Class 9

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 21 Human Rights and Fundamental Rights.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions 21st Lesson Human Rights and Fundamental Rights

9th Class Social 21st Lesson Human Rights and Fundamental Rights 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is a writ?
(OR)
What do you understand about ‘writt1? (SA-II : 2017-18)
Answer:

• Writ is an authority given to the court to issue directions to the government to protect and enforce any constitutional right.
• It is an inherent power given to the court.
• The court can “Suo motu” (on its own motion) take congnizance of a violation of fundamental rights.

Question 2.
Write any two slogans about abolition of child labour. (SA-II : 2017-18)
Answer:
1. Child is your heart not born to push your cart.
2. Children are the future heroes, they need to learn before they can work.

9th Class Social 21st Lesson Human Rights and Fundamental Rights 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the following situations. Which Fundamental Right is being violated in each case and how? (SA-II : 2018-19)
i. A director who makes a documentary film that criticizes the policies of the government is arrested and sent to prison.
ii. A ten years old boy is not allotted to go to school and is forced to work in a firecracker factory.
Answer:
i) In first case Right to freedom of speech and expression is violated. Everyone has a right to express their opinion on the administration of govt. But some limitations are there.
ii) In the second case, Right against exploitation is violated.
The Constitution says “no child below the age of 14 shall be employed engaged in any other hazardous employment.

Question 2.
Read the following concepts and write under the table with relevant fundamental right. (SA-II : 2017-18)

• Prohibition of employment for children in factories.
• All minorities shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
• Abolition of titles.
• Right to life.

Answer:

9th Class Social 21st Lesson Human Rights and Fundamental Rights Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a short note about UDHR.
Answer:

• A group of people from 9 countries around the world formed by UNO drafted a list of 30 articles.
• This became the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• It was passed by the UN General Assembly in 1948.

Question 2.
What are the functions of NHRC?
Answer:

• NHRC is vested with the authority to make an inquiry, Suo motu or on a petition presented to it by a victim.
• It works for protecting human rights.
• It intervenes in any case involving human rights in the court or outside the court.

Question 3.
What are our fundamental duties?
Answer:
The fundamental duties to be discharged by the citizens were not there in our Constitution earlier. They were included through 42nd amendment. They are :

1. Respecting the constitution, National Flag and National Anthem.
2. Cherishing the noble ideals of the freedom struggle.
3. Defending the country and rendering national service when called for.
4. Upholding and protecting the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
5. Promoting harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India and renouncing any practice derogatory to the dignity of women.
6. Preserving the rich heritage of the Nation’s composite culture.
7. Protecting and improving the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and having compassion for living creatures.
8. Developing scientific temper, humanism and spirit of inquiry or reform.
9. Safeguarding public property and abjuring violence.
10. Striving for the excellence in all individual and collective activities.

Question 4.
What are the differences between the fundamental rights and fundamental duties?
Answer:
1) Fundamental rights :
a) Fundamental rights are definite.
b) No one can deprive us of these rights.
c) Even Government cannot ignore them.
d) These rights are safeguarded through court of law.

2) Fundamental duties :
a) No one can force us to abide to them.
b) The discharge of fundamental duties is left to our discretion.
c) No court can force us to discharge these duties.

Question 5.
Read the passage and answer the following questions.
Human Rights Commission :

The United Nations has been working to protect the basic human rights of people and in this effort they have encouraged their member nations to do the same. In 1993,the Government of India passed an act of legislature to protect human rights. A commission for human rights was set up under this law called the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). The commission has been given powers of a civil court extendable to the entire country. The Government has also established other institutions to monitor and inquire into situations in which rights are violated. Thus we have different institutions such as the National Commission for Women, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, National Minority Commission and State Human Rights Commissions.
i) When did the Government of India pass an act of legislature to protect human rights?
Answer:
In 1993 the Government of India passed a legislature.

ii) Expand NHRC.
Answer:
NHRC means National Human Rights Commission.

iii) What are the institutions that work on Human Rights?
Answer:
1) National Human Rights Commission.
2) National Commission for Women.
3) National Minority Commission.
4) State Human Rights Commission.

iv) What does the above Logo stand for?
Answer:
It is the logo of Human Rights designed by the United Nations Organization.

v) Which organization is behind the establishment of Human Rights Commission?
Answer:
The UNO is instrumental in establishing the Human Rights Commission.

Question 6.
Gather certain information about violation of fundamental rights and how the court protected them.
Answer:
I.

1. One factory was emitting dangerous gases and health of the people was effected.
2. A public interest litigation is filed in the court.
3. The factory was forced to close down. As it is against the fundamental right of Right to life.

II.

1. One child was working as a domestic servant in a family.
2. The family members went on a tour for two days.
3. The child (servant) was kept in the house and the door was locked from outside.
4. The neighbours recognized it. Given a complaint to the police.
5. The police broke open the doors and a case was filed against the head of the family.

Question 7.
Which of the following rights is available under the Indian Constitution?
a) Right to work
b) Right to adequate livelihood
c) Right to protect one’s culture
d) Right to privacy
Answer:
c) Right to protect one’s culture

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 3 Hydrosphere.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions 3rd Lesson Hydrosphere

9th Class Social 3rd Lesson Hydrosphere 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How are we polluting oceans today? (SA-III: 2016-17)
Answer:
We are polluting oceans today by dumping plastic, other forms waste and other industrial waste.

Question 2.
How can you appreciate the oceans as resources? (SA-II: 2017-18)
Answer:

• Ocean waves are used for generating power.
• Ocean floor is mined for oils.
• Oceans also provide with gems and pearls.

Question 3.
Write any two factors that affect the salinity of oceans. (SA-II: 2018-19)
(OR)
Write any two factors which effect salinity in water bodies? (SA-I: 2018-19)
Answer:
Salinity in water bodies is affected by evaporation, precipitation, ice formation, ice melting and temperature also.

Question 4.
Give any two examples of warm ocean currents. (SA-I: 2019-20)
Answer:
Two examples of warm ocean currents :
(a) Gulf stream,
(b) Kuroshio

9th Class Social 3rd Lesson Hydrosphere 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
(SA-I: 2019-20)
a) Water distribution on earth
b)Fresh water consumption by humans
a) What percentage of the total water on the Earth is available for consumption?
Answer:
0.75% or 2.5%

b) Which activity of humans need maximum water?
Answer:
Agriculture.

9th Class Social 3rd Lesson Hydrosphere 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the stages of water cycle.(SA-II: 2017-18)
(OR)
Explain various stages of Hydrological cycle. (SA-I: 2018-19)
(OR)
Draw the hydrological cycle and describe the stages involved in it.

Answer:
There are six stages of water cycle. They are –
a) Evaporation :

• The process by which water changes from liquid to gas by using sun’s energy is called evaporation.
• Land, lakes, rivers and oceans send up a steady of water vapour and plants lose water to the air through transpiration.

b) Transportation :

• The movement of water through the atmosphere specifically from over the ocean to land in the form of clouds is transportation.
• Clouds are propelled from one place to another by either the jet stream, surfaces based circulations like land and sea breezes or other mechanisms.

c) Condensation :
The transported water vapour eventually condenses forming tiny droplets and clouds.

d) Precipitation :

• The primary mechanism for transporting water from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth is precipitation.
• When the clouds meet cool air over land precipitation is triggered in the form of rain, sleet or snow and thus water reaches the ground.

e) Run off:

• Most of the water which returns to land flows down hills as run off.
• Some of it penetrates into the land and charges ground water while the rest, as river flow, returns to the oceans where it evaporates.

f) Groundwater :
Under special circumstances, groundwater can even flow upward in artesian wells.

Question 2.

Rank	Ocean	Notes
1.	The Pacific ocean	Separates Asia and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, Papuva, New Guinia together) from the Americas.
2.	The Atlantic ocean	Separates the America from Europe and Africa.
3.	The Indian ocean	Washes upon Southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia.
4.	The Antarctic ocean (Southern ocean)	Sometimes considered an extension of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans which encircles Australia.
5.	The Arctic ocean	Sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic, which covers much of the Arctic and washes upon North America and Eurasia.

Read the above table and answer the following questions. (SA-II: 2017-18)
1. Which ocean is also known as Southern Ocean?
2. Which ocean separate the America from Europe and Africa?
3. Which continents are separated by the Indian Ocean?
4. What are the land masses in Oceania?
Answer:

1. Antarctic ocean is know as Southern ocean.
2. The Atlantic ocean separates the America from Europe and Africa.
3. The Indian ocean washes upon Southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia.
4. Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea are the land masses in Oceania.

Question 3.
“Water is considered a renewable resource”. Explain this statement.” (SA-I: 2019-20)
Answer:

• Water is considered a renewable resource because it cycles through the Earth system.
• It falls as precipitation.
• Then gets absorbed or run off.
• If it is absorbed, it can go deep into the ground or it can be taken up by plants.
• Plants return water to the atmosphere through transpiration.
• The water that goes deep into the ground can eventually run off into surface bodies of water like lakes and streams.
• The water that runs off can be evaporated, or it can run into lakes and streams.
• The water in lakes and streams can be evaporated, returning it to the atmosphere, where it can precipitate again.

9th Class Social 3rd Lesson Hydrosphere Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is an Ocean? Write a brief essay on the ocean.
Answer:
The huge water bodies are called Oceans. There are five oceans on the earth. They are the Pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, the Southern (Atlantic) ocean and the Arctic ocean.

The ocean basins are in many ways similar to the land surface. There are submarine ridges, plateaus, canyons and terraces. Ocean floor is simply divided into four layers. They are continental shelf, continental slope, deep sea plain and oceanic deep.

Ocean water is salty. Most of the salt in the oceans comes from land. Over millions of years rain, rivers and streams have washed over rocks containing the compound Sodium Chloride and carried into the sea. The total content of dissolved salts in sea water is called salinity. It is usually expressed as parts per thousand (PPT). Average salinity of the oceans is 35%0. The salinity of ocean water depends mainly on evaporation and precipitation.

The little variations in ocean temperature show great effect on land temperatures. South west monsoon in India is affected by ‘El Nino’ and ‘La Nino’. These are the effects caused by the changes in temperature in the Pacific ocean. Normally, the temperature in oceans varies from – 2°C to 29°C.

The general movement of a mass of water in a fairly defined direction over great distance is called an ocean current. Based on temperature ocean currents may be classified into cold currents and warm currents. Generally warm currents flow towards the poles, cold currents flow towards the equator. Centrifugal force, effects of winds, effects of precipitation, effect by solar energy are the causes of ocean currents.

Oceans have many uses for man. They are the store houses of fish. Oceans are the sources of Chlorine, Fluorine, Bromine and Iodine. Tides and waves of the oceans are the sources of renewable energy. Oceans are sources for rainfall. They act as international highways. Rock petroleum and natural gas are extracted under oceans. Minerals such as sand, gravel, manganese, copper, nickel, etc., are mined from oceans.

Thus without oceans Ijfe of man is impossible.

Question 2.
Describe the salinity of the oceanic water.
Answer:

• Ocean water is salty.
• Most of the salt in the oceans comes from land.
• Over millions of years rain, rivers and streams have washed over containing the compound Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and carried into the sea.
• The total content of dissolved salts in sea water is called salinity.
• The salinity of oceanic water depends mainly on evaporation and precipitation.
• In coastal regions salinity is influenced by the fresh water flow from rivers.
• In polar regions salinity is influenced by the process of freezing and thawing of ice.
• Salinity is usually expressed as parts per thousand (%0) or PPT.
• The average salinity of the oceans is 35%0.
• Lake Van of Turkey is the water body with the highest salinity.

Question 3.
Describe the temperature of oceanic water.
Answer:

• When compared to land the temperature on oceans does not show more variations.
• Ei Nino and La Nino are the effects caused by the changes in temperature in the Pacific Ocean.
• The activeness of South West monsoon in India is affected by Ei Nino and La Nino.
• The ocean temperature is influenced by latitudes, winds and ocean currents, unequal distribution of land and the change of seasons.
• Normally, the temperature in oceans varies from – 2°C to 29°C.
• The highest temperature is recorded in inland seas.
• The temperature is the highest in Red Sea, i.e. 38° C.
• As one goes deep inside the oceans, the temperature rapidly decreases for every 1 km and remains stable.
• The temperature is stable at the foot of ocean i.e., 1.8° C.

Question 4.
What are the ocean currents? How are they formed?
Answer:
1. The general movement of a mass of water in a fairly defined direction over great distance is called ocean current.

2.Causes that lead to the formation of ocean currents are :
a) Centrifuge! Force :
The centrifugal force at the equator is greater than that at the poles. The variation of these forces makes the equatorial water to move towards the poles.

b) Effect of Winds :
The stresses due to wind and the wind movement modifies the the theoretical direction of currents. Due to the frictional gliding of winds water is dragged along the wind direction. Thus a 50 miles per hour wind will produce a current whose velocity is 0.75 miles per hour.

c) Effect of Precipitation :
Since the level of sea is higher water moves north and south from the equator.

d) Effect of Solar Energy :
Heating by solar energy causes the water to expand near the equator. Hence near the equator the ocean water is about 8 cm higher in level than in the middle latitudes. This causes a very slight gradient and water tends to flow down the slope.

e) Salinity, density differences, melting of ice also affect the ocean currents.

Question 5.
How are the oceans useful to mankind?
Answer:

1. Oceans are store houses for fish.
2. Since early times man depended on oceans for food.
3. Dogger Bank North Sea, Grand – bank, New found land are famous fishing regions.
4. Chlorine, Fluorine, Bromine and Iodine are found in oceans.
5. Tides and waves are non-renewable energy resources.
6. Oceans are sources for rainfall.
7. Oceans act as international highways.
8. Sources for civilizations : Greek civilization, Rome civilization all flourished on banks of rivers and oceans.
9. Rock petroleum, Natural gas are extracted under oceans.
10. Oceans are mined for minerals, salt, sand, gravel, manganese, copper, nickel, etc.

Question 6.
Why is the earth called the blue planet?
Answer:

• Planet earth is called the ‘Blue planet’ due to the abundant water on its surface.
• About 71% of the earth is covered with water.
• If we look at earth from outer space, we can see the earth almost entirely blue.

Question 7.
What is the importance of continental shelf?
Answer:

1. The continental shelf with depth up to 200 mts occupied about 7.6% of the oceans area.
2. It is the border zone between land and sea.
3. Continental shelf is most important to
   a) Fish wealth is more in this region.
   b) Rock petroleum, natural gas are found here.
   c) Building sea port is possible here.

Question 8.
What are Oceans?
Answer:
The huge water bodies are called Oceans.

Question 9.
What is ocean current?
Answer:
The general movement of a mass of water in a fairly defined direction over great distance is called ocean current. –

Question 10.
What is meant by evaporation?
Answer:
Evaporation: The process by which water changes from liquid to gas by using sun’s energy is called evaporation.

Question 11.
What is meant by transportation?
Answer:
Transportation:
The movement of water through the atmosphere specifically from over the ocean to land in the form of clouds is called transportation.

Question 12.
Where do we find trenches? What is their significance?
Answer:

• Contrary to our expectations, most of the deepest trenches are not located in the midst of oceans.
• They are found more close to the continents.
• They are very significant in the study of plate movements.

Question 13.
Which part of ocean floor is suitable for building seaport? Why?
Answer:

• Continental shelf of ocean floor is suitable for building seaport.
• The continental shelf with depth upto 200 m.
• It is the border zone between land and sea.
• It will be useful in anchoring the ships.

Question 14.
Do you think the rain we get is in any way related to hydrological cycle?
Answer:

• Yes. I think the rain we get is related to hydrological cycle.
• It is a part of precipitation, which constitutes in hydrological cycle.
• It is the fourth stage of the six stages in hydrological cycle.

Question 15.
What are the factors that affect the movement of ocean currents?
Answer:
The factors that affect the movements of ocean currents are –

1. The centrifugal force
2. The winds
3. The precipitation
4. The solar energy
5. Salinity
6. Differences in density
7. Melting of ice etc.

Question 16.
Write about continental slope.
Answer:

• The continental slope is spread from 200 mts to 3000 mts depths of oceans.
• It comprises of 15% of the ocean area.
• Submarine canyons are observed in this region.

Question 17.
Write about the classification of Ocean currents.
Answer:
1. Ocean currents may be classified on the basis of temperature as –
(a) Cold Currents
(b) Warm Currents

2. Ocean currents may be classified on the basis of speed as –
(a) a stream
(b) a drift

Question 18.
“From ail the sources of water reaching the earth, less than 1% of water is useful to man” – Interpret the statement.
Answer:
Of the total volume of water on earth only 2.75% is fresh water. Most fresh occurs in the form of permanent ice, snow locked up in the Antarctica and Arctic and in the mountain regions. The principal sources of water for human use are lakes, rivers, soil moisture and relatively shallow ground water basin. The usable portion of these sources is only about less than 1% of all fresh water.

Question 19.
“RF = RO + ET” – Explain the equation.
Answer:

• The total amount of water present on the earth surface remains constant but undergoes continuous transformation from water vapour to liquid.
• This equation is also called water balance equation.
• That means the amount of water received from rainfall is equal to the total amount of water runs off and the amount of water that is lost in evapotranspiration.
• Thus the equation Total Rain Fall = Total Run Off+Total water lost in Evapotranspiration.

Question 20.
in which ways oceans are being exploited by us, today?
Answer:

• Today oceans have also fallen victim to our exploitation.
• Many large fish like whales have been disappearing.
• Oceans have also become dumping ground for our plastic and other forms of faste.

Question 21.
Usually oceans have salinity of 35%. But being part of Atlantic ocean, how come Baltic sea has salinity of 3-15%?
Answer:

1. Baltic sea is enclosed by Scandenavia (Norway, Sweden), Finland, Baltic countries and North European plain.
2. It has major inflows from rivers like Oder, Vistula, Neva, Narva, Jome, Neman, Kemijoki and Dangava.
3. Only outlets towards danist areas.
4. As its coastal regions are in respect of fresh waters resulting in lower salinity.

Question 22.
Lake Van of Turkey experiences harsh winters with -300C. Why do you think its water never gets freezed?
Answer:

• Lake Van is fed by streams descending from surrounding mountains.
• It has no outlet, as outlet once present was closed by volcanic eruption.
• Water here is with a pH value of 9.7 – 9.8.
• It is situated at an altitude of 5380 ft.
• But because of its salinity of 330%, (oceans have 35% salinity) it is free from freezing.

Question 23.
The table below shows the descending order of the oceans in terms of size.

Rank	Ocean	Notes
1.	The Pacific ocean	Separates Asia and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, Papuva, New Guinia together) from the Americas.
2.	The Atlantic ocean	Separates the America from Europe and Africa.
3.	The Indian ocean	Washes upon Southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia.
4.	The Antarctic ocean (Southern ocean)	Sometimes considered an extension of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans which encircles Australia.
5.	The Arctic ocean	Sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic, which covers much of the Arctic and washes upon North America and Eurasia.

1) What is the largest ocean on the earth?
Answer:
The Pacific ocean.

2) Which ocean is considered as the extension of three important oceans?
Answer:
The Antarctic ocean.

3) What is the smallest ocean on the earth?
Answer:
The Arctic ocean.

4) Which ocean separates America from Europe and Africa?
Answer:
The Atlantic ocean.

5) Where is the Indian Ocean?
Answer:
To the South of Asia.

Question 24.
“The activeness of South west monsoon in India is affected by El Nino and La Nino”. Prove the statement.
Answer:

• El Nino and La Nino are the names given to the changes in winds in the Pacific Ocean.
• El Nino and La Nino are formally called ‘The small boy’ and ‘The little girl’.
• La Nino and El Nino come about when the waters of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean along the equator become usually cold or warm.
• These changes in the Pacific produce swings in atmospheric pressure, winds, temperature and rainfall that have a global impact.
• For India La Nino is often a cause for concern because of its adverse impact on the South west monsoon.
• The El Nino on the other hand is often beneficial for the monsoon especially in the latter half of the season.
• Because of global warming the temperature of the western Pacific is influencing the effect La Nino.

News Item : ELNINO may affect the monsoon :                                                 4-8-2017 (BUSINESS STANDARD) The Indian Meteorological Department scaled down its full season forecast for the South west monsoon this year from normal to deficient, the first indication of a drought in several parts of the country. The Director General L.S. Rathore in an interview says though rains in August may be normal the intensity may decline in September.

Question 25.
Can you say what the temperature at the foot of the Pacific ocean is?
Answer:

• Normally, the temperature in oceans varies from -2°C to 29°C.
• As one goes deep inside the oceans the temperature rapidly decreases for every 1 km and then it remains stable.
• The temperature is stable at the foot of the ocean, i.e. 1.8°C.
• Therefore the temperature at the foot of the Pacific ocean is 1.8°C.

Question 26.
“The government of Maldives held its first underwater cabinet meeting at a depth of 20 feet off the coast just north of the capital Male. Maldives wanted to attract the attention of the world to the dangers of global warming and sea-level rise. This is a matter of great concern not only for the Maldives but also for all the countries in the World”.
Basing on the information given above – frame a thought provoking question on the issue.
Answer:
What are the causes that lead to the sea level rise ? What should we do to prevent it?

Question 27.
Why do we call the earth as blue planet?
Answer:

• 71% of the earth is covered with water.
• Hence it appears as blue in the photographs taken from the moon.
• So we call the earth as blue planet.

Question 28.
Without oceans life of the man is impossible. Discuss it.
Answer:

• Oceans are international highways hence facilitate imports and exports among different countries.
• Oceans are sources of rainfall. Much of the evaporation takes place from oceans and comes to earth in the form of rainfall.
• They are the source of sea food which is staple food for some people.
• Oceans are warehouses of minerals like Petroleum, Natural Gas, Manganese etc., which are necessary for industrial development.

Hence life of the man is impossible without oceans.

Question 29.
Observe the map.

Now, answer the following questions.
1) Which ocean separates America from Africa and Europe?
Answer:
Atlantic ocean.

2) Name ocean that separates Africa and Australia.
Answer:
Indian ocean.

3) Which is the ocean that encircles Australia?
Answer:
Pacific ocean.

4) Which ocean is there to the south of India?
Answer:
Indian ocean.

Question 30.
Locate the following oceans in the world map given below.
1) The Pacific ocean
2) The Atlantic ocean
3) The Indian ocean
4) The Arctic ocean
5) The Antarctic Ocean
6) The Baltic sea
7) The Red sea

Question 31.
Describe any one impact of ocean currents for the region you live.
Answer:
The Indian Monsoon current refers to the seasonally varying ocean current regime found in the tropical regions of the nothern Indian ocean. The seasonally reversing open ocean currents that pass through south of India are referred to as the winter monsoon current and the summer monsoon current, alternately the north-east monsoon current and the southwest monsoon current.

India receives rainfall due to these currents.

Question 32.
Without oceans life of man is impossible. Discuss it.
Answer:
Throughout the history man is directly or indirectly influenced by the oceans. Oceans have many uses for man.

1. Since early times man depended on oceans for food. Oceans are store houses for fish.
2. Ocean is a source of valuable minerals. Chlorine, Fluorine, Bromine and Iodine are found in oceans.
3. Rock petroleum, Natural gas are extracted under oceans.
4. Oceans are mined for mineral salt, sand, gravel manganese, copper, nickel etc.
5. Some biological products of oceans are also commercially used. For example, pearls taken from oysters are used in jewellery.
6. Shells and corals have been widely used as source of building material.
7. Tides and waves are renewable energy sources.
8. Oceans are sources of rainfall.
9. Oceans act as international highways.
10. Many great civilizations such as Greek civilization, Rome civilization all flourished on the banks of rivers and oceans.

There are many more uses for man from oceans. Hence we can say without oceans life of man is impossible.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 13 Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 17th and 18th Centuries.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions 13th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 17th and 18th Centuries

9th Class Social 13th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 17th and 18th Centuries 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What was Slogan raised in American Independence? (SA-II : 2016-17)
Answer:
“No taxation without representation.”

Question 2.
What was the uniqueness of ‘Bloodless Revolution’? (SA-III : 2016-17)
(OR)
Why was the England revolution called as a bloodless revolution? (SA-I : 2018-19)
Answer:
The supreme power was transferred from king to parliament without shedding a drop of blood or firing a single shot.

Question 3.
What is the Jacobin Clubs? (SA-II : 2017-18)
Answer:
People who wish to discuss policies and plan their own form of action. These are called Political Clubs. One of such is Jacobin Club.

Question 4.
What was the effect of Glorious revolution? (SA-II : 2018-19)
Answer:
Not only was an absolutist catholic monarch removed, but the declaration of rights ensured the sovereignty of parliament and imposed significant limitations on the prerogatives of the crown.

Question 5.
Answer questions (a) and (b) based on the table given below. (SA-I : 2018-19)

Livres –	Unit of currency in France, discontinued in 1974.
Clergy –	Group of persons invested with special functions in the church.
Tithes –	A tax levied by the church, comprising one-tenth of the agricultural produce.
Taille –	Tax to be paid directly to the state.
Nobles –	Rich landlords, king’s family members.

a) What percentage of tax was levied by the church?
b) Find the terms related to tax from the above table.
Answer:
a) A tax leived by the church, comprising 1/10^th of agricultural produce.
b) Terms related to tax are
1) Tithes
2) Taille

Question 6.
State the importance of Declaration of the ‘Rights of Man1 in France. (SA-I : 2019-20)
Answer:
The importance of Declaration of the Rights of Man is to provide,

Rights to the people; such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and separation of powers. Women were denied from these rights.

9th Class Social 13th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 17th and 18th Centuries 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you know about ‘bloodless revolution (or) glorious revolution? (SA-II : 2017-18)
Answer:
In 1688, William of Orange and his wife Mary were invited by the Parliament to occupy the throne of England. A new arrangement was worked out by which ministers were responsible to the Parliament and the powers of the king were restricted. The supreme power was transferred to Parliament, without shedding a drop of blood of firing a single shot.

Question 2.
Look the timeline given below. (SA-I : 2019-20)

i) Which revolution does the timeline indicate?
Answer:
American Revolution indicates in the above time line.

ii) In this revolution, against which country the people fought for their independence?
Answer:
England.

9th Class Social 13th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 17th and 18th Centuries 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
When the French Revolutionaries were preparing the declaration of Rights of Men in 1791, many French women protested against this and drafted a separate declaration of the Rights of Women. It declared – “Women are born free and remain equal to men in rights.
Read the above paragraph and explain your opinion on “Women – Right to Vote”. (SA-II : 2016-17)
Answer:
If the women has Right to vote the following benefits are there :

1. The moral, educational and humane legislation desired by women would be got more easily if women had votes.
2. The laws unjust to women would be amended more quickly.
3. Equal suffrage would increase the proportion of educated voters.
4. It leads to fair treatment of women in the public service.
5. It would help those women who need help the most.

Question 2.
Examine the table and answer the following questions. (SA-II : 2016-17)

A Jacobin Constitution	Club for radical democracy thinkers all people were given the right to vote and the right of insurection. The constitution stated that the government must pronde the people with work (or) livelihood.
B Aristocracy	Socially and Politically, a landed Aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that across regional divisions.
C Liberal Nationalism	Ideas of National unity in early Nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

Answer the following Questions.
1. Jocabin constitution belongs to which country?
2. Which ideology was closely allied to the idea of National Unit?
3. Which stood for freedom for the individual and equality to all before the law?
4. Members of which class wee united by a common way of life?
Answer:

1. Jacobin constitution belongs to the country of France.
2. Ideas of national unity in early 19th century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.
3. Liberalism stoods for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
4. The members of Aristocracy class were united by a common way of life that across regional divisions.

Question 3.
Observe the given table and answer the following questions.

a) How many estates were there? What were their names?
(OR)
How many estates were there in French Society? (SA-II : 2016-17) (SA-II : 2017-18)
Answer:
There were three estates. First estate, second estate, and the third estate.

b) Who belonged to 3rd estate? (SA-II : 2016-17)
Answer:
Business men, merchants, officials, artists, peasants and artisans, small peasants, landless labour, servants, etc. constitute the third estate.

c) What were the problems faced by third estate? (SA-II : 2016-17)
Problems of third estate.
1) There is no equality.
2) Scarcity of food.
3) More taxes were imposed by church and govt.
4) 90% of people are landless people.

d) Which were privileged group? (SA-II : 2016-17)
Answer:
The Clergy and the Nobility were privileged group in the French society.

e) Which is the Superior group in French Society? (SA-II : 2017-18)
Answer:
Clergy is the superior group in the French society.

f) Who were the richest group in third Estate? (SA-II : 2017-18)
(OR)
Name the richer groups in third estate. (SA-II : 2018-19)
Answer:
Big business men, merchants, court officials, Lawyers, etc. were the richest groups in third estate.

g) Which Estate people did only pay the taxes in French Society? (SA-II : 2017-18)
(OR)
Which group paid taxes to the church? (SA-I : 2018-19)
Answer:
Third estate people only pay the taxes to the government.

h) Who were in first estate? (SA-I : 2018-19)
In first estate clergy are there.

i) Which country’s information is shown in the above chart? (SA-I : 2018-19)
Given information is related to France.

j) What does the above picture represent?
Answer:
The above picture represents the division of the society in France.

k) Who were the majority people?
Answer:
The third estate were the majority people.

Question 4.
The picture below shows the political system under the constitution of 1791 in France. Observe it carefully and answer the questions given.

a) Who had the power to elect the judiciary in the above system? (SA-II : 2018-19)
Answer:
Active citizens, who have the vote.

b) Who had the power over the King and the Ministers in the above system? (SA-II : 2018-19)
Answer:
National Assembly has more powers on king and ministers.

c) Who had the power to veto the laws made by the National Assembly? (SA-II : 2018-19)
Answer:
King has the power to veto the laws made by the National Assembly.

d) Which branch of government was responsible for the implementation of laws? (SA-II : 2018-19)
Answer:
Executive was responsible to the implementation of laws.

e) Who has veto power? (SA-II : 2016-17)
Answer:
King has veto power.

f) Who is having vote to elect the judge? (SA-II : 2016-17)
Answer:
Active citizens who have the Right to vote.

Question 5.
French revolution is regarded as one of the most important events in history not just in France but also across Europe and the world. Explain with reference to the ideas propagated by the French Revolution. (SA-I : 2019-20)
Answer:
Ideas of French Revolution :
Liberty, Equality and Fraternity are the ideas of French Revolution.
1. The ideas of the French Revolution were drawn from the Enlightenment, influenced by the British political system, inspired by the American Revolution and shapped by local grievances.

2. The French Revolution supported the motto of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity because it eliminated the old social classes, overthrew the monarchy and brought the church under state control. People of all social classes were citizens and they all had equal rights.

Liberty :
Liberty meant freedom from all soils of torture and abuse.

Equality :
Provide Equality to the people in all spheres without discrimination.

Fraternity :
It creates brotherhood nature among the people.

Question 6.
“With the emergence of nation states in Europe, the dominance of aristocracy declined and that of the middle class increased.” Do you agree with the statement? Give reasons. (SA-I : 2019-20)
Answer:
Yes, I agree with the statement that the emergence of nation – states in Europe the dominance of Aristocracy declined, and middle class increased.

Reasons:

• The middle class people were educated, so they became lawyers, other administrative officials.
• The read the books which are written by John Lock, Rousseau and believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth.
• They understood a person’s social position must depend on his merit.
• Rousseau carried the idea forward, proposing a form of government based on a social contract between people and their representatives.

The above ideas provoke the middle class fight for equality and end of special privileges.

9th Class Social 13th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 17th and 18th Centuries Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Compare the results of the English and American Revolutions. Which one managed to build entirely new principles of government?
Answer:

• Glorious revolution of England made an agreement of powersharing with the king.
• American revolution set up democratic government.
• The British people sought more rights from king.
• Americans prepared own constitution and established democracy by abolishing the English supremacy.
• American revolution managed to build entirely new principles of government.

Question 2.
Can you think of why America was able to establish a democratic republic while England could not?
Answer:

• American people were against the taxation without representation.
• They do not want to be ruled by the British as colonies.
• They wanted to assert their independence and to be a democratic republic.
• Whereas the English, especially the influential middle class did not long for a demo-cratic republic.
• They were readily accepted a powersharing agreement between them and the king.
• Thus they could not set up a republic then.

Question 3.
In what ways did the American Constitution ensure maximum freedom for its people?
Answer:

• The Constitution of America guarantees maximum freedom to its people.
• It divided political power between centre and states such that it gave maximum autonomy for the states.
• A bill of rights was passed which guaranteed freedom of speech and religion.
• It guaranteed fundamental rights to all citizens.
• Thus we can say American Constitution ensures maximum freedom for its people.

Question 4.
Write about the Declaration of Independence in the American war of Independence.
Answer:

• The Declaration of Independence was adopted on 4th July 1776, during the Third Congress at Philadelphia.
• Thomas Jefferson was the author of the Declaration.
• It declared that all men are created equal and are endowed with certain rights like liberty, equality and pursuit of happiness.

Question 5.
Write about Bill of Rights of the American war of Independence.
Answer:

• A Bill of Rights was adopted guaranteeing the freedom of speech, religion and rule of law were enacted.
• This paved way for the establishment of the United States of America.

Question 6.
What do you know about the Reign of Terror?
(OR)
“The period from 1973 to 1974 in France is referred as the region of terror”. Give reason. (SA-I : 2018-19)
Answer:

• The period from 1793 to 1794, in France, is referred as the Reign of Terror.
• Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment.
• A lot of restrictions on food items were imposed.
• Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that even his supporters began to demand moderation.
• Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794, arrested and on the next day sent to the guillotine.

Question 7.
Read the following passage and answer the following question.

Answer:
The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen :

• Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
• The aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural and inalien¬able rights of man. These are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression.
• The source of all sovereignty resides in the nation; no group or individual may exercise authority that does not come from the people.
• Liberty consists of the power to do whatever is not injurious to others.
• The law has the right to forbid only actions that are injurious to society.
• Law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to participate in its formation, personally or through their representatives. All citizens are equal be¬fore it.
• No man may be accused, arrested or detained, except in cases determined by the law.
• Every citizen may speak, write and print freely; he must take responsibility for the abuse of such liberty in cases determined by the law.
• For the maintenance of the public force and for the ex¬penses of administration a common tax is indispensable; it must be assessed equally on all citizens in proportion to their means.
• Since property is a sacred and inviolable right, no one may be deprived of it, unless a legally established public necessity requires it. In that case a just compensation must be given in advance.
  (Note: The above list is not complete. It is only a selection often.)

Question 8.
Observe the following.

a) Name the bodies among which the powers are distributed.
Answer:
The Judiciary, the Executive and the Legislature are the three bodies among which the powers are distributed.

b) Who were entitled to vote?
Answer:
The Active Citizens were entitled to vote.

c) How many members were there in the National Assembly?
Answer:
There were 745 members in the National Assembly.

d) Did the king have absolute powers?
Answer:
No, he was under the control of the National Assembly.

e) Who were passive citizens?
A. The citizens with no voting rights were the passive citizens.

Question 9.
Study the following timeline and answer the given questions.

a) When was the draft Constitution written by the National Assembly?
Answer:
In 1789 June. National Assembly had written the draft Constitution.

b) Who was the master of ‘Reign of Terror’?
Answer:
The master of ‘Reign of Terror’ was Robespierre.

c) What was the significance of 1871?
Answer:
The significance of 1871 was that France became republic.

d) When was the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens made?
Answer:
The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens was made in 1791.

e) Who declared himself the Emperor of French Republic?
Answer:
Napolean Bonaparte declared himself the Emperor of French Republic.

Question 10.
Do you feel that equality of status for women is necessary? Women’s fight for rights in France inspired the world. Do you agree with this?
Answer:

• Yes. Women need to have equal status with men.
• They need to educate themselves, participate in active politics.
• Yes, the political activities of French women during the revolutionary years were kept alive as an inspiring memory.

Question 11.
What would happen if all people were not equal before law – and some special privileges like the right to kill others?
Answer:

• If all people were not equal then society might be divided into classes.
• A few classes might have some privileges and the rest would have to suffer.
• People might not have fundamental rights.
• If a few people had the privilege of killing others it would result in loss of lives to those who do not have had that privilege.

Question 12.
Locate the following on the world outline map.
1) USA
2) UK
3) France
4) Turkey

Question 13.
Are revolutions essential for human development?
Answer:

• Revolutions are essential for the development of human society.
• Without revolutions or changes, the society and its structure remains static and may not take its course towards the growth and development.

Question 14.
Who are the philosophers that spread the ideas of democracy?
Answer:

• Locke in his book “Two Treatises of Government” sought to refute the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monachy.
• Rousseau advocated people’s sovereignty, equality and supremacy of majority.
• Montesquieu’s theory of separation of powers paved way for division of powers.
• Voltaire advocated the theory of restricted powers.

Question 15.
Compare the political rights which the Constitution of 1791 gave to the citizens with Articles from 1 to 6 of the Declaration. Are the two documents consistent? Do the two documents convey the same idea ?
Answer:

• The 1st Article of the Declaration says that ‘All men are free and equal in rights’.
• The 6th Article of the Declaration says that ‘All citizens have the right to participate in the formation of laws’.
• But the Constitution of 1791 contradicted with the Declaration of Rights in giving all the citizens equal political rights.
• According to the Constitution only men above 25 years of age and who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage were given the right to vote.
• Thus the Constitution violates the Declaration of Rights.
• Thus we can say two documents contradicted with each other. They do not convey the same idea.

Question 16.
How different would our lives have been if we were ruled by kings?
Answer:

1. It would be very different if we were ruled by kings.
2. They may have had made laws at their will.
3. Society might had been divided in high and low castes or estates.
4. Estates might have had their privileges and obligations.
5. We might have had been denied our fundamental rights.

IMPORTANT YEARS AND EVENTS
Events	Years
1. Period of Long Parliament	1640-60
2. Execution of Charles I	1649
3. The Glorious Revolution	1688
4. The Declaration of Independence	1776
5. The American Revolution	1783
6. The French Revolution	1789
7. Execution of Louis XVI	1793
8. The Reign of Terror	1793-94
9. The execution of Robespierre	1794
10. The right to vote for women in France	1946

 

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 18 Impact of Colonialism in India.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions 18th Lesson Impact of Colonialism in India

9th Class Social 18th Lesson Impact of Colonialism in India 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What was the call given by Komaram Bheem to Adivasies? (SA-III : 2016-17)
Answer:
Adivasis were inspired by the message Jal, Jangal, Jameen of Komaram Bheem.

9th Class Social 18th Lesson Impact of Colonialism in India 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Mention any two reasons for deforestation during the British rule. (SA-II : 2018-19)
Answer:
The following reasons were responsible for deforestation during British rule.

1. Large cities like Kolkata and Mumbai were coming up.
2. The government was laying thousands of kms of railway lines across the country.
3. Huge ships were also being built and mines were being opened.
4. Wood is need for railway sleepers.

9th Class Social 18th Lesson Impact of Colonialism in India 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Once they began work on the machines there was no question of stopping. There was no fixed break even for meals. Taking out 15 – 20 minutes from their work, and asking a fellow labourers to look after their work, the labourers would eat their food. There was no separate place to eat either.
The whole day would pass in the heat, humidity, noise, dust and suffocation of the mill. Only when the sunset and it became impossible to see in the dark, the machines would stop and work would end.
Q. Comment on the working conditions of workers in factories in early industralisation. (SA-III : 2016-17)
Answer:

• The working conditions were terrible.
• People worked 14 to 16 hrs a day.
• Majority were unskilled workers, only receive very low wages.
• Factories were not the best places to work.
• Machines spit out smoke and in some factories, workers come out covered in black soot by the end of the day.
• Children were paid less.
• The workers were given only a break for lunch and dinner.
• Many children had physical deformities because of the lack of exercise and sunlight.

9th Class Social 18th Lesson Impact of Colonialism in India Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the following information and answer the questions given below.

The government implemented the first Factory Act in 1881 and made the following rules especially for the welfare of working children: Children below the age of 7 cannot be employed in factories. Children between 7 and 12 years of age cannot be made to work more than 9 hours a day and they must be given a one-hour break each day. They must also be given 4 days leave each month. In 1891, laws were made in the interest of women labourers to ensure that: Women labourers cannot be made to work more than 11 hours a day. Women labourers must be given an hour and half break each day. Children’s working hours were reduced from 9 to 7 hours/day and factory employers were forbidden to employ children below 9 years of age. The largest number of labourers in industries was that of men. In wasn’t until 1911 that laws for their welfare were made. According to the Factory Act of 1911: Adult male labourers could not be made to work for more than 12 hours every day. After every six hours of work there would be a break for half an hour.

a) When was the first factory act passed and what did it specify?
Answer:

• The first factory act was passed in 1881.
• It specified that children below 7 years cannot be employed in factories and the children cannot work more than 9 hours.

b) When were the interests of women ensured?
Answer:
In 1891, laws were made in the interest of women labourers.
The women labours working hours were limited to 11 hours.

c) Who were the largest number of labourers in industries?
Answer:
The men were the largest number of labourers in the industries.

d) How many factory acts were passed ? And when were they passed?
Answer:
Three acts were passed :

1. In 1881
2. In 1891 and
3. In 1911.

Question 2.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
’ During strikes labourers formed their own organisations with the help of some educated people. These were labour unions, formed to conduct the strikes and negotiate settlements with the mill owners. Slowly, the trade unions became active not just during the strikes but all around the year, promoting the workers’ welfare and rights. Such unions began to be established from the early 1920’s. People influenced by socialist thought were prominent among them. One such union formed was Girni Kamgar Union with the help of which workers in Mumbai went on a very effective strike in 1928. In Ahmedabad, under the influence of Gandhiji, a powerful union known as the Mazdoor Mahajan was formed.
a) Why were the labour unions formed?
Answer:
Labour unions were formed to conduct the strikes and negotiate settlements with the mill owners.

b) Who helped the labourers to form unions?
Answer:
Educated people helped them.

Question 3.
Observe the following table and answer the questions given below.

Year	Event
1879	8000 kilometers of railway lines
1864	A forest department was set up.
1856	The Santhal adivasis revolt
1880	The Koya adivasis revolt.
1910	The Maria and Muria adivasis revolt
1940	The Gond and Kolam adivasis revolt
1914-18	1st World War
1919	Strike of all the mills of Mumbai

a) What was the importance of 1919?
Answer:
All the mills of Mumbai were kept closed for 12 days due to the strike of workers.

b) When did the adivasis of the Maria and Muria revolt?
Answer:
The Maria and Muria adivasis revolted against the forest department in 1910.

c) When did the Santhais revolt?
Answer:
The Santhais revolted in 1856.

d) Who revolted in 1940?
Answer:
The Gond and Kolam revolted in 1940.

e) When did the 1st World War occur?
Answer:
Between 1914-18, the 1st World War occurred.

Question 4.
Find out where each of these adivasi struggles took place, and mark their locations on a map of India.
Answer:
Adivasi struggles took place in the following locations.

1. Madhya Pradesh
2. Chattisgarh
3. A.P
4. Odisha
5. Jarkhand
6. Uttarakhand

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 6 Agriculture in India.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions 6th Lesson Agriculture in India

9th Class Social 6th Lesson Agriculture in India 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Expand MSP. (SA-II : 2016-17)
Answer:
Minimum Support Price

Question 2.
Draw sketch map of India and identify paddy cultivating state. (SA-II : 2016-17)
Asnwer:

Question 3.
Why is a MSP needed? (SA-II : 2017-18)
Answer:
The government sets the MSP so as to cover the cost of cultivation and allow a little bit of profit to the farmer.

Question 4.

Study the map and answer the following question. (SA-I : 2018-19)
What is major crop in the shaded areas of the map?
Answer:
Paddy.

Question 5.
Name any two cropping seasons in India? (SA-I : 2018-19)
Answer:
Kharif, Rabi, Zaid are the three cropping seasons.

9th Class Social 6th Lesson Agriculture in India 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
At present we are using under ground water heavily and they reached an endangered stage, indicate measures to restore the ground water. (SA-III : 2015-16)
Answer:
The following steps are the measures to restore ground water.

• Vegetation like trees and grasses and bonds are used to enhance ground water.
• We follow watershed development projects.
• Rainwater harvesting should be practiced.
• Reduce the wastage of water.

Question 2.
Observe the Bar graphs and write your observations. (SA-II : 2016-17)

Answer:

• Above Bar graph tells us how many cultivators and how many agricultural labourers are there in India.
• Years are passing away gradually percentage of cultivators is decreasing and the persons, who are agricultural labourers are increasing

Question 3.
Show the below information on a bar graph and based on this, write your observation. (SA-III : 2016-17)

Year	Production of food grains in million tones
1980-81	130
1990-91	176
2000-01	197
2010-11	242

Answer:

The above graph explains production of food grains is gradually increased from 1980-81 to 2010-11. The main reason is we are following green revolution methods in our agricultural iands.

Question 4.
Today food materials constitute only about three percent of Indian Imports. Explain the role of Green Revolution that lies behind this achievement. (SA-III : 2016-17)
Answer:
The production of food grains has increased five times over last five decades from 51 to 242 million tonnes.

The green revolution helped farmers to produce higher level of foodgrains and non- foodgrains on the same plot of land they had. There was no major increase in the land used for cultivation.

In 1960s a farmer was able to produce on an average only 287 kilograms of foodgrains be it paddy or wheat on one acre of cultivable land. Today the same farmer is able to produce nearly 800 kilograms of foodgrains per acre of cultivable land.

Importance of Green Revolution :

1. Using of highyielding varieties of seeds.
2. Using of pesticides and insecticides.
3. Providing better water management resources.

Question 5.
Write the names of cropping seasons in India and write the tenure of season. (SA-II : 2017-18)
There are three cropping seasons.

Crop	Tenure
1. Kharif	Mid June to October
2. Rabi	November to March
3. Zaid	April, May, Mid June

9th Class Social 6th Lesson Agriculture in India 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“The green revolution has resulted in a loss of soil fertility and ever increasing costs to farmers”. Do you agree with this statement? Explain. (SA-I : 2018-19)
(OR)
“The green revolution has actually resulted in a loss of soil fertility and ever increasing cost to the farmers’ (SA-II : 2018-19)
Do you agree with the above statement? Provides reasons to support your answer.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with the above statement by following reasons.

1. In Green Revolution, the farmers are encouraged to pump ground water to water intensive crops in low rainfall areas.
2. This unsustainable pumping has reduced water storage in ground.
3. Consequently, many wells and tube wells have run dry.
4. More over the use of chemical fertilizers has also affected the long term fertility of the soil. Due to this cost of production is increasing to farmers.
5. Hence we can say that Green Revolution has short-term gains and long term losses.
6. Production of food grains (in million tonnes)

Question 2.

Observe the above graph and answer the following questions.
1. What does the graph given above denotes? (SA-III : 2015-16)
Answer:
The above graph explains the production of foodgrains from 1950-51 to 2010-11 years.

2. When compared to 1970-71, how many million tonnes of food grains are produced more in 2010-11? (SA-III : 2015-16)
Answer:
Compare with 1970-71 to 2010-11 the food grain production is increased from 108 million tonnes to 242 million tonnes, it means ⇔ 134 million tonnes production is more.

3. In which decade was the production of food grains more? (SA-III : 2015-16)
Answer:
From 1981 to 1990 in the middle of the years means, in this decade the production of food grains is more.

4. What are the reasons for the increase in production of food grains? (SA-III : 2015-16)
Answer:
The main reason is use of Green Revolution methods.

5. What is the overall trend of food grain production depicted in the graph? (SA-I : 2019-20)
Answer:
Food grain production is increasing.

6. What could be the possible reason for this trend? (SA-I : 2019-20)
Answer:
Because of Green Revolution.

Question 3.
“Conserving rainfall that the area receives is the first step. There are several ways that people can stop rainwater from quickly running off so that it can soak into the ground, and recharge the groundwater”.
Q : Comment on watershed development programms being implemented in dry land area. (SA-II : 2016-17)
Answer:
Unlike the cultivation of HYVs in irrigated lands, dryland farming possess different challenges.

1. Conserving rainfall that the area receives is the first step.
2. There are several ways that people can stop rain water from quickly running off, so that it can soak into the ground, and recharge the ground water.

This is done through Watershed Development Programmes which include afforestation, bunding, building check dams and tanks.

Not send any chemical waste into underground.

Try to reduce the wastage of daily use water.

Create awareness among the all people about the importance of underground water and its recharge.

Question 4.
Food security of a nation depends on agricultural sector. Explain about agricultural sector in India. (SA-III : 2016-17)
Answer:
The food security of a nation depends on agriculture and this sector ensures food security to the nation.

Importance of agriculture :

• A variety of raw materials required for industries are cultivated on farms.
• Agriculture is a major source of livelihood for millions – giving employment to a large section of people.
• More than half the proportion of workers in India is working in agriculture and its related activities.
• 70% of working women are engaged in agriculture.
• Due to green revolution, India became self sufficient in food grains.
• Due to rise in food grains production, it was no longer necessary to import food grains from other countries.

Question 5.
Study the graph and answer the questions given below. (SA-II : 2018-19)

1. What is the difference between agriculture labourers and cultivators?
2. In 1971, what was the percentage of cultivators?
3. Suggest other alternative job opportunities for landless agriculture labourers,
4. In which year the highest percentage of cultivators was recorded?
Answer:
1. Cultivator means:
Cultivators are those who have, some land and also use land belongs to other for cultivation.

Agricultural labourers :
Agriculture labourers are those who are landless labourers who work on other lands.

2. 62%

3. Other alternative works.

1. rearing of animals
2. selling of vegetables
3. work in brick kiln.

4. 1961

Question 6.
What suggestions do you recommend to solve the problems associated with current Indian agriculture sector? (SA-I : 2018-19)
Answer:
Suggestions :
1. Better irrigation facilities :
Indian agriculture is mainly dependent on monsoon. So permanent means of irrigation should be developed.
Ex: Tube wells & Canals.

2. Supply of Quality seeds :

1. Quality seeds should be sold through co-operative societies or village panchayats.
2. Marginal farmers should be given seeds on loan.

3. Green Manure :
Farmers should be educated for firing green manure. Oil cakes may be used as fertilizers.

4. Credit Facilitied :

1. Farmers should be advanced loans at reasonable rates of interest.
2. Regional Rural Banks should be opened.

5. Agricultural Marketing:
Agricultural marketing should be improved so that the farmer gets proper price for their produce ware housing facilities should be improved. Means of transport should be strengthened.

6. Time to time weather reports telecast by govt through media.

Question 7.
Observe the table and answer the questions given below. (SA-I : 2018-19)
Number of farmers and land they possess in India (2010 – 2011)

1. Who are considered as large farmers as per the above table?
2. Which type of farmers are high in number?
3. How many total acres of land do the farmers cultivate in India?
4. How much of land on an average does each marginal farmer cultivate?
Answer:

1. The farmers who have more than 25 acres of land and they cultivated that land are called as large farmers.
2. Number of marginal farmers are more.
3. 3932 lakhs acres of land cultivated by Indian farmers.
4. 0.95 acres of land is cultivated by marginal farmers.

Question 8.
Write some methods through which the problem of falling ground water levels can be salved. (SA-I : 2019-20)
Answer:
The problem of falling ground water levels can be solved through these methods.

1. Construction of check dams.
2. By Maintaining small percolation tanks in fields.
3. Soaking pits.
4. By providing bunds and catch drains.
5. Plantation of trees in open fields.
6. Encouragement to grow forests.
7. Should ban felling trees.
8. Recycle and reuse of ground water.

9th Class Social 6th Lesson Agriculture in India Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
Answer:
Rice:

1. Rice is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India.
2. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world.
3. Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.
4. Canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

Question 2.
How many cropping seasons are there? What are they?
Answer:
India has three cropping seasons. They are –

1. Rabi
2. Kharif
3. Zaid

Question 3.
Name some important crops of India, states which produce them and reasons both and natural and other factors contributed to their growth.
Answer:

Question 4.
What is the fertility of the soil?
Answer:

• The soil is said to be fertile if it has the right amounts of mineral particles as well as organic components.
• Then only the soil can provide the roots of plants with right amounts of water, minerals and air.

Question 5.
How is organic farming different from traditional farming?
Answer:

• We use organic material in organic farming whereas we use natural manure in traditional farming.
• We use HYV seeds and key elements of new agricultural technologies in organic farming.
• Organic farming gives high productivity in short duration whereas in traditional farming we experience less productivity and long duration of crop.

Question 6.
Why is agriculture important to Indian economy?
Answer:

• The food security of a nation depends on agriculture.
• A variety of raw materials required for industries are cultivated on farms.
• Agriculture is a major source of livelihood for millions of people in our country.
• More than half the proportion of workers in India is working in agriculture and its related activities.
• Nearly 70% of the working women are engaged in agriculture.

Hence agriculture is important to Indian economy.

Question 7.
How many kinds of people are engaged in agriculture? Name them.
Answer:
Two kinds of people are engaged in farming. They are :

1. Agricultural labourers
2. Cultivators.

Question 8.
Distinguish between cultivators and agricultural labourers.
Answer:

Cultivators	Agricultural labourers
1. Cultivators are those who have some land and also use land belongs to others for cultivation.	1. Agriculture labourers are those who are landless labourers who work on others’ lands.
2. Cultivators are self employed.	2. Whereas agricultural labourers have to depended on working on others’ fields for livelihood.

Question 9.
How many varieties of crops are grown in India? What are they?
Answer:
A variety of crops are cultivated by farmers in India. They are broadly categorised into two :

1. Food crops
2. Non-food crops.

Question 10.
Give examples of food grains and non-food grains.
Answer:

• Food grains include cereals such as rice, wheat, jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, barley, and small millets and pulses-gram, red gram, and other pulses.
• Non-food grains include oilseeds such as groundnut, sesame, rapeseed and mustard, linseed, castor seed, and sunflower, etc.

Question 11.
What is Green Revolution? What are the effects of Green Revolution?
Answer:

• The policy introduced by Government with regard to the agricultural sector is known as Green Revolutin.
• It refers to the specific plant improvement notably to the development of high yielding varieties for the increase of crop production.

Effects of Green Revolution:

1. The spread of HYVs to large parts of the country has led to a significant increase in crop production in the country.
2. So, it was no longer necessary to import food grains from other countries.
3. The procurement of food grains by FCI could be used in case of shortage and can avoid drought or famine like situations and also used to supply food grains to inaccessible areas.
4. In 1960, a farmer was able to produce on an average of 287 kgs of foodgrains, today the same farmer is able to produce nearly 800 kgs of food grains per acre.
5. The Green Revolution has brought in several environmental imbalances.

Question 12.
Name some of the states of India where “slash and burning” farming is practised.
Answer:
Punjab, Haryana, Odisha, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and some parts of Rajasthan.

Question 13.
What is the fertility of the soil?
Answer:

1. The soil is said to be fertile if it has the right amounts of mineral particles as well as organic components.
2. Then only the soil can provide the roots of plants with right amounts of water, minerals, and air.

Question 14.
How many kinds of people are engaged in agriculture? Name them.
Answer:
Two kinds of people are engaged in farming. They are :

1. Agricultural labourers
2. Cultivators.

Question 15.
What is Green Revolution?
Answer:
The policy introduced by Government with regard to the agricultural sector is known as Green Revolution.

Question 16.
Compare and contrast simple subsistence farming and intensive subsistence farming.
Answer:

Simple subsistence farming	Intensive Substitence farming
1. Agriculture is practiced in small patches of land.	1. Practised in the areas of high population density.
2. Primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks are used.	2. No primitive tools are used but mechanised tools.
3. Family or community labour is the source of labour.	3. It is labour intensive farming.
4. Natural fertility of the soil, monsoon etc. are important.	4. High doses of biochemical inputs are used.
5. It is a ‘slash and burn1 agriculture.	5. Irrigation is used to obtain higher production.

Question 17.
What do you know about Zaid cropping season?
Answer:

• In between the Rabi and Kharif seasons there is a short season.
• It includes summer months and is known as Zaid season.
• Crops grown during this season are like watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.

Question 18.
Read the following and answer the questions given below.

Why does Government buys and stores some grain? A lot of grain comes into the market at harvest time. One problem farmers faced was the low price of grain during this time. This means farmers were not able to sell grain at a high enough price to be able to repay their loans and continue using the new farming methods. They need to be protected from traders who might try to purchase the grains at low prices. Therefore, the government decided to set a Minimum Support Price (MSP). A Mini¬mum Support Price is a price at which the farmers can sell their grain, if they want, to the government. The government sets the MSP so as to cover the cost of cultivation and allow a little bit of profit to the farmer. Because of the MSP, farmers are not forced to sell their grains at cheaper prices to the traders. The Food Corporation of India (FCI) was formed by the government to purchase food grains from the farmers and store them. It keeps stockpiles and supplies grain to ration shops and other government schemes (e.g. for midday meals in schools).

1. What problem do farmers face during harvest season?
Answer:
The farmers face the problem of the low price of grain during harvest season.

2. How can the farmers be protected from the low prices of grains?
Answer:
The government protects the farmers by setting a Minimum Support Price (MSP).

3. What is Minimum Support Price?
Answer:
The MSP is a price at which the farmers can sell their grain, if they want, to the government.

4. How does the MSP protect the farmer?
Answer:
The government sets the MSP so as to cover the cost of cultivation and allow a little bit of profit to the farmer.

5. What is the organization that purchases food grains from the farmers?
Answer:
The Food Corporation India purchases food grains from the farmers.

Question 19.
Observe the following information and answer the questions given below.

Cropping seasons	Period	Crops grown
Kharif	They are grown with the onset of monsoons, harvested in September to October.	Paddy, maize, jower, bajra, red gram, green gram, black gram, cotton, jute, groundnut, etc.
Rabi	They are sown in winter from October – December and harvested in summer.	Wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
Zaid	In between Rabi and Kharif there is a short period during summer months known as the zaid season.	Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.

1. How many cropping seasons are there?
Answer:
There are three cropping seasons.

2. Name different cropping seasons.
Answer:
Kharif, Rabi and Zaid are different cropping seasons.

3. When do we have Rabi season?
Answer:
Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer.

4. Name the crops that are grown in Kharif season.
Answer:
Paddy, maize, jower, bajra, red gram, cotton, jute, groundnut etc., are grown in Kharif season.

5. Name the crops that are grown in Zaid season.
Answer:
Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables are grown in Zaid season.

Question 20.
Complete the data in the table:
Number of farmers and land they possess in India (2010-2011)

A) Percentage of different category of farmers :
1. How much percentage of Marginal farmers are there.
Answer:
67 %

2. How much percentage of small farmers are there?
Answwr:
18 %

3. How much percentage of large farmers are there?
Answer:
0.7 %

B) How much land they operate with?
1) Marginal farmers hold _________ of land.
2) Small farmers hold _________ of land.
3) Semi-medium farmers hold _________ of land.
4) Medium farmers hold _________ of land.
5) Large farmers hold _________ of land.
Answer:

1. 22%
2. 22%
3. 24%
4. 21%
5. 11%

C) Average amount of land operated by farmers :
1) Average amount of land possessed by marginal farmers is _________ acres.
2) Small farmers hold _________ acres of land.
3) Average amount of land possessed by large farmers is _________ acres.
4) Average land holding in India is _________ acres.
Answer:

1. 0.94
2. 3.51
3. 42.9
4. 13.65

Question 21.
What are the long run uses of chemical fertilizers and pesticides?
Answer:

• The chemical fertilizers are basically made from petro chemicals and therefore derived from petroleum.
• These fertilizers remain in the soil and also mix with water.
• This results in the contamination of soil and water.
• As a result many micro organisms like earthworms are destroyed. This in turn affects the long term fertility of the soil.

Question 22.
In which areas were the new methods of agriculture first tried?
Answer:
The new methods were initially implemented in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, and in some districts of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamilnadu.

Question 23.
How were farmers able to raise higher amount of food grains on the same plot of land over the years?
Answer:
The use of High Yielding Varieties of seeds, chemical fertilizers, machinery, etc. made the farmers to raise higher amount of food grains on the same plot of land over the years.

Question 24.
Why did the Indian government not allow farmers to export foodgrains during the Green Revolution?
Answer:
There would be a shortage of food grains if the government allows farmers to export food grains. So the government did not allow farmers to export food grains.

Question 25.
How did the partition of the country in 1947 affect the jute industry?
Answer:
We have lost the major jute growing areas during partition. Hence the jute industry was badly affected.

Question 26.
In your opinion what would be the minimum amount of land required to do viable farming?
Answer:
The minimum amount of land required to do viable farming maybe 2 acres for viable farming.

Question 27.
Why do only a small section of farmers have a powerful voice?
Answer:
Percentage of large and medium farmers is 5% but they hold 32% of total cultivable land. Their average landholding is also high. Hence they have a powerful voice.

Question 28.
Assess the role of monsoons in Indian agriculture nowadays?
Answer:

• Indian agriculture has always been dependent on monsoons.
• Arrival and impact of monsoon decides the fate of agriculture.
• It is both uncertain and irregular.
• The large scale irrigation serves only one third of crop area.
• The remaining has to suffer the vagaries of the monsoon.
• Thus one can term Indian agriculture as ‘a gamble with monsoons.’

Question 29.
How can you say that now India is practising subsistence farming?
Answer:

• India is a densely populated country.
• Farmers here are force to use small land holdings.
• Most farmers produce enough for their own consumption.
• They try to obtain maximum yield from available lands.
• They are artificial irrigation and manure etc.
• This type of farming is known as intensive subsistence farming.
• Thus we can say India is practising subsistence farming.

Question 30.
Do you feel that the farmers who cultivate are happy? If not, what are the reasons? What are the factors that affect agriculture?
Answer:
I feel that the farmers who cultivate are not happy.
Reasons:

1. They are not able to earn according to their labour.
2. They lost their confidence.
3. Nature is also not co-operating with them.

Factors that affect agriculture :

1. Low fertile soils
2. Improper usage of pesticides
3. Small land holdings
4. Unpredictable monsoons
5. Outdated agricultural methods
6. Improper market facilities, etc.

Question 31.
Locate the following on India Map.
Paddy, wheat and maize growing areas.

Answer:
Paddy – West Bengal, Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and coastal areas.
Wheat – Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh
Maize – Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Bihar.

Question 32.
Locate the following on India map.
Pulses, sugarcane, cotton growing areas.

Answer:
Pulses – Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
Cotton – Gujarat, Maharashtra.
Sugarcane – Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu.

Question 32.
Locate the following rivers on the outline map of India.
1) Narmada
2) Tapati
3) Godavari
4) Krishna
5) Cauvery
6) Mahanadi
7) Indus
8) Ganga
Answer:

Question 33.
State your opinion on the new agricultural technologies such as Green Revolution.
Answer:

• Yes, we agree that government has taken initiative in increasing the production of different crops.
• But introduction of HYVs has created some economical imbalances.
• They need plenty of water which may reduce the water levels and at one stage we would face scarcity of water.

Question 34.
State your opinion on free power supply to farmers and the problems that are faced by marginal farmers due to free power supply.
Answer:

• Free power supply to a section of farmers has encouraged them to pump groundwater.
• Consequently, many wells and tubewells have run dry.
• This has pushed the marginal and small farmers out of cultivation.

Question 35.
How did the partition of the country in 1947 affect the Jute industry?
Answer:
We have lost the major jute growing areas during partition. Hence the jute industry was badly affected.

Question 36.
What measures would you suggest to protect agriculture from intense commercial farming?
Answer:

• To protect agriculture from intense commercial farming, we should shun the use of High Yielding Varieties of Seeds.
• Then we can limit the usage of water.
• Then we can limit the usage of chemical fertilisers and pesticides.
• We can save the produce for seeds.
• We can adopt organic farming, which requires very low input costs.
• Organic farm produce also serves health better.

Question 37.
What measures would you suggest for the cultivation of cotton crop?
Answer:

• Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan Plateau.
• It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation.
• It needs 210 frost free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
• It requires 6 to 8 months to mature.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 17 Colonialism in Latin America, Asia and Africa.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions 17th Lesson Colonialism in Latin America, Asia and Africa

9th Class Social 17th Lesson Colonialism in Latin America, Asia and Africa 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why had Europeans called Africa a ‘Dark Continent’? (SA-III : 2016-17)
Answer:
The Europeans did not know much about Africa until the 19th century.

9th Class Social 17th Lesson Colonialism in Latin America, Asia and Africa Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How is the word ‘discovery’ and ‘exploration’ used by Europeans? What did it mean to people who were already living in those geographical locations?
Answer:
Discovery:

• The word “discovery” means “finding something that we did not know about it before”.
• But in European concept “discovery” is to find faster and easier routes to countries like India, China, etc. without passing through regions controlled by Italian traders.

Exploration :

• The step next to discovery is exploration.
• Exploration in European context means “Sending expedition to countries and finding out what resources were available.”
• Europeans explored the backward African and Asian countries for natural resources like, gold, silver, silk, porcelain, etc.

Views of native people :

• But the Europeans did not explore these countries but exploited them.
• Virtually the Europeans enslaved them, plundered them, forced them to trade with them, etc.
• In South America the natives were deprived of their land and were massacred and driven to interiors.

Question 2.
What is “Munroe Doctrine”?
Answer:

• The President of USA James Munroe formulated the “Munroe Doctrine”.
• According to this no European power would be allowed to build colonies in the American continents and US would not interfere in the affairs of Europe or colonies in other continents.

Question 3.
Locate Mexico, Spain, Netherlands, USA, Indonesia, China, Italy, Turkey, India, West-Indies on the world map.
Answer:

Question 4.
Locate South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Ghana, Libya, Algeria, Angola, Congo on the political map of Africa.

Question 5.
What were the affects of colonizations?
Answer:

• Imperialist countries commercialised the cultivation.
• Due to that colonial countries were impoverished.
• No development took place in these countries.
• These countries could not develop industrially.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 16 Social Protest Movements.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions 16th Lesson Industrialisation and Social Change

9th Class Social 16th Lesson Social Protest Movements 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who were Luddists? Mention any one demand of the Luddists. (SA-I : 2019-20)
Answer:
Workers who destroyed machinery, especially in cotton and woollen mills, that they believed was threatening their jobs.
Demand of Luddists :

1. They demanded Minimum wage.
2. Control over the labour of women and children.
3. Work for those who had lost their jobs because of introduction of machinery.

9th Class Social 16th Lesson Social Protest Movements 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write any two principles of Socialism? (SA-II : 2016-17)
Answer:
Principles of Socialism :

1. True socialists advocate a completely class less society, where the government controls all means of production and distribution of goods.
2. It believes the absence of private property.
3. Therefore, everyone receives equal earnings, medical care and other necessities.

Question 2.
Why the idea of socialism was appreciable? Write your views. (SA-I : 2018-19)
Answer:
Socialists generally aim to achieve greater equality in decision making and economic affairs, grant workers have greater control of the means of production and their work place, and to eliminate exploitation by directing the surplus value to employees.

9th Class Social 16th Lesson Social Protest Movements Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about early workers movements in England.
Answer:

• In England, political protest against the cruel working conditions infactories were increasing.
• Workers flooded towns and factories, they expressed their anger and frustration in numerous forms of protest.
• There were bread or food riots throughout the country from the 1790s onwards.
• The working population demanded for right to vote.
• The weavers demanded a legal minimum wage, which was refused by the Parliament.
• In Yorkshire, shearing-frames were destroyed by croppers.
• In the riots of 1830, the threshing machines were smashed.

Question 2.
What is Luddism?
Answer:

• Luddism is a social protest movement led by “General Ned Ludd”.
• Luddism was not merely a backward looking assault on machines.
• Its participants demanded a minimum wage, control over the labour of women and children, work for those who had lost their jobs because of the coming of machinery etc.

Question 3.
Name of few thinkers of socialist ideas as they expressed their views.
Answer:

• Some elements of socialist ideas can be seen in many thinkers down the ages like Plato and Thomas Moore.
• Another early socialist thinker was Saint Simon of France who advocated for public control of property through central planning.
• In England, Owen took an initative for building cooperative villages.
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels promoted present view of Socialism.
• Swami Vivekananda was deeply influenced by the ideas of Socialism.
• Many leaders like M N Roy, Bhagat Singh, Jawaharlal Nehru, etc. were enthusiastic socialists.

Question 4.
Why do you think social protest movements gained momentum?
Answer:

• Industrialisation gave birth to influencial industrial capitalists.
• Now, power and influence was in the hands of industrial capitalists and large landowners.
• The working class movements were becoming more organised.
• Workers realised their power when they were united.
• They understood that if they came together, they could bring stands till the economy.
• They were inspired by the ideas of French Revolution and Socialism.
• Similarly women demanded equal status and role in society, economy, polity and culture.

Question 5.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
What is Socialism? It is a doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources. According to the socialist view, individuals do not live or work in isolation but live in cooperation with one another. Further, everything that people produce is in some sense a social product, and everyone who contributes to the production of a good is entitled to a share in it. Society as a whole, therefore, should own or at least control property for the benefit of all its members.

In this way, socialism contradicts the basic idea of capitalism which is based on private ownership of the means of production and free play of market in determining what is to be produced and who is to be given a share of the produce. Socialists complain that capitalism necessarily leads to unfair and exploitative concentrations of wealth and power in the hands of the relative few. The rich then use their wealth and power to’ reinforce their dominance in society.

Because such people are rich, they may choose where and how to live, and their choices, in turn, limit the options of the poor. As a result, terms such as individual freedom and equality of opportunity may be meaningful for capitalists. But for the working people, who must do the capitalists’ bidding if they are to survive, they can only hollow. As socialists see it, true freedom and true equality require social control of the resources that provide the basis for prosperity in any society.

Socialists also believe that given such unequal distribution of resources, there cannot really be genuine free competition as the rich and powerful manage to tilt the balance in their favour by hook or crook.
1) What is socialism?
Answer:
Socialism calls for public ownership rather than private control of property and natural resources.

2) What is the basic idea of capitalism?
Answer:
Capitalism is the private ownership of the means of production.

3) what is the complaint of socialists about capitalism?
Answer:
Socialists complain that capitalism distributes wealth and power in an unfair and exploitative manner. It gives all the money and power to a few individuals.

4) In the view of socialists, what is the basis for prosperity in any society?
Answer:
According to socialists, the true freedom and the true equality means that society should control of the resources that provide the basis for prosperity in any society.

5) What are the disadvantages of capitalism?
Answer:

• Unequal distribution of resources.
• Concentration of wealth in few hands

Question 6.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
The movement for extending the right to vote to all sections of the population gained momentum in 1830 to 1870. In countries like England, women too came out in large numbers demanding right to vote. They were called ‘women’s suffragists’. They held demonstrations, meetings and wrote in newspapers, etc. and made appeals to the Parliament. Russian Revolution was the first to grant such rights to all women in 1917. The right to vote was extended to some women in England in 1918 and to all adult women by 1928. Gradually this was accepted by most democratic countries.
1) Who were “women’s suffragists”?
Answer:
Women who fought for their right to vote were called “women’s suffragists”.

2) How did they fight for the right to vote?
Answer:
They held demonstrations, meetings, wrote in newspapers etc. and made appeals to the Parliament.

3) Who was the first to grant right to vote?
Answer:
Russian revolution was the first to grant right to vote to all women in 1917.

4) When did England grant the right to vote to women?
Answer:
The right to vote was extended to some women in England in 1918 and to all adult women by 1928.

5) Do you feel that women should be granted with right to vote? If yes, why?
Answer:

• Women are born free and are entitled to all rights that are given to men.
• Therefore women should be given right to vote on par with men.

Question 7.
Gather some information regarding women protection movement and some information about women protection act.
Answer:

• There were social reform movements in India, which wanted to uplift the status of women.
• They fought against social evils like sati, killing of girl child at birth, enforced widowhood among women.
• Social reformers like GurajadaApparao and Raja Rammohan Roy fought for women’s rights.

The following are some acts that protect women.

• Prohibition of Dowry Act -1961
• The protection of women from “Domestic Violence” Act.
• Prohibition of Child Marriage Act – 2006.
• “Nirbhay” Act is passed to protect women from “Sexual assaults”.

Question 8.
Locate the following on the outline map of Europe.

1. London
2. Norway
3. North sea
4. Baltic Sea
5. Yorkshire
6. Manchester

Question 9.
Critically describe women social protest movements.
Answer:

• At the time of French revolution, they drafted ‘Declaration of the Rights of women’ which was never passed in Frency Assembly.
• They organised women’s suffragist movement which brought voting right to women in Russia in 1917, in England in 1918 (for some) and in 1928 (for all adult women).
• First – wave of feminism focused on absolute rights such as suffrage and Second-wave of feminism focused on other aspects of equality like education, health etc.
• Even though legal equality was achieved, real equality yet to be achieved.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 12 Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800

9th Class Social 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Renaissance. (SA-II : 2016-17)
Answer:
Renaissance means “Re birth”. It was a period in Europe, especially Italy when there was a new interest in art, literature, science and learning flourished.
(OR)
Renaissance means the cultural changes in Europe.

9th Class Social 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Study the map given below and answer the following questions. (SA-I : 2018-19)

a) From which country did Columbus start his journey?
b) Who discovered the sea route to India?
Answer:
a) Columbus started his journey from the country Spain.
b) Vosco da gama discovered sea route to India in the year 1498 A.D.

Question 2.
Observe the bar graph and answer the questions given (SA-I : 2019-20)

i) What trend does the bar graph show?
Answer:
The bargraph shows the European output of Books 500 -1800. It shows that Manuscript books were avilable from 6th century to 15th century and printed books were started from 15th century.

ii) What could be the possible reason for this trends?
Answer:
Invention of printing press.

Question 3.
What is the impact of the printing press and how did it change the world? (SA-I : 2019-20)
Answer:

• Printing press made it possible to read books, developing reading habit,s and think rationally.
• A printed book promoting new ideas could quickly reach hundreds of readers.
• Ideas, opinions, and information moves more widely and more rapidly than ever before.
• Humanist culture was spread into entire Europe due to printed books.

9th Class Social 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
During medieval and early modern times, women the world over were dominated by men. Is it different now in our present society? Explain. (Sa-III : 2016-17)
Answer:
Compare with medieval and early modern times the present position of women is changing.

In earlier times, women were exploited through every possible means by the society. But at present women become self reliant. Along with the men, women also participated equally in education, medicine, space, agriculture fields, etc.

Not only this, women also participated in politics along with men. Some times they occupies heighest posts in India.

In some sectors, compared to men, women only are in forward position.

But still, in some areas, women were dominated by men and it shows our society is a male dominated society.

Question 2.
The Renaissance is a period from the 14 to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and Modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe.
In what way do you think that renaissance is a cultural movement? (SA-II : 2018-19)
Answer:

• The Renaissance was a cultural movement.
• It also a revival of the classical art and intellect of Ancient Greece and Rome.
• The art in Renaissance time was more life-like and contained perspective.
• Some famous artists from the Renaissance were Leonardo Davinci, Raphael etc. Now their paintings are really valuable and significant.
• Renaissance artists and architects produced some of the finest works that we know now.
• The Protestant Reformation during the 16th century in Europe ushered in a new artistic tradition that embraced the protestant agenda and diverged drastically from the Southern European tradition and the humanist art produced during the high Renaissance.

Question 3.

Theory	Important Features
1. Humanism	– Humanists became interested in this world rather than the life after death as the scholars of the Middle Ages had been.
	– Every thing in nature, science, and the arts that affected man now as important to the Humanists.
2. Realism	– The Humanist ideas extended to art and architecture too.
	– Artists observed the nature, the people, and places around them and sought to represent them as they were.
3. Romanticism	– It is a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
	Romantic artists and poets generally critised the glorification of reason and science.

Based on the information given above and answer the following questions,
1. Who gave more importance to the future life than the present life?
2. In which theory can we notice the weakening of the control of religion over human life?
3. The famous statue that depicts Mary holding the body of Zesus reflects which theory?
4. Which theory opposed the glorification of science? (SA-III : 2016-17)
Answer:

1. Scholars of the Middle ages.
2. Humanism
3. Realism
4. Romanticism

Question 4.
The Italian Renaissance was a rebirth of learning that produced many great works of art and literature. (SA-I : 2019-20)
In the context of the above statement, describe how renaissance revolutionized the art and artistic styles?
Answer:

1. A reverent revival of classical Greek / Roman art forms and styles.
2. A faith in the nobility of man (Humanism).
3. The mastery of illusionistic painting techniques, maximising ‘depth’ in a picture, including;

linear perspective, foreshortening and the naturalistic realism of its faces.

9th Class Social 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you think it is important for artists to paint things as they are, that is realistically? Give reasons.
Answer:

• I think it is important to paint realistically.
• Painters should understand the perspective of the painting.
• They should understand changing quality of light, richness of colours.
• They should not completely confine their paintings to rich, powerful, and successful people through this art.
• They should show great interest in the lives of the poor and their sufferings also.
• They should also come under the inflence of other nation’s artists to add life to their paintings.

Question 2.
Why do you think the Popes and bishops encourage the new art?
Answer:

• Before Renaissance, religious art emphasised on religious themes.
• It represented the religious ideals.
• Artists of Renaissance portrayed their surroundings, literature, feelings, and power of human beings.
• They represented the reality but not the religious ideals.
• The Popes and bishops encouraged the Renaissance art to paint for them, to design churches and chapels for them.
• The artists made elaborate graves and memorials for the Popes and bishops and designed cathedrals and churches and also covered their walls with paintings of best consideration.

Question 3.
What efforts did the artists make to achieve realism in their painting and sculpture?
Answer:

• They found the knowledge of geometry helpful.
• They understood the quality of lights to improve quality of their work.
• They made use of oil paints and are influenced by Chinese and Persian art.
• They took help of the subjects like anatomy, geometry, physics as well as a strong sense of what was beautiful.
• They adopted ‘perfectly’ proportioned figures of men and women.
• They imported the pigments of colours from China and Persia.
• They observed nature and people and places and represented them.

Question 4.
Do you think religious texts should only be in the language understood by the common people? Give your arguments.
Answer:

• I think religious texts should be in the language understood by common people.
• Otherwise, the people who knew the language in which the religious texts was, may interpret them to their advantage.
• Sooner or the later these texts needed to be in the reach of common people.
• Interpretations other than the genuine may be exposed and changes are irresistible.
• Religious texts are for common good and they should be made available to common people in their mother tongue.

Question 5.
Read the following passages and answer the following questions.

Christopher Columbus determined to find new route to the east. He believed that the eastern shores of Asia lay across the dark Atlantic, and so he set out with three small ships to get there. After a long, dangerous voyage, Columbus reached land on an island on October 12, 1492. He thought he had reached the East Indies and called the natives, Indians. Amerigo Vespucci and Italian sailor, followed Columbus. He confirmed that the new world discovered (America) by Columbus was quite different from Asia. Ferdinand Magellan a sailor of Spain, made the voyage round the world with the help of Spanish King Charles I. He crossed the Atlantic, went around the southern tip of South America and sailing through the straits, he reached the Pacific Ocean and landed at the Islands of Philippines. This voyage was great landmark in the history of exploration of the sea routes.

1) What are the names of the sailors mentioned in the above passage?
Answer:
Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci and Magellan were the sailors mentioned in the above passage.

2) Which island did Columbus want to discover?
Answer:
He wanted to discover East Indies.

3) What was the island discovered by Columbus?
Answer:
West Indies was discovered by Columbus.

4) To which country did Amerigo Vespucci belong?
Answer:
He belonged to Italy.

5) Who went around the world?
Answer:
Magellan, a sailor of Spain made a voyage round the world.

Question 6.
The 16th & 17th Centuries : A Timeline

Thomas More’s Utopia published	• 1516
Martin Luther writes the Ninety – Five Theses	• 1517
Luther translates the Bible into German	• 1522
Peasant uprising in Germany	• 1525
Andreas Vesalius writes on Anatomy	• 1543
Anglican Church established in England, with the king/queeen as its head	• 1559
Gerhardus Mercator prepares cylindrical map of the earth	• 1569
Gregorian calendar introduced by Pope Gregory XIII	• 1582
William Harvey links the heart with blood circulation	• 1628
Academy of Sciences set up in Paris	• 1673
Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica published	• 1687

1) Who introduced Gregorian calendar?
Answer:
Pope Gregory XIII introduced Gregorian calendar.

2) Where was Academy of Sciences set up?
Answer:
Academy of Sciences was set up in Paris.

3) When was the Bible translated into German?
Answer:
The Bible was translated into German in 1522.

4) Who prepared cylindrical map of the earth?
Answer:
Cylindrical map of the earth was prepared by Gerhardus Mercator.

5) Which book of Newton was mentioned in this timeline?
Answer:
Principia Mathematica.

Question 7.
Discuss in the class the kind of changes that are happening today in some of these aspects like films, buildings, religious beliefs, music, etc. What are the changes that you observe around you? What is causing these changes?
Answer:

• Newtechnologies in filming and audio are introduced like DTS (Digital Theatre Sound), Flow cam, etc.
• Readily built buildings are being placed now in the places where we need to construct them.
• Many new religious beliefs came into existence in place of the older ones.
• There are many other changes taking place around us.
• Most of these changes are caused as a part of cultural changes.

Question 8.
Have you seen people from distant places live in places near you? In what ways do you think they help in the spread of ideas from one place to another? Give examples while discussing.
Answer:

• I have seen a few people from distant places live in my place.
• They definitely spread the ideas from one place to another.
• They introduce their customs, traditions, and food habits and there may be a few takers over here.
• At the same time when they leave for their native places or shifts there, they definitely propagate what they learnt here over there.

Question 9.
Locate the following on the outline map of Europe.
1) Italy
2) England
3) Portugal
4) Spain
5) France.

Question 10.
Locate the following on the outline map of Europe.
1) Rome
2) Sicily
3) Adriatic Sea
4) Mediterranean sea
5) Venice.

Question 11.
Study the Geographical exploration map (Page No. 156) and locate the following on the world outline map.
1) Indian ocean
2) Atlantic ocean
3) Pacific ocean
4) Cape of Good Hope
5) Philippines
6) Voyage of Columbus
7) Voyage of Magellan
Answer:

Question 12.
What role did scientists and sailors play in modernizing our world?
Answer:

• Due to the work of Vesalius modern physiology developed.
• Harvey, Newton, Galileo, Copernicus changed the scenario of science in turn changed the world.
• Great sailors like Copernicus, Vasco-da-Gama, Magellan, etc. discovered new sea routes to different countries.
• Due to that, trade and commerce developed.
• Cultural diffusion took place and which in turn laid foundation for modernization.

Question 13.
Have you seen any painting by any famous artist? If so talk about it to your classmates. Was it realistic? What impression did it make upon your mind?
Answer:

• I have seen a famous painting of M.F. Hussain.
• It is a perfectly proportioned woman painting.
• It is with richness of colours used.
• The colours and designs of costumes are extraordinarily painted.
• The various perspectives of the paintings are worth praising.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 2 The Natural Realms.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions 2nd Lesson The Natural Realms

9th Class Social 2nd Lesson The Natural Realms 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write any two landforms which are formed by work of water? (SA-II : 2016 – 17)
Answer:
V-shaped valley. Deltas etc.

Question 2.
Give any one reason for the following. (SA-I : 2019 – 20)
Answer:
The majority of Earth’s volcanoes and earthquakes take place along the pacific basin. A. Plate boundaries are found all the way around the pacific basin.

9th Class Social 2nd Lesson The Natural Realms 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the effects of movements of tectonic plates. (SA-III : 2015 – 16)
Answer:

• The movement of these plates have changed the position and size of the continents over millions of years.
• These movements influenced the evaluation of the present land form features of India.
• The movement of plates form a chain of mountains.
• This process causes earthquakes etc.

Question 2.
Arrange the following concept in a correct manner in the given table. (SA-II : 2017 – 18)
Concept: Mushroom rock, Sea arches, plunge pool, U shaped valley.

Factors	Land forms
1. Work of water
2. Work of glaciers
3. Work of winds
4. Work of waves        .

Answer:

Factors	Land forms
1. Work of water	Plunge pool
2. Work of glaciers	U Shaped valley
3. Work of winds	Mushroom rock.
4. Work of waves        .	Sea arches

Question 3.
With reference to the Third Order Landforms, answer the following questions : (SA-I : 2019 – 20)
a) What are ‘Third Order Landforms’?
Answer:
The shaping of the landforms by wind and water are called ‘Third Order Landforms’.

b) What are the factors that cause their formation?
Answer:
Water, wind, glaciers and waves.

9th Class Social 2nd Lesson The Natural Realms 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain how air and water transform the surface of the Earth? (SA-II : 2018 – 19)
Answer:
The Air and water transform the surface of the earth by the four activities.
These are:
Weathering :
Water and moisture in the air also help this process. Water reacts with the chemicals of the rocks and further weakens the rock. These processes by which the rocks are weakened and broken are called “Weathering”.

Erosion :
Flowing water and wind have great power and can slowly wear away or cut away the rocks and soil cover in higher places. Water acts in many ways, as rain, river, flowing ground water, sea waves, glaciers etc. Wind too takes many forms like storms, gusts etc.

The active wearing away of the earth’s surface by these moving agents is called erosion.

Transportation :
The eroded material in the form of small rocks, gravel, mud fine soil etc. carried by winds and water is called transportation.

Deposition :
When the rivers and winds slow down, they do not have the force to carry the material any more and they dump them. This dumped debris help to form plains and river basins.

9th Class Social 2nd Lesson The Natural Realms Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the natural realms of the Earth? Describe them.
Answer:
There are four natural realms of the earth. They are

1. Lithosphere
2. Hydrosphere
3. Atmosphere
4. Biosphere.

1. Lithosphere:
The hard top part of the earth, the solid crust, which is made up of rocks and minerals and covered with a thick layer of soil. Soil is called lithosphere. It has high mountains, plateaus, plains, deep valleys and oceans. We and most other living beings live on this realm.

2. Hydrosphere :
The realm of water is called hydrosphere. It comprises various sources of water and different types of water bodies like rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, etc. and in the atmosphere in the form of water vapour and clouds. Life on earth is not possible without water.

3. Atmosphere :
The thin layer of air that surrounds the earth is atmosphere. It consists of a large number of gases including oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapour, etc. and also dust particles. This cover of air is held around the earth by its gravitational force and rotates around the sun with the Earth.

4. Biosphere :
The realm of life including bacteria which live high on atmosphere or in deep oceans constitutes the biosphere. Life needs the presence of all the three realms, land, water and air. So life resides in the intersection of the three natural realms. Life also actively changes the three other realms.

Question 2.
What are called plates? How many plates are there on the earth?
Answer:
The massive base of rocks on which all the continents and even the oceans are actually situated are called plates. There are six major plates and several minor ones on the Earth. The African, North American, South American, Indo-Australian, Antarctic, Eurasian, and Pacific are the major plates. Nazca and Arabian are some among the minor plates.

Question 3.
What are plate tectonics? How are they caused?
Answer:

1. The plates actually float on the mantle.
2. They are constantly being pushed and therefore keep moving slowly.
3. As a result of this movement, one plate pushes another neighbouring plate.
4. One plate is pushed under into the mantle while the other plate is pushed up to form a chain of mountains.
5. This movement of plates is called plate tectonics.
6. Plate tectonics cause earthquakes.

Question 4.
What is called sea-floor spreading? How does it occur?
Answer:
The eruptions on the mid-ocean ridge create new ocean floor made of basalt rocks, which then spread literally from the ridge and this newest crust slowly pushes the plate away from the ridge, which is called ‘sea-floor spreading’.

Question 5.
How is the river deposition useful to man?
Answer:

1. As water in a river flows down a slope, it plucks sediment from the land. Other streams join it forming a broad river basin.
2. The water carries soil, sand and sediments down stream.
3. As the river reaches flatter ground, it slows down and drops the sediments there. This is called deposition.
4. The sediments build up a flood plain.
5. At the river’s mouth, the water loses its force, drops all its sediments and thus deltas are formed.
6. Flood plains and deltas make fertile farm land.
7. The sediments deposited in flood plains and deltas are called silt.
8. Silt is rich in nutrients.
9. Many ancient civilisations flourished in flood plains and deltas.

Thus the deposition of rivers are useful to man.

Question 6.
What are the landforms originated by the wind action?
Answer:
Strong winds carry sand and fine soil which strike the hard rocks. These too act as abrasive sand paper and erode the hard rocks. The wind action creates a number of interesting erosional and depositional features in the desert.

1. Sand Dunes :
Due to weathering and persistent wind action there is a large accumulation of fine sand in many deserts. These form ‘sand dunes’.

2. Mushroom Rock :
Winds erode the lower section of the rocks more than the upper part. Therefore such rocks have narrower bottom and wider top like mushrooms. So they are called mushroom rocks.

3. Inselberg:
The isolated residual hills rising abruptly from the ground are called inselberg or Island Mountain. They are characterized by their very steep slopes and rather rounded tops.

4. Loess Plains :
a) The fine dust, which is fertile and yellow in colour, is blown beyond the deserts and is deposited on neighbouring land. This soil is called Loess. Loess are in fact fine loam, rich in lime and extremely porous.
b) The plains formed by deposition of loess are called Loess Plains.

Question 7.
Name the landforms due to the Glacier action.
Answer:
1. Slow moving of mass of ice (a river of ice) is called Glacier.
2. A Glacier erodes through a process called “Plucking” in which it lifts pieces of rock and transports them.
3. The landforms created due to Glacier’s action are :
a) U shaped Valley:
Through the dual process of plucking and abrasion, glaciers create a “U shaped Valley”.

b) Moraines :
Pebbles, cobbles, sand etc., may be deposited at various parts of the
glaciers. The deposition of this till is called moraines. –

c) Huge rugged boulders:
The huge rocks, which cannot be carried by, are left behind in the form of huge rugged boulders.

d) Ozone :
Ozone is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula 03. It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. Ozone’s 03 formula was determined in 1865.

Question 8.
Prepare a table showing depositional and erosional features separately.
Answer:

Features of deposition	Features of erosion
1. When the rivers and winds slow down they do not have the force to carry the materials any more and they dump them.	1. Flowing water and wind have great power. They can slowly wear away or cut away the rocks and soil cover in higher places.
2. This dumped debris helps to form plains and river basins.	2. Water as rain, river, flowing ground water, sea waves, glaciers is responsible for erosional activities.
3. Much of the debris is actually trans­ported by rivers to the sea. Layer after layer these deposits accumulate in the bottom and overtime get transformed to sedimentary rocks.	3. The active weathering away of the earth’s surface by these moving agents is called erosion.
4. The landforms formed because of deposition are 1. plains 2. deltas 3. meanders 4. ox-bow lakes and 5. sand dunes and beaches.	4. The landforms formed because of ero­sion are 1. V-shaped valleys 2. Gorges 3. Canyons 4. Plunge pools 5. U-shaped valleys 6. Inselberg 7. Mushroom rock, etc.

Question 9.
What are the natural realms of the Earth?
Answer:
There are four natural realms of the earth. They are

1. Lithosphere
2. Hydrosphere
3. Atmosphere and
4. Biosphere.

Question 10.
What are called plates?
Answer:
The massive base of rocks on which all the continents and even the oceans are actually situated are called plates.

Question 11.
What is called sea-floor spreading?
Answer:
The eruptions on the mid-ocean ridge create new ocean floor made of basalt rocks, which then spread literally from the ridge and this newest crust slowly pushes the plate away from the ridge, which is called ‘sea-floor spreading’.

Question 12.
What is Lithosphere?
Answer:
Lithosphere is the solid crust or the hard top part of the Earth. It is made up of rocks and minerals. It is covered with a thick layer of soil.

Question 13.
How many major plates are there on the earth? What are they?
Answer:
There are six major plates on the earth. They are African, North American, South American, Indo Australian, Antarctic, Eurasian and Pacific plates.

Question 14.
What is meant by intrusive landforms?
Answer:
Intrusive landforms :
Some part of the lava may not reach the surface and may cool under the surface and become rocks; These are called ‘intrusive landforms’.

Question 15.
Which are called ‘Third order landforms?
Answer:
The shaping of the landforms by wind and water is called ‘Third order landforms’ by geographers.

Question 16.
How is lithosphere useful to mankind?
Answer:

• Lithosphere is the solid crust or the hard top part of the earth.
• When it heats due to sunrays or cools down, it influences air and water too.
• We and most other living beings live on this realm.
• We use the rocks and soils and other things found in this hard crust in many ways.

Question 17.
What is the impact of vegetation on lithosphere?
Answer:

• Trees, plants and grass constitute vegetation.
• Vegetation contribute to the weathering of rocks by driving roots into fine cracks or holes in the rocks.
• They also enable water and moisture to enter into rocks which further enable weathering.
• On the other hand plant or grass cover on soils prevent easy denudation or transportation of soil by wind or water.

Question 18.
Which processes cause the formation of ‘Third Order landforms’?
Answer:

• The shaping of landforms by wind and water are called ‘third order landforms’.
• They include carved mountains, valleys, deltas, sand dunes, etc.
• Processes like weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition are largely responsible for these landforms.

Question 19.
What do you mean by geomorphic cycle?
Answer:

• Landforms continuously keep on changing due to denudation activities.
• But these changes occur very slowly.
• The structure of mountains, plateaus and plains keep on changing through process known as ‘erosion cycle’ or ‘geomorphic cycle’.

Question 20.
How are gorges formed?
Answer:

• A gorge is almost equal in width at its top as well as its bottom.
• The Byson gorge in Andhra Pradesh on the Godavari, Indus gorge in Kashmir etc., are examples.
• Where the rocks are very hard, the river cuts a narrow valley, the sides are so steep that these ‘gorges’ are formed.

Question 21.
What is a canyon?
Answer:

• A canyon is characterised by steep like side slopes and may be as deep as a gorge.
• A canyon is wider at its top than bottom.

Question 22.
How ocean rocks or crust are formed?
Answer:
These are formed by lava rising up from the mantle. The eruptions on the ridges create new ocean floor made of basalt rocks, which then spreads laterally from the ridge. The first order landforms such as oceans and continents are formed at the time when the hot earth was cooling. While the earth’s interior continued to cool, it contracted and the outer crust wrinkled forming ridges i.e., mountains and basins i.e., oceans.

The second order landforms such as plains, plateaus and mountains are formed as a result of the internal processes of the earth. The third order landforms such as carved mountains, valleys, deltas, sand dunes are formed as a result of the shaping of the land forms by wind, water.

Question 23.
What are the four main “realms” of the earth? Explain how a cement factory world impact the various “realms”.
Answer:

• Realms are areas which have some common features.
• There are four major natural realms on the earth.
• They are :
  1. Lithosphere,
  2. Hydrosphere,
  3. Atmosphere and
  4. Biosphere.
• Cement factory is a mineral based industry.
• Unscientific way of mining may lead to earthquakes.
• Excessive emission of gases and dust may lead to air pollution.
• Heating of limestone and clay may emit mercury which may damage the brains of the children.

Question 24.
Write about “Plate tectonics”.
(OR)
What is plate tectonics?
Answer:

• The region where the two plates meet and push each other, a lot of pressure is exerted.
• One plate is pushed under into the mantle while the other plate is pushed up, to form a chain of mountains.
• This movement of plates is called ‘Plate tectonics’.

Question 25.
What are the two kinds of changes happening in the Lithosphere?
Answer:

• There are two kinds of changes taking place in the lithosphere.
• They are :
  a. The slow movement
  b. The sudden movement.
  3) The slow movement leads to the formation of the crust.
  4) The sudden movements (eruption of volcanoes and earthquakes) can be destructive and cause much damage.

Question 26.
How are Igneous rocks formed?
Answer:

• When volcano erupts, the molten material (also accompanied by steam, smoke and various gases) comes out from the depths of the earth.
• The molten materials cool on the earth and form hard rocks called “Igneous rocks”.

Question 27.
Write about “Intrusive landforms” and “Extrusive landforms”.
Answer:

• When volcano erupts, some part of the lava may not reach the surface and may cool under the surface and become rocks which are called “intrusive landforms”.
• A part of the lava which pours on the surface of the earth forms the “extrusive landforms”.

Question 28.
List out landforms originated due to the work of waves.
Answer:

• The erosion and deposition by the sea waves give rise to coastal landforms.
• “Sea Arches”, “Sea Cliff’, Cape, Bay and beaches are formed due to the work of the waves.

Question 29.
From which Greek word is the word Hydrosphere derived?
Answer:
It comes from the Greek word ‘hudor’ meaning water.

Question 30.
Write about the word Atmosphere.
Answer:
“Atmosphere” is derived from two greek words “atmos” means vapour and “sphaira” means sphere or ball.

Question 31.
Name few volcanoes that are situated in India.
Answer:
The Barren islands, and Narcondam are volcanoes situated in India.

Question 32.
What is weathering?
Answer:
The gradual disintegration of rocks by atmospheric forces or weather forces is called weathering.

Question 33.
What is erosion?
Answer:
The active wearing away of the earth’s surface, by different agents, is called erosion.

Question 34.
“The Earth is a deeply interconnected system” – Interpret the statement.
Answer:
The Earth consists of four major realms.

1. Lithosphere,
2. Hydrosphere,
3. Atmosphere and
4. Biosphere.

All these four are interrelated. All these four spheres together help the birth, existence, and continuance of life on Earth. Life needs the presence of all the other three realms land, water, and air. Life resides in the intersection of the three natural spheres. Life also actively changes the three other realms.

We cannot think of one realm without the crucial role of others. We cannot tamper with one aspect of it without affecting everything around us including ourselves. Thus we can say that the Earth is a deeply inter connected system.

Question 35.
“One day in very distant future the land you are standing upon will go under the Himalayas” – Interpret the above statement.
Answer:
At the margins of the plates where one plate meets another often the incoming plate dips under the stable plate. In fact the incoming plate actually goes into the mantle of the earth and becomes molten due to the heat of the mantle.

The plate thus going under into the mantle actually pulls the rest of the plate with it. For example, the Indian plate pushes the Eurasian plate and goes under if where the Himalayan mountains are.

Thus one day in very distant future the land we are standing upon will go under the Himalayas and join the mantle.

Question 36.
“The low lands what we see today were once mountains and plateaus” – Explain.
Answer:
External forces like water and air work vigorously to wear away the surface and the interaction of these constructive and destructive forces gives rise to the great diversity of present day landforms. These external processes on one hand wear away the surface of the rocks and mountains then they transport the wornout particles and deposit them in low lands and basins.

The processes of wearing away and deposition cause a general leveling of the surface. Processes like weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition are largely responsible for these landforms. It is known as denudation process.

Denudation is a continuous process. The landforms continuously keep on changing due to denudation activities. But these changes occur very slowly. Thus the low lands what we see today were once mountains and plateaus.

Question 37.
Read the paragraph and answer the following questions.
In some cases, where the rocks are very hard, the river cuts a very narrow valley, the sides are so steep that ‘Gorges’ are formed. The Byson gorge in A.P. on the Godavari, Indus Gorge in Kashmir are examples of this. Another important erosion form is Canyon. A Canyon is characterized by steep side slopes and may be as deep as a gorge. A gorge is almost equal in width at its top as well as its bottom.
1) Write any two similarities between gorges and canyons?
Answer:
a) It is as deep as gorge.
b) Both are formed with work of water.

2) Write any two differences between gorges and canyons?
Answer:
a) Canyon has a steep like side slope whereas gorge is too steep without side slope.
b) Canyon is wider at the top than at the bottom. Whereas Gorge is almost equal in width at its top as well as at its bottom.

3) Give an example of canyon.
Answer:
The Grand canyon on river Colorado.

4) How are gorges useful ?
Answer:
Gorges are suitable for construction of dams.

Question 38.
Last year (2015) Nepal witnessed a devastating earthquake. Learn about it.
Answer:

• Earthquake occured on 25th April 2015 and after shocks were felt on 12 May, 26th April, and 25th November of 2015.
• With a magnitude ranging from 7.8 to 8.1 on Richter scale, it caused a huge damage of about $ 5 billion.
• Nepal suffered 8,857 deaths and 21,952 persons were injured along with India, China, and Bangladesh.
• It’s hypocenter was at a depth of 8.21 cm and with epicenter was at east of district of hamjung.
• UNESCO world heritage sites in Khatmandu valleys and temples were damaged.
• It also triggered avalanche on Mount Everest causing as many as 200 deaths.
• It was believed to be the worst earthquake. Nepal suffered after 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake.

Question 39.
1. Locate different continents and oceans on the given world map.
Answer:

1. Asia
2. Europe
3. Africa
4. North America
5. South America
6. Australia
7. Pacific Ocean
8. Indian Ocean
9. Antarctic Ocean
10. Atlantic Ocean
11. Arctic Ocean

Question 40.
Observe the map and answer the following questions.

Which parts of India lie near plate margins?
Answer:

• The states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir lie near plate margins.
• So these areas are earthquake prone areas.

Question 41.
Label the patrs to the given diagram.
Answer:

1. Magma chamber
2. Lava
3. Central vent
4. Layers of lava and ash from past eruptions
5. Side vent

Question 42.
Why do you think glaciers make U-shaped valleys while rivers make V-shaped valleys?
Answer:
The shape of the trail left by the glacier is a function of the ice’s pressure on the ground. So if you look at the cross-section of a glacier is the laziest pattern the glacier can make, i. e. U. So the glaciers make U-shaped valleys.

In the high mountains, the flow of a river is very swift as it descends the steep slopes and it exerts a great force in cutting the mountain vertically. As a result a deep valley develops, narrow at the bottom and wide at the top. Thus V-shaped valleys are formed.

Question 43.
Appreciate the benefit with the eruption of a volcano?
Answer:

• There are various benefits with the eruption of volcano.
• Fertile soils are formed, like ones in deccan plateau.
• Valuable minerals from interior of the earth were brought to the surface or nearer to it.
• The soils formed like this are proved to be most populous areas, like in Java island.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 11 The Government Budget and Taxation.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation

9th Class Social 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give examples of Indirect and direct taxes. (SA-III : 2016-17)
Answer:
Example of Direct tax :
1) Income tax
2) Corporate tax

Example of Indirect tax :
1) Sales tax
2) VAT, entertainment tax etc.

9th Class Social 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the paragraph and comment on it. (SA-II : 2017-18)
The increase in the price of petrol and diesel has led to an all round increase in prices. Fruits, vegetables, pulses and other food items, for example, have become more expensive.
Answer:

• Increase in the prices of diesel and petrol leads to the increase in the cost of transportation.
• Which in turn rise the prices of important commodities like fruits, vegetables pulses and other food items have become more expensive.

Question 2.
Raghav earns Rs. 20,000 per month. Given in the table below is his monthly family budget. Read the table to answer the question. (SA-II : 2018-19)

Item	Expenditures in Rs (per month)
Housing	5,500
Food	5,000
Education of 2 Children	2,500
Transportation	4,500 (Rs. 75 per litre and 2 litre per day)
Health Care	1000
Other necessities	1500

The government has decided to increase the prices of petrol by Rs. 3 per litre.
What will happen to Raghav’s family budget? And how will it effect his family?
Answer:

• The increase in the price of petrol influence the every family’s expenditure.
• Raghava’s family budget on transportation is increasing from Rs. 4,500 to 4,680 due to hike in petrol prices.
• Along with transportation important daily commodities prices also increases.
• So, Raghava family should reduce their daily expenditure to fulfill needs. It effect on Raghava’s family very badly.

9th Class Social 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are taxes? How are they classified?
Answer:

1. Taxes are the compulsory payments and are the main sources of revenue for the government.
2. The taxes are broadly classified into two categories,
   a) Direct taxes
   b) Indirect taxes.

Question 2.
Write about Direct taxes.
Answer:

• The taxes that are directly levied on the individuals are direct taxes.
• e.g.: Income tax and corporate tax.
• The incidence and the effect will be on the same person.

Question 3.
Write about indirect tax.
Answer:
The indirect taxes are that type of taxes where tax is levied on one person but the tax burden is shifted to some other person.
e.g.: Sales tax, excise tax, customs tax, VAT, entertainment tax, etc.

Question 4.
What is subsidy? Why do you think government provides subsidy?
Answer:

• Money paid by government to reduce the cost of certain important goods such as fertilizers, foodgrains, diesel and other important goods so that their prices can be kept low and affordable to all.
• Government provides subsidies for many products by compensating the producer.
• Otherwise, producers may charge higher prices and products may be out of reach for poor.
• Subsidised prices keep goods affordable especially for those who need it most.
• In this way, government subsidises the price of kerosene, foodgrain from ration shops, LPG gas cylinders, etc.

Question 5.
What is revenue? Why is it necessary for government?
Answer:

• The money required for the different functions of the government is collected as taxes.
• The taxes collected constitute the revenue of the government.
• Revenues are necessary to finance the expenditures of the government.
• To fulfil various roles, the government must have adequate money, which it gets from taxes.

Question 6.
Name a few taxes.
Answer:
Value Added Tax (VAT), Service tax, Excise duty, Income tax, Property tax, Customs duty, etc.

Question 7.
What is service tax ? Give a few examples.
Answer:

• The tax on services is called ‘service tax’.
• Some common examples of service tax include speed post, telephone, mobile communication, restaurants, AC class/first class train travel.

Question 8.
Nowadays black money is hoarding. Make suggestions to government to get rid of it.
Answer:

• There are many ‘tax evaders’ and the black money, that is the money on which tax should have been paid but wasn’t goes on accumulating.
• To get hold of this hoard of black money the income tax departmentraids many people’s
• It has also tried to make the procedures more convenient for people to pay their own tax.
• Despite these efforts a large number of people do not pay income tax, or pay less than they should.

Question 9.
Government gets money from taxes. What considerations should be made while collecting taxes?
Answer:

• The government gets money from many kinds of taxes.
• It has to decided how much money to collect through each kind of tax.
• It has to consider : how many people would have to pay, whether this tax can be collected easily, how would it affect rich and poor; A related question is whether people pay their taxes or evade it.

Question 10.
What taxes are to be avoided in order to save the poor from the burden of taxation?
Answer:

• Tax on petrol and diesel leads to an all round increase in prices. Hence they are to be avoided.
• Indirect taxes do not distinguish between the rich and the poor. They are to be reduced.
• Taxes on essentials are to be reduced and tax on luxury items can be increased.

Question 11.
What measures are to be taken by government to have a fair taxation?
Answer:

• Taxation depends on the value that the society as a whole holds.
• Most societies have a few people who have lakhs of rupees while others don’t have enough to eat.
• Government should collect more taxes from the rich and the poor should be taxed minimally.
• Society can aspire to spend these taxes to raise the income of the poor by providing better opportunities and living conditions.

Question 12.
What measures are to be taken by government in increasing taxes in budget?
Answer:

• Taxes charged and collected have a strong impact on people’s lives.
• The tax on income falls more heavily on the rich and therefore can be considered more fair.
• But the taxes from income might not be enough to cover the large government expenditure.
• Any budget has to take into account all these considerations.
• That is why the time of the budget is of great importance for everyone.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 10 Prices and Cost of Living.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions 10th Lesson Prices and Cost of Living

9th Class Social 10th Lesson Prices and Cost of Living 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“Public distribution system is one of the government programme to eradicate poverty. But one aspect of this programme is that it is not reaching the eligible people”.
Suggest the measures for better implementation of public distribution system? (SA-III : 2015-16)
Answer:
The following measures should be taken to improve the present Public Distribution System (PDS).

1. Implementation of measures such as door step delivery of food grains.
2. Improving viability of fair price shop operations.
3. Greater monitoring and vigilance.
4. Improve food grains off take.
5. Correct identification of beneficiaries.
6. Smart system communication like information provided to consumers by SMS about rations.

9th Class Social 10th Lesson Prices and Cost of Living Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is inflation? Explain.
Answer:

• Continuous rise in prices of goods is known as inflation.
• The value of money also decreases with inflation.
• With more money also we could buy less goods only.
• This in turn increases the expenditure.
• Thus lower inflation is always better.

Question 2.
Who do you think are not affected by rising prices?
Answer:

• Not everyone is affected by rising prices.
• Extremely rich persons are not affected by rising prices.
• People those, who are working in corporate sector do not get affected by rising prices.

Question 3.
What is a price index? How is it useful?
Answer:

• Change in price is measured with the help of a statistical device referred to as price index.
• Change in prices of one good does not affect all goods and services in the same way.
• So we use index numbers of prices to measure the overall change in prices.
• Index numbers tell us about changes in the sum total of a set of items over time.

Question 4.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.

For preventing hoarding and keeping the prices of essential commodities within reasonable levels, and to facilitate their availability, the government fixes the prices and makes it mandatory for the traders to sell goods in the market at those price levels. Those who do not follow stipulated price levels are penalised by government through various laws. Goods such as kerosene, diesel, Liquid Petroleum Gas,- Compressed Natural Gas and Piped Natural Gas are examples of goods whose prices are partly or solely subsidised by the government and sold under Administrative Price Mechanism.

i) Why does the government fix prices under APM?
Answer:
For preventing hoarding and keeping the prices of essential commodities within reasonable levels and to facilitate their availability, the government fixes the prices.

ii) Which goods are subsidised by the government?
Answer:
Goods such as kerosene, diesel, liquid petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, piped natural gas are examples of goods which are partly or solely subsidised by the government.

Question 5.
Estimating Consumer Price Index
This is an example of how CPI can be constructed. Let us assume that your family buys rice, onions, dal, and gas cylinder.

1) How much more do we have to pay compared to last month?
Answer:
The expenditure has been increased by Rs. 350.

2) What is the percentage of increase?
Answer:
Percentage = \(\frac{350}{1500}\) × 100 = 23.3%

Question 6.
What is a budget? How does the government meet the deficit in the budget?
Answer:

• Budget is the financial statement which shows the anticipated incomes and expenditure of a family, or an institution or a state or any central government.
• When expenditures are more than incomes, then it is called a deficit budget.
• The government levies taxes on people to meet the deficit.

Question 7.
Nowadays there is rise in prices, why do people appear agitated and worried with it?
Answer:

• Nowadays rise in prices is common.
• People are always worried about rise in prices.
• It affects their consumption and they have to pay more for everything.
• Petrol prices increase, bus and auto fares increase, prices of groceries, vegetables, and milk increase, doctors fee increase and soon.
• Thus people always appear to be agitated about the rise in prices.

Question 8.
Prices of agricultural goods/products are volatile. What initiatives are taken by government to help farmers?
Answer:

• Government regulates traders in agricultural products/goods.
• It procures through Food Corporation of India, rice and wheat from farmers using Minimum Support Price (MSP).
• Traders also need to pay MSP.
• It also fixes price for sugarcane procured to make sugar in cooperative sugar mills.
• In these ways government try to regulate prices of agricultural products/goods in the market.

Question 9.
Why should the government give subsidies? On which items generally subsidies are given?
Answer:

• The government generally gives subsidies to keep the prices of essential commodities within the resonable levels.
• Goods such as kerosene, diesel, liquid petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, and piped natural gas are examples of goods whose prices are partly or solely subsidised by the government.

Question 10.
What measures are taken by government to control prices or reduce inflation?
Answer:

• To control unscrupulous rise in prices of essential goods in market, government supplies food items at subsidised prices through Public Distribution System.
• For preventing hoarding and keeping prices at reasonable level, government fixes prices of commodities like kerosene, diesel, gas, etc. through various laws.
• When there is price rise, RBI reduces the money circulation in the economy.
• Then it poses taxes on high-income groups and on many consumer goods.
• Government also uses Import – Export policy to regulate the prices of essential goods.
• Government also use legal mechanism whenever traders create shortage by hoarding.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 5 Biosphere.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions 5th Lesson Biosphere

9th Class Social 5th Lesson Biosphere 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Prepare two slogans to support the protection of the environment. (SA-III : 2015-16)
(0R)
Write two slogans on the prevention of environmental pollution.
Answer:

• “Environment is life, pollution is death.”
• Live green, love green, be green.
• Hate pollution, love environment.

Question 2.
Write any two programs on the prevention of environmental pollution to aware people. (SA-II : 2017-18)
Answer:

• Explain to the people who are living in the villages and towns through documentary films about protection of environment.
• Through folk songs and playlets create awareness about protection of environment.

Question 3.
Make some slogans on conservation of forests. (SA-II : 2016-17)
Answer:

• Plant a tree, so that next generation can get air for free.
• Take care of the trees, they will take care of you.
• If you cut a tree, you kill a life.

Question 4.
As a student what activities would you take up to reduce global warming? (SA-I : 2018-19)
Answer:

• Increase the greenery in open and empty places.
• Use the public transport for short distant areas.

Question 5.
Write any two causes for Global warming. (SA-II : 2018-19)
Answer:

1. Deforestation.
2. Emission of green house gases from industries.

Question 6.
Mention any two features of Tropical Deciduous Forests. (SA-I : 2019-20)
Answer:
Features of Tropical Deciduous Forests :

1. Trees shed their leaves in the dry season to conserve water.
2. The hardwood trees found in these forests are sal, teak, neem and shisham.

9th Class Social 5th Lesson Biosphere 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How can we protect our forests? (SA-II : 2016-17)
(OR)
Suggest any two ways to protect forests. (SA-II : 2018-19)
Answer:
There are various methods of conserving a forest.

1. The main and important method is declaring the forest area is a reserved forest area due to which it cannot be used for commercial use.
2. By appointing a forest officer who looks on the development of the forest and also looks for the misuse of the forest which he reports to the administration.
3. Afforestation method.
4. Encouraging forest community to protect their own flora.

Question 2.
List 4 ways in which faster depletion of natural resources can be reduced. (SA-I : 2019-20)
Answer:

1. Planting trees in Industrial places and besides roads.
2. Ban on cutting forests.
3. Industrialization should be in the limit, should not be harmful to environment.
4. Mining of various minerals should be in the control of government.

9th Class Social 5th Lesson Biosphere 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“Industrialisation, rapid population growth and urbanisation lead to unprecedented exploitation of natural resources like minerals, forests, soil, water, air, etc”.
‘Protection of non renewable natural resources is must’. Comment. (SA-III : 2016-16)
Answer:

• The production of coal, electricity and natural gas is not adequate to all as per our present requirements. It is important to use economically the available resources and compensate the scarcity with alternative which society faces today. As they are scarce and expensive it is better move towards non-conventional sources.
• Non-renewable energy resources like coal, oil and natural gas cannot be recycled or reused.
• Forest are ho/nes for a number of wild animals. They protect water loss from top soil and thus prevention formation of deserts.
• If rainfall is less the surface and ground water will be low so encourage recycling of water and percolating of more rain water.

Question 2.
When human beings began to practise agriculture and animal husbandry, they began to change the environment even more. The building of cities and the use of metals like bronze and iron further change human interaction with the environment.
Q: Is development causes to environment pollution? “comment on it. (SA-II : 2016-17)
Answer:
1. Establishment of Industries :
Industries are the important to economic development of any country but they release green house gases causes to environment pollution.
Ex : Transportation of petrol through pipe lines, if there is a leak in the pipe line, soil will automatically be polluted.

2. Transportation :
Each and every person has a own vehicle which is run by petrel, diesel or gas. This is the significance of development of our country. At the same time pollution will arise with these vehicles.

3. Agricultural Activities :
To increase production in foodgrains we are following green revolution methods. But these methods are responsible for the contamination of water and soil.

4. Trading Activities :
Trading activities including the production and exchange of goods and services. Concerning goods, pollution can be caused by packaging (which often involves the use of plastic which is made from fossil fuels) or transport, mainly.

Question 3.
Observe the given table and answer the following questions. (SA-II : 2016-17)

Type of Forest	Spread across the Countries	Trees grown
Tropical Ever Green Forests	West Indies, Low lands of Amazon	Rosewood, Ebony, Mahogany (all are hardwood trees)
Tropical Deciduous Forests	Large parts of India, Northern Australia	Hardwood trees like Teak, Sal, Neem, Shisham
Temperate Evergreen Forests	South East USA, South China	Both hard wood and soft wood trees like Oak, Pine, mountainhare
Temperate Deciduous Forests	North Eastern parts of USA, China, Newzealand	Oak, Birch, Ash, Beech, etc.
Coniferous Forests (or) Taiga	Himalayas of India, Russia, Canada, Alaska, Scandinavia	Softwood trees like Chir, Pine, Cedar, etc.

Answer the following questions.
1. What type of forests mostly spread in India?
2. Which types of forests are there in Himalayas?
3. Which type of trees grown in Tropical Evergreen forests?
4. Teak, Neem trees are grown in which type of forests?
Answer:

1. Tropical Deciduous Forest
2. Coniferous Forests.
3. Rosewood, Ebony, Mahogany (etc.)
4. Teak, Neem trees are grown in Tropical Decidious Forests.

Question 4.
All living and non-living things on the earth are in one way or the other connected to each other. Changes affecting one, in due time affect all others too. Explain this statement with examples. (SA-I : 2019-20)
Answer:
Yes, All living and non-living things on the earth are in one way or the other connected to each other, changes affecting one, in due time affects all others too.

Example 1 :
Vultures feed upon dead animals like cattle. However, people started noticing that Vultures have virtually disappeared and are sighted very rarely. Finally, they found that farmers use a particular chemical called Diclofenac to treat cattle. When the cattle die their flesh retains. This Chemical when their flesh is consumed by vultures, diclofenac leads to kidney failure in them and they die within a week or so. In this way vultures have come very close to extinction.

Example 2 :
The disturbance caused by mixing of some poisonous substances in air or water or soil the metals.like mercury are consumed by micro-organisms in water and in turn become the food of a large number of fishes when human beings consume these fishes they too absorb quantities of mercury that are detrimental to their health.

9th Class Social 5th Lesson Biosphere Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Global warming ? What are the reasons for global warming?
Answer:
Global warming :

1. Global warming is the increase of Earth’s average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels.
2. In Global warming the heat received by the earth is trapped into the atmosphere and is not released into the sky.

Reasons for global warming :

• Release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by power plants by burning the fossil fuels.
• Release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by burning gasoline by automobiles.
• Methane emissions from animals agriculture.
• Deforestation especially tropical forests for wood, pulp and farmland.
• Increase in usage of chemical fertilizers on croplands.

Question 2.
What is Greenhouse effect?
Answer:

• The earth radiates whatever heat it receives from the sun into the sky.
• The greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, chloro flouro carbons trap the heat reflected by the earth into the sky and thus maintain a constant surface temperature.
• This mechanism is known as Greenhouse effect.

Question 3.
Write the names of major Greenhouse gases and their sources.
Answer:

The Major Greenhouse Gases
Gas	Sources
Carbon Dioxide (C02)	Fossil fuel, Combustion, Deforestation.
Methane CH4	Bio mass burning and garbage land fills, Rice fields, Coal mines, Natural gas leak.
Chloro flouro Carbons	Aerosols, Refrigeration, air conditioning, Industrial solvents.
Nitrous Oxide (N20)	Use of fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion.

Question 4.
How do you think acid rains will affect natural vegetation and crops?
Answer:

1. A rain or any other form of precipitation that is usually acidic meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions.
2. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acid rains.
3. The affect of acid rains on natural vegetation and crops :
   a) The roots are damaged by acidic rainfall, causing the growth of the plant to be stunted or even in its death.
   b) Nutrients present in the soils are destroyed by the acidity.
   c) Useful micro organisms which release nutrients from decaying organic matter into the soil are killed off.
   d) The acid rains damage the waxy layer of the leaves and make the plants vulnerable to diseases.
   e) Plants germination and reproduction is also inhibited by the effects of acid rain.

Question 5.
How does the release of mercury into the streams and rivers affect us?
Answer:

• Mercury released into water is consumed by micro organisms in water and in turn become the food of a large number of fishes.
  When human beings consume these fishes they too absorb quantities of mercury that are detrimental to human health.

Question 6.
What is meant by ‘Biosphere’?
Answer:
According to many geographers, life itself constitutes a separate sphere called ‘biosphere’.

Question 7.
Into how many categories is the natural vegetation classified? What are they?
Answer:
Natural vegetation is generally classified into three broad categories. They are forests, grasslands, and shrubs.

Question 8.
Write the names of trees and animals in the coniferous forests.
Answer:
Chir, pine, cedar are the important trees in coniferous forests. Silver fox, mink, polar bear are the animals commonly found here.

Question 9.
Write the reason of acid rains.
Answer:
Acid rains are caused by the mingling of acidic particles of the atmosphere with the rain by increasing the acid content of rain water.

Question 10.
How is mediterranean climate and vegetation are different?
Answer:

• Mediterranean regions are marked for hot dry summers and mild rainy winters.
• Citrus fruits such as oranges, figs, olives and grapes are commonly cultivated here.
• Vegetation here adapt themselves to dry summers with the help of thick bark and wax coated leaves, which help them reduce transpiration.
• Other regions do not have rainy winters but rainy seasons.
• Vegetation in other regions shed their leaves.

Question 11.
Describe the steppes.
Answer:

• Steppes are temperate grasslands found in the mid latitudinal zones and interior parts of the continents.
• Usually grass here is short and nutritious.

Question 12.
What are Savannahs?
Answer:

• From equator to tropics on eitherside of equator, areas with moderate to low rainfall result in grasslands.
• These grasses are tall about 3 to 4 metres.
• Savannah grasslands are African tropical grasslands.

Question 13.
What is tundra type of vegetation?
Answer:

• In extreme cold polar regions natural vegetation consists of mosses, lichens and very small shrubs.
• These grow during very hot summer.
• This is called tundra type of vegetation.

Question 14.
How does the chemical “diclofenac” affect vultures?
(Or)
Why is the population of vultures decreasing?
Answer:

• The farmers use a particular chemical called Diclofenac to treat cattle.
• When the cattle die their flesh retain this chemical.
• When their flesh is consumed by vultures, diclofenac leads to kidney failure in them and they die.
• So the population of vultures is decreasing.

Question 15.
How are industries polluting our environment?
Answer:

• Modern industries use coal and petroleum.
• The burning of fossil fuels releases large quantities of carbon dioxide and other chemicals.
• Industries also cause the release of sulphuric, carbonic and nitric acids, which cause “acid rains.”
• Modern industries release enormous amounts of waste material which ^ air and water.

Question 16.
How does new agriculture affect our environment?
Answer:

• Modern agriculture uses a large amount of chemical fertilize
• These fertilizers and pesticides eventually remain in the soil, result in contamination of soil and water.
• As a result many micro organisms like earthworms are destroyed.
• This in turn affects the long term fertility of the soil.
• Due to modern agriculture, the levels of toxins in our food are increasing.
• This is very harmful to the health of the people.

Question 17.
Write about Kyoto protocol.
Answer:

• To protect the mother earth from global warming, a conference was held in the city of Kyoto in Japan.
• The main aim of this is to bring down the release of green house gases.

Question 18.
What are the impacts of Global warming?
Answer:
Concentration of green house gases raise the temperature of the earth. This is known as Global warming.

1. If CO₂ reaches twice, the global temperature could be 1.5°C and 4°C higher than that precondition.
2. The increased surface temperature would cause melting of continental and mountain glaciers and thus would cause flooding of coastal areas of low land countries.
3. A major portion of the lower deltaic region of Bangladesh would be submerged under sea water.
4. Green house effect could cause decrease in precipitation and soil moisture content in the world.
5. Due to decrease in rainfall our agriculture will be affected.
6. Due to decrease in moisture content in the atmosphere, diseases will spread.
7. Due to damage to the Ozone layer, skin problems will arise.
8. Decrease of snow cover in the northern hemisphere has been observed since 1973.

Question 19.
“Various forms of life are not only related to the three spheres around them but also to each other”- Interpret the statement.
Answer:

• All parts of life are part of a complex food chain that is one kind becomes the food for another kind.
• The primary food producers are plants which produce food with the help of sunlight.
• The food produced by plants are eaten by animals, usually called herbivores.
• Bacteria and fungi help in decomposition of dead trees, animals and breaking them down into organic compounds.
• The plants themselves draw the vital nutrients from these organic compounds.
• Thus many of the life forms are symbiotic that is they live by exchanging essential susbtances with each other.

Question 20.
“Any disturbance in the life cycle can create an ecological crises” – Explain the statement.
Answer:

• If a particular species feeds upon a particular kind of plant is exterminated, it would result in unchecked growth of that plant.
• Then that plant may intrude into the area of other plants and stop their growth.
• Many industries release their chemical wastes into the rivers and streams.
• These chemicals like mercury are consumed by micro organisms and in turn, become the food offish.
• When human beings consume these fishes they too absorb mercury which is detrimental to their health.
• Thus we can say any disturbance in the life cycle can create ecological crises.

Question 21.
“Since all living and non-living things on earth are in one way or other connected to each other, changes affecting one affects all others too” – Interpret the above statement.
Answer:

• Industries release chemical wastes into the rivers and streams.
• These chemicals like mercury are consumed by the micro organisms in water.
• These micro organisms become the food of the fishes.
• When human beings consume these fishes they too absorb quantities of mercury that are detrimental to human health.
• Thus all living and non-living things on earth are in one way or other connected to each other, changes affecting one affects all others too.

Question 22.
“Such intense human industrial activity has had profound impact on the air, water and the land around us” – Interpret the above statement.
Answer:
A) Impact of industries on atmosphere :

1. Modern industries by burning of fossil fuels release large qualities of carbon dioxide and other chemicals into the atmosphere.
2. These chemicals pollute the atmosphere and lead to global warming and acid rains.
3. Burning of fossil fuels and release of enormous amounts of waste materials by industries contaminate air, water and soil.
4. Industrial emissions of greenhouse gases cause an increase in the atmospheric temperature and thus it leads to greenhouse effect.

B) Impact of industries on water:

1. Many industries use chemicals and metals which they release into the streams and rivers.
2. These metals like mercury are consumed by the micro organism and in turn become the food of fishes. When human beings eat these fishes, it causes ill health for them also.
3. Many toxic synthetic chemicals that cannot be broken down at all by natural processes can cause serious harm to people, plants and animals.

C) Impact of industries on soil:

• Soil contaminated by heavy metals may pose a great threat to human health if the heavy metals enter the food chain.
• Soil contaminated by industrial chemicals can have negative effects on seed germination and dry matter production.

Thus intense human industrial activity has had profound impact on the air, water and the land around us.

Question 23.
Read the paragraph under the title “In addition to and soil” on page 57 and comment on it.
In addition to burning of fossil fuels, modern industries release enormous amounts of waste materials in the form of solid, liquid and gaseous waste contaminating air, water (both surface water like rivers and underground water of wells) and soil.
Answer:

1. Modern industries and transport system use adequate amount of energy.
2. The buring of fossil feuls releases large quantities of carbon dioxide and other chemicals like nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and heavy metals.
3. They also cause the release of sulfuric carbonic and nitric acids, which cause what are called “acid rains”.
4. Modern industries release enormous effluents of waste materials in the form of solid, liquid and toxic waste contaminating air, water and soil.

Question 24.
“Scientists believe that the earth’s climate is being altered due to changes in atmosphere known as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is particularly significant in the polar regions of the Arctic and Antarctic. On the Antarctic peninsula temperatures have been recorded as increasing two to three times more quickly than the rest of the Earth”- Form a question after reading the above passage.
Answer:
How does the greenhouse effect in the polar region affect the atmosphere and hydrosphere? How can it be a cause of concern for the low lying areas and islands?

Question 25.
“All small islands and low lying areas will be jeopardized. If global warming is allowed to progress, some of the northern Hawaiian atolls already been submerged by ocean water. Waikiki, Manhattan and New Orleans are good examples of major cities within the United States that may be at the risk of flooding” –
After reading the above passage, form a suitable question on the above discussed issue.
Answer:
Why is Hawaii in danger?

Question 26.
“Characterized as containing harmful levels of sulphur dioxide or nitrogen oxide, acid rain is damaging and potentially deadly to the earth’s fragile ecosystems; a pH – of 2.4 has been measured in rainfall in England” –
Read the above passage and form a question on the above discussed issue.
Answer:

1. How do acid rains affect the ecosystems?
2. What are the factors that result in acid rains?

Question 27.
If your acquaintant is now on a tree cutting spree, how would you stop him?
Answer:

• If my acquaintant is now on a tree cutting spree, I would advise him to stop it.
• I would let him know the ill effects of felling of trees.
• I would educate him of environmental crisis from this and global warming.
• I would make him to stop tree cutting.
• I would encourage him to plant more saplings than the number of trees he cut.

Question 28.
Locate the following on the world map.
1) China
2) Brazil
3) New Zealand
4) California
5) Chile
6) Mediterranean sea
Answer:

Question 29.
Can you name the great desert of India? Name some of the common animals of the desert which you have learnt earlier.
Answer:

• The name of the great Indian desert is the Thar Desert.
• It is a large, arid region situated in the north western part of the Indian subcontinent.
• It is mainly located in the state of Rajasthan.
• About 23 species of lizard and 25 species of snakes are found here.
• Some wild species such as the black buck, chinkara the Indian wild ass and camels.
• Other mammals found in this region are red ox and a wild cat, the caracal.

Question 30.
Establish the dependence of Biosphere on the remaining realms?
Answer:

• All the realms of the earth are interdependent on each other.
• For the occurrence of biosphere, there is every need of lithosphere.
• Without hydrosphere, life is not possible on the earth thus biosphere.
• Existence of atmosphere only makes our planet earth liveable otherwise it may be too hot and too cold to live in.
• Thus, biosphere depends on the realms of earth.

Question 31.
How do you preserve your Mother Earth?
Answer:

• We should see that the biodiversity is presereved.
• We should see some alternative energy sources such as Biogas and Solar energy etc.
• No industries should be allowed to flow chemicals or other waste material into the streams or rivers.
• Use of chemical fertilizers should be avoided.
• Use of plastic should be banned.
• Licence should be cancelled to all the factories which release green house gases into the air.
• Pollution caused by vehicles should be checked.