Class 8

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 24th Lesson Disaster Management Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 24th Lesson Disaster Management

8th Class Social Studies 24th Lesson Disaster Management Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Describe any disaster that occurred in your area or that you watched on TV. What measures could have been taken to reduce its impact?
Answer:
Recently we had flooded to ‘Budameru’ due to heavy rains. Houses, fields, and roads were inundated with these floods. In our area, 8 persons were missed due to these floods. All the crops were washed out. Many animals were drowned in the water.
We should control the flood by channeling this ‘Budameru’ water to the Krishna river. The people in the danger zone should be sent to elevated areas. Donors should be encouraged to supply them with food and clothing. Drinking water should be supplied to them. Medical facilities should be arranged. Thus we can reduce its impact.

Question 2.
How can the disaster be prevented/managed?
Answer:
All the living beings except human beings are leading their lives with the nature. But the human beings are changing the nature according to their convenience. This should be avoided. The government should grow mangrove forests, relocate the villages to safe lands, practising and promoting cyclone resistant construction techniques. Thus we can manage disasters.
Village disaster management teams should be formulated and trained. A large numbers of cyclone shelters and mounds should be constructed in strategic locations so as to accommodate villagers in case another cyclone strikes the area. Thus the disaster can be prevented.

Question 3.
Discuss the elder’s experience with regard to the disasters and the management and write a note.
Answer:
Once there was an earthquake in Hyderabad. It was a summer night. All of our family members were sleeping outside in open place. My granny thought that some dog was striking her cot. In seconds we heard shouting ‘earthquake, earthquake’. All of us ran out immediately. One building at the end of the road collapsed. There were some breaches in the walls of the houses. It occurred nearly five to six times. Our colony people sat on the roads with great fear. The next day morning they entered their houses with frozen hearts.

Question 4.
Suggest the precautions to be taken by the people to face the disasters.
Answer:
Disaster precautions are important in preventing the loss of human lives and minimizing the damage to property during the occurance of a natural disaster. In todays world, there are many types of natural disasters. In some cases, we cannot be able to take any precautions. So safety measures or precautions should be pre-planned before the disaster strikes. How¬ever, some of the precautions to be taken before a natural disaster occurs are listed below:

1. The people should be seen that all breakables are stored safely, food stuffs and water are prepared and big items need are on the floor.
2. Green vegetations like trees surrounding should be pruned regularly or even cut down, if they are in state for damaging property if disturbed, for e.g. wind.
3. In the event that the gas or electricity becomes hazardous, everyday should also familiar-ize themselves with turning off the gas and electricity supply to their houses.
4. The originals or copies of valuable certificates like birth certificates, marriage certificates, passports etc.
5. The cracks and damage of the house should be checked including the roof, chimneys and foundation.

Question 5.
Mention the effects of a drought.
Answer:
There is a sequential impact of drought:

1. Scarcity of drinking water; fall in water-table
2. Decline in crop acreage
3. Fall in employment in the agricultural sector due to slowing down of agricultural activity
4. Fall in purchasing power of those engaged in agriculture
5. Scarcity of food grains
6. Scarcity of fodder
7. Loss of cattle life
8. Malnutrition, especially among children
9. III health and spread of diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery or cholera and opthalmia caused by starvation
10. Distress sale and mortgage of land, jewellery and personal property
11. Migration of people in search of employment.

Question 6.
Mention the occasions where the water is wasted and suggest preventive measures.
Answer:
Occasions where the water is wasted:

1. Marriage functions
2. Meetings
3. Children at home (while playing)
4. While carrying water in tanks
5. Roadside taps
6. While filling water tanks etc.

Preventive measures:

1. People should be educated regarding water scarcity.
2. Taps should be in good condition.
3. There should be alarms to the water tanks.
4. Children should be kept away from water while they are playing.
5. The outlets of water tanks should be checked in Municipalities and Corporations etc.

Question 7.
Make an album with the pictures of natural disasters.
Answer:
Natural disasters:

8th Class Social Studies 24th Lesson Disaster Management InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you know what tsunamis are? How they are formed? How they can be predicted and how you can save yourself if you are residing in any of the coastal districts of the state ? (Textbook Page No. 256)
Answer:
The term “Tsunami” has been coined from the Japanese words ‘tsu’ meaning harbour and ‘name’ meaning waves. Tsunamis are huge waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or underwater landslides which devastate coastal communities. Tsunamis caused by nearby earthquakes may reach the coast within minutes. When the waves enter shallow water, they may rise to several feet or, in rare cases, tens of feet, striking the coast with devastating force. The tsunami danger period can continue for many hours after a major earthquake. With the use of satellite technology, the Tsunamis are predictable. With the cautions given by the department, we will move to the safest places to save ourselves.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 2nd Lesson Energy from the Sun Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 2nd Lesson Energy from the Sun

8th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Energy from the Sun Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Correct the false statements.
a) If a place is closer to the sea, irrespective of its distance from the equator, it will always be cooler.
Answer:
True

b) As you go up higher from the earth, it becomes warmer because the sun is closer to you.
Answer:
False.
Correction: As you go up higher from the earth, it becomes cooler, because the temperature decreases at the rate of 6°C for every ascent of 1000 metres.

c) Sun heats the air first and then the earth.
Answer:
False.
Correction: Sun heats the earth first and then the air.

d) Global warming is related to oxygen.
Answer:
False.
Correction: Global warming is related to carbon-di-oxide.

Question 2.
What’s the difference between the highest temperatue in Table 2 and the lowest temperature in Table 1?

Table 1

Table – 2

Answer:
The highest temperature in Table 2 = 33°C
The lowest temperature in Table 1 = 17°C
The difference = 16°C

Question 3.
Suppose, the temperature in Moscow was – 8°C at 10 AM on 6 December. Twenty-four hours later it was 12°C higher. What was the temperature at 10 AM on 7 December?
Answer:
The temperature was 4°C.

Question 4.
Delhi and Mumbai are both situated on plains and their height above sea level is less than 300 metres. Why is there so much difference in their monthly average temperatures? In which months are the average temperatures in these two cities most similar? Can you explain?
Answer:
Mumbai experiences moderate climate while Delhi experiences extreme climate. This is because Mumbai’s coastal nature and tropical location ensures moderate temperature throughout the year. Delhi’s distance from the sea gives it an extreme type of climate.
The average temperatures in these two cities are more similar in the months of August and September.

Question 5.
Given below are the average monthly minimum and maximum temperatures of Jodhpur. Make a line graph of them. Which are the hottest and coldest months of the year?
Table: Average Monthly Maximum Temperatures in Jodhpur, Rajasthan (°C).

Answer:
a) April, May and June are the hottest months in the year.
b) December, January and February are the coldest months in the year.

Question 6.
Given here are the average maximum temperatures of three places: A, B, and C. Make graphs of them. What can you guess about each place by looking at the Table and graphs?

Answer:
A and C are in hot regions and B is in cold region.

Question 7.
Give three possible explanations for the differences between the average temperatures in Thiruvananthapuram and Shimla in January.
Answer:

1. Tiruvananthapuram is situated on sea coast.
2. Shimla is on high altitude.
3. Tiruvananthapuram is near to the equator and Shimla is far away from the equator.

Question 8.
Between Bhopal, Delhi, Mumbai and Shimla, which two places show a similar temperature pattern? How can you explain the similarity between these two places?
Answer:
Bhopal and Delhi show a similar temperature pattern. This is because these two are far away from the sea.

Question 9.
Look at the graph of Minimum – Maximum temperature given below and answer the questions below.
a) What is the average highest temperature in July?
Answer:
28°C

b) How warm does it usually get in December?
Answer:
26°C

c) How cool does it usually get in June?
Answer:
20°C

d) Is there a bigger difference between night and day temperature in May or in August?
Answer:
In the month of May

e) When is summer?
Answer:
March, April and May months.

Question 10.
Nithin says thermal power is better to use, but Padmaja says that Solar Energy is better. Which of them do you support? Why?
(OR)
How is solar energy better than thermal power?
Answer:
Solar energy is better than thermal power because solar energy is clean, breath-takingly abundant and is a responsible renewable resource to meet much of the world’s energy needs, as well as a fundamental need of our body for vitamin D.

Question 11.
Read the para under the title “Height and Temperature” and comment on it.

At the peak of summer some people go from the plains to hilly places such as Ooty or Shimla to avoid the heat. Even in the summer months, the temperatures are low on high hills. The highest parts of a mountain generally have the lowest temperatures. Temperatures decreases with elevation (height).

Answer:
The temperature decreases with altitude. On an average, the temperature decreases by 3.5°F for every 1000 ft of altitude (6.5°C for every 1000 metres).
Additional information: The lapse rate depends on, if the air is dry or moist – in dry air, the temperature decreases more quickly, in moist air more slowly.

8th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Energy from the Sun InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Can you point out the difference between insolation and radiation? (Textbook Page No. 19)
Answer:
Insolation: The radiation received on the surface of a body is called insolation.
Radiation: When a body gives out energy it is called radiation.

Question 2.
What will happen if the atmosphere gets more polluted with smoke and duct? (Textbook Page No. 19)
Answer:
Some amount of solar rays are absorbed or reflected away by smoke or dust in the atmosphere. If the atmosphere gets more polluted with smoke and dust, it may absorb more heat. As a result the temperatures on the earth may raise. If it reflects more, there will not be heat on the earth. Both are dangerous to ‘the life’ on ‘the earth’.

Question 3.
Can you tell why there is difference in heating of land and water? (Textbook Page No. 21)
Answer:
The water is transparent and lets energy pass through. On the other land, the sun heats up only the top layer of the land. This is because the land is solid. A solid is opaque and does not let energy through. This is the difference in heating of land and water.

Question 4.
a) Where will the rays fall more slanting – in Japan or North Pole? (Textbook Page No. 20)
Answer:
In North pole.

b) Where will Sun’s rays fall more intensively, in Andhra Pradesh or Rajasthan?
Answer:
In Andhra Pradesh.

c) If the Earth is flat and not curved, then which will get more heat – Japan or the Equator, or both equally?
Answer:
Both equally,

d) Look at the globe and say which countries wifi be hotter and which will be cooler?
Answer:

1. Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Cambodia, India, Chile, Brazil, Sudan, Uganda, etc. -hotter.
2. North America, Iceland, Scandinavia and Russia, etc. – cooler.

Question 5.
To get an idea of other temperatures, measure and note the temperature of the following things. Before you start measuring, guess the temperature of each one. (Textbook Page No. 23)

Answer:

Question 6.
It is safer and advisable to use thermometers that have a scale of -10°C to 110°C. Using such a thermometer, also measure and note the temperature of boiling water and hot tea. (Textbook Page No. 23)
Answer:

1. Temperature of boiling water: 100°C
2. Temperature of hot tea: 95°C,

Question 7.
Look at the number line below, you can see how + and – numbers are marked. (Textbook Page No. 24)

a) Which temperature is greater: 5°C or -5°C?
Answer:
5°C

b) At which of these two temperatures will we feel colder?
Answer:
-5°C

c) How many degrees difference is there between -5° and 5°?
Answer:
10°C

d) Write in short form each of the following temperatures:
i) 88 degrees below zero, Celsius
Answer:
-88°C
ii) 38 degrees above freezing, Celsius
Answer:
38°C
iii) 32 degrees below freezing, Celsius
Answer:
-32°C

e) Did you note the temperature in your classroom today? 88 degrees below zero Celsius is how many degrees lower than the temperature you measured?
Answer:
Classroom temperature = 28°C It is 116°C low.

f) The temperature of a normal human body is 37°C. How much hotter than normal body temperature is 50°C?
Answer:
13°C

g) How much colder than the normal body temperature is -5°C?
Answer:
42°C

h) Arrange the following temperatures from the highest to the lowest:
12°C, -16°C, 29°C, 0°C, – 4°C.
Answer:
29°C, 12°C, 0°C, -4°C – 16°C.

i) At which of the above temperatures will we feel hottest?
Answer:
At 29°C

j) At which of the above temperatures will we feel coldest?
Answer:
At -16°C.

Question 8.
Have you been to places that have different climate than where you live? Describe it in the class. (Textbook Page No. 18)
Answer:
I live in Vijayawada It is very hot place. I have been to Ooty during last vacation. It is a hill station in Tamilnadu. It is situated on Nilgiri hills. I went from Vijayawada to Coimbatore and there to Ooty. It is ‘queen of hill stations’. It is too cool as it is situated on high altitude. There I stayed in a hotel opposite to ‘Horse Race Course’. There I visited Dodabetta peak, Love Dale, Wildlife Sanctuary, Botanical Gardens, Emerald lake etc., in Ooty. There I enjoyed the cold in summer. I took a resolution on the 1st January of this year that I would visit Ooty often in my life. I love the memories of my trip.

Question 9.
Table 1: (Average monthly temperature of Ananthapuram)

Use the data in the Table 1 and plot the average minimum monthly temperatures for Ananthapuram on the same graph paper in which the graph of maximum temperatures is drawn for your understanding. The first two months have already been done for you in the Graph 1.

Look at the data and the graph and answer the following questions about Ananthapuram:
a) How cold does it usually get in November in Ananthapuram?
Answer:
20°C

b) Which month has the highest maximum temperature in Ananthapuram?
Answer:
April and May, 39°C

c) What is the difference between the highest maximum temperature and the lowest maximum temperature in the year?
Answer:
22°C.

d) Which three months are the hottest in Ananthapuram?
Answer:
March, April and May.

e) Which three months are the coldest?
Answer:
December, January and February

f) What is the average maximum temperature in January in Ananthapuram?
Answer:
30°C

g) From June through December, the average minimum monthly temperature keeps falling in Ananthapuram. Does the average maximum monthly temperature also keep falling?
Answer:
Yes, It is also falling.

h) What is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperature in May?
Answer:
13°C

i) What is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperature in August?
Answer:
9°C

j) Based on your answers to the above two questions, is there a larger difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures in the summer or in rainy season in Ananthapuram?
Answer:
There is not much variation.

Question 10.
Table 2: (Average monthly temperature)

The average of maximum and minimum monthly temperatures are plotted on the Graph 2.
a) Which month has the lowest minimum temperature in Visakhapatnam? How much is it?
Answer:
In the month of January; It is 19°C.

b) Which is the hottest month in Visakhapatnam? How much was the average maximum temperature for that month?
Answer:
April, May and November months are too hot; 33°C.

c) Compare the temperatures of Ananthapuram and Visakhapatnam to answer the following:
i) In January, which place is colder?
Answer:
Ananthapuram
ii) In June, which place is hotter?
Answer:
Ananthapuram
iii) In which place, Ananthapuram and Visakhapatnam does the temperature remain more or less the same throughout the year?
Answer:
Visakhapatnam

Question 11.
Observe the following graphs.

Now answer the following questions.
a) Can you think of any other reason for this state of temperature?
Answer:
Due to altitude, mean sea level, etc. the state of temperature differs.

b) What will happen if the inversion occurs?
Answer:
When inversion occurs cold air underlies warmer air.

c) How many metres higher than Delhi is Shimla?
Answer:
Shimla is 1900 metres higher than Delhi.

d) Based on the difference in elevation, calculate the likely difference in temperature between the two places.
Answer:
Approximately 12°C.

e) Which month has the highest maximum temperature in Shimla? How much is the temperature?
Answer:
May month, it is 22°C.

f) Which month has the highest maximum temperature in Deihi? How much is it?
Answer:
May month. It is 40°C.

g) In September, the average maximum temperature in Shimla is ———–°C while in Delhi, it is ———–°C.
Answer:
17°C, 34°C.

h) Which is colder: Delhi in January or Shimla in July?
Answer:
Delhi in January is colder.

Question 12.
Sometimes, especially in mornings of winters, coal temperatures are found near the ground. You can see dew drops on the grass due to condensation. The cooler temperatures near the ground level are due to less amount of insolation received due to the shorter days and excessive radiation due to the longer nights. This is known as inversion. (Textbook Page No. 28)
a) Can you think of any other reason for this state of temperature?
Answer:
I find no other reason.

b) What will happen if the inversion occurs?
Answer:
When inversion occurs cold air underlies warmer air.

Question 13.
Observe the following graph.

a) Which of the three places shown in the graph is located near to the Equator?
Answer:
Singapore

b) What is the average yearly temperature in that place?
Answer:
27.8°C

c) Does it usually get much warmer in the summer than in the winter there?
Answer:
No, there is slight difference.

d) Is summer in Vladivostok warmer than the winter in Singapore?
Answer:
No, there is much difference.

e) Does it usually get warmer in July in Singapore or in Shanghai?
Answer:
Singapore

f) Which of the three places on the graph has the most extreme climate?
Answer:
Vladivostok

g) What is the warmest month in Shanghai?
Answer:
July and August

h) What is the average yearly temperature there?
Answer:
15.3°C

i) Which month has the lowest average maximum temperature in this place?
Answer:
January and February.

Question 14.
Use the maps in your Atlas to find out the latitude and the average temperature in January of each of the following places: The first one has already been done for you.

a) According to this map, there is no place in India that has an average January temperature higher than 30°C. (Remember, this is the average. There may be some January days in some places that do get hotter than 30°C.)
Look at the map and find out which parts of India usually have the highest average temperature (in January).
b) If you look north from this place on the map, is the average January temperature higher or lower?
Answer:

a) Southern parts of India have the highest average temperature.
b) It is lower.

Question 15.
Why is the North cooler in winter? (Textbook Page No. 30)
Look at the following table, it shows sunrise and sunset in different cities in India on 10th January.

Answer the questions below:
a) In which of these six cities does the sun rise first?
Answer:
Kohima (Nagaland)

b) In which of these cities does the sun set last?
Answer:
Madurai.

Question 16.
Find out the locations of Singapore, Shanghai and Vladivostok on the following picture of the globe.
Answer:

Project work
Question 1.
You know that the Sun is the source of heat on the Earth. But why do you think the heat varies from morning to night or from season to season and from place to place? We are listing some variations here. Try to think a reason for it and discuss in the class before you proceed to read this chapter. (Textbook Page No. 18)

1. Cool in the early morning and warmer in the afternoon.
2. Warm in summer and cool in winter.
3. Cool on hill tops and warm in the plains.
4. Warm in Equatorial region and cold in Polar region.

Answer:
The heat on the earth varies from morning to night or from season to season and from place to place. The reasons are latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, ocean currents, mountain barriers, air masses and prevailing wind system.
Reason 1: In the morning the Sun’s rays are slanting on a particular place. In the afternoon they are straight on the same place. This is due to rotation.

Reason 2: During the summer the Sun’s rays hit the earth at a steep angle. The light does not spread out as much, thus increasing the amount of energy hitting any given spot. Also the long day light hours allow the earth plenty of time to reach warm temperatures. This is due to revolution.

Reason 3: The average rate of decrease of the temperature of normal air with the increase in height. It is equal to 6°C/km. (Normal Lapse Rate)

Reason 4: The Sun’s rays fall straight on the equatorial region and starting on the poles.
This is due to curvature of the earth.

Question 2.
Measure the temperature for a week in different months throughout the year. You will be able to see the temperature differences that occur between the summer, winter, monsoon, and other seasons. (Textbook Page No. 23)
a) For the next week, measure the air temperature each day at the same time and place (Remember to choose a place that Is in the shade). Each day before you measure, write down your guess. Keep your record in a separate notebook.
Place: ———–
Time: ———–
Month: ———–

b) Record the temperature every day for one week for few months.
c) Calculate the weekly average temperatures.
d) Discuss the variations between different weeks.
Answer:
Place: Bengaluru
Time: 12 Noon
Month: January

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 3rd Lesson Earth Movements and Seasons Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 3rd Lesson Earth Movements and Seasons

8th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Earth Movements and Seasons Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Do you think there is any correlation between the crops grown in your region and the seasons? Find out by discussing with your eiders and friends and write a short essay on it.
Answer:
Ours is a small village Anther vedipalem in East Godavari district. In our area, we have 3 crop seasons – Kharif, Rabi and Zaid. The farmers cultivate paddy and maize in Kharif season. This season is upto October and November. Rabi is cultivated as winter crop. In Rabi also some cultivate paddy and some cereals. Duration of this season is upto March and April. After that some fruits and vegetables are grown in the Zaid season. In addition to these we have coconut plantations which give fruits throughout the year. Due to these reasons there is correlation between crops and seasons.

Question 2.
Why do you think Andhra Pradesh does not receive any snowfall during winter months?
Answer:
Snow forms in the clouds that are below freezing. Andhra Pradesh is in tropical belt. To get snow the temperatures in Andhra Pradesh are not enough cold. So Andhra Pradesh does not receive any snowfall during winter season.

Question 3.
We have a rainy season. How do you think it is related to the movement of the Earth and the pattern of Sun’s rays? Does it occur in the summer or winter or in the season in between?
Answer:
The seasons occur due to the revolution and the pattern of Sun’s rays. During summer the Sun’s rays fall straightly on our area. Then the air in the atmosphere gets heated and moves up by forming low pressure belt. The winds from high pressure belt from the Indian ocean blow to this area and give rains. We receive rains after summer and in the beginning of winter due to these seasonal winds-monsoons.

Question 4.
Collect information about time of Sunrise and Sunset for different months of the year in your place (you can look up the local newspaper for this). Calculate the duration of day and night- how many hours every day – for every month. Do you see any pattern in this?
Answer:
I have opted Kanyakumari in Tamilnadu for this project. It is famous for its sunrise and sunset.

After thorough observation I came to the following conclusion.
* The duration of night time is more in the months from August to January. The duration of day time is more in the months from February to July.

Question 5.
Explain the idea of rotation of the Earth to your parents or sisters or brothers. Write down their questions or doubts and try to answer them.
Answer:
I explained the earth’s rotation to my brother and sister. I write down their doubts here under.

1. Why does the earth rotate?
2. What is the speed of the earth’s rotation?
3. How can we prove the earth’s rotation?
4. Why is the axis of earth tilled?
5. What happens if earth stops its rotation?

Question 6.
Imagine that the Earth does not rotate but goes around the Sun around the year. What difference will it make to the seasons and distribution of temperature?
Answer:
The one portion of the earth which is infront of the sun would constantly get Sun’s heat and light and the other portion would remain cold and dark. This would make both portions unfit for life-the bright half would be too hot and the dark half would be too cold. This would happen if the earth did not rotate on its own axis.

Question 7.
Identify a country in the Temperate Belt in both Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Compare the seasons in those countries and your place. Which will be warmer in May- June and which will be cooler in December – January or in March or September Identify a country in the Temperate Belt in both Northern and Southern Hemisphere.
(OR)
Compare the seasons in those countries and your place.
Answer:
I have opted Russia in Northern hemisphere, Falkland Islands for this.
Moscow in Russia – It is located near 55.7558° N. latitude. The average temperatures are as follows.

Falkland Islands: It is extended from 51 °S latitude to 52°S. Latitude.

The seasons are quite opposite in both hemispheres.
Ours is Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh. This is located at 16°5200 N. latitudes. Here April and May are famous for high temperatures. Winter season will be in December and January. When compared to Russia and Falkland Islands, the summer temperatures and winter temperatures are both higher than their summer temperatures. But the seasons in these three areas are more or less equal.

Question 8.
What are the six seasons of Indian climate?
Answer:
The six seasons are:

1. Vasantham – Mid March – Mid May
2. Greeshrnam – Mid May to Mid July
3. Varsha – Mid July to Mid September
4. Sarath – Mid September – Mid November
5. Hemantham – Mid November – Mid. January
6. Sisiram – Mid January – Mid March

Question 9.
Read the first paragraph of this chapter and answer the following question

Human beings live along with a large community of plants and animals. We can observe constant change in the course of the year – the flowering and fruiting of trees and plants changes in the animal activity in our surroundings. As months pass by you would have noticed that trees shed leaves, stand bare, new shoots come forth, they flower and fruit. You may have also noticed that in different times of the year you get different kinds of vegetables and fruits. In some months it is very hot and in some it is cold or wet.

“What is the impact of seasons on the lives of human beings ?”
Answer:
Human beings live along with a large community of plants and animals. We can find a constant change in the course of the year – the flowering and fruiting of trees and plants changes the animal activity in our surroundings. As months pass by, trees shed leaves, stand bare, new shoots come forth, leaves grew again they flower and give fruits. In different times of the year we get different kinds of fruits and vegetables. In some months, it is very hot and in some months, it is cold or wet.

8th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Earth Movements and Seasons InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Can you relate what are the major seasons you have seen? (Textbook Page No. 33)
Answer:
The major seasons I have seen are Summer season, Rainy season and Winter season.

Question 2.
Can you describe What happen in each -how hot it gets, how much it rains, what happens to the plants and trees and animals, what food you get to eat etc.? (Textbook Page No. 33)
Answer:
Summer season: The atmospheric temperature is too hot i.e., upto 45°C. At the end of this season sometimes it rains. Plants, trees, human beings, animals long for water, food and cool air. This season is famous for watermelons, mangoes and palm fruits etc.

Rainy season: Heavy rains occur during this season. But temperature varies between 30°C to 35°C. We can see greenery everywhere. Cattle are well with their abundant feed. They give us plenty of milk. Many types of vegetables and mushrooms are available.

Winter season: Cold is heavy in this season. Temperature varies from 25°C to 30°C. Even then nights are too cold. Animals also long for warmth. During this season cauliflower, tomato and grapes etc., are available in plenty.

Question 3.
Do you think the trees observed ¡n the pictures are same or different? (Textbook Page No. 33)

Answer:
They are same.

Question 4.
What are the changes you can see in the trees?
Answer:

1. In the first picture it is covered by snow.
2. In the second picture the same tree has fully grown leaves.
3. In the third picture the same tree is sprouting leaves.
4. In the last picture ripe red leaves are falling from the same tree.

Question 5.
Imagine that the Earth goes around the Sun but its axis is not tilted. How will it affect the change in seasons in Andhra Pradesh? (Textbook Page No. 37)
Answer:
This happens if the Earth’s axis is not fitted. Andhra Pradesh is in tropical belt. So the Sun rays fall straight on this area. If the axis is not fitted, there will be continuous temperatures and summer throughout the year on this area. Rainy and winter seasons may not be possible. Most probably the three seasons may come on every day.

Question 6.
How will it affect the change in seasons in the northern region whose photograph you saw in the beginning of the chapter? (Textbook Page No. 37)
Answer:
The photographs are different in different seasons. If the earth’s axis is not tilted, the northern most area on the earth may get freezed. We cannot find any vegetation there.

Question 7.
Find out if there is anyone in the class who has lived in distant places where the seasons are different. Get them to describe what happens there. (Textbook Page No. 33)
Answer:
In my class one student named ‘Atchyut’ came from ‘Dehradun’. He is staying with his grand-parents. His parents are in ‘Dehradun’. He told that the seasons there are entirely different from us. They have heavy winters. Let us listen to his words.
“My name is Atchyut. I came here from ‘Dehradun’ which is at the feet of the ‘Himalayas’. We feel sweat during summer, even though we have less temperatures. Rains are too heavy during the rainy season. Coming to winter season – wow! it is too cold. Hot water should be used for every task in daily life. Warm water is used for drinking. We feel sunlight only after 8 a.m. We must use inners, sweaters, mufflers, caps, socks, and gloves. But our area is very beautiful”.

Question 8.
Find out which country is called the ‘land of midnight Sun’ and locate it on the globe. Find out its latitude and compare it with the latitude of Andhra Pradesh. (Textbook Page No. 34)
Answer:
Norway is called “Land of Midnight Sun. Its latitude is 60.47°N. Some other countries like,

1. Sweden -59.26°N.
2. Iceland – 64.83°N.
3. Lapland -67°N.
4. Denmark – 55.72°N.
5. Finland -62°43″N
6. Alaska -61°18″N
7. Russia – 54°82″N
8. Yukon – 63.63°N
9. Canada – 56°75″ N etc.

comes under this session also. Whereas Latitude as Andhra Pradesh is 80°E;

Question 9.
Look at the globe and find out the names of countries which are located to the south of equator. (Textbook Page No. 34)
Answer:
Asia: Indonesia, partly Maldives partly Sumatra.
Africa: Angola, Botswana, Burundi, South Africa, Tanzania.
Europe: No
North America: No
South America: Argentina, Chile, Bolivia
Australia: Australia, New Guinea

Question 10.
Did you find any continent which is located entirely to the North of the Equator ? (Textbook Page No. 34)
Answer:
Yes. They are Europe and North America.

Question 11.
Did you find any continent which is located entirely to the South of the Equator ? (Textbook Page No. 34)
Answer:
Yes. It is Australia.

Question 12.
Did you find any continent which is spread on both ideas of the North and South of the Equator ? (Textbook Page No. 34)
Answer:
Yes. It is Asia.

Question 13.
Can all the students of the class write down three questions regarding this magic of seasons? we will try to find answers for them. (Textbook Page No. 34)
a) What are the reasons behind the formation of seasons?
Answer:
Earth’s revolution and inclination of the axis are the reasons behind it.

b) In which season the earth tipped towards the sun? (A region)
Answer:
In summer season.

c) What happens if there are no seasons?
Answer:
No seasons, no life on the earth.
Identification of these countries on the globe: Self exercise

Question 14.
Find out if Andhra Pradesh is in the Tropical Belt or in the Temperate Belt. (Textbook Page No. 38)
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh is extended between 12°N to 19°N latitude (approximately). It is in Tropical Belt.

Question 15.
Will the Sun shine directly on our heads in Andhra pradesh during any month? If yes, in which month? (Textbook Page No. 38)
Answer:
The Sun’s rays fall straightly on Andhra Pradesh in the month of May.

Question 16.
Find out in which belt is Delhi and if it will get snowfall in winters. (Textbook Page No. 38)
Answer:
Delhi is located between 28°22″ N. latitude and 28°54″ N. latitude. It is in Temperate Belt. It records low temperatures but there is no snowfall.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 12th Lesson Freedom Movement in Hyderabad State Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 12th Lesson Freedom Movement in Hyderabad State

8th Class Social Studies 12th Lesson Freedom Movement in Hyderabad State Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
What aspects of the Nizam rule would you consider to be ‘undemocratic’?
Answer:
Undemocratic-aspects:
The term ‘undemocratic’ refers to the rule that is not related to the democratic aspect of government, in other words, the decisions that has taken by only one person or a small group rather than taking into consideration the population who will be following those rules. The various aspects of the Nizam’s rule which considered to be ‘undemocratic’ are as follows: –

• Under his rule, Jagirdars were given full control of the villages, and they also collected taxes from the people.
• He wanted to bring old system where king and his nobles had the full authority to rule whenever they want to.
• He didn’t allow functioning of any democratic systems like legislatures or local bodies.
• He was reluctant to allow opening of the schools which led to low literacy rate in the state.

Question 2.
Why do you think the literacy rate in Hyderabad state was lower than other princely states?
Answer:
The Nizams were slow in setting up schools in their kingdom. Many jagirdars did not even allow setting up of schools in their areas. The Nizams were also suspicious of private schools that they would become centres for propagation of anti-Nizam ideas. They actually discouraged the setting up of private Telugu medium schools and did not allow those students to join Osmania University. So the literacy rate in Hyderabad state was lower than other princely states.

Question 3.
Describe the activities of the Andhra Maha Sabha for the promotion of education.
Answer:
Andhra Maha Sabha combined both educational and social reform objectives. They established libraries and cultural centres all over Telangana even in remote villages. Night classes and discussions were held in these centres. Thus AMS promoted education.

Question 4.
What were the demands of the Hyderabad State Congress and how many of them were fulfilled after 1948?
Answer:
The Indian National Congress only functioned in the British India and did not function directly in the princely states. However, the common people faced more oppression and injustice in these princely states and they wanted to join the larger freedom movement of India. In such states the nationalists formed ‘state congress’ to fight for democratic rights, reforms, representative government etc. This happened in Hyderabad too. All these were fulfilled after 1948.

Question 5.
Do you think the Telangana Armed Struggle helped to end the rule of the Nizam? Give your reasons.
Answer:

1. The established Ryot Sanghams.
2. They established libraries, night schools and tried to make them literate.
3. They undertook many revolutionary activities.
4. They fought against the Nizam and the Doras.
5. They established armed forces.
6. They went from village to village and made the people conscious.
7. They abolished Vetti.
8. They demanded Visalandhra.
9. They fought against Razakars.

Question 6.
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions: Do you support the Feudal system of the state.

The Nizams were initially provincial governors of the Mughal emperors. They ruled with the help of hereditary jagirdars and subordinate kings. Jagirdars were given control of dozens and even hundreds of villages which they ruled as they desired and collected taxes from the people. The rest of the kingdom was ruled directly by the Nizam with the help of ‘doras’ about whom you read in an earlier chapter.

The Nizams wanted to retain the old system in which the king and his nobles controlled all resources and ruled as they willed. They did not allow any democratic system like local bodies or legislatures. The Nizams opposed the Congress led nationalist movement and passed several ‘firmans’ or royal orders curtailing political activity in the state. They had a network of police and spies who kept a close watch on people.

Answer:
I do not support the Feudal system of the Nizams.
Reason: The common people were treated as slaves.

Question 7.
Many movements were led against the rulers in the past. Do you find any movements taken up nowadays? If yes, what are they?
Answer:
Some movements were led against the rulers in recent time.

1. The then government enhanced the electricity charges in December 2000. The people led a movement against the government at that time.
2. In July 2011, the textile business people fought against ‘Vat’ and they led a strike.

Question 8.
What questions the librarian should be asked to know about the library of your area?
Answer:

1. At which level the library is situated?
2. How many books are there in the library?
3. What kinds of magazines are there in the library?
4. Can we get book to our house?

Question 9.
Locate the following places of Nizam’s rule in the India map.
a) Aurangabad b) Warangal c) Raichur d) Gulbarga
Answer:

Question 10.
Collect the pictures of leaders of the Telangana armed struggle.
Answer:

8th Class Social Studies 12th Lesson Freedom Movement in Hyderabad State InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you think the problems faced by the people of Hyderabad state were in some ways different from those faced by people living in British ruled states? (Textbook Page No. 142)
Answer:

Question 2.
Was there any difference between the attitude of the British and the Nizams when it came to democracy? (Textbook Page No. 142)
Answer:
No. Both suppressed the people.

Question 3.
Was Telangana Armed Struggle only for removal of the grievances of the peasants or did it have other aims? (Textbook Page No. 147)
Answer:
Initially the main demands of the peasants were limited to fight against illegal feudal exactions, levy system, excessive land refot, eviction of tenants, and for abolition of vetti. It was meant to draw all sections of the rural society (small landowners, landlords and service castes) into the struggle against the doras and the Nizam.
The movement was transformed in 1947-48 into a broad anti-feudal struggle demanding merging of Hyerabad with independent India. To broaden the scope of the movement and integrate vaious sections into it, the demand was raised to merge Telangana with the other Telugu speaking regions to create Vishal Andhra.

Question 4.
What are the languages spoken in your area? (Textbook Page No. 143)
Answer:
Telugu, Urdu and Hindi are the languages mostly spoken in our area.

Question 5.
What is the medium of teaching in schools and colleges today in our state? (Textbook Page No. 143)
Answer:
The mediums of teaching in schools and colleges today are Telugu, English and Urdu. There are many schools also which teach in other statutory languages.

Question 6.
Do you think all teaching should be done in one’s mother tongue? (Textbook Page No. 143)
Answer:
No. I don’t think so. The teaching should be in their own mother tongue.

Question 7.
Why do you think it is important to publish books in mother tongues? (Textbook Page No. 143)
Answer:
Books are knowledge giving ones. If they are in other languages, nobody can read them. So to attain knowledge it is important to publish books in mother tongues.

Question 8.
Is there a public library in your village or locality? (Textbook Page No. 144)
Answer:
Yes. There is Tagore Public Library in our city.

Question 9.
If you have been to a public library, describe what happens there in your classmates. (Textbook Page No. 144)
Answer:
When we enter the library we should sign in the visitors’ register. Then we can read the dailies, magazines there. If we have membership in that library, we can take two books to home. We should return them after a certain period.

Question 10.
Why do you think the libraries became the centres of anti-Nizam and anti-landlord movements? (Textbook Page No. 144)
Answer:
The leaders of Andhra Maha Sabha combined both educational and social reform objectives. The AMS activities spread rapidly all over Telangana and libraries and cultural centres were established in even remote villages. Peasants and labouring people came to them to learn to read, listen to newspaper, discuss current topics, and also their own problems with the Nizam government and doras. Night classes and discussions were held in these centres. People read books by social reformers like Veeresalingam and nationalists like Gandhiji, Nehru etc. They also wrote new books on local problems. As Editor of the Golconda Patrika, Suravaram Pratapareddy inspired nationalistic fervour amongst the people. Kaloji Narayana Rao, Dasarathi Krishnamacharya, Dasarathi Rangacharya are some of the literary luminaries who fought for the freedom of Hyderabad State. So the libraries became the centres of anti-Nizam and anti-landlord movements.

Question 11.
Why do you think the Nizams and jagirdars were not in favour of Telugu medium schools? (Textbook Page No. 144)
Answer:
Here majority of the officials were Muslims. The majority of the people of the state were Hindus who spoke in Telugu, Kannada and Marathi. They were suspicious of private Telugu medium schools that they would become centres for propagation of anti-Nizam ideas. All the government schools were in Urdu medium.

Question 12.
Why do you think the doras who were Hindus helped the Razakars? (Textbook Page No. 147)
Answer:
Doras, who were Hindus, ruled as dictators. Razakars also had anti-democratic views and they fought the democratic political parties and communist led peasants. Hence, Doras supported and helped the Razakars.

Question 13.
Why do you think the Nizam was allowed to retain power even after the merger? (Textbook Page No. 148)
Answer:
The state was merged in 1948. India became Republic in 1950. It took two years to conduct General elections. The Nizam was familiar with the state and people. A governor cannot be appointed as there was no statutory provision. So the Nizam was allowed to retain power even after the merger.

Question 14.
Why do you think the Nizam agreed to pass the ‘firmanas’ abolishing the feudal system? (Textbook Page No. 148)
Answer:
When India became independent in 1947, Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam wanted Hyderabad to remain as an independent kingdom. The common people of the state wanted to join Independent India and a large campaign was organized by the Hyderabad State Congress led by Ramananda Theertha. The Razakars attacked them too. Then the Indian government decided to end this anarchy and sent armed forces to Hyderabad. Hyderabad was finally integrated into Indian Union in September 1948. The Nizam however was asked by the government of India to continue as the ruler till the transition to democratic setup was complete. The Nizam was forced to abolish the feudal system and initiate democratic processes of elections.

Question 15.
Why do you think the Nizam rule ended on 26th January 1950? (Textbook Page No. 148)
Answer:
The Constitution of India came into force on that day. So we can say that the Nizam rule ended on 26th January, 1950.

Question 16.
Find out more about the song – Vandemataram. (Textbook Page No. 145)
Answer:
Vandemataram song – written in Bengali and Sanskrit.
Lyrics: Bakim Chandra Chattopadhyaya in his novel Anandmath – 1882.
Music: Jadunadh Bhattacharya Adopted on 24-1 -1956.
First sung by – Sri Rabindranath Tagore Translated to English – By Arabindo Ghosh
In 1950 the song’s first two verses were given the official status of the National Song of the Republic of India.

Question 17.
Find out about the life of Swami Ramananda Theertha. (Textbook Page No. 145)
Answer:
Swami Ramananda Theertha (1903 – 1972) was an Indian freedom fighter, educator and Social activist who led the Hyderabad liberation struggle, during the reign of last Nizam. He was the main leader of the Hyderabad State Congress.
He fought against the Nizam after the establishment of Congress party wing in 1938. He participated in Satyagrahas and was imprisoned for 111 days by the last Nizam. He created a revolutionary movement which helped Hyderabad to integrate with the Indian Union in 1948. The integration was successful after the Hyderabad police action.

Question 18.
What role do you think was played by the AMS in making the Telangana Armed Struggle possible ? (Textbook Page No. 147)
Answer:
Andhra Maha Sabha in the beginning supported the education and literary works. The Nizam government subjected these centres to a lot of harassment as they were becoming centres of new radical thinking. By 1940 many communists had joined the AMS and they insisted on taking up other demands of the rural people like end to vetti, land reforms, oppression by doras etc. Some of the old leaders of the AMS disagreed and wanted it to continue as educational and literary forum. Soon the radical elements gained leadership and a new movement of the peasants started.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 8th Lesson Impact of Technology on Livelihoods Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 8th Lesson Impact of Technology on Livelihoods

8th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson Impact of Technology on Livelihoods Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Narahari created the following list of activities where technology is not used. Do you agree with him? If not, prove him wrong.
a) While singing a song
b) While cooking idli
c) While performing drama on the stage
d) While making garland for sale
Answer:
I do not agree with Narahari. I think his words are wrong.
Technology is the practical application of knowledge in our everyday lives that leads to a new product or an improvement in the way something works or how something is done. There is no question of this and that. It is useful in all the activities.

Question 2.
Describe how the situation of labour has changed in powerlooms and mills. Do you think this change is beneficial to the labourers or to the owner? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Textile mills have a large number of workers. They have workers’ unions or labourer unions. These unions fight for their rights and their better conditions. Powerlooms are small units. Compared to mills, powerlooms pay a very low salary. While mills pay workers monthly salary, workers in powerlooms are paid on piece rate basis. If there is any powercut, powerloom workers are not given salaries. Trade unions do not exist in most powerloom clusters. They have no pensions or other social security provisions.
Due to these reasons, we can say that this change is beneficial to the owners.

Question 3.
What are the advantages of using CHs? Who benefits most? Why do farmers use CH?
Answer:
Advantages of using CHs:

1. CH harvests the crop, threshes and cleans the grian from chaff.
2. Use of CH helps in timely harvest of paddy. It takes less time, reduces the crop loss and helps farmers to tackle the peak time labour shortage.
3. It also saves from vagaries of weather in coastal regions of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
4. The farmers are able to sow the second crop without much delay.
5. Their dependency on labourers is also reduced.
   The farmers benefit most.
   Due to excess benefits by using CH, the farmers are using these CHs.

Question 4.
Changes in technology lead to changes in job opportunities. Do you agree with this statement? Why?
Answer:
I agree with this statement.
Reason: Technology with skills creates new jobs.
e.g.: Many landline companies and mobile companies were started. These companies export these phones to many countries.
It created new jobs for young people to work in multi-national companies, producing mobile handsets, telephone booths, mobile sales, repair and recharge/top-up shops.

Question 5.
Prabhavathi feels that it is true that telephone technology has changed. She feels that new jobs are available to only educated persons. She also says that many people in India are not literate and hence modern technology is always biased to the educated. Do you agree with her? Give your reasons.
Answer:
I don’t agree with Prabhavathi.
Technology changed as she said, but it is useful to all. e.g.: Now fishermen, rickshaw pullers etc., are using cell phones.
With a minimum educational qualification so many are working as mechanics and technicians. Skill is needed in some works and technology instead of education.

Question 6.
In this chapter, changes in technology in three sectors are discussed. In the following table identify a different example for each of these sectors that is not discussed here:

Answer:

Question 7.
Read the paragraph under the heading “New Skills and New Jobs” and answer the following:

Many private companies including the government-owned ones provide both landline and mobile connections. Private companies continue to expand their share in the telecommunication services. Many companies are being established in India to manufacture handsets. These companies are now exporting to more than 80 countries around the world. The telephone/ mobile technology also came up with the need for new skills. It created new jobs for young people to work in multinational companies, producing mobile handsets, telephone booths, mobile sales, repair and recharge/ top-up shops.

What are the newly created jobs for young people in your area?
Answer:
Work in multinational companies, producing mobile handsets, telephone booths, mobile sales repair and recharge/top up shops are the newly created jobs for young people in our area.

Question 8.
Locate the following in the world map:
1) England 2) USA 3) India
Answer:

Question 9.
The people live in forest and adjacent to forest cannot afford to use latest technology. What measures do you suggest for improving their lives?
Answer:
We should not think using technology is only as improvement. The people living in forest and adjacent to forest are living in Nature’s lap. They are living in groups. All the blood relations live mostly in the same group. So they may not need phones or technology. The government should introduce technology to them. It should create better conditions to improve their lives. Then only they can lead an improvised life.

Project work

Mallaiah is a farmer in Sripuram village. There are about 100 houses in the village. Today all the work like planting, weeding, harvesting, spraying pesticides and fertilisers is done by machines. In olden days, it was all done manually. There are more than 33 tractors and about 15 harvesters available in his village. A few of them are given on hire. The owners of the tractors charge Rs. 300 per hour for tilling the fields. More and more farmers are now using these machines in their fields. Based on this information, create a wall paper with illustrations and possible discussions between different groups of people in the village.

Answer:
Wall Paper
a) Mr. Mallalah: I need a tractor on hire
Tractor Owner: How many acres to be ploughed?
Mr. Mallaiah: 3 acres.
Tractor Owner: For one hour, Rs. 300. When do you need?
Mr. Mallaiah: Today only.
Tractor Owner: I already agreed for others.
Mr. Mallaiah: I pay Rs. 400 per acre
Tractor Owner: 0k. I will send traàtor by evening.

b) Tractor Owner: Tractor is under repair.
Mechanic: What is the problem?
Tractor Owner: Tractor’s wheel is caught. It is not working.
Mechanic: Tractor lost bearings. It will cost Rs.1000/-
Tractor Owner: 0k repair it. I have many works.
Mechanic: Not now, by evening I will do it.

c) Old Man: In our days we used to do all these works manually.
Young man: What are the works?
Old Man: Sowing, ploughing and transplanting.
Young man: Today we need not do all works.
Old Man: Yes, you all have machines.

d) Farmer: Mastri, I need 30 labourers.
Mastri: For what work?
Farmer: For harvesting.
Mastri: Now we are not doing all these works.
Farmer: Why?
Mastrl: Now combined harvesters is going on.
Farmer: Is it available!
Mastri: Our charges are high it will be ready by tomorrow morning.
Farmer: I cant pay so much for labourers. I will wait for combined harvester.

8th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson Impact of Technology on Livelihoods InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the advantages of using CH (Combined Harvester) in agricultural production? Make a list from the above text. (Textbook Page No. 94)
Answer:
Advantages of using CH in agricultural production:

1. CH is one of the important machines used for paddy harvest.
2. It harvests the crop, threshes and cleans the grain from chaff.
3. It helps in timely harvest of paddy.
4. It takes less time, reduces the crop loss and helps farmers to tackle the peak time labour shortage.
5. It also saves the crop from the vagaries of weather in coastal regions of Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
6. The farmers were able to sow the second crop.
7. Their dependency on labour is also reduced.

Question 2.
List the jobs lost by agricultural labourers when Combined Harvesters are used. (Textbook Page No. 94)
Answer:
They lose the jobs of harvesting the crop, threshing and cleaning the grains from chaff when CHs are used.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks: (Textbook Page No. 97)
i) The production of cloth is classified into four categories as mill, handlooms ———– and ———–.
ii) ———– state had the largest number of handlooms in 1988.
iii) ———– state had the largest number in 2009.
iv) Which state had the lowest number of handlooms in 2009?
v) The ———– pays the worker a salary while the ———– pays the workers on ———– rate.
Answer:
i) hosieries; powerlooms.
ii) Tamilnadu
iii) Tamilnadu
iv) Punjab
v) mill, powerloom, piece

Question 4.
Do you think it is appropriate to use CHs in India where a large section of people working in agriculture as labourers, are poor, and there is so much problem of rural unemployment? (Textbook Page No. 94)
Answer:
We can think in two angles about this problem.
We can say that it is not appropriate by keeping the following in view:

1. Rural unemployment
2. More dependency on agriculture. They may lose their livelihood.
3. While keeping the development of the country in view – it is appropriate.

Extensive farm mechanisation is widely prevalent in developed countries. These human resources can be used in other sectors by providing various job opportunities. This helps the development of the country.

Question 5.
In this chapter, we saw the photos of many women engaged in technology. Many of them like the one above does not have an Engineering degree. Conduct a debate in classroom what biases/ stereotypes exist about women getting educated as engineers. (Textbook Page No. 99)
Answer:
“Women education brightens the future”. Degree is an acknowledgement to their knowledge. There are so many skilled persons in many areas without qualifications, e.g.: The village farmers have more knowledge than agricultural graduates.
If the women acquire Engineering graduation, they will get higher positions. They educate their families. They lead their families and nation to development.

Question 6.
Who were the contributors to this industrial revolution? (Textbook Page No. 90)
Answer:

These persons were contributors to this industrial revolution.

Question 7.
Find out the story of the first steam engine. How did this lead to establishment of Railways in India? (Textbook Page No. 91)
Answer:
Steam Engines were used to pump water out of mines in England when James Watt was born. The discovery that steam could be harnessed and made to work is not credited to James Watt. We do not know that exactly who made that discovery, but we do know that the ancient Greeks had crude steam engines. James Watt however is credited with inventing the first practical steam engine. And so the history of the modern steam engine often begins with James Watt.
There were no railway lines in India upto 1850. It was almost 100 years to the British. Colonial rule in India. They need transport facilities in this vast country. So they inaugurated the first railway line in 1853 which ran from Bombay to Thana. Since then the distance is reduced in India.

Question 8.
It is argued that new jobs can be created in rural areas through infrastructure works. Link roads, tanks, bunds etc., can be created through labour intensive schemes. If you live in rural area, find out if any such activities are being done and discuss if these will suffice the livelihoods of the people there. (Textbook Page No. 94)
Answer:
A few years back the then government introduced a scheme ‘Food for Work’. Many works were undertaken in our village. Digging out soil from ‘Cheruvus’ is one of those works. They used this soil to lay roads. They used quarry dust also in laying roads. Digging drainage canals was also a work in this scheme. But the labourers were given ‘rice’ instead of money.
One cannot lead their life only with rice. So they started exchanging the rice with money. As a result the purpose of the scheme got sidetracked. Even then we can say that this scheme helped the labourers in rural areas. These are helpful to them in non-crop season.

Question 9.
How have computers changed the life around you? (Textbook Page No. 91)
Answer:
Computers have changed our lives in many different ways and aspects. Almost everyone depends on computers. People depend on computers for bank transactions, bus reservations etc. People may not even leave the houses for shopping. Meetings and tele conferrences are also conducted by using computers and internet.

Question 10.
Did you see solar energy being used in your neighbourhood, town or city? Make a short list. Why is this source of energy not used even more widely? Discuss. (Textbook Page No. 91)
Answer:
We live in Sai Sri Nilaya apartments in S.N. Puram, near (Boys) Z.P. High school in Vijayawada. We use solar water heaters in our apartment. On the roof of our apartment, there are many solar panels. We get hot water throughout the day. But to get them we have to waste some cold water. The following solar instruments are used by our neighbours.

1. Solar heaters.
2. Solar lanterns / lamps.
3. Solar cookers.
4. Solar stoves.
5. Solar batteries/inverters

The reason for not using them widely:

1. Installation Price: Cost of installing solar technology is too expensive.
2. Variable sunlight: Inconsistency of Sunshine throughout the year.
3. An aesthetic appeal: The opinions of the people who think solar panels look ugly.
4. Day purpose only: They can be used only in daytime only.
5. Clouds: If it is cloudy, we get less amount of energy.

Question 11.
In many villages, agricultural labourers, women labourers, in particular, were found to be upset seeing the operation of CH. Why? (Textbook Page No. 94)
Answer:
The operation of CH lessens the work opportunities and income to the agricultural labourers, particularly women labourers. This machine does almost all the works of women labourers. If this machine is used widely, they lose their livelihood. So, they were found upset.

Question 12.
Find out the current rates of phone calls and discuss reasons for the difference in the rates for between companies and why they are decreasing? (Textbook Page No. 99)
Answer:
At present the rates were very low.
For e.g.:

Some phones are giving free offers to some selected numbers.
Every company is planning to increase their connections. So they are decreasing their rates. So the differences occur in rates.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 11th B Lesson National Movement: The Last Phase 1919-1947 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 11th Lesson National Movement: The Last Phase 1919-1947

8th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson National Movement: The Last Phase 1919-1947 Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Create a table to show the various efforts of Gandhiji in the national movement.

Answer:

Question 2.
The national movement fought all attempts of the British government to deny democratic freedom and rights of the people. Give examples of the rights which the government tried to curtail and the movement launched against it.
Answer:

1. In 1919 the British introduced and passed the Rowiatt Act. The act curbed the fundamental rights of citizens and strengthened police powers.
   The National leaders declared 6-4-1919 “the day of humiliation and prayer” and hartal, Satyagraha sabhas were set up to launch the movement.
2. In 1920 the British imposed a harsh treaty on the Turkish Sultan or Khalifa.
   The nationalist leaders and Muslim League opposed this as Punjab wrongs’ and ‘Khilafat wrong’ and demanded swaraj. They announced Non-Cooperation movement.
3. The British government decided to convert Chirala-Perala into a municipality. They forced high taxes. The people refused, under the leadership of Duggirala Gopalakrishnayya, to pay the taxes. They migrated to a new settlement called Ramnagar and remained there for eleven months.
4. The Britishers imposed tax on ‘Common salt’. The nationalists opposed this and started civil disobedience movement.
   Thus the Indian Nationalists opposed all the negative activities of the British government.

Question 3.
To what extent was the Salt Satyagraha successful in its objectives? Give your assessment.
Answer:
A wave of enthusiasm swept the country during the Salt Satyagraha. Sait laws were broken at many places and even women took part in the Civil Disobedience Movement. In Delhi alone, 1600 women were imprisoned. This movement was not confined to the Salt Satyagraha alone. Foreign-cloth shops and liquor shops were picketed and were burned. Hand spinning was taken up as a movement. British schools, colleges, and services were boycotted. The people joined in large numbers in this movement.

The combined struggles of the Indian people bore fruit when the Government of India Act of 1935 prescribed provincial autonomy and the government announced elections to the provincial legislatures in 1937.
Thus it was successful in its objectives.

Question 4.
Which of the following was part of the national movement?
a. Picketing shops that sell foreign clothes
b. Hand spinning thread to weave clothes
c. Burning imported clothes d. Wearing khaddar
e. All the above
Answer:
e) All the above

Question 5.
What were the different events that led to the partition?
Answer:

1. In 1940, the Muslim League had moved a resolution demanding the Independent States for Muslims.
2. From the late 1930s, the League began viewing the Muslims as a separate ‘nation’ from the Hindus.
3. The provincial elections of 1937 seemed to have convinced the League that Muslims were a minority and they would always have to play second fiddle in any democratic structure.
4. Muslim League sought to enlarge its support in the early 1940s when most Congress leaders were in jail.
5. At the end of the war in 1945, the British opened negotiations between the Congress, the League but failed.
6. In 1946 elections the Congress did well in the ‘Genera! Constituencies’ but the League’s success in the seats reserved for Muslims was spectacular. It persisted with its demand for “Pakistan”.
7. The Cripps Mission could not get the Congress and the Muslim League to agree to specific details of the proposal – the United India.
8. Muslim League announced 16th August, 1946 as ‘Direct Action Day’. By March, 1947 violence spread to different parts of northern India.
9. Louis Mountbatten was not able to resolve the differences between the Muslim League and the Congress Party.
10. India became independent on 15th August, 1947 while Pakistan celebrated its independence on 14th August.

Question 6.
Look at the India map and fill colors in Pakistan and Bangladesh which are our adjacent countries.
Note: The students are advised to fill colours in Pakistan and Bangladesh in practise.
Answer:
Both Pakistan and Bangladesh are our neighbouring countries.

Question 7.
Read the first paragraph under the heading ‘The Happenings of 1922-1929’ and answer this, ‘Gandhiji called off the movement after the violence. How do you support it?
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation Movement held in February 1922 turned violent. A crowd of peasants set fire to a police station in Chauri Chaura. Twenty-two policemen were killed on that day. Realizing that the situation was going bad to worse, Gandhiji abruptly called off the movement.

Gandhiji followed non-violence and Satyagraha. Those were against this violence. Hence I support Gandhiji’s decision.

Question 8.
As a part of Non-Cooperation movement, what incidents took place in our state?
Answer:
Guntur district was at the centre of nationalist activity and the participation was very widespread including not only students, but also merchants and peasants in the villages. A highlight of the Non-Cooperation movement was the famous Chirala Perala movement. The government decided to convert this town into a municipality and forced high taxes. About 15,000 people of the town led by Duggirala Gopalakrishnayya refused to pay the taxes and migrated to a new settlement called Ramnagar and remained there for eleven months. There was a powerful movement of non-payment of land revenue by the peasants and mass resignations of village officers. People said, “Gandhiji’s swaraj is coming and we will not pay taxes to this government.”

Another major development was the Forest Satyagraha in Palnati taluka of Guntur district and also in Rayachoti taluka of Kadapa district. Peasants began sending herds of cattle into the forests without paying grazing fees to the forest department. In many villages of Palnadu, people declared Gandhi Raj and attacked police parties. People were convinced that the colonial rule was coming to an end and the forests would be back in the control of the village people. In the two taluqs, the forest administration had to virtually close down during the agitation period.
These were some of the incidents that took place in our state as a part of Non-Cooperation movement.

Question 9.
Write a brief note on Quit India Movement.
Answer:

1. On 8th August, 1942 the Quit India Movement was launched.
2. In this movement all the categories of people from throughout India participated.
3. Younger activists organized strikes and acts of sabotage all over the country.
4. In several districts, such as Satara in the west and Medinipur in the east, “independent” governments were proclaimed.
5. The young in very large members, left their colleges to go to jail.
6. During this time Mahatma Gandhi addressed these memorable words to the Indian people. “Every one of you should from this movement onwards consider yourself a free man or woman and act as if you are free. I am not going to be satisfied with anything short of complete freedom. We shall “do or die”. We shall either free India or die in the attempt”. Like this he encouraged all people to participate in this movement. Due to the above reasons Quit India movement become popular.

Question 10.
Prepare a timeline chart on Freedom Struggle from 1885 to 1947.
Answer:

Question 11.
Did the fruits of sacrifices of many great leaders of Independence movement reach all the people? Mention your opinion on this.
Answer:
My opinion: I think that the fruits of sacrifices of many great leaders of independence movement reached all the people in the early period after independence. But it is sorry to say that the spirit of independence is hanged at present.
Reasons:

1. corruption
2. violence
3. lack of belongingness etc.

8th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson National Movement: The Last Phase 1919-1947 InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you think it is right to give the police such powers to suppress revolts? (Textbook Page No. 130)
Answer:
Terrorism and showing anger through demonstrations are two delicate issues. The police should recognise the tenderness and difference between these two. Then only it is right to give such powers.

Question 2.
Find out more about Chirala Perala Movement and the Forest Satyagraha. Prepare a skit and enact it in the class. (Textbook Page No. 132)
Answer:

Independence Movement -1919

Ram Nagar Camp (Chirala I Perala)
Ramudu: Arey! Raja, why did you leave our village?
Raja: Not only myself, totally our Chirala / Perala villagers left our village.
Sekhar: What? I think this ¡s our fate, we have to leave our houses.
Yaswanth: That is not our fate. That is the fate of the Britishers. They tried to raise our tax Rs. 4000/- to Rs. 40,000/-. It is really a cruel action.
Ramudu: Leave it. Gandhiji gave us a beautiful idea.
Raja: Yes ra! His idea, the leadership of Duggirala Gopalakrishnayya are very well. Let us hope that these British will leave us soon.
Yaswanth: Are you right? Will they leave us?
Sekhar: Why do they leave us? They arrest us for our retort.
Raja: Let them do that. We will sacrifice our lives but we dont leave them.
All: Okay ra! Let us do like that.

Gandhiji – Jai
Duggirala – Jai
Bharat Matha – Jai
Jai – Jai

1921 – Forest Satyagraha
Mono Action
Kanneganti Hanumanthu – Palnati Warrior
Age: 30 years
In Palnati Forest

Orey Britishoda ! Who is the person that asked us to pay pullari tax. We, the sons of this land, you, the dependent on this land. Why should we pay tax to you ? Is it just ? Is it Dharma? Do you think that the son of this Palnadu will do this – English dogs.

Orey Rutherford! This forest is our mother. Our own mother. Why should we pay you for our mother’s blessings.
Neeru pettava ? Naru vesava ? Kota kosava ? Kuppa nurchava ? Enduku kattalira sistu, Enduku kattalira neeku sistu.
Enduku, Enduku ?
Amma, Amma, if you kill me ….
Amma – Thousands of Hanumanthus will born ….
You, the Britishers, will be chased – chased and necked out of our country.
Amma-Amma Vande Mataram.
Vande Mataram.
Ammaaa
Bharatha Matha – Selav.
In the next birth also I will be your son – I will play in freedom.
Van … de … maa …. tar.. am.
…. (died)….

Question 3.
Why do you think were people against such laws during the freedom movement? (Textbook Page No. 180)
Answer:

1. Most of the police and higher officials were Britishers at that time.
2. It was most difficult for the people to been the dictatorship.
3. Introducing such laws at that time was like pouring ghee into the fire. So they were against such laws.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 7th Lesson Money and Banking Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 7th Lesson Money and Banking

8th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson Money and Banking Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Fill in the following table with some examples of transactions.

Answer:

Question 2.
Can there be any difficulties or disadvantages in keeping money in a bank? Think and write.
Answer:
There will be no problems in keeping money in a bank. But there may be problems due to computers, ATMs and the negligence of employes, e.g.:

1. Many problems may arise while withdrawing amount from ATMs.
2. Deducting the EMis of loans twice a month by overlook.
3. Blocking the accounts.

Question 3.
In what ways have cheques made exchange of money more convenient?
Answer:
Nowadays cheques are widely used for making payments and receiving money. When you want to give money to someone, you write a cheque on that person’s name. When you want to send money to someone who lives in a different place, you can send a cheque to her by post. You can also use your cheque to transfer money electronically into the other person’s account through a bank. For business purposes, where money is frequently received and paid, cheques are very important as a medium for transactions.

Thus cheques have made exchange of money more convenient.

Question 4.
Only a part of the total deposits is kept as cash in the bank-safe. Why is this so and how does this benefit the bank ?
Answer:
Banks keep only a part of the total deposits as cash in the bank of safe. This is so because it helps the daily cash transactions of the bank.
The banks lend the remaining amount to their customers on interest. Thus the banks earn profits.

Question 5.
If a very large number of account – holders do not wish to keep their money in the bank, how will it affect the bank s working?
Answer:
If a large number of account – holders do not wish to keep their money in the bank.
This affects the reserves of a bank.
The bank cannot lend loans to customers. This affects their income. As a result it is impossible to run a bank.

Question 6.
If many loans are written off (that is, borrowers are not required to pay back the money), how will this affect the working of the bank?
Answer:
A bank is a business enterprise. It has to pay interest to its depositors, pay salary to its employees, has to buy and maintain equipment, pay rent and bear all the cost of running a bank and also make profit.
If the loans are written off, the bank cannot perform all these activities. So the banks cannot write off the loans. In any case if the government writes off the loans, then the government should bear the losses.

Question 7.
People have to pay a higher interest on loans than the interest they receive on a fixed deposit for the same time-period. Why do you think this is so?
Answer:

1. Bank trade with money.
2. Fixed deposits means money that is to be kept with the bank for agreed and specified period. When one has to disturb this arrangement, he has to pay penalty for the same.
3. Hence banks charge more interest on fixed deposit loans than what they give.
4. An other important aspect is discouraging loans on fixed deposits.
5. Not only that, the banks should reach number of expenses such as payment of salaries to its employees, has to buy and maintain equipments, pay rents and bear all the cost of running a bank and also make profit. That’s why we should pay more interest on loans.

Question 8.
Suppose this year the rains are poor and the crop yield is only half as much as was originally expected. Some people say that if this happens the farmers should be asked to pay back only half the amount they have taken as loans. However, other people say that full amount should be repaid, keeping in view the next year’s crop. In your opinion, what should the bank do and why?
Answer:

1. Whatever the situation, normally banks ask for full payment of loan.
2. When there is a crop failure or less yield, farmers are unable to repay their loans.
3. In such situation banks have to reschedule the repayment procedure and has to provide crop loans to the farmers for the next season.
4. Government shall support the farmers by waiving interest component and directing the banks to provided necessary loans for next crop.

Question 9.
Read the Paragraph under the header ‘Types of Loans’ and answer the following question:
Types of Loans
Banks give loans and advances to different sections of the public like traders, industrialists, students (educational loans), farmers, artisans, SHG, etc. Let us examine some of them.
“What sort of loans are more common in your area?”
Answer:

1. Crop loans
2. Housing loans
3. SHG loans

Question 10.
Do you feel that the loans taken from SHGs are helpful to the members? How?
Answer:
These are very useful to them.

1. They need not ensure the bank with securities.
2. The group will ensure that loans are paid back by its members.
3. Interest is also nominal.
4. The loan can be repaid in easy monthly installments.

8th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson Money and Banking InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Are you aware of any exchanges that are done without money?
Answer:
I know about Barter System. In this system goods are directly exchanged for each other without the use of money.

Question 2.
You may have bought things in exchange of old clothes, plastic, newspapers, hair, paddy, etc. Discuss the transaction. (Textbook Page No. 77)
Answer:

1. Old clothes : We usually exchange old clothes with steel utensils. This depends mostly on the seller.
2. Plastic and Newspapers : We usually exchange these with onion traders. He gives 11/2 kg onions for 1 kg plastic or newspaper.
3. Hair: They offer money for hair.
4. Paddy: In our village paddy is exchanged for services rendered by washerman, barber etc.

Question 3.
Complete the following table:
a)

b) What can we conclude from the above table?
(Textbook Page No. 78)
Answer:
a)

b)

1. Trading between these three people is impossible.
2. Gopal needs rice. Srinu does not need goat.
3. Money helps this transaction.

Question 4.
Explain in your own words why exchange is not possible between Gopal and Seenu. (Textbook Page No. 78)
Answer:
Gopal needs rice. Seenu has rice. But he doesn’t need goat. He needs wheat. So the transaction between Gopal and Srinu is not possible.

Question 5.
a) Will the use of money help? Fill in the blanks. (Textbook Page No. 78)
Answer:
The use of money helps this type of transaction.
b) If Gopal exchanges for money, his goat with —–(i)—– then Gopal uses this —–(ii)—– to buy rice from —–(iii)—– Now —–(iv)—– can use this money to buy —–(v)—– from Seenu.
Answer:
i) Seenu
ii) money
iii) Ramu
iv) Ramu
v) wheat

Question 6.
Ask your parents how washermen, barbers, neeti kaavalikaru were paid for their work in villages and towns. (Textbook Page No. 78)
Answer:
Nowadays they are paid money only. But 15 years back our parents paid them in the form of paddy.

Question 7.
How can money be used in the transactions between Gopal, Seenu and Ramu ?
Explain with the help of a flow chart. (Textbook Page No. 78)
Answer:

Gopal should sell his goat for money.
↓
He should purchase rice with that.
↓
Seenu should sell wheat for money.
↓
He should purchase goat with that.
↓
Ramu should sell rice for money.
↓
He should purchase wheat with that.

Question 8.
If the role of money as described above were stated as a medium of exchange, would you agree? Explain. (Textbook Page No. 78)
Answer:
Yes, I agree with the above statement. In the barter system the calculation of valuation is not logical and scientific. So I agree with this.

Question 9.
For how much rice should Gopal exchange his goat? (Textbook Page No. 78)
Answer:
This depends on the demand of goat. If the demand is high, the rice should be in the quantity demanded by Gopal. Otherwise he should accept the offer of the seller.

Question 10.
In a barter system how do you pay to a person who cuts your hair? Discuss. (Textbook Page No. 79)
Answer:
In barter system I give one kg of rice to the person who cuts my hair. At present the price of one kg of rice is Rs.30/-. The rate of hair cut is also equal to it.

Question 11.
In the above example, complete the conversation, so that they are able to trade. (Textbook Page No. 79)
Gopal: How many bags of rice will you give for this goat?
Seetaiah: Two bags.
Gopal: I was offered 4 bags for it in other village.
Seetaiah: And I can get a goat for just one bag in that village.
Gopal: ……………………………………..
Seetaiah: …………………………………….
Answer:
Gopal: I can give this at least for 3 bags.
Seetaiah: Okay. Take it.

Question 12.
If money was not used by you or any of the traders in your santhalu or weekly market what would happen? Describe in a paragraph. (Textbook Page No. 79)
Answer:
Nowadays money is mostly used as medium of exchange. No one can decide the value of the commodities. Employees and other workers have money only for exchange. The conditiion is unpredictable.

Question 13.
Do you think money can act as a measure of value of goods and services? Explain.
(Textbook Page No. 79)
Answer:
Yes, money can act as a measure of value of goods and services. Public services and private services can be measured. But we cannot and should not measure the values of services of our parents and blood relations.
e.g.: Public Services : Transportation – APSRTC
Medical facilities – Government hospitals.
Private Services : Transportation – Private buses
Medical facilities – Private hospitals

Question 14.
Can you think of situations when this trust of the goldsmith could break? (Textbook Page No. 82)
Answer:
The trust of the goldsmith could break in the following situations:

1. debasing the coins
2. maintaining difference in the quality of coins
3. fail to give the coins whenever they asked
4. and any action of cheating

Question 15.
What was the problem faced by the traders in Amsterdam and how did they find a way out? (Textbook Page No. 82)
Answer:
Amsterdam was a major trading centre in Europe. Here, there were 846 silver and gold coins recognised by the government that could be accepted for exchange. However, traders were always suspicious of each other – everyone would doubt the purity and weight of these coins. The merchants of Amsterdam got together and solved this problem in a unique manner. They created a bank owned by the city.

Question 16.
Draw the picture of a bank cheque in your notebook and pay Rs.1,50,000/- to your friend sitting next to you. (Textbook Page No. 84)
Answer:

Question 17.
a) If Suresh Babu wants to deposit 1,75,000, electronically into Kancharla Sujatha’s account through his bank, how can this be done ?
b) What more information would he require ? Visit a bank and find out. (Textbook Page No. 84)
Answer:
a) This can be done through NEF transfers. According to this process any account holder can transfer to another account holder of any other bank in the country without any charges. The maximum limit is Rs.2,00,000.
b) For this she needs the account number, name of the receiver, branch name and city of Sujatha.

Question 18.
Discuss and make a list of the payments that people make electronically without using a cheque. (Textbook Page No. 84)
Answer:
People can make payments electronically without using cheques by using internet.

1. Sale and purchase of goods
2. Raising capitals
3. Repaying debts
4. Paying electricity and Phone bills
5. Transfer of money
6. Paying income tax
7. Paying house taxes etc.

Question 19.
What is the difference between a savings account and a current account? (Textbook Page No. 84)
Answer:
Savings account: The savings account holders are mostly employees and common people. They get interest on their amount in the account. Money wil be safe. The account holder can withdraw it at any time he/she wants. The bank promises to pay on demand. Current Account : Business people and traders maintain this account. There are no restrictions on the number of times you can deposit or withdraw the money from a current account. Transactions can be made by way of cheque. The bank does not pay any interest on money deposited in a current account but will collect service charges.

Question 20.
Match the statement in column A with the word(s) / terms in column B. (Textbook Page No. 86)

Answer:
a-iv, b-i, c-v, d-ii, e-iii

Question 21.
When should one opt fixed deposits for savings? (Textbook Page No. 86)
Answer:
The money invested in fixed deposits should not be withdrawn in the given period. Then only one can use fixed deposits for savings.

Question 22.
How is an SHG loan different from an individual loan? (Textbook Page No. 88)
Answer:
One should mortgage one’s property when he/she takes individual loan. The SHG will ensure that loans are paid back by its members. They need not mortgage any asset.

Question 23.
a) Hari cultivates vegetables like tomatoes, okra, green leaves etc. He wants to buy fertiliser after three months. He can’t keep these vegetables with him to pay for the fertiliser after three months. If he does not use money what arrangement will he get into with the person supplying fertilisers?
b) Do you find any such arrangements in villages around you?
c) Many a times farmers may not benefit from such arrangements. Discuss. (Textbook Page No. 79)
Answer:
a) Hari should sell his vegetables to the trader of fertilisers. Then in future he can get the fertilisers for the same rate. Thus they should enter into an agreement.
b) We have no such arrangements in our village.
c) These arrangements are beneficial to the farmers. Values differ in different seasons. So government should plan the substitutes.

Question 24.
Have you ever been inside a bank? What are the names of some banks you know? (Textbook Page No. 82)
Answer:
Yes. I have visited the banks many times.
Names of Banks:

1. Kotak Mahindra
2. State Bank of India
3. Andhra Bank
4. Indian Bank
5. Vijaya Bank
6. Dena Bank
7. Kanakadurga Grameena Bank

Question 25.
If you step inside a Bank, you will find some employees sitting at different counters with their computers/ ledgers and dealing with the customers. You can also observe people depositing money at some counters and withdrawing money at other counters. There is one cabin where the manager sits. What do these bank employees do? (Textbook Page No. 82)
Answer:
My name is Subba Rao. Once I went to the State Bank of India branch in Mudinepalli One gentleman sat inside a cabin. There is a name plate before him.

ANASINGARAJU VENKATA CHALAPATHI RAO – B.M.

He was going through some documents and discussing with some others. My mother came there to withdraw some amount. She filled up the withdrawal form and handed over it to the person in counter no. 2. The person in the counter verified the form and the book. He signed it and gave us a token no. 4. We waited there for sometime. In the meanwhile one known person Sri K. Yagnaiah came there and deposited some amount. He wished my mother and went away. Rama Krishna, my brother’s friend, came to the bank to open a new account. He was enquiring about it. Bank people were drafting D.D.s, verifying accounts, opening new accounts and helping the locker holders etc. After 40 minutes there was a call from No. 6 counter. We went to the counter and took our money. I was told by my mother that the Manager looks after the bank management issues and any other problems.

Question 26.
Read the promise on paper notes used today. Who is making the promise and to whom? Why is this important? Discuss. (Textbook Page No. 82)
Answer:
I find the following promise on the hundred rupee note.

“I PROMISE TO PAY THE BEARER THE SUM ON ONE HUNDRED RUPEES.”
– GOVERNOR.

This promise is given by the Reserve Bank Governor, Dr. Raghuram Rajan. This promise is given to the owner of the note. Without this promise this note can be treated as a paper. So this is important.

Question 27.
Visit a commercial bank which is near to your locality and fill up the following table. (Textbook Page No. 88)

Answer:

Question 28.
Why were metals preferred for use as money? (Textbook Page No. 80)
Answer:
Copper, bronze, silver and gold are durable, can be divided into parts and be carried around Since they were scarce they became acceptable by all. So the metals were preferred for use as money.

Question 29.
Do you think minting of coins was a good idea? (Textbook Page No. 80)
Answer:
Yes, I think so. But the quality and measurement should be perfect as per norms.

Question 30.
In what ways would minting of coins benefit the rulers? Can you think of three different reasons? (Textbook Page No. 80)
Answer:

1. The trade transactions in their kingdom will be perfect. This strengthens their treasury.
2. Minting coins is an industry. The income through this also strengthens their treasury.
3. They print their favourite designs on the coins. This act enables the future generation to know about the interest of the past people.
   Eg. : If we find any musical instrument on the coin, it tells us that they were the lovers of music.

Question 31.
Why do the receipts of the goldsmith work as money? (Textbook Page No. 82)
Answer:
The goldsmiths charged fees for keeping their valuables safe and making them available whenever they wanted. This practice became popular and the trust in some of the goldsmiths or shroffs grew. These goldsmiths would also give loans and had branches in many cities leading to a new system of paper money or hundis. With the great confidence on the goldsmiths, the people treated the receipts as money.

Question 32.
Why is a crossed cheque safe? Discuss. (Textbook Page No. 84)
Answer:
The crossed cheque can be deposited and cashed in the account holder’s account only. No other person can cash it. This system can create confidence in the customers. Otherwise it can be misused.

Question 33.
Why do banks ask for security while lending? (Textbook Page No. 88)
Answer:
There is no personal relation and identification between the bank people and their customers. If the bank people failed to recollect the debts, it leads to bankrupt. So banks ask for security while lending.

Question 34.
Which is a better source of loans — banks or money lenders? Why? (Textbook Page No. 88)
Answer:
Banks are a better source of loans.
Reasons:

1. The Bank interest is nominal.
2. The loan can be paid in easy instalments.
3. If any customer fails to repay, the bank gives reasonable time for the repayment.

Question 35.
After two centuries, this bank collapsed. Can you guess what could have been the reasons for this? Discuss. (Textbook Page No. 82)
Answer:
Amsterdam Bank opened many branches in many European countries. It was called ‘Wissel Bank’ in Dutch. There was debasement problem in Dutch. It was often. Due to that the customers of the Bank usually repaid the coins of lesser values. So the customers were dissatisfied. As Dutch was a small country, the problem raises many times. Due to this the name of the bank was defamed.

The decline of the Bank accelerated with the fourth Anglo-Dutch war (1780-84). The British blockade of Holland and the capture of many Asian colonies put tremendous pressure on the Dutch East India Company. Loans were issued to all. The metallic stock of the bank was dropped from 20 million to 6 millions (1780-84). The French revolution led the bank towards failure. At last it was closed in 1819.

Question 36.
How would she (Geeta) withdraw the money from an ATM? (Textbook Page No. 82)
Answer:
1) Geeta would follow the instructions displayed on the screen of the ATM.

Instructions :
a) Insert the card/Remove the card
b) Feed the PIN number
c) Feed the amount, press ok
d) Take the money
e) Take the receipt
f) Press the ‘Clear’ Button
g) Leave the room
2) By following the given instructions Geetha would withdraw the money from an ATM.

Question 37.
What would she (Geeta) do if she went to her bank branch? (Textbook Page No. 82)
Answer:
She would stand in a queue for 30 to 40 minutes to get the amount. She had to fill the withdrawal slip and stand in the queue. When her turn comes she gives the slip and passbook in the counter. Then she gets token. After a few minutes she will be paid in another counter.

Question 38.
How much money will Manaswini get from her Fixed Deposit till five years, if the rate of interest is 8%? (Textbook Page No. 86)
Answer:
Manaswini gets Rs. 15000/- approximately after the period of 5 years.

Question 39.
Suppose she needs the money urgently for some medical treatment. Can she withdraw it from the Fixed Deposit at the bank? What will happen? (Textbook Page No. 86)
Answer:
She can withdraw her deposit whenever she wants. But she will not receive 8% of interest. She receives less percentage as per bank norms.

Question 40.
Will the same rate of interest be charged for all types of borrowers from a bank? (Textbook Page No. 87)
Answer:
The rate of interest changes from loan to loan.
For e.g.: They charge 8% on housing loans and 14% on personal loans.

Question 41.
What will happen if some borrowers do not repay the bank loan? (Textbook Page No. 87)
Answer:
The bank collects the loan from the guarantors or disposes the mortgage.
For e.g.: If any customer fails to repay the housing loan, the bank sells the house in auction. It takes the loan amount and gives the remaining amount to the customer.

Classroom Activity

Suppose you need Rs. 2,000. You fill a cheque and give it to your sister and send her to get the money in cash.
Answer:
Self cheque:

1. I will write a cheque for Rs. 2,000/- on my friend’s name and ask her to get cash from the bank.
2. I will sign on the down and back of the cheque.
3. I will give her instructions where to handover the cheque in the bank and how to receive cash in counter.
4. No need of any account to my friend in the bank.

Cross cheque: If I wrote an amount on cross cheque, my sister needs an account in any of the banks to change the check into cash.

Project
Question 1.
Visit a bank or invite a bank employee to the school and find out:
a) How to open a saving account in your name?
b) How are cheques cleared by the banks?
c) How do banks make NEFTransfers? (National Electronic Funds Transfer)
d) What security precautions are necessary for an ATM to work? What does the computer check?
e) Apart from cheques, people can also exchange money through Bank Drafts/online transaction etc. Find out.
f) For the person receiving the money, what is the advantage of online transaction compared to a cheque?
g)

Answer:
a) The person should take two photographs, address proof, income proof, personal identifi¬cation to the bank. He/she should fill the application form and get the introduction signa¬ture. He/she should handover these papers in the counter, his/her account can be opened.

b) Cheques are cleared by the banks in the Clearing Bank.

c) All the banks in the country are interconnected with computers and internet. A person can transfer a particular amount (less than 2,00,000/-) from his account to others account in other bank. This transaction can be done through NEFT. The Bank will not charge any rate for this.

d) Security precautions necessary, for an ATM to work :

1. Computer should be checked whether working properly or not.
2. Receipt system and printer should be checked.
3. The machine should understand the orders of the user.
4. The count of notes should be proper.
5. There must be a watchman.
6. A camera should be fixed in the ATM room.
7. In addition to the PIN number, a system should be improved which records the thumb prints. Computer checks the PIN number and balances in the accounts.

e) Yes, there are bank drafts and online transactions etc., to exchange money.
Drafts take sometime to be encashed. But online transactions take no time. One can withdraw the amount immediately after a click.

f) When compared to a cheque, online transaction is the best. The person can receive the money without any delay. But a cheque takes 2 to 4 days time to be encashed. So the receiver can save his time.

g)

Question 2.
Please visit www.rbi.org.in and read comics on financial inclusion / financial literacy themes.
Answer:
Student Activity.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 11th A Lesson National Movement: The Early Phase 1885-1919 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 11th Lesson National Movement: The Early Phase 1885-1919

8th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson National Movement: The Early Phase 1885-1919 Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Correct the false statements:
a. In the early phase of Indian National Congress it included only people from Bombay.
b. Indian industrialist began to establish companies in different parts of India.
c. People in India expected that India would become democratic after the First World War.
Answer:
a) In the early phase of Indian National Congress it included the intellectuals all over the Nation.
b) Swadeshi Movement gave tremendous impetus to Indian industry.
c) Everyone expected that the British would accept the just demands for democratic rule in India and bring in the constitutional reforms.

Question 2.
Write an imaginary dialogue between the extremist and moderate activists of Indian National Congress in the context of their a) main demands; and b) mode of mobilisation.
Answer:

Lucknow Meeting

Moderates: We will request them to increase our representation in our ‘Imperial Ligislative Council.
Extremists: Why should we request them ? Choice is ours. We need not request them. We should chose them and send out from our country.
Moderates: Let us agree it. But upto that we should pass our time. Our people should be in authority for our safety. So we are requesting to conduct civil services in our country.
Extremists: We cannot have independence with the policy of pray, petition and protest. We cannot get the support of our people also. Let us unite together and fight. Let us take the problem to the public. Let us have their support. We will neck out the British soon.
Moderates: Okay. We change our way as peoples’ way. Let us join our hands to them and have our independence.
All: “Vande Mataram” “Vande Mataram”.

Question 3.
After reading this chapter, Mariamma thinks that the early phase of national movement was largely participated by educated Indians. And many of their ideas were of western origin. Would you agree with her? Give reasons.
Answer:
Yes. I agree with her.
Reasons:

1. With the growth of English education in some major cities, a new consciousness, began to develop.
2. They opposed the inequalities and injustices of the old social system.
3. They pointed out the exploitation and injustice caused by the British rule and fought to end it. Thus they sprouted the nationalism in the minds of common people.

Question 4.
Why was it important to understand the economic impact of British rule in India?
Answer:
It was important to understand the economic impact of British rule in India to understand

1. how they were draining our resources.
2. how our crafts lost their status.
3. the reasons for our poverty.

Question 5.
What do you understand by swadeshi? What were the major areas of its impact?
Answer:
I understood Swadeshi ‘as goods produced in our own country’.
The major areas of its impact were:

1. Political
2. Social
3. Industrial
4. Foreign trade
5. Spiritual
6. Business (national trade)
7. Education
8. Cultural
9. Judicial

Question 6.
How did different parts of the country and people respond to division of Bengal ?
Answer:
One major trigger for the movement was the proposal for partition of Bengal into East and West Bengal in 1903 by Lord Curzon. The Nationalists immediately saw this as a political act by the government to divide the Bengali people and also weaken the national movement. Even the ordinary people of Bengal were enraged by this act and took to streets to protest against it. There were massive protests, petitions and campaigns but they were not heeded to and the government partitioned Bengal in 1905. Several protest meetings were held and together they decided to boycotting English cloth and salt. There was a tremendous mass response to this call. Boycott and public burning of foreign cloth, picketing of shops selling foreign goods became common in remote corners of Bengal as well as in many important towns and cities throughout the country. Women refused to wear foreign bangles and use foreign utensils, washermen refused to wash foreign clothes and even priests declined offerings which contained foreign sugar. This spontaneous unity of diverse social groups was the basis of Indian nationalism. The early nationalists were successful in germinating this nationalism.
There was also a call for boycott of all government institutions like schools, colleges, courts etc. People set up Swadeshi schools and colleges and parallel courts in which they settled their mutual disputes. Thus the people responded to division of Bengal.

Question 7.
Locate the following in map India:

1. Calcutta (Kolkata)
2. Madras (Chennai)
3. Bombay (Mumbai)
4. Lucknow

Answer:

Question 8.
Locate the following in the World map:

1. Britain
2. France
3. Russia
4. Germany

Answer:

Question 9.
A few leaders like Gandhiji, Tilak, Subhash Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh sacrificed their lives for the sake of our nation.
What would have happened, if they did not do so?
Answer:
The British would have plundered our nation’s wealth more and more. The people of our country would have been suffered as slaves under the British rule and India would have become a very poor country.

Question 10.
Are there any movements taken place in your region recently? Why?
Answer:
Recently ‘Jai Andhra’ movement took place in our region on the occasion of separating Telangana from Andhra Pradesh.
Reasons:

1. Regional imbalances
2. Political ill healthness
3. Lack of broad outlook

Project

Question 1.
Collect photos of national leaders who participated in freedom struggle and prepare an album. Make a report on it and present in the class.
Answer:
Report :

1. The National Movement in India was an important epoch in the history of India and it helped to weld diverse people and sections of society into one nation. Ail the sections came together to not only fight aganist the British rule but also to build a new country.
2. The seeds of a new consciousness were sown in the second half of 19th century.
3. The educated Indians, after understanding the nature of British rule and enter into free-dom movement.
4. The early leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, W.C Banerjee, etc, they realised that the unity of all people could be built only by accommodating the special requirements of different regions and religious communities of India.
5. The famous leaders they left their jobs and families and move throughout the country given speeches and create awareness about Indian Independence and to send out the British from India.
6. They promote democratic ideas among the people.
7. They gave call for Swadeshi and boycott for foreign goods.
8. After First World War they raised their voice against British and started movements very actively.
9. Like this so many of our leaders participated in the freedom movement and sacrifice their lives and given a great freedom for us now we are enjoying that.
10. If they did not sacrifice their lives for the sake of our nation, then we would not have achieved freedom from the British rule and would have continued to be their slaves till date.

8th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson National Movement: The Early Phase 1885-1919 InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Imagine yourself as a student participating in a burning of foreign cloth. Describe what all would have happened on that day and your feelings at that time. (Textbook Page No. 126)
Answer:
My name is Sarath Chandra Chatterji. I was studying B.A. – I year in Calcutta College. Britishers occupied our country. They were trying to cut it into pieces as a cake. Till now we, the Indians, are in faith of Law of ‘Karma’. But we wanted to teach them a lesson. We planned to burn the foreign goods in our area.

It is our centre. The roads were clear upto 2 p.m. But all of sudden they were crowded. In the junction we lit a fire. We, all our neighbourhood, threw the foreign cloths and all the foreign goods into the fire. The fire brightened the sky. We gave our slogan ‘Vande Mataram’ and it sounded as ‘Om’. Our eyes were flooded with tears. The light of the fire revealed our attitude towards freedom to the world. Our anger frightened the British.

We decided to attain freedom even by sacrificing our lives.

“Vande Mataram”
“Vande Mataram”

Question 2.
If authorities do not agree to the just requests of people, what do you think the people should do? (Textbook Page No. 126)
Answer:
The requests should be not only just but also legal. If the authorities do not agree, one should oppose them democratically and attain them.

Question 3.
During that period there were massive movements of people who opposed the war
and asked their governments to cease fighting with other countries and restore peace. Do you think it was correct? (Textbook Page No. 127)
Answer:
Yes, I think it was correct.
The reason:
India had no rivalry with Germany or its alliance. We were appealing and fighting with the British to quit India. So it seemed jovial to fight for them. So I think it was correct.

Question 4.
Do you know of any association in your village or town which discusses problems faced by all the people (not just of one caste or community)? What do they discuss? What suggestions do they have for solving those problems? Discuss some examples in the class. (Textbook Page No. 122)
Answer:
Yes, we have one such association in our village. It is ‘Mytri Sangham’. It has its members from all the levels and categories. This association looks after the law and order in our village. They conduct discussions at the time of critical problems. They intimate the issues to police authorities in time. If the people fail to receive, protection or just, they would question the authorities also.

Their suggestions: If the enemy is strong and foolish, we should make him to listen to our words with our own tricks. Later we should gather our own majority. Then only we should fight with him.
e.g.: A tiger puts three steps backward when it starts its trial for hunt. That is the technique.

Question 5.
Find out more about the First World War and its impact on the lives of ordinary people. (Textbook Page No. 127)
Answer:
We can say that World War – I broke out between the capitalists and communists. It continued for nearly 5 years. All the nations with its people took part in it. More than 10,000,000 people lost their lives. 6,500,000 were injured. 6,000,000 were missed. Many nations suffered a lot. Whole world shivered with the feeling of insecurity.

Question 6.
Why did the early nationalists believe that the British were responsible for the poverty and famines in India? (Textbook Page No. 124)
Answer:
Early nationalists were educated and intellectuals. They studied the economic impact of the British rule. They understood that the British was draining the Indian wealth in many ways.
e.g.: Enabling cheap selling of British goods in India and retraining Indian crafts and industries.
So they believed that the British were responsible for the poverty and famines in India.

Question 7.
Why do you think the early nationalists did not want to re-establish the rule of the old kings of India? Would it not have been better than the British rule? (Textbook Page No. 124)
Answer:
Yes. It would not have been better than the British rule.
Reasons:

1. Early nationalists treated India as a nation. Old kings divided India into small kingdoms.
2. The British rule was like hot pan, the old kings’ was like stove.
3. Many old kings were foreigners. ‘Swadeshi’ was their goal.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 6th Lesson Minerals and Mining Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 6th Lesson Minerals and Mining

8th Class Social Studies 6th Lesson Minerals and Mining Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Create a flow chart showing the visit to the underground mining.
Answer:

Visit to a mine
↓
Seeking permission
↓
Meeting safety officer
↓
Taking safety kit
↓
Report at muster point for online registration
↓
Getting into Hollage, Bell signal
↓
Mine shaft
↓
Coal seam
↓
Dolomited walls
4
Reaching face
↓
Ready for blasting, blasting
↓
Observing the blasted area
↓
Transport through conveyor belts
↓
Trucks & trains
↓
Sent for sale

Question 2.
Create a table to classify major health challenges; precautions; and care taken towards protecting mine workers as follows: 1. While working in the mines 2. While being employed.
Answer:
The people, who work in mines, mainly have a chance of getting lung problems, knee pains and eyesight. There is a chance of occurring accidents also.
While being employed they may get diseases according to the nature of their work, e.g.:

1. Throat problems to teachers.
2. eyesight and joint pains to drivers.
3. backbone pains to coolies.

There is a chance of mental problems to workers who work with tension and stress. Doing pranayama, meditation, and walking etc., are some steps to be followed by them.

The workers in mines should wear mask (nasal), shoes, gloves. The machines in the mines should be checked daily, properly and thoroughly.
Doctors and oxygen cylinders should be in reach.

Question 3.
Janaki is currently a farm labourer. She wants to become a miner. Can you explain what changes will occur in her nature of work; employment scenario; health risks etc.
Answer:
Nature of work: “Janaki, now you are working in green fields, and in pleasant situation. Here you are working during day time. But in mines it is too dangerous and in shift system. Night shift may be a hurdle to you. When compared to farm work, mining work is difficult.”

Employment scenario : “Janaki, to get a job in mines is difficult. You will be selected as a daily labour. You have to go to a long distance, where the mine is located. Even though both are in the agriculture sector, the nature of works is totally different. Sometimes you have to prepare for a blast also.”

Health problems: “Janaki, working in mines is a health hazard. You should work in dust. You should wear helmet, gloves and socks/shoes. Your life might be at risk, if any accident occurs.” “Please think yourself in all the angles and take a decision. Have a nice time. All the Best”.

Question 4.
Narrate the difference in requirement of labour in mine while using machines and human labour.
Answer:
If the mines are not provided with machines, human labour is needed more. If they are provided with machines, vice-versa, e.g.: In recent past the coal in mines was taken to lifts in trolleys. At present it is through conveyor belt. Because of the usage of machines, the percentage of recruitments in mines is decreased.

Question 5.
How has been the contribution of mining to economy identified in this chapter?
Answer:
India is underdeveloped country immediately after independence. These mines yield income to the government and also get royalty, when the mines were given to others. So I think this is the contribution of mining to economy.
(Note: The bove given answer is an example. Students can write the minerals found in their own districts by seeing the map.)

Question 6.
See the map of Andhra Pradesh showing minerals in this chapter and identify the minerals found in your district.
Answer:
Our district is Kurnool Lime stone is available in our district.

Question 7.
Read the paragraph under the heading. To whom do the minerals belong’ and answer the following:

Minerals usually occur deep in the earth. They in fact do not belong to any particular owner but belong to all people of the country and have to be used in everyone’s interest. That is why all mineral wealth of a state is considered the property of the government. The government uses the minerals keeping in mind the interests of all people of the country.

The minerals do not belong to any particular person but they belong to all people. How do you justify?
Answer:
Minerals usually occur deep in the earth. The things which we get from the earth is property of government. They, in fact, do not belong to any particular owner but belong to all people of the country and have to be used in everyone’s interest. So government uses the minerals by keeping this in view.

Question 8.
Look at the image below. There are two different statements made by two different people. What aspect of mining are they talking about?
Answer:
We cannot live because of minerals: This person lost his land, house etc., for these mines. So he said this.
We cannot live without minerals: This person took the land for mine on lease. So he said these words.

Question 9.
How are minerals helping the country in development?
Answer:

1. There are different types of resources, who supports to a country’s development.
2. Human resources take a vital role by the usage of natural resources.
3. Mineral resources is the most precious transfer for the economy.
4. Extraction of minerals is a good source of employment opportunities.
5. Many basic minerals are necessary to run industries.
6. Minerals are useful for the development of agricultural sector.
7. Minerals are also help to develop transport facilities.

Question 10.
Prepare a table showing different minerals and their uses.
Answer:

8th Class Social Studies 6th Lesson Minerals and Mining InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Can you think of some mineral which renews itself and we can help to increase it? (Textbook Page No. 63)
Answer:
Underground water renews itself. We can help to increase it in the following ways.

1. Rainwater harvesting pits should be dug.
2. Trees also increase underground water, so trees should be grown.
3. The excess water in fields should be collected in a pond and makd them to absorb in the ground.
4. Unused drainage canals can be modified to increase recharge.

Question 2.
Can you think of some source of energy which will not diminish with our use of it which will keep renewing itself even if we don’t do anything? (Textbook Page No. 63)
Answer:
Air.

Question 3.
Classify the following natural objects into renewable and non-renewable resources. Put a tick (✓) against those which are minerals and cross (✕) which are not minerals.
Bamboo, Coal, Sea water, Mud, Ants, Sand, Iron Ore, Diamond, Trees, Petroleum, Grass, Air, Marble rock, Fishes, Well water, Sunshine.

Answer:

Question 4.
Can you classify the following minerals into metallic, non-metallic and energy source? (Textbook Page No. 64)

Answer:
Iron ore, bauxite (aluminum ore), coal, copper ore, limestone, gypsum, mica, groundwater petroleum, rock salt, sand, gem stones.

Question 5.
How does the government use the minerals?
Answer:

1. In 1970s the government took over all the mines.
2. Then it owned and operated most of the mines and sold the minerals to various factories or traders or exported them.
3. The income thus received by the government is being spent on developmental activities of the people.

Question 6.
a) Discuss the pros and cons of allowing private companies to mine our minerals.
b) How do you think they can be regulated?
c) How do you think can the environmental concerns can be taken care of? (Textbook Page No. 68)
Answer:
a) Pros: A New National Mineral Policy was announced in 1993, and the government allowed private companies to lease mines and operate them. The companies were to pay a royalty to the government for the minerals they extracted and sold. In this way the govern¬ment could retain regulatory control over the mining, get income from them and at the same time encourage private companies to invest money and bring in new technologies.
Cons: On the other hand, there has also been uncontrolled mining by the private companies far in excess of the permits given to them and disregard for environmental and safety measures. Excess mining means that more quantity is mined than is sustainable on a long term. It also means that the minerals are taken away by companies without paying royalty to the government – thus the people to whom the minerals really belong to do not get anything. It can also be environmentally very harmful.

b) Mines should be under the control of the government. If they are given to others, there should be the supervision of higher officials and local people.

c) Preference should be given to the mining people, who are interested in underground mining. The pit and the mound of rubble which is created should be properly disposed of.
Necessary steps should be taken to control the sand pits.

Question 7.
If all people of the country are the real owners of the mineral resources, how can we ensure that they are used for the benefit of all? (Textbook Page No. 68)
Answer:
The income received through this should be spent on developmental activities of transport facilities, health facilities, and other subsidies to the people.

Question 8.
Do you think the generations to come, that is our children and our grand children too should be able to use these resources? How can we ensure that they are available to them too and not exhausted? (Textbook Page No. 68)
Answer:
I think so. Our future generations too should be able to use these resources.
We should invent and use substitutes. The usage of minerals should be minimised.
Then we can ensure the future generations.

Question 9.
Can you imagine a world in which we cannot run motors or trains? (Textbook Page No. 63)
Answer:
If the trains and cars are not invented, that would be different. But when we cannot run motors or trains, it seems critical. The distance on the globe would increase.

Question 10.
Look at the following pictures and guess which of them is open cast mine, underground mine and drill mining for oil. (Textbook Page No. 66)

Answer:
(i) Drill mining for oil
(ii) Open cast mine
(iii) Underground mining

Question 11.
a) Can you name these instruments? (Textbook Page No. 69)

Answer:
Yes. Helmet, Lanthern, Safety belts etc. are the instruments in safety kit used in coal mines.

b) What is the use of the stick?
Answer:
The stick is used to check the blasted place in the mine by tapping.

c) Why is there a light on the helmet?
Answer:
It is too dark in the mine. To see the forth covering area there is a light on the helmet,

d) Did you identify the lamp in the picture? What purpose does it serve?
Answer:
Yes. Its a Lantern. T1 lantern is used in mines. Lantern gives indications of dangers like leakage of poisonous gases etc.

Question 12.
Find out about the uses of Barytes from the box given in page 64. Why do you think demand for Barytes is increasing? (Textbook Page No. 73)
Answer:
Barium obtained from Barytes is used for industrial and medical purposes. Barytes is used in drilling deep holes for petroleum and natural gas.
Nowadays, extracting these petroleum and natural gas is increased. The industrial sector is also developed. So the use of Barytes is also increased.

Question 13.
a) Describe what is happening in the following figure.

b) How many people do you think would be employed for this operation?
c) Can you see the collection of underground water in the top left corner of the picture? What will happen to this water?
Answer:
a) The truck is being loaded with Barytes by using crane.
b) 10 to 15 people may be needed for this.
c) This may be absorbed in the ground or may be pumped to another place.

Question 14.
If there is mining activity in your area, find out about the people who work and live there and also about how it affects the environment around it. Also find out how many people benefit from it. (Textbook Page No. 66)
Answer:
My father, Sri M. Rama Chandra Rao, is working in G.M’s office SCCL in Bhupalpalli, Bhupalpaili mandal near Parakal, Warangal district. Here are 6 underground mines and one open cast. The population of Bhupalpalli is 70,000 to 80,000. Out of these 60% to 70% belong to the families of SCCL. Here the mines were inaugurated by our ex -Chief Minister, late Sri N. T. Rama Rao in 1989. The names of these mines are like ‘Kakatiya Incline I, II, III, V, VI, VII etc. SCCL has a sentiment regarding number IV. So they never use ‘4’. The number of trees is very less here. Summers are too hot. No crops are found while we travel from Parakala to Bhupalpalli. If we take Kakatiya Incline -1 as our example, there are 2000 workers and official staff in this. SCCL takes necessary steps like plantation etc., to protect environment. In this district mines are only in Bhupalpalli.

Question 15.
a) How do you think this dilemma can be resolved?
b) Is it fair to produce coal at a low price when it causes the loss of livelihood, lands and damages the environment? (Textbook Page No. 73)
Answer:
a) We should invent and use the substitutes for the production of electricity, e.g.: Sea water, sunlight etc.
b) This is not fair. Due to this we feel no difference between the public sector and private sector.

Question 16.
Compare the mining in the coal belt with the mining in Mangampeta. What are the similarities and what are the differences? (Textbook Page No. 75)
Answer:
Similarities:

1. Both are minerals.
2. Both are under government supervision.
3. Detonators are used for blasting purpose in both the places.
4. For quality, the minerals are collected from deep layers.
5. Necessary steps are taken for the safety of the workers.

Differences:

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 1st Lesson Reading and Analysis of Maps Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 1st Lesson Reading and Analysis of Maps

8th Class Social Studies 1st Lesson Reading and Analysis of Maps Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Study the school atlas carefully by looking at various thematic maps.
Answer:
Self-exercise.

Question 2.
Do you think the use of maps has changed between the time of ancient Greeks and now? In what way is it similar and different?

Answer:
Yes, I think so.

Question 3.
Many people believe that making of maps by the Colonial powers was a more powerful tool for exploitation and control of the colonies than guns. Do you agree? Why?
Answer:
Yes, 1 agree with the given statement.
The reasons are –

1. When European powers coionised the entire continents like North and South Americas, Africa, Australia and Asia they needed to know about the places, their climate, crops, mineral resources and about the people living there.
2. They sent scientific expeditions consisting of map makers and others to explore the different parts of the world and prepare maps.
3. These teams fought their way into interiors of continents crossing mountains, deserts and rivers, fighting local peoples to get the necessary information. ,
4. This information and the maps enabled the colonial powers to establish their rule over these areas and also exploit their resources.

Question 4.
In what ways were the maps prepared by the British different from the one made by Ptolemy or Idrisi?
Answer:

Question 5.
Read the text the “Use of maps in our times” and answer the following question:

As we saw above, maps were made and used for a variety of purposes: for trade, sailing, for conquests and colonising and for fighting wars. In our own times maps are used extensively for planning, development of countries. This requires planners to identify the problems faced by a region and its resources etc. This is done with the help of maps. For example, we can make a map of regions which have very little drinking -water. We can compare this map with maps showing water resources – rainfall, groundwater and rivers. Based on this comparison we can decide what is the best way to make drinking water available to all the people of the region – by sinking tube wells, or building dams across streams or making tanks (cheruvus) or bringing water from distant places in large pipes. Similarly, we can plan agricultural development, setting up new industries, building roads, hospitals and schools with the help of maps.

What are the various purposes for which maps are used in our times?
Answer:

1. In our own times maps are used extensively for planning and development of countries.
2. We can plan agricultural development, setting up new industries, buildings, roads,
   hospitals and schools with the help of maps.
3. Maps are also used by companies to plan their business work.

Question 6.
Prepare a few questions to know about different types of maps.
Answer:

1. How many kinds of maps are there?
2. What are different kinds of maps?
3. What are thematic maps?
4. What are political maps?
5. What do the physical maps show?
6. Which kind of maps show information about the climate of an area?
7. What are road maps?

8th Class Social Studies 1st Lesson Reading and Analysis of Maps InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what ways do you think the sailors influenced the making of maps in early times?
(Textbook Page No. 6)
Answer:
The sailors travelled widely and wrote down descriptions of the land and people and their histories they saw or heard about. They prepared maps based on these travels and descriptions. Though these maps have not survived, historians have tried to recreate them with the help of their descriptions.

Question 2.
Do you think this free access to maps is a good thing? Why? (Textbook Page No. 8)
Answer:
No, I do not think so. Any government has to maintain secrecy in access to maps. Otherwise it helps the enemies. But at present satellite images reveal every place on the earth.

Question 3.
If someone wants to choose an appropriate place to set up a hospital, what kind of maps would be useful to her? Make a list.
Answer:

1. Map showing hospitals
2. Map showing laboratories
3. Map showing scanning centres
4. Map showing ill-health
5. Map showing bus routes
6. Map showing train routes and
7. Map showing blood banks.

Question 4.
Can you suggest how maps can be used to plan setting up new schools and colleges? What different kinds of maps would have to be studied for this? (Textbook Page No. 8)
Answer:
One has to observe the following matters to establish educational institutions.

1. School going children or college going youth.
2. Up locations of their schools and colleges.
3. Their distances
4. Area/land for establishing the institution.
5. Their financial status for fees determination, etc.

For this one has to Study

1. Population map
2. Residential area map
3. Transport map
4. Water facilities map, etc.

Question 5.
Find out about the lives of some of the great explorers like David Livingstone, Stanley, Amundsan, etc. Find out who sponsored their expeditions and why? (Textbook Page No. 8)
Answer:
a) David Livingstone: 19-3-1813 to 1-5-1873 – Scotland – UK – Explored Africa. Sponsored by London Missionary Society.
To develop trade and spread of Christianity
b) Sir Henry Morton Stanley : 28-1-1841 to 10-5-1904 – Denbigh – Wales – UK. Sponsored by New York Herald – To find David Livingstone.
c) Roald Amundsan: 16-7-1872 to 18-6-1928 – Borge – Ostfold – Norway.
Sponsored by Belgian Antarctic expedition – To discover the South pole.
d) Alfonsa – De – Albuquerque: 1453 to 16-12-1515 – Portuguese Sponsored by King Manuel I of Portugal.
To establish Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian Ocean.

Question 6.
Why do you think the map makers place their own country in the middle of the map? (Textbook Page No. 6)
Answer:
The map makers in the olden days were mostly depended on the books written by sailors. They were really patriots. They thought that their country was centre of the world and most important in the world. So they placed their own country in the middle of the map.

Question 7.
Why do you think the colonial powers invested so much money to prepare detailed maps? (Textbook Page No. 8)
Answer:
The information from the maps and map makers enabled the colonial powers to establish their rule over their colonies and also exploit their resources. So the colonial powers invested so much money to prepare detailed maps.

Question 8.
Why do you think maps are useful to armies in times of war? (Textbook Page No. 8)
Answer:
Maps were also in great demand during times of war as armies and airforces needed them.
They use strategy maps to illustrate an organization’s vision, mission, overarching strategies and key goals and initiatives.

Question 9.
Can you guess why? Can you locate India and Srilanka (which was shown much bigger that it is)? (Textbook Page No. 4)
Answer:
Peninsular India is-pushed into the northern India in Al Idrisi’s map. The coast has become more east-west aligned. The Deccan is surrounded on two sides of coasts running North- South ending in sharp point, Cape Comorin.
Sri Lanka is shown much bigger than it is. So it is not easy to locate India and Sri Lanka in Al Idrisi’s map. But I will try.
Note: To read this map we should turn it upside down.

Question 10.
Can you identify India, Arabia and Africa in map (Map of Da Ming Hun Yi Tu of China)? (Textbook Page No. 5)
Answer:
In this map India, Arabia and Africa were mapped from an Indian Ocean perspective. They are mis-shaped. They are on the bottom of left side of the map.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 14th Lesson Parliament and Central Government Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 14th Lesson Parliament and Central Government

8th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson Parliament and Central Government Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Why were the first elections difficult to conduct? List as many reasons as you can.
Answer:
An Election Commission was set up to conduct the elections in a free and fair manner. Making arrangements for the first elections was a large and complex task. First, a house-to-house survey was carried out to register the eligible voters.

People who contested elections belonged to political parties or were Independents. Election Commission gave a symbol to each of these candidates. These symbols were painted on the ballot boxes in which the votes had to be cast. The voters had to put their ballot paper into the box of the candidate they wanted to vote for. Screens were set up so that the voting (ballot) was secret.

Over 2,24,000 polling booths were set up across the country. Over 25,00,000 steel ballot boxes were made. Nearly 62,00,00,000 ballot papers were printed. About 10 lakh officials supervised the polls. Nearly 17,500 candidates had contested the elections across the coun¬try. Finally, 489 people were elected to the first Lok Sabha. The elections were conducted in a fair, free, impartial and orderly manner, with very little violence.
So we can say that the first elections were a large and complex task.

Question 2.
Why do you think elections need to be free and fair?
Answer:
The winners in the elections are the writers of our future. So the elections should not be influenced by any issue. They should be free and fair.

Question 3.
For which of the following subjects can laws be made by the Members of Parliament, which by the state assembly, and which can be made by both: agriculture, railways, village hospitals, police, posts and telegraph, electricity, factories?
Answer:

1. Agriculture – State
2. Railways – Centre
3. Village hospitals – State
4. Police – State
5. Posts and telegraph – Centre
6. Electricity – State and Centre both
7. Factories – State and Centre both

Question 4.
Name the two houses of the Parliament. Draw a table to show the similarities/ differences between them on the following aspects: term, number of members, more or less powerful, election process, voting for the President.
Answer:
There are two houses in the Parliament – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Similarities / Differences

Question 5.
In the 2009 Parliamentary Elections, no single party won a majority. How was the government formed? Discuss with the help of your teacher and write a paragraph.
Answer:
The ‘Like-minded Parties’ who won in the elections formed as a Front ‘UNITED PROGRESSIVE ALLIANCE’. This front formed the government. In this Front INC has a majority.

Question 6.
Who is responsible for making the laws that are applicable for the entire country?
Answer:
Parliament is responsible for making the laws that are applicable for the entire country.

Question 7.
There are some gaps in the information given in the Table below. Discuss with your teacher to find the missing information and fill in the blanks.

Answer:

Question 8.
Do you think the parties should be made to put up more women candidates for elections? Why?
Answer:
Nowadays women are participated in all activities along with the men equally. They also thinking globally.
Parties should be made to put up more women candidates for elections in order to promote women’s participation in the electoral process. Women, too can express their problems and get them discussed.
A number of countries are exploring measures that may increase women’s participation in government at all levels, from the local to the national.

Question 9.
Following is a study of women’s representation in Parliament houses including that of India and other nations:
Based on the above information write an essay analysing the following aspects:
i) Is there an adequate representation of women in our legislative houses?
ii) How is the idea of representation important to the idea of democracy?
iii) What solution can be achieved for the above? How will you address this issue if you are member of the Parliament? How do you think have certain countries achieved better representation of women in Parliament?
Answer:
i) No.
ii) ‘Democracy’ means people’s government. So the idea of representation is important.
‘People’s means ‘all the nation’, but not only one.
iii) Encouraging women in politics is the only solution for this.
If I were the parliamentarian I support reservations for women in the houses of law and solve this problem. I think certain countries have achieved better representation of women in Parliament in this way.

Project

When the Parliament is in session, listen to the news on the radio or television or look in the newspapers and make a list of the events that take place. Write a page on any issue discussed in the Parliament, or draw a picture of the scene in Parliament when it is being discussed.
Answer:
The issue is belongs to separation of Telangana state. Separate Telangana state bill was introduced in the Loksabha. There was a long discussions and debates conducted in the Loksabha.

On the basis of petitions of Telangana people the government was decided to separate the Telangana people from A.P State. But in the Parliament majority of members were not accepted. During this time the members of the house joined together and conducted voting among them. And this was introduced in the Rajyasabha also and conducted voting in that house and was the final decision taken about the separate Telangana state.

8th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson Parliament and Central Government InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you think are the advantages of having a Parliamentary form of government in which the government members are answerable to the Parliament? (Textbook Page No. 162)
Answer:
Advantages:

1. It is faster and easier to pass legislation.
2. Power is more divided.
3. Easy to remove the executive.
4. It feels more responsibility.

Question 2.
Should the Parliament only make laws and not control the government in its functioning? Discuss in the class. (Textbook Page No. 162)
Answer:
There should be government control on laws made by government. Otherwise the implementation of it will be questionable. So the condition is framed.

Question 3.
Can you identify the basic difference between Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha? (Textbook Page No. 162)
Answer:
The basic difference is –
The election for the Lower House or Lok Sabha is direct election.
The election for the Upper House or Rajya Sabha is indirect election.

Question 4.
Discuss the meaning of the following with your teacher. (Textbook Page No. 166)

1. Candidate
2. Constituency
3. Ballot
4. EVM
5. Election campaign
6. Election Commission
7. Voters’ List
8. Procedure of voting
9. Free and fair elections

Answer:

1. Candidate: The person who contests in the election.
2. Constituency: States and Union territories are divided into constituencies.
3. Ballot: The paper which is used in election for voting. It contains the symbols of the contestants.
4. EVM: Electronic Voting Machine.
5. Election campaign: The constants request the voters to vote for them. This procedure is called election campaign.
6. Election Commission: It is an independent institution which conducts free and fair elections.
7. Voters’ list: A list with the names of voters.
8. Procedure of voting: The voters give their votes secretly.
9. Free and fair elections: The elections in which the voters give their vote without any influence or pressure.

Question 5.
Discuss with your teachers and parents to learn about how elections are conducted today. (Textbook Page No. 166)
Answer:
At present the elections are conducted peacefully and in a democratic way.
Elections:

Nowadays, the elections are conducted in a procedure as mentioned above.

Question 6.
Write down some differences between the first elections and elections held today – ballot box and sheets, age of voting.
Answer:

Question 7.
Recall the laws about which we studied last year. Find out the new laws that are being discussed in state legislative houses and Parliament during their last meeting. (Textbook Page No. 166)
Answer:

1. Establishment of women courts,
2. If any minor, aged 16 years, is accused in sexual harassment cases, he should be trailed by the criminal court instead of Juvenile courts.

These two bills, are discussed by the Parliament during the last meeting.

Question 8.
Correct the false statements: (Textbook Page No. 166)

1. The President and the Vice-President are both elected by the same set of people.
2. Every voter in India elects the President.
3. All the MLAs of the Vidhan Sabha of Andhra Pradesh participate in the election of the President.
4. All the MLAs of all the Vidhan Sabhas and Delhi and Pondicherry and all the MPs of the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha elect the President.

Answer:

1. The MLAs of all the states and the members of both houses of the Parliament elect the President. Both the houses of the Parliament elect the Vice-President.
2. Every voter, who participated in election, elects the President indirectly.
3. Correct statement.
4. The MLAs of all Assemblies and the elected members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha elect the President.

Question 9.
Which of the following is correct about formation of government? (Textbook Page No. 170)
A) Party or coalition that has support of the President forms the government.
B) Party/Coalition with most number of seats forms the government.
C) Party or coalition with more than half the seats forms the government.
D) Election Commission selects the party that will form the government.
E) The person who has won with the largest number of votes in the Lok Sabha election will be the Prime Minister.
Answer:
‘B’ is correct.

Question 10.
Azhar feels that it is better to give more powers to Rajya Sabha because they are mostly wiser people belonging to different political parties.
Mumtazfeels Rajya Sabha should not be given any more powers because they are not directly elected by people. What do you think about their feelings ? (Textbook Page No. 164)
Answer:
I support both the arguments. The thoughts of wiser people are always to be supported. So they should be given more powers. Likewise it is true that they are not elected by the people directly. So we should elect the wise people directly in election.

Question 11.
Can you think why the following illustration has Parliament on one side and people on the other ?
Answer:
The population of the country and the number of members of Parliament are in proportionate. If there is no support of the people, the parliament would be weakened. So it is shown like that.

Question 12.
How many Lok Sabha elections have been held? (Textbook Page No. 167)
Answer:
16 Lok Sabha elections have been held.

Question 13.
A survey showed that among the uneducated and poor, the percentage of people who voted in 1996 was 61 %. However, it was only 53% among graduates. What could be the reasons for this difference? Discuss. (Textbook Page No. 167)
Answer:
The winners in the elections are doing no favour to the people. They are interested in improving their financial balances, assets and developing their personal relations. This may be the feeling of the graduates.

Question 14.
Find out about some important policies and laws made by the Parliament. Make a presentation about it in the class. (Textbook Page No. 161)
Answer:
The important laws made by the Parliament:
1) The Dowry Prohibition Act -1961
2) The Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act – 2002.

Procedure relating to any ordinary bill in the Union Parliament
↓
First reading/introduction stage
↓
Second reading/Discussion stage
↓
Third readingA/oting stage
↓
Bill in the other house
↓
In case deadlock between the two houses – A joint-session of both houses
↓
President approval
↓
Act

Question 15.
Find out if there are other kinds of government where the government is not answerable to the Parliament or legislature. (Textbook Page No. 162)
Answer:
Monarchial and dictatorial form of governments are not responsible to the Parliament or legislature.

Question 16.
See the map and tables given in Text book P.No. 163 and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 164)

1. What is the number of Lok Sabha Constituencies in your state and two neighbouring states?
2. Which states have more than 30 Lok Sabha Constituencies?
3. Why do so many states have such large number of Constituencies?
4. Why are some Constituencies small in area while others are very big?
5. Are the Constituencies reserved for the SCs and STs evenly spread all over the entire country or are there more in some areas?

Answer:

1. In our state Andhra Pradesh: 25
   Telangana: 17
   Tamilnadu: 39
2. Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
3. The population is high in many states. So the Constituencies are also high.
4. Some Constituencies are large and some are small in accordance with the population and extent they have.
5. Schedule castes are spread all over the country equally.
   Schedule tribes are there more in some areas.

Question 17.
Who is the Lok Sabha member from your area? Name a few other MPs from your state or neighbouring states. Find out which political parties they belong to. (Textbook Page No. 166)
Answer:
The Lok Sabha member from our area: Kesineni Srinivas (Nani) – TDP.
Names of a few other M.P.s from our state :

1. Pusapati Ashok Gajapathi Raju – TDP
2. Maganti Venkateswara Rao (Babu) – TDP
3. Nirmala Sitharaman – BJP
4. Y. Avinash Reddy – YSRCP

Question 18.
Find out the symbols used by different political parties
Answer:

1. Congress Party – ‘Hastam’
2. BJP – Lotus
3. BSP – Elephant
4. Communists – Hammer, Sickle/Kanki, Sickle
5. TRS – Car
6. T.D.P. – Cycle

Question 19.
Collect the photos of the current ones of the following and paste in the given boxes. (Textbook Page No. 170)
Answer:

Question 20.
Who is the current Prime Minister? Can you name a few earlier Prime Ministers?
Answer:
Our present Prime Minister is Hon’ble Dr. Narendra Modi. (Textbook Page No. 170)
Some of our earlier Prime ministers :

1. Dr. Manmohan Singh
2. Sri Atal Bihari Vajpai
3. Sri Rajiv Gandhi
4. Smt. Indira Gandhi
5. Sri Lai Bahadur Sastry
6. Sri Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 21.
Find out if there are any ministers from your state in the current Central government. (Textbook Page No. 170)
Answer:
Sri P. Ashok Gajapathi Raju – Minister of Civil Aviation.

Question 22.
Identify few important ministries and government.
Answer:

Question 23.
If you had been living at that time, which side would you have agreed with? Would you have considered it a good idea for India to try to have universal adult franchise and conduct elections? Give reasons. (Textbook Page No. 165)
Answer:
If I had been living at that time, I would have agreed with the optimists. There may be some obstacles to any positive work. We should not deviate from it. So I would have considered it a good idea for India.

Question 24.
Why were the first elections a large and complex task”? (Textbook Page No. 166)
Answer:
Refer answer (1) In Improve your learning.

Question 25.
Why should the voting be secret? (Textbook Page No. 166)
Answer:
To maintain the self-confidence in the voters, the voting should be secret.

Question 26.
Why do you think it is important to look at the percentage of people who cast their votes? What does it tell us? (Textbook Page No. 167)
Answer:
It shows the confidence of people in elections and also the pattern of voting. So it is important.

Question 27.
Why do you think many eligible voters vote? Discuss the possible reasons. (Textbook Page No. 167)
Answer:
Many of the voters are less interested or uninterested in the election procedure. They feel that whoever may be the winners, the living conditions of the voters remain the same. So many eligible voters did not vote.

Question 28.
What were the opinions expressed by different people at the time of the first elections? (Textbook Page No. 167)
Answer:
Some people said, “The elections are ‘a leap in the dark’, not suitable for a country like India. India is a caste-based society in which many people do not accept the idea that everyone is equal. So it won’t be possible to have a democratic election.”

There were other people who were very hopeful. They said, “Indians have participated in the National Movement to gain freedom from the British. They want to elect a government of their own choice. They want the government to work towards creating a society where every¬one is treated equally. They also want the government to improve the living conditions of the people. Thus everyone should have an equal opportunity to elect a government of their choice.” To such people, the elections were ‘an act of faith’.

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 10th Lesson Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 10th Lesson Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam

8th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Make simple questions based on each section of the chapter (Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam) and ask one another. Check if the answers are correct.
Answer:

1. What is Khudkasht?
   Answer:
   It means self-cultivated land.
2. Who introduced the Permanent Settlement of Tax and when?
   Answer:
   Cornwallis introduced this in 1793.
3. What happened if the Zamindars could not pay the tax?
   Answer:
   They became defaulters.
4. What are ‘ceded’ districts?
   Answer:
   Bellary, Ananthapur, Kurnool and Kadapa.
5. Who built the Prakasam Barrage?
   Answer:
   Sir Arthur Cotton.
6. Based on how many years, the Ryotwari war fixed?
   Answer:
   20, 30 years.
7. When was the American Civil War started?
   Answer:
   In 1861.
8. What was the forced labour without payment called?
   Answer:
   Vetti
9. What were the forms of income did the Zamindars expect from farmers?
   Answer:
   Ghee, milk, vegetables, gur, grass/straw, cowdung cakes etc.
10. With what did they compensate the old landlords in Hyderabad state?
    Answer:
    They paid ‘Rusum’, an annual payment.
11. Write an example for severe famine.
    Answer:
    Ganjam Famine.
12. Write the names of any two peasant movements.
    Answer:
    The Deccan riots of 1860s, Rampa fituries, Moppila agitations etc.

Question 2.
Compare the condition of tenant farmers before freedom and farmers of today. What differences and similarities do you find?
Differences:
Sometimes the tenant farmers could not pay the rent and deserted the lands. They borrowed loans from moneylenders. If they could not repay their loans on time, the moneylenders went to court to get their land auctioned to recover the loan money. The rent was 3 to 7 times more than its revenue.
The farmers of today are fixing and paying rents in a proper method. In time of need they borrow money from the banks.
Similarities:
Their conditions are pitiable in both periods. The owners of the lords are not working for the developmental activities. The cultivators are becoming permanent debtors.

Question 3.
During the freedom movement, the zamindars normally supported the British. Can you explain why?
Answer:
The policies of zamindars created a gap between them and their people. They earned more assets in the British reign. So they normally supported the British during the freedom movement.

Question 4.
What role did the moneylenders play in the lives of the peasants? In what way do you were they think supported by the British government?
Answer:
Farmers borrowed loans many times from moneylenders to pay revenues. If they could not repay their loans on time, the moneylenders also went to court to get their land auctioned to recover the loan money.

Due to this British rule, for collecting land revenue, many peasants fell into deep debt trap. The moneylenders became richer and richer as more and more peasants came under their grip.

The British government did not show any interest in the welfare of the farmers as it showed in collecting revenue. Thus the moneylenders were supported by the British.

Question 5.
What were the similarities and differences between the Doras and the Zamindars of Awadh?
Answer:
Differences :

1. Doras were under the Nizam’s rule. Zamindars were under the British rule.
2. Doras paid revenue collection to Nizam, but Zamindars paid to the British.
3. Doras illtreated their tenants and farmers, Zamindars made them suffer only economically.

Similarities :

1. Both suffered the peasantry.
2. Both had large fields.
3. They were independent in others’ rule.

Question 6.
What kind of measures did the British take to improve agriculture? Did it have the desired impact? Give your reasons.
Answer:
Some British administrators believed that it is the duty of the government to invest in large scale irrigation works. They built anicuts and canals. They recognised the ownership of the land. They fixed the revenue per acre by taking the yield, prices, market conditions, crops etc., into consideration.

Before the cultivation they made necessary advances to the ryots to purchase seeds, implements, bullocks and to repair old wells or dig new ones. This proved very effective and that year saw a bumper crop and good revenue collection. So I think their approach was right.

Question 7.
How did the Ryotwari settlement also give rise to landlordism?
Answer:
Even in the Ryotwari areas the land revenue was fixed at a very high level. Unlike in the Zamindari areas it was fixed for twenty to thirty years. After expiry of the tenure period the revenue was revised, taking the changed conditions into consideration. The land revenue was so high that in the beginning it had to be collected by force. Soon however as prices rose faster than the land revenue and the ryots found it more profitable to employ tenants to cultivate their lands and receive rent from them.

Soon the Ryotwari area too was full of landlords who rented out their lands to helpless tenants for very high rents. The tenants had to pay rent that was three to seven times more than the land revenue paid by the ryots to the government. (That is if a ryot paid Rs.100/- as land revenue for a piece of land to the government, he was able to get Rs. 300/- to 700/- from the tenants for the same land.) As a result they too did not have any interest in investing in improving agriculture, but only in renting it out at higher and higher rates.
Thus the Ryotwari settlement also gave rise to landlordism.

Question 8.
Why were famines caused under British rule? Do you think it was because of failure of rains or floods?
Answer:
The rains and floods caused one or two famines during the British rule. Most of the famines occurred due to their dictatorial rule. They exported food grains in the famines. They had no interference when the merchants created artificial scarcity by hoarding food grains. They didn’t work for the welfare of the people in India. So the famines were caused.

Question 9.
In what way can a government help to prevent famines even in times of crop failure?
Answer:
A government can help even in times of crop failure :

1. by supplying agricultural products from the areas of surplus.
2. by providing water facilities.
3. by postponing the E.M.Is of their loans.
4. by drying and storing the surplus crop.

Question 10.
Imagine that you are giving a representation to a British Government Enquiry committee. Write down the grievances of tenant farmers in the form of an appeal.
Answer:

Memorandum

13-07-1845.

Sir,

Being Indians, we are ashamed of paying more rents for our own lands. Peasants, landlords and zamindars are not interested in any developmental activities. So we have no irrigation facilities and others. We are not able to get even common yield. The revenue system introduced by the British government is not favourable to us. The rents are increasing day by day. At present they are seven times more than the revenue. Our assets are ready to be auctioned. So we request you to handle the situation carefully keeping all these things in view. Once again we request you to improve our living standards.

Thanking you,

Yours obediently,
Andhra Pradesh Tenant Farmers Association

Question 11.
Locate the following in the given India map.

1. Ganjam
2. Awadh
3. Hyderabad
4. River Godavari

Answer:

Question 12.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Countless Collections, Cesses and Payments’ and answer the following:
How are we paying the taxes nowadays?
Answer:
Now-a-days we are paying some taxes directly govt, through its related department. Some other taxes are paid indirectly.

Project

Question 1.
Make teams of five students and interview five elders of the village to know about how things were during the British days. At least two of them should be women, and at least one person should be from the artisans. Talk to them at length and prepare detailed reports about what they have to say.
Report
Answer:
Britishers developed India according to their needs. They were selfish in this attitude. Some people supported and some opposed them. During the colonial period some gained some lost. We were treated as second class civilians in our own motherland. Women were uplifted with the introduction of women education, abolition of child marriages and widow re-marriages. But the handicrafts were suppressed. The introduction of motors and machines caused this. They are still in the same situation. On the whole the British rule caused mixed results.

Question 2.
Find out about famines in your area. What did people do in those times?
Answer:
Our area is located in Chittoor district. There is a great famine in recent year. It is caused due to lack of rainfall and crop failure. In these times people are migrated due to lack of rainfall and crop failure to urban areas in search of livelihood. These people mostly worked as daily – wage labourers, watchmen in colonies, apartments and shops. Some of them also engaged in granite and construction industry on the city’s outskirts.

Question 3.
Find out about families that migrated to distant places like Kuwait, Saudi Arabia from your area.
Answer:
Ours is a Village in Kadapa district in Andhra Pradesh. Once many people worked in our fields. But many of them went to Saudi and Kuwait for household and industrial works. They earned good incomes there and increased their assets here. We can say that the rich people in our area are mostly the migrated ones.

8th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Did the Zamindar own all the lands of the villages in the Mughal times? (Textbook Page No. 111)
Answer:
No. They owned some of the village lands. They had the power to collect revenue from the villagers. Rest of the land was owned by peasants and others.

Question 2.
What did the Zamindars do for the Mughal government and what did they get in return? (Textbook Page No. 111)
Answer:
The Zamindars collected the revenue from the peasantry on behalf of Mughal emperors. In return they received a share of revenue collected. Sometimes they also had right to collect some small local taxes.

Question 3.
How the changes would have affected the position of the farmers who tilled the land for several generations? (Textbook Page No. 113)
Answer:

1. This settlement inadvertently converted all the peasants into the tenants.
2. Since rent collected was much higher than the revenue, the cultivators could not pay and sometimes deserted the lands. These were the affects.

Question 4.
What is the difference between revenue and rent? (Textbook Page No. 113)
Answer:
Revenue: Tax on land which is paid to the zamindars or government.
Rent: Amount paid to the owners of the land for using and cultivating it.

Question 5.
In what ways did the government invest in agriculture during the early British rule? Do you think it could have been done by farmers themselves? (Textbook Page No. 115)
Answer:

1. The Britishers made necessary advances to the ryots to purchase seeds, implements, bullocks and to repair old wells or dig new ones.
2. They constructed anicuts & canals.
   It could not have been done by farmers themselves.

Question 6.
How did the land revenue lead to peasants losing their lands to the money lenders? What would the money lenders have done with the land? (Textbook Page No. 114)
Answer:
The peasants were forced to work on the zamindars’ fields and many peasants could not cultivate their own fields properly. They could not improve their fields. Their plight can be seen in a government report written in 1878. The report says that the peasants do not try to dig well on their lands or irrigate it, nor do they try to bund their fields or dig drains or use fertilisers. “They do nothing to improve their land because they fear they can be evicted from their land at any time. If they improve their farming, the zamindar immediately increases the share he takes from them. But the zamindars also prevent the peasants from improving their fields because they are afraid that the peasants would then start asserting their rights over the land.”

Question 7.
In what forms did the zamindars take away the produce of the tenants? (Textbook Page No. 118)
Answer:

1. The peasants were forced to do ‘Vetti’ in the lands of zamindars.
2. The zamindars also tried to extract as much money as they could from the peasants under a variety of pretexts.
3. The peasants also had to regularly supply ghee, milk, vegetables, gur, straw, cow dung cakes etc., free of cost to zamindar’s house.
   Thus they paid in form of labour, cash and kind.

Question 8.
How did the position of the revenue collectors change in the Nizam state? (Textbook Page No. 119)
Answer:
In the Hyderabad State under the Nizam rule there were many forms of subordinate chieftaincies like Jagirdars, Samsthanamdars and Inamdars which ruled like independent chiefs. They collected revenue from the lands under them, and gave a small part to the Nizam as ‘peshkash’ and kept the remaining with them. They were also responsible for the administration of their areas.

The large landlordsrwere called ‘Doras’. The Doras lived in large fortified houses called ‘gadi’ and had a large retinue of servants and soldiers. They had vast lands cultivated by tenants and also lands directly cultivated with forced labour. They acted as village money lenders too. They also had judicial powers over the entire village. They settled all village disputes and were usually partisan towards the upper castes.
Thus their position was raised to higher cadre.

Question 9.
How was a ‘dora’ different from an ordinary landlord? (Textbook Page No. 119)
Answer:
The large landlords were called Doras. They had a large retinue of servants and soldiers. Ordinary landlords were under the control of these ‘doras’. Landlords should follow the orders of ‘Doras’. This is the difference between them.

Question 10.
Do you think the Zamindars would have helped the independent cultivators in any way? Give reasons for your answer. (Textbook Page No. 112)
Answer:
Zamindars were acted as mediaters during Mughal period and helped the cultivators. But during the British they didn’t help the cultivators. As a result in the long run, the zamindars also suffered and became defaulters. Numerous zamindaris were sold off at auctions organised by the East India Company. Anyone who failed to pay the revenue, lost his zamindari.

Question 11.
How do you think it was possible for the zamindars to keep increasing their incomes without increasing investment in the land? (Textbook Page No. 114)
Answer:
The prices of grains in the market rose and cultivation slowly expanded. This meant an increase in the income of the zamindars but no gain for the Company as it could not increase the revenue demand that had been fixed permanently. Even then the zamindars did not have an interest in improving the land. Some had lost their lands in the earlier years of the settlement; others now saw the possibility of earning without the trouble and risk of investment. As long as the zamindars could give out the land to tenants and get rent, they were not interested in improving the land.

Question 12.
Who do you think would have benefited from the Ryotwari Settlement – the farmers, the landlords or the British? Give reasons. (Textbook Page No. 116)
Answer:
The landlords would have benefited from the Ryotwari settlement.
Reasons:

1. There was an increase in the number of landlords in the Ryotwari area.
2. They showed much interest in giving their lands on rents rather than cultivation.

Question 13.
Compare these actual outcomes with what you had predicted. How similar or different was it? (Textbook Page No. 116)
Answer:
I think that the conditions of the cultivators may get improved with the Ryotwari system. But my prediction goes on wrong. Farmers became as landlords and the tenants as coolies.

Question 14.
Why do you think the ryots not invest in improving agriculture or extending agriculture? (Textbook Page No. 116)
Answer:
The prices rose faster than the land revenue and the ryots found it more profitable to employ tenants to cultivate their lands and receive rent from them. So they did not invest in improving agriculture or extending agriculture.

Question 15.
Imagine and describe the condition of the landless tenants of the ryots. (Textbook Page No. 116)
Answer:
The landless tenants had to pay the revenue and the rent many times more than their yield. They had no chance to develop their fields or to invest on it. They had to approach moneylenders to meet their expenditure. If they could not repay their loans on time, the moneylenders also had to go to court to get their land auctioned to recover the loan money.

The agricultural prices were determined by the international market. As a result the tenants had to bear more losses. If they cultivated cash crops, it would have resulted in scarcity of food. As a result, they had to desert the lands. Many people migrated to South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji and other distant places as coolies during ‘Ganjam Famine’.

Question 16.
Discuss the changes in the lives of traditional crafts persons and village artists. (Textbook Page No. 118)
Answer:
Traditional crafts persons are adding technology to their tradition. As the prices are high, there is no demand for their products. Village artists had enjoyed the encouragement of the Kings and Zamindars. Now they lack it. So their lives are in worse condition.

Question 17.
Why do you think it was necessary to defeat the palegars before the Ryotwari Se ttlement could be introduced? (Textbook Page No. 115)
Answer:
Palegars resisted the imposition of British rule and indulged in constant war and looting. They had armed followers. Identifying the orizinal land owners was very difficult. So they should be subdued first. I think law and order should be restored before the Ryotwari settlement.

Question 18.
If you live in the ‘Ceded Districts’, find out about the palegars who fought with the British. (Textbook Page No. 115)
Answer:
Mahy wars were broken out between Palegars and the British from 1798 to 1805. First war was fought between Veerapandya and the British in 1799. Second main war was fought between a group of Palegars and the British. After a long andexpensive campaign-the-British finally defeated the revolting Palegars of whom many were beheaded and hanged while others were deported to the Andaman Islands. Of the Palegars who submitted to the British some of them granted Zamindari status, which had only tax collection rights and disarmed them completely.

Question 19.
Who ultimately profited from production for export market and why? (Textbook Page No. 117)
Answer:
Peasants very often borrowed money from moneylenders in order to pay land revenue. As usually the peasants borrowed money from them for the production so as to do export market. As the demand was reduced, they incurred losses. They suffered a lot as they could not earn enough to pay back the loans they had taken. The moneylenders became richer and richer as more and more peasants came under their grip.

Question 20.
Have you heard of any similar rapid rise or decline in prices of any agricultural produce in our own times? Find out about its impact on the farmers. (Textbook Page No. 117)
Answer:
In recent past, there was an increase in the prices of rice and red gram. Later they were reduced by the government. Peasants grew some crops thinking of high profits. If the demand fell, they would get losses that year.

Question 21.
Why do you think the zamindars kept the soldiers and small forts? (Textbook Page No. 112)
Answer:
Zamindars had some villages under their control. They were the mediators between the rulers and the ruled. They had much income also. So they lived in small forts. To protect their people from thefts and attacks, to collect revenues they needed soldiers. So they maintained them.

Question 22.
Who do you think gained the most from the ‘Permanent Settlement’- the British Government, the zamindars or the peasants? Give your reasons. (Textbook Page No. 113)
Answer:
The Zamindars gained most from the ‘Permanent settlement’.
Reasons:

1. The zamindars paid only 10% of prefixed revenue. They did not pay the surplus collection to the British.
2. Peasants had to pay more revenue. Those who could not pay the revenue, lost their land. They changed as tenant farmers.

Question 23.
In what ways did the zamindari system fail in the objectives with which the British had introduced it? (Textbook Page No. 114)
Answer:

1. Zamindars did not develop the lands.
2. They did not invest on lands.
3. Land revenue is very high.
4. There were no exceptions at the time of famines and crop failures.
5. East India Company frequently changed the zamindars in auctions.
6. The Zamindars were interested in their earning but not in constructive ideas and works.
7. Some landlords and moneylenders got profited.
   Due to these reasons the Zamindari system failed in the objectives.

Question 24.
When the ‘Permanent Settlement’ was introduced, there was no detailed lanjd survey. Why do you think was it needed for the ‘Ryotwari Settlement’? (Textbook Page No. 115)
Answer:
As the Zamindars were middlemen, the Britishers could not get proper income. Peasants suffered a lot from lack of developmental activities. So the British planned to collect revenue directly from the peasants by providing various facilities. So the detailed land survey is needed for the ‘Ryotwari Settlement’.

Question 25.
Why did the high revenue rates prevent zamindars and farmers from improving agriculture? (Textbook Page No. 117)
Answer:
As they paid heavy rates of rents and revenue from their income, they were not able to improve agriculture. They used the remaining amounts for their household purposes.

Question 26.
Why did the war in America lead to increase in prices of cotton in India? (Textbook Page No. 117)
Answer:
In 1861, there was Civil war in America and British factories turned to India for supply of cotton. As a result cotton prices soared high.

Question 27.
Why do you think the peasants were not willing to invest in their lands? (Textbook Page No. 118)
Answer:
They had no funds to invest in their lands. They had fear that they could be evicted from their land at anytime. If they improved their forming, the Zamindars immediately increased the share he took from them. But the Zamindars also prevented the peasants from improving their fields because they were afraid that the peasants would then start asserting their rights over the land.

Question 28.
Among all forms of exploitation, the peasants hated ‘vetti’ the most? Can you explain why? (Textbook Page No. 119)
Answer:
During the colonial period the peasants were forced to do ‘vetti’ on the personal land of the landlords. The soldiers would even catch peasants walking on the road and force them to do vetti in the zamindar’s fields.

1. Many peasants could not cultivate their own fields properly.
2. They could not improve their fields.
3. They could not earn incomes.
4. This was an inhumane activity.
   So the peasants hated ‘vetti’.