Questions and Answers చలనం – కాలం

7th Class Science 5th Lesson చలనం – కాలం Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning (అభ్యసనాన్ని మెరుగుపరచుకుందాం)

I. ఖాళీలను పూరింపుము.

1. వడి యొక్క ప్రమాణాలు (మీ/సె)
2. ఒక వస్తువు సమాన దూరాన్ని సమాన కాల వ్యవధిలో ప్రయాణిస్తే, దానిని ……. చలనం అంటారు. (సమ)
3. 60 నిమిషాలు = ………….. సెకనులు. (8,600)
4. సగటు వడి = ప్రయాణించిన మొత్తం దూరం / ……………. (ప్రయాణించిన కాలం)
5. ISRO అంటే ………. (భారత అంతరిక్ష పరిశోధనా కేంద్రము)
6. జియో స్టేషనరీ ఉపగ్రహాలు ………… కొరకు ఉపయోగిస్తారు. (సమాచార ప్రసరణ)

II. సరైన జవాబు సూచించు అక్షరమును బ్రాకెట్ లో రాయండి.

1. వడి, దూరం మరియు కాలం మధ్య సరైన సంబంధం
A) వడి = దూరం/కాలం
B) వడి = కాలం/దూరం
C) కాలం = వడి/దూరం
D) దూరం = వడి/కాలం
జవాబు:
A) వడి = దూరం/కాలం

2. కింది వాటిలో సాధారణ విషయం ఏమిటి?
ఎగిరే హెలికాప్టర్ యొక్క ప్రొపెల్లర్ కదలిక, గడియారం యొక్క నిమిషాల ముల్లు, జెయింట్ వీల్ చలనం.
A) అన్నీ స్థానాంతర చలనానికి ఉదాహరణలు
B) అన్నీ డోలన చలనానికి ఉదాహరణలు
C) అన్నీ భ్రమణ చలనానికి ఉదాహరణలు
D) A మరియు C
జవాబు:
C) అన్నీ భ్రమణ చలనానికి ఉదాహరణలు

3. కింది వాటిలో ఏది డోలన చలనం కాదు?
A) విద్యుత్ గంటలో సుత్తి చలనం
B) పరుగెత్తుతున్నప్పుడు మీ చేతుల చలనం
C) తూగుటూయల మీద పిల్లల చలనం
D) బండి లాగునప్పుడు గుర్రం యొక్క చలనం
జవాబు:
D) బండి లాగునప్పుడు గుర్రం యొక్క చలనం

4. కిందివాటిలో ఏది సరైనది కాదు?
A) సమయం యొక్క ప్రాథమిక ప్రమాణం సెకన్
B) ప్రతి వస్తువు యొక్క చలనం సమచలనం.
C) 1 కి.మీ/గం = 5/18 మీ/సె.
D) వేగమును కి.మీ/గం. లలో వ్యక్తపరుస్తారు.
జవాబు:
C) 1 కి.మీ/గం = 5/18 మీ/సె.

III. జతపరచండి.

జవాబు:

IV. ఈ క్రింది ప్రశ్నలకు జవాబులు రాయండి.

ప్రశ్న 1.
రెండు స్టేషన్ల మధ్య దూరం 240 కిమీ. ఈ దూరాన్ని పూర్తి చేయడానికి ఒక రైలుకు 4 గంటలు పడుతుంది.
రైలు వేగాన్ని మీటర్/సెకనులలో లెక్కించండి.
జవాబు:

ప్రశ్న 2.
ఒక వస్తువు ఒకే సమయంలో స్థానాంతర మరియు భ్రమణ చలనాలను కలిగి ఉంటుందా? ఒక ఉదాహరణ ఇవ్వండి.
జవాబు:

1. ఒక వస్తువు ఒకే సమయంలో స్థానాంతర మరియు భ్రమణ చలనాలను కల్గి ఉంటుంది.
2. దొర్లుతున్న బంతి గాని కదులుతున్న సైకిల్ కాని వాటి స్థానం నుండి ముందుకు కదులుతూ స్థానాంతర చలనాన్ని చూపుతాయి.
3. అదే సమయంలో ఆ వస్తువులు గుండ్రంగా తిరుగుతూ భ్రమణ చలనం ప్రదర్శిస్తాయి.

ప్రశ్న 3.
టైలర్లు ఉపయోగించే కుట్టు యంత్రంలో, అది నడుస్తున్నప్పుడు కుట్టు యంత్రాల భాగాల చలన రకాన్ని పేర్కొనండి.
ఎ) చక్రం
బి) సూది
సి) వస్త్రం
జవాబు:
ఎ) చక్రం – భ్రమణ చలనం
బి) సూది – డోలన చలనం
సి) వస్త్రం – స్థానాంతర చలనం

ప్రశ్న 4.
సైకిల్ చలనంలో ఉన్నప్పుడు దాని వివిధ భాగాల చలనాలను తెలియజేయండి.
ఎ) చక్రం
బి) సైకిల్ చైన్
సి)పెడల్ చలనం
డి) సైకిల్ తో పాటు నడిపే వ్యక్తి చలనం
జవాబు:
సైకిల్ చలనంలో ఉన్నప్పుడు వివిధ భాగాలు వేరు వేరు చలనాలను చూపుతాయి.
ఎ) చక్రం – భ్రమణ చలనం
బి) సైకిల్ చైన్ – దీర్ఘవృత్తాకార చలనం
సి) పెడల్ – వృత్తాకార చలనం
డి) సైకిల్ నడిపే వ్యక్తి – స్థానాంతర చలనం

ప్రశ్న 5.
జాన్ ఒక రాయికి తీగను కట్టి దానిని గిరగిర తిప్పాడు. అక్కడ మీరు ఏ రకమైన చలనాన్ని పరిశీలిస్తారు?
జవాబు:
రాయికి తీగను కట్టి గిరగిరా తిప్పినపుడు అది వృత్తాకార మార్గంలో భ్రమణ చలనాన్ని ప్రదర్శిస్తుంది.

ప్రశ్న 6.
సమచలనం మరియు అసమచలనము అంటే ఏమిటి? ప్రతి చలనానికి నాలుగు ఉదాహరణలు ఇవ్వండి.
జవాబు:
సమచలనం :
ఒక వస్తువు సమాన కాలవ్యవధులలో సమాన దూరాలు ప్రయాణించినట్లయితే, దానిని సమచలనం అంటారు.
ఉదా :

1. గడియారంలో ముళ్ళు చలనం
2. తిరుగుతున్న ఫ్యాన్
3. ఒకే వేగంతో వెళుతున్న రైలు
4. ఒకే వేగంతో వెళుతున్న కారు

అసమచలనం :
ఒక వస్తువు సమాన కాలవ్యవధులలో అసమాన దూరాలు ప్రయాణించినట్లయితే దానిని అసమ చలనం అంటారు.
ఉదా :

1. సీతాకోక చిలుక ప్రయాణం
2. ట్రాఫిక్ లో కదులుతున్న కారు
3. స్టేషన్ లోకి వస్తున్న రైలు
4. ఎత్తు నుండి దొర్లుతున్న రాయి

ప్రశ్న 7.
రాకెట్ యొక్క చలనం వేగవంతమైన చలనం అని మీ స్నేహితుడు మీకు చెప్పారు. మీరు అంగీకరిస్తారా? వస్తువు యొక్క చలనం నెమ్మదిగా ఉందా లేదా వేగంగా ఉందా అని మీరు ఎలా నిర్ణయిస్తారు?
జవాబు:

1. రాకెట్ చాలా వేగంతో ప్రయాణిస్తుంది. దాని వేగం సెకను సుమారు 12 కి.మీ. ఉంటుంది. ఇది అద్భుతమైన వేగం.
2. ఒక వస్తువు యొక్క చలనము నెమ్మదిగా ఉందో వేగంగా ఉందో నిర్ణయించటానికి అది ప్రయాణించిన దూరం, అందుకు పట్టిన సమయం ఆధారంగా నిర్ణయించవచ్చు.
3. ఒక వస్తువు ఏకాంక కాలంలో ప్రయాణించిన దూరాన్ని దాని వడిగా పిలుస్తారు.
4. వడి = ప్రయాణించిన మొత్తం దూరం / ప్రయాణించిన కాలం.
5. దీనికి ప్రమాణాలు మీటర్/ సెకన్ లేదా కిలోమీటరు / గంట.
6. 1 కిలోమీటరు / గంట = 5/18 మీటర్/ సెకన్.
7. వస్తువు యొక్క వడి ఆధారంగా అది వేగంగా ప్రయాణిస్తుందా లేదా నెమ్మదిగా ప్రయాణిస్తుందా అని నిర్ధారించవచ్చు.
8. వస్తువు యొక్క వేగాన్ని సూచించటానికి వాహనాలలో స్పీడో మీటరు ఉంటుంది.

ప్రశ్న 8.
కాలాన్ని కొలవడంలో లేదా అంచనా వేయడంలో గడియారాలు మరియు వాచను మీరు ఏవిధంగా అభినందిస్తారు?
జవాబు:
కాలం ఒక అద్భుతం
దాన్ని కొలవగలగటం మహా అదృష్టం
అందుకు ఉందిగా గడియారం
తెలుపుతుంది నీకది సమయం
చేయకు నీవు కాలాన్ని దుబారా
విలువ తెలిసిన జీవితం అమూల్యం

7th Class Science 5th Lesson చలనం – కాలం InText Questions and Answers

7th Class Science Textbook Page No. 137

ప్రశ్న 1.
అన్ని వస్తువుల కదలికలు ఒకే విధమైనవా?
జవాబు:
కాదు. వస్తువుల చలనం ప్రధానంగా మూడు రకాలుగా ఉంటుంది.

ప్రశ్న 2.
వస్తువులు కదిలేలా, కదిలే వస్తువు విరామస్థితికి వచ్చేలా చేసేది ఏమిటి?
జవాబు:
బలం వస్తువులను కదిలేలా, కదిలే వస్తువు విరామ స్థితికి వచ్చేలా చేస్తుంది.

ప్రశ్న 3.
రైలు సరళరేఖ వెంబడి కదిలితే ఆ చలనాన్ని ఏమంటారు?
జవాబు:
రైలు సరళరేఖ వెంబడి కదిలితే ఆ చలనాన్ని స్థానాంతర చలనం అంటారు.

ప్రశ్న 4.
పక్షులు చలించే దిశ, వాటి రెక్కల కదలిక ఒకే విధంగా ఉంటుందా?
జవాబు:
లేదు. పక్షులు ముందుకు కదులుతూ స్థానాంతర చలనం చూపితే, వాటి రెక్కలు పైకి క్రిందకు కదులుతూ కంపన చలనం చూపుతాయి.

7th Class Science Textbook Page No. 149

ప్రశ్న 5.
ఒక వస్తువు ఏక కాలంలో స్థానాంతర మరియు భ్రమణ చలనం రెండింటిని కల్గి ఉంటుందా? వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
సైకిల్ ఒక సరళరేఖలో కదులుతున్నప్పుడు దాని చక్రం చలనాన్ని పరిశీలించండి.

సరళరేఖా మార్గంలో కదులుతున్న సైకిల్ టైర్ యొక్క చలనాన్ని మీరు పరిశీలిస్తే ఆ టైర్ లోని అన్ని భాగాలు ఒకే మార్గంలో కదులుతున్నాయి. అందువల్ల అది స్థానాంతర చలనంలో ఉందని చెప్పవచ్చు.

గుండ్రంగా తిరుగుతున్న సైకిల్ టైరును మీరు గమనిస్తే అది దాని అక్షం పరంగా వక్రమార్గంలో (వృత్తాకారం) కదులుతుంది. కాబట్టి సైకిల్ టైరు భ్రమణ చలనంలో ఉందని చెప్పవచ్చు.

సరళరేఖా మార్గంలో ప్రయాణిస్తున్న సైకిల్ టైరు స్థానాంతర చలనము మరియు భ్రమణ చలనాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటుంది.

7th Class Science Textbook Page No. 153

ప్రశ్న 6.
సగటు వడిని ఎలా లెక్కిస్తారు?
జవాబు:
సగటు వడి వస్తువు ప్రయాణించిన మొత్తం దూరం మరియు పట్టిన కాలముల నిష్పత్తితో లెక్కిస్తారు.

7th Class Science Textbook Page No. 155

ప్రశ్న 7.
ఏ భారతీయ సంస్థ రాకెట్ కొరకు పని చేస్తుంది?
జవాబు:
ISRO సంస్థ భారతదేశంలో రాకెట్ల కొరకు పనిచేస్తుంది.

7th Class Science Textbook Page No. 159

ప్రశ్న 8.
వాతావరణ నివేదికలు ఎలా తయారుచేయగల్గుతున్నారు?
జవాబు:

1. కృత్రిమ ఉపగ్రహాల ద్వారా శాస్త్రవేత్తలు భూవాతావరణాన్ని అధ్యయనం చేస్తారు.
2. ఉపగ్రహాలు అందించే ఈ సమాచారాన్ని విశ్లేషించి ఒక ప్రాంత వాతావరణాన్ని, వర్షపాతాన్ని, తేమను అంచనా వేయగలరు.
3. వీటితోపాటు తుపానుల రాక, వాటి గమనాన్ని నిశితంగా పరిశీలించగలరు.

ప్రశ్న 9.
గూగుల్ మ్యాప్స్ మార్గాలను ఎలా ఇవ్వగల్గుతున్నాయి?
జవాబు:

1. గూగుల్ మ్యాప్స్ అనేవి, మార్గాలను చూపించే అంతర్జాల వేదికలు.
2. ఇవి శాటిలైట్ అందించే చిత్రాలను మన స్థానాలను మ్యాపింగ్ చేసి కృత్రిమ మేథ ద్వారా మార్గాలను చూపుతాయి.

ప్రాజెక్ట్ పనులు

7th Class Science Textbook Page No. 163

ప్రశ్న 1.
ఒక టెన్నిస్ బంతి లేక క్రికెట్ బంతిని స్థానాంతర, భ్రమణ మరియు డోలన చలనాలు చేయించండి. దానిపై ఒక నోట్స్ వ్రాసి మీ స్నేహితులతో చర్చించండి.
జవాబు:

1. ఒక క్రికెట్ బంతిని తీసుకొని దూరంగా ఉన్న మా స్నేహితునికి క్యాచ్ విసిరేసాను – ఇది స్థానాంతర చలనాన్ని సూచిస్తుంది.
2. అదే బంతిని గుండ్రంగా తిప్పుతూ చేతి వ్రేళ్ళపై నిలబెట్టటానికి ప్రయత్నించాను – ఇది భ్రమణ చలనాన్ని సూచిస్తుంది.
3. క్రికెట్ బంతిని నేలపై దొర్లే విధంగా మిత్రుని వైపుకి విసిరాను. ఇది భ్రమణ మరియు స్థానాంతర చలనాలను చూపుతుంది.
4. బంతిని ఒక త్రాడుకు కట్టి అటూ ఇటూ ఊపాను. ఇది డోలన చలనాన్ని సూచిస్తుంది.

ప్రశ్న 2.
నీటి గడియారం లేదా ఇసుక గడియారం తయారు చేసి, కాలాన్ని తెలుసుకోవడానికి దాన్ని ఉపయోగించండి.
జవాబు:

1. రెండు గాజు సీసాలను తీసుకొని వాటి మూతలకు సన్నని రంధ్రము చేశాను.
2. సన్నని ఇసుకను తీసుకొని ఒక బాటిల్ లో పోసాను.
3. రెండు బాటిలకు మూతలు పెట్టి వాటి రంధ్రాలు కలిసే విధంగా అతికించాను.
4. ఇప్పుడు ఇసుక ఉన్న బాటిలను పైకి తిప్పి బోర్లించినపుడు సన్నని రంధ్రం ద్వారా ఇసుక క్రింది బాటిల్ లోనికి చేరటం ప్రారంభించింది.
5. మొత్తం ఇసుక పై నుండి కిందకు కారటానికి పట్టే సమయం కొలిచాను.
6. బాటిల్ ఇసుకను చేర్చటం లేదా కొంత తొలగించటం ద్వారా నిర్దిష్ట కాలాన్ని కొలిచే ఇసుక గడియారం తయారుచేయవచ్చు.

కృత్యాలు

కృత్యం – 1

ప్రశ్న 1.
కొన్ని వస్తువులను చలనము మరియు విరామస్థితి ఆధారంగా వర్గీకరించే ఒక కృత్యమును చేద్దాం.

జవాబు:

కృత్యం – 2

ప్రశ్న 2.
ఒక ఫుట్ బాల్ తీసుకోండి, మీ స్నేహితులతో మీ స్కూలు గ్రౌండకు వెళ్లండి. పటంలో చూపించిన విధంగా త్రిభుజాకారంలో నిలబడండి. బంతిని మీ దిశలో తన్నమని మీ స్నేహితుడిని అడగండి. మీరు బంతిని మరో స్నేహితుడి వైపుకు అందించడానికి ప్రయత్నించండి. ఆ బంతిని ఆపమని అతడికి చెప్పండి. ఇప్పుడు కింది ప్రశ్నలకు సమాధానం ఇవ్వండి.

మీ స్నేహితుడు బంతిని కదిలించటానికి దానిపై ఏం ప్రయోగించాడు?
జవాబు:
బలం
ఆ బంతి దిశను మార్చటానికి నీవు దానిపై ఏం ప్రయోగించావు?
జవాబు:
బలం

మీ స్నేహితుడు కదులుతున్న ఐంతిని ఆపడానికి దానిపై ఏం ప్రయోగించాడు ?
జవాబు:
బలం.

బలాన్ని ఎలా నిర్వచించవచ్చు?
జవాబు:
వస్తువు గమన స్థితి నుండి. నిశ్చల స్థితికి, నిశ్చల స్థితి నుండి గమన స్థితికి, దాని దిశను మార్చటానికి తోడ్పడునది బలం.

కృత్యం – 3

ప్రశ్న 3.
దూరం మరియు గమ్యస్థానంను వివరించడానికి ఏదైనా కృత్యంను నిర్వహించండి.
జవాబు:
మీ స్కూలులో మధ్యాహ్న భోజనమును వడ్డించే స్థలానికి, మీ బెంచ్ కి మధ్య దూరాన్ని లెక్కించడానికి ప్రయత్నించండి. దాని విలువ ఎంత?

మీ గమ్యస్థానం యొక్క దూరం మరియు దిశను తెలుసుకోవడానికి మీరు ఎప్పుడైనా గూగుల్ మ్యాపన్ను ఉపయోగించారా ?

ఇప్పుడు గూగుల్ మ్యాప్స్ ఉపయోగించి మీ స్వస్థలం నుంచి జిల్లా కేంద్రానికి మధ్య దూరాన్ని తెలుసుకోండి. దాని విలువ ఎంత?
జవాబు:
……………. కి.మీ. (సూచన : విద్యార్థి ఈ కృత్యంను స్వయంగా నిర్వహించాలి)

చిత్రాన్ని పరిశీలించండి. కవిత తన స్కూలుకు రెండు విధాలుగా చేరుకోవచ్చు. A, B రోడ్లలో ఏ మార్గం ద్వారా ఆమె స్కూలుకు త్వరగా చేరుకోవడానికి ఏ మార్గాన్ని మీరు సూచిస్తారు?’ మీరు తక్కువ దూరం కలిగిన మార్గమైన రోడ్డు Aను సూచిస్తారు కదా.

పై కృత్యం, ఉదాహరణల ద్వారా ఒక వస్తువు ఒక ప్రదేశం నుంచి మరో ప్రదేశానికి ప్రయాణించినప్పుడు, ఆ మార్గం పొడవును కొలవవచ్చు. అది ఆ రెండు స్థానాల మధ్య గల దూరం అవుతుంది. ఒక ప్రదేశం నుంచి మరో ప్రదేశానికి వస్తువు సరళరేఖా మార్గంలో ప్రయాణించినప్పుడు, అది త్వరగా చేరుకుంటుంది. సరళరేఖ మార్గం , యొక్క పొడవు రెండు ప్రదేశాల మధ్య గల అతి తక్కువ దూరం. దీనిని స్థానభ్రంశం అంటారు.

కృత్యం – 4

ప్రశ్న 4.
మీ ఫిజికల్ ఎడ్యుకేషన్ టీచర్ సహాయంతో 100 మీటర్ల పరుగు పందెం నిర్వహించండి. ప్రతి విద్యార్థి పరుగుపందెం పూర్తి చేయడానికి పట్టే సమయాన్ని లెక్కించడం కొరకు మొబైల్ ఫోన్ లో స్టాప్ వాచ్ ను లేదా ప్రయోగశాలలోని స్టాప్ వాచ్ ను ఉపయోగించండి. కింద ఇవ్వబడిన పట్టికను నింపండి.

జవాబు:

కృత్యం – 5

ప్రశ్న 5.
రాబర్ట్ మరియు కమల వారి పాఠశాలకి వచ్చేటప్పుడు వారు ప్రయాణించిన దూరం, అందుకు పట్టిన సమయము లెక్కించారు. ఆ దత్తాంశము ఈ క్రింద పట్టికలో చూపబడినది.
జవాబు:

కింద చూపిన దశలను అనుసరించి మీరు అను గీయవచ్చు:

1. రెండు అక్షాలను సూచించడానికి రెండు లంబ రేఖలను గీయండి. వాటిని OX, OYగా గుర్తించండి. OXను కాలం అక్షంగాను, OYను దూరం అక్షంగాను గుర్తించండి.
2. గ్రాఫ్ పేపర్ మీద దూరాన్ని మరియు కాలాన్ని సూచించడానికి స్కేల్‌ను ఎంచుకోండి.
   కాలం : 1 నిమిషం = 1 సెం. మీ.
   దూరం : 100 మీ. = 1 సెం. మీ.
3. మీరు ఎంచుకున్న స్కేల్ ప్రకారం సంబంధిత అక్షాలపై దూరం, కాలం విలువలను గుర్తించండి.
4. ప్రతి జత విలువను సూచించడానికి బిందువులను గుర్తించి, వాటిని కలపండి. ఇది ఇవ్వబడిన చలనానికి దూరం – కాలం ను సూచిస్తుంది.
5. దూరం – కాలం గ్రాఫ్ సరళరేఖ అయితే, వస్తువు స్థిరమైన వడితో కదులుతున్నట్లు సూచిస్తుంది. వస్తువు, యొక్క వడి మారుతూ ఉంటే, గ్రాఫ్ సరళ రేఖ కాకుండా ఏదైనా ఇతర ఆకారంలో ఉంటుంది.
6. దూరం కాలం గ్రాఫ్ నుండి ఏ సమయంలోనైనా వస్తువు ప్రయాణించిన దూరాన్ని మనం కనుగొనవచ్చు.

SCERT AP 7th Class Maths Solutions Pdf Chapter 10 Construction of Triangles Ex 10.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Maths Solutions 10th Lesson Construction of Triangles Ex 10.1

Question 1.
Construct ∆ABC with measurements such that AB = 3.5 cm, BC = 4 cm and AC = 4.5 cm.
Answer:
Given sides of ∆ABC are AB = 3.5 cm, BC = 4 cm and AC = 4.5 cm.

Steps of Construction:

1. Draw a rough sketch of the triangle and label it with the given measurements.
2. Draw a line segment BC of length 4 cm.
3. Draw an arc with centre B and radius 3.5 cm.
4. Draw another arc with centre C and radius 4.5 cm to intersect the previous arc at A.
5. Join AB and AC.
   Thus, required ∆ABC is constructed with the given measurements.

Question 2.
Construct an equilateral triangle PQR with side PQ = 5.5 cm
Answer:
Given sides of an equilateral triangle ∆PQR is PQ = 5.5 cm.
In an equilateral triangle all sides are equal in length.
∴ PQ = QR = PR = 5.5 cm

Steps of Construction:

1. Draw a rough sketch of the triangle and label it with the given measurements.
2. Draw a line segment PQ of length 5.5 cm.
3. Draw an arc with centre P arid radius 5.5 cm.
4. Draw another arc with centre Q and the same radius (5.5 cm) to intersect the previous arc at R.
5. Join PR and QR.
   Thus, required ∆PQR is constructed with the given measurements.

Question 3.
Construct ∆XYZ with measurements XY = 3.5 cm, YZ = 5 cm and ZX = 3.5 cm. Which type of triangle is this ? . ‘
Answer:
Given sides of the ∆XYZ are XY = 3.5 cm, YZ 5 cm and ZX = 3.5 cm. In ∆XYZ two sides (XY = ZX = 3.5 cm) are equal.
So, ∆XYZ is an isosceles triangle.

Steps of Construction:

1. Draw a rough sketch of the triangle and label it with the given measurements.
2. Draw a line segment YZ of length 5 cm.
3. Draw an arc with centre Y and radius 3.5 cm.
4. Draw another arc with centre Z and same radius (3.5 cm) to intersect the previous arc at X.
5. Join XY and XZ.
   Thus, required ∆XYZ is constructed with the given measurements.

Question 4.
Construct a triangle with measurements of 5 cm, 3 cm and 4.5 cm.
Answer:
Given sides of the ∆ADI are AD = 5 cm, AI = 3 cm, DI = 4.5 cm.

Steps of Construction:

1. Draw a rough sketch of the triangle, and label it with the given measurements.
2. Draw a line segment with AD = 5 cm.
3. Draw an arc with centre A and radius 3 cm.
4. Draw another arc with centre D and radius 4.5 cm to intersect the previous arc at I.
5. Join AI and DI.
   Thus, required AADI is constructed with the given measurements.