Srinivas

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 3 Maps to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 3 Maps

→ We use maps when we want to study the Earth horizontally as a part, such as a country, state, district, town, village, and world as a whole.

→ A rough drawing drawn without scale and directions mainly based on memory and spot observation and not to scale is called a sketch.

→ A map is a representation of the whole Earth or a part of it, on a flat surface according to ^proportionate scale. –

→ A map must have certain components like direction, scale, symbols, etc.

→ Main components of a map. 1.Directions 2. Scale 3. Symbols 4.Colours.

→ North, South, East, and West are called Cardinal directions. Among these four direc¬tions North is treated as principal direction. So all the maps contain a North arrow with the letter N at the top right-hand corner.

→ intermediate directions are North-East (NE), South-East (SE), South-West (SW), and North-West (NW). We can locate any place more accurately with the help of these intermediate directions.

→ Scale is another component of a map. The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the actual ground. A scale can be used to figure out the distance between two locations on a map.

→ With the use of these symbols, maps can be drawn easily. With the symbols, maps are simple to read. Symbols give a lot of information in a limited space. Even if we don’t know the language of an area we can know the information from maps with the help of symbols.

→ The colors used in the maps represent different physical features.

→ Maps can be classified into three types. They are :

1. Political Maps
2. Physical Maps
3. Thematic Maps

→ Political maps show villages, cities, towns, districts, states, and countries with their boundaries.

→ Large landmasses on the World map are called Continents. Large water bodies on the World maps are called Oceans.

→ Physical maps show the physical features such as Mountains, Plateaus, Plains, Oceans and Rivers, Deserts, etc.

→ Thematic maps show the distribution of specific features such as land use, temperature, rainfall, population, soils, natural vegetation, crops, minerals, industries, railways, roads, waterways, etc.

→ There are two types of maps based on scale.

1. Large-scale maps
2. Small-scale maps

→ Large-scale maps: These maps represent small areas. They can be divided into Cadastral maps and Topographical maps. Cadastral maps show the individual property. Topographical maps show detailed surface features.

→ Small-scale maps: They represent large areas – World, Continents or Countries. They are of two types:

1. Wall maps and
2. Atlas maps.

→ Map: Diagrammatic representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features, cities, roads, etc.

→ Sketch: Drawing based on memory and spot observation and not to scale.

→ Plan: Drawing a small area on a Large scale.

→ Scale: Ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map with the help of scale.

→ Cardinal directions: Directions of North, East, South, and West, denoted by N, E, S, W.

→ Intermediate directions: Direction between to cardinal directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest)

→ Compass: Drawing circles and arcs and measuring distances between points.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Production in a Factory – A Paper Mill to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Production in a Factory – A Paper Mill

→ Factories produce goods on a large scale, with the help of machines and a large number of workers.

→ There are two paper mills in Andhra Pradesh – Rajahmundry and Kurnool.

→ Paper mills generally use wood from bamboo, eucalyptus, and sublabel trees.

→ Besides wood, a number of chemicals like common salt and caustic soda are also used in different stages of paper-making.

→ Paper mills need electricity for operating their machines.

→ Besides electricity, the mill requires a large quantity of clean water throughout the year. Paper mills engage contractors to supply bamboo and other raw materials.

→ Paper is actually made in five stages. They are:

1. Chipping,
2. Making of wood pulp,
3. Spreading the pulp,
4. Pressing, drying, and rolling,
5. Cutting.

→ Papermill runs all 24 hours a day.

→ Papermill has marketing depots in different cities.

→ Developed railways and roadways make it is easy to transport wood and paper to and from the mill.

→ A factory also employs people on different terms and conditions.

→ Some are regular ‘permanent’ workers of the factory, while some others may be employed as casual workers when the need arises.

→ A regular employee, he gets a number of benefits like Provident Fund (paid when he retires from service), medical insurance, etc.

→ Platform: It is a space meant for something.

→ Conveyor belt: A continuous moving belt used for transporting objects within a building

→ Fibre line: This is a section in paper mills. There the wood chips are turned into thin fibers.

→ Label: A small piece of card, fabric, or other material attached to an object and giving information about it

→ Allowance: The amount of something allowed or a sum of money paid regularly to a person

→ Bonus: A sum of money added to a person’s wages for good performance

→ Pollution: The presence in the air, soil, or water of a substance with harmful or unpleasant effects.

→ Working hours .: Any organization has some prescribed working hours.

→ Raw materi&: The material which ¡s used to make something.
e.g: Cotton → doth.

→ Accountant: A person who keeps or Inspects financial accounts.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 18 Caste Discrimination and the Struggle for Equality to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 18 Caste Discrimination and the Struggle for Equality

→ A group of people, who follow some common rules and Customs, worship the common duties, follow the same profession of work, and are bonded together are said to be one caste.

→ The caste system gave rise to great inequalities and discrimination in our society.

→ People who take up dignified professions are considered as higher caste people and those who take up undignified professions are called people of low caste and are treated as untouchables.

→ People of lower caste are not allowed to enter temples, not allowed to enter the houses of upper caste people, their children are not allowed to sit with the children of higher castes, and they are not allowed to take water from the wells. Thus the discrimination went on for ages in our country.

→ Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee of Indian Constitution who belonged to the Mahar caste, was treated as untouchable.

→ Omprakash Valmiki, a famous Dalit writer, had to sit away from the others in the classroom and that too on the floor, he had to sweep all the school and playground, while other children were listening to lessons in the classrooms because of his caste.

→ The caste system, with the four major caste groups, Brahmana, Kshatriya > Vysya, and Sudra emerged in the times of the Vedas.

→ Later new aspects like untouchability, restrictions on marriage and eating together, etc., emerged.

→ Thinkers like Buddha, Mahavira, Ramanuja, Basava, Kabir, Vemana, etc., criticized the discrimination based on birth.

→ The struggle for freedom from British rule was also included within the struggle against social evils and discrimination.

→ In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, several reformers fought to create a new social system based on freedom/equality, brotherhood, human dignity, and economic justice.

→ Jyotirao Govindarao Phule and his wife Savitri Bai Phule were pioneers of education for women and the lower castes as well as the masses.

→ Periyar, a rationalist and the lower caste movement in South India taught, it is the birthright of everyone to enjoy liberty and equality.

→ Sri Narayana Guru of Kerala preached brotherhood for all and fought against the ill effects of the caste system.

→ When India became a free nation, our constitution ensured that all the people of India are considered equal. Everyone has equal rights and opportunities.

→ Untouchability is seen as a crime and abolished by law.

→ Through laws and through government programs and schemes to help disadvantaged communities, the government tried to implement equality.

→ Still, there is discrimination in our schools against Dalit children. Where their dignity is not respected people are treated unequally on the basis of their caste, religion, disability, economic status, and gender.

→ It is only when people begin to believe that every person deserved to be treated with dignity, that the discrimination against the lower caste people ends and social equality prevails.

→ Untouchability: Show the discrimination on the basis of their caste.

→ Scheme: Apian or a system for doing or organizing something.

→ Constitution: A set of rules and regulations which are followed by people and government

→ Autobiography: The story of a person’s life, written by that person.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 13 The Kings of Vijayanagara to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 13 The Kings of Vijayanagara

→ Vijayanagara kingdom was founded by Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya in 1336 AD with the blessings of the sage – Vidyaranya.

→ It was ruled by four dynasties – Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Aravali.

→ On the north of Tungabhadra, the Bahmani kingdom was established with its capital in Gulbarga.

→ Later, between 1489 and 1520 it broke up into five small kingdoms.

→ Of these five kingdoms, Bijapur and Golkonda achieved prominence.

→ We know much about the Vijayanagara kingdom from inscriptions, books, buildings and detailed accounts of foreign travellers.

→ The capital city of Vijayanagara was built on the bank of the river Tungabhadra with seven rings of fortifications.

→ The city had four separate divisions – the first one devoted to temples, the second one for crops, the third one for the royal centre and the fourth one for ordinary town’s folk.

→ By importing a large number of horses from Arabia, by recruiting a large army, by building many strong forts and by introducing guns and cannons in their forces, the Vijayanagara rulers attained great military power.

→ The entire kingdom was actually controlled ^nd administered by the commanders of the army – Islayaka/ Amara Nayak as

→ The Nayakas held Amara – revenue assignments whose revenue they could collect and use for maintaining the troops kept in their possession. They also had judicial powers.

→ Many powerful Nayak controlled vast areas and at times they could even challenge the Vijayanagara Kings. By building tanks and irrigation canals, the Nayakas helped to bring the large areas of the kingdom under cultivation.

→ Because of their efforts, there was a tremendous increase in agricultural production. This in turn provided the impetus to trade.

→ Trade-in agricultural produce, as well as craft, produce like cloth increased manifold in the Vijayanagara period.

→ Trade centres were established on both of India’s extensive coasts.

→ The strategic goods the Vijayanagara kingdom imported were horses, guns and cannons.

→ Indian exports remained the same as in earlier periods as textiles and other craft items.

→ Krishnadeva Raya ruled from 1509 to 1529 AD.

→ He was a great general. He defeated the Sultans of Bahmani and the Gajapathis of Odisha.

→ Krishnadeva Raya patronised temples which include Tirupathi, Srisailam and Ahobilam. He also built several beautiful temples.

→ Krishnadeva Raya was also a patron of Telugu literature. He himself wrote the book – Amuktamalyada.

→ His court was adorned with eight poets known popularly as Ashtadiggajas.

→ In 1565 AD all five Bahmani kingdoms joined together and Aliya Rama Raya of Vijayanagara kingdom in Rakkasi Tangadi (Tallikota) war.

→ They looted and destroyed the Vijayanagara city.

→ Their capital was’ shifted to Chandragiri.

→ The succeeding emperors could not regain the glory of Vijayanagara.

→ Amaranayaka: The captains who held Amara revenue assignments i.e., they were given some villages and cities whose revenue they could collect and use.

→ Iqta: Revenue assignments of Delhi sultanate.
(OR)
Nobles or amirs were given similar revenue assignments called Iqtas.

→ Archaeologists: A person who studies human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artefacts and other physical remains.
(OR)
Scientists who excavate and study the historical remains.

→ Amirs: Nobles

→ Raya gopuram: Towering temple gateways.

→ Bahmani Kingdoms: A Muslim state of the Deccan in South India and one of the major medieval Indian kingdoms. Bah manid Sultanate was the first independent Islamic kingdom in South India.

→ Portuguese: A native or inhabitant of Portugal or a person of Portuguese descent.
(OR)
An ethnic group indigenous to the country of Portugal. Their language is Portugal.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 2 Globe – Model of the Earth to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 2 Globe – Model of the Earth

→ Globe is a model of the Earth.

→ Latitudes are the imaginary lines that are drawn horizontally on the globe.

→ Longitudes are the imaginary lines that are drawn vertically on the globe.

→ Longitudes are also known as Meridians.

→ Axis is an imaginary straight line that runs through the North and South Pole.

→ 23 1/2 degrees north latitude is called a Tropic of cancer.

→ 23 1/2 degrees south latitude is called as Tropic of Capricorn.

→ 66 1/2 degrees north latitude is called Arctic Circle.

→ 66 1/2 degrees south latitude is called as Antarctic Circle.

→ 90 degrees north latitude is called the North Pole.

→ 90 degrees south latitude is called the South Pole.

→ 0 degrees longitude is known as Greenwich longitude.

→ 180 degrees east and west longitude are known as International Date Line.

→ The half of the Earth that lies north of the equator is called as Northern Hemisphere. The half of the Earth that lies south of the equator is called as Southern Hemisphere.

→ The half of the Earth that lies east of the prime longitude is called as Eastern Hemisphere.

→ The half of the Earth that lies west of the prime longitude is called as Western Hemisphere.

→ There are two types of Earth movements. They are Earth Rotation, Earth Revolution.

→ The main result of the Earth Rotation is the occurrence of day and night.

→ The main result of the Earth Revolution is the occurrence of seasons.

→ Seasons are the divisions of the year, defined by changes in weather.

→ Solar Eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth on one line.

→ Lunar Eclipse occurs when the Earth moves between Sun and Moon on one line.

→ Axis: An imaginary line about which a body rotates.

→ Equator: 0° latitude.

→ Tropic of Cancer: 23 1/2 Northern Latitude

→ Tropic of Capricorn: 23 1/2 Southern Latitude

→ Arctic Circle: 66 1/2 Northern Latitude

→ Antarctic Circle: 66 1/2 Southern Latitude

→ North Pole: 90° Northernmost part of the Earth.

→ South Pole: 90° Southernmost part of the Earth.

→ Meridians: Longitudes connecting North and South poles and shows mid-day

→ Greenwich/Prime meridian : 0° longitude.

→ International Dateline: 1800 east and west longitudes

→ Latitudes: Imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator.

→ Longitudes: Imaginary lines that run between the North pole and South pole.

→ Northern Hemisphere: The half of the earth that lies north of the equator.

→ Southern Hemisphere: The half of the earth that lies south of the equator.

→ Eastern Hemisphere: Half of the earth that lies east of the Prime Meridian.

→ Western Hemisphere: Half of the earth that lies west of the Prime Meridian.

→ Seasons: Seasons are divisions of the year, defined by changes in weather.

→ Solar Eclipse: Occurs when the Mòon passes between the Sun and Earth on one line.

→ Lunar Eclipse: Occurs when Earth moves between Sun and Moon on one line.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 17 Implementation of Laws in the District to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 17 Implementation of Laws in the District

→ Various departments of the government do various kinds of activities.

→ The ministers who control the departments and the officials of those departments carry out the orders of the government.

→ These officials of the department work at different levels: secretariat (capital) level, district level, and the Mandal level.

→ The District Collector or the District Magistrate coordinates the work of all departments in the district.

→ The District Collector conducts the meetings with the heads of all the departments.

→ He attends to the problems of the people from all the mandates and helps them to solve them.

→ The Collector would instruct the heads of various departments to attend to the problems of the people.

→ In case of emergency, he will act briskly, personally monitors the situation, and announce compensation to the affected people.

→ He would act strictly if anyone encroached the public places, sidewalks, and roads.,

→ The district is divided into different manuals and mandates are formed of many villages.

→ Mandal Revenue Office keeps the records of land.

→ Using these land records and maps the Mandal Revenue Office settles the disputes between the individuals.

→ If anyone encroaches on the forest land or the land belonged to the government, Mandal officials evict them.

→ The Village Revenue Officer and Mandal Revenue Officer have the responsibility of up¬dating and issuing ration cards.

→ To protect the resources such as forests, rivers, and groundwater for the benefit of the next generations, the Government of Andhra Pradesh enacted the Andhra Pradesh Water, Land, and Trees Protection Act in 2002.

→ After the Law was passed, the Water, Land, and Trees Protection Authority or WALTA was formed to implement this Act.

→ in a democratic country like ours, the elected representatives and appointed government officials play different roles.

→ We should work towards achieving to drive away marginalization, disparities, and discrimination.

→ Magistrate: A civil officer with powers to try miner cases and hold a preliminary hearing.

→ Loan waiver: An act of giving up of loans

→ V.R.O: Village Revenue officer

→ Ginning: Separate seeds from cotton.

→ WALTA: Water Land and Trees Protection ACT (2002)

→ Tahsildar(MRO): An officer who maintains the records of land. (Mandai Revenue officer)

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 21 Devotional Paths to the Divine to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 21 Devotional Paths to the Divine

→ Ramanuja Acharya was a staunch devotee of Vishnu. He propounded the doctrine of Visishtadvaita or qualified monotheism according to which the soul even when united with the Supreme God remained distinct.

→ The Virashaiva movement was initiated by Basavanna. The Virashaivas argued strongly for the equality of all human beings against and scriptural ideas about caste and the treatment of women.

→ Maharashtra saw a great number of saint poets. The most important among them were Jnaneswar, Namdev, Eknath and Tukaram, Sakkubai, and the family of Chokhamela.

→ The saints of Maharashtra rejected all forms of ritualism outward display of piety and social differences based on birth.

→ A number of religious groups such as Nathpanthis, Sidhacharas, and Yogis advocated renunciation of the world.

→ Sufis were Muslim Mystics. They rejected outward religiosity and emphasized love and devotion by God and compassion towards all fellow human beings.

→ Islam propagated strict monotheism or submission to one God. It also rejects Idol worship and considerably simplified rituals of worship into collective prayers.

→ The Sufis often rejected the elaborate rituals and codes of behavior demanded by Muslim religious scholars. Sufis sought union with God.

→ Among the great Sufis of central Asia were Ghazzali, Rumi, and Sadi.

→ During the Delhi sultanate, the Chishti silica developed in the Indian subcontinent. It had teachers like Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmer, Qutbuddin Bhaktiar Kaki of Delhi, Baba Farid of Punjab, Khwaja Nijamuddin Auliya of Delhi and Bandanawaz Gisudaraz of Gulbarga.

→ The period of the thirteenth century saw a new wave of the Bhakti movie in north India.

→ Kabir and Guru Nanak rejected Orthodox customs. But Bammera Pothana; Tulasidas and Surdas accepted the existing system.

→ Mirabai, a Rajput princess, devoted herself to Krishna and composed innumerable bhajans expressing her intense devotion.

→ A most unique feature of most of the saints is that their works were composed in regional languages and could be sung.

→ Kabir, the most influential saint, openly ridiculed all forms of external worship, of both Hinduism and Islam. The pre-eminence of the priestly classes and caste system.

→ Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to salvation was through Bhakti or devotion.

→ Guru Nanak emphasized the importance of the worship of one God. He insisted that caste, creed, or gender was irrelevant for attaining liberation.

→ Nanak used the terms Riam (right worship) dan (welfare of others) and Isnan (purity of conduct)

→ Yogi Vemana of Andhra Pradesh wrote about the foolishness of the ignorant about aspiring to know God and union with God.

→ Advaita: A Vedantic doctrine that identifies the individual self with the ground of reality.
(Or)
The doctrine of the oneness of the individual soul and the supreme God. It was propagated by Sankaracharya.

→ Salvation: PreservatIon or deliverance from harm, ruin, or loss.
(Or)
The process of saving the soul from sin and its consequences

→ Alvars: The devotees of Lord Vishnu.

→ Nayanars: The devotees of Lord Shiva.

→ Bhakti: Devotional worship directed to one supreme deity.

→ Yogasanas: Positions and postures of the body in a systematic way.

→ Bijak: One of the earliest of the major texts in modern Hindi, which Includes the compilations of compositions of Kabir.

→ Abhang: A form of devotional poetry, sung in praise of Hindu God, Vithala.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 11 Respiration in Organisms to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 11 Respiration in Organisms

→ The process of breathing in air is called inspiration and that of breathing out air is called expiration.

→ The number of times we breathe in and breathe out the air in a minute is called the respiration rate.

→ The air we breathe fills our lungs that are located in our chest.

→ The air we breathe in does not contain only oxygen. It is a mixture of many gases.

→ Gills are the respiratory organs of the fish.

→ The gills absorb the oxygen that is dissolved in water.

→ Earthworms breathe through their skin.

→ Respiration occurs in all organisms. In this process, oxygen is taken in while carbon dioxide and water vapor are released.

→ Skin, gills, tracheae, and lungs are respiratory organs.

→ Stomata and lenticels help in the exchange of gases in plants.

→ Spiracle: small openings or holes on the sides of the body of cockroach which help to breathe

→ Gills: Respiratory organ of aquatic animals that breathe oxygen dissolved in water.

→ Carbon dioxide: A colorless. odorless, non-flammable gas formed when carbon burns in excess oxygen. It is also produced by respiration.

→ Oxygen: A gas that is essential for living things.

→ Inhale: The Breath in, draw into the lungs.

→ Exhale: Breath out, send out, emit, breathe forth.

→ Inspiration: Breathing in, supernatural or divine influence.

→ Expiration: Breathing out

→ Trachea: Windpipe

→ Albert Einstein was born in 1879 in the German city of Ulm.

• In 1921 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
• E = mc2 is his famous equation.
• Einstein was lam ous for his theory of relativity. A traveling clock runs slower than a clock that is at rest. He proved that light travels in the form of particles called Photons (also called Quanta). Photons are pieces of light energy
• In 1955 lie died while he was in deep slumber.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 10 Nutrition in Plants to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 10 Nutrition in Plants

→ The substances needed for the growth of a plant do not come from the soil only.

→ The green substance in the leaves is called chlorophyll.

→ Plants get water from the soil through their roots.

→ The main nutrients needed for plants are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

→ Cuscuta takes food from the plant on which it is climbing.

→ Saprophytes grow on -dead, decaying matter.

→ A few plants manufacture their own food but also obtain a part of their nutrition from insects.

→ Green parts of plants use carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight (as well as other sources of light) along with water to make glucose, starch, and other food materials. This process of making food materials is called photosynthesis.

→ Plants that do not photosynthesize depend on other means of getting their nutrition.

→ Saprophytes live on decaying organic matter.

→ Insectivorous plants fulfill their nitrogen deficiency by trapping insects.

→ In symbiosis, organisms share their food and shelter.

→ Nutrition: Nourishing food, the study of food and its effects

→ Autotroph: Which prepare their own food materials

→ Chlorophyll: Green pigment of plants.

→ Photosynthesis: Synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy

→ Stomata: A part of a leaf through which gases exchange takes place

→ Saprophyte: A plant that lives on dead organic matter.

→ Insectivorous: A plant that eats insects

→ Carnivorous: Animals that eat meat

→ SymbIosis: Close association of two species living together to their mutual benefit

→ Fungi: Mushroom or allied plant

→ Preservation of plant parts like leaves, flowers, or whole plants is a traditional designer art. If the plants are not available in a particular place then the plant physiologists collect those plants where they are available and make them in the preservative form. This is commonly known as an herbarium. They study those plants, and these preserved plants are also helpful for future studies.

There are colonies of algae and fungi living together in a symbiotic relationship! These colonies are known as Lichens. This relationship starts with the attack of the algal colony by a type of fungus. It is an example of balanced parasitism then. Later as algae survive, they are given protection from intense light and conditions of drying up due to the presence of fungus colony. The fungus gets food from its partner.

→ M.S Swaminathan:
Mom kombu Sambasivan Swam Nathan was born on 7th August 1925 at Kumbakonam in Tamilnadu. Swam Nathan is one of the responsible persons for the green revolution in India.

He introduced modern methods and techniques to raise agricultural production. He was the first agriculture scientist to win the Albert Einstein World Science Award in 1986.

At present, he is the Director of the MS. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 9 Reflection of Light to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 9 Reflection of Light

→ Light coming from a narrow slit or small hole looks like a ray of light.

→ The ray of light falling on the mirror is called the incident ray.

→ The ray of light returning from the mirror is called the reflected ray.

→ The angle between the normal and the incident ray is called the angle of incidence ∠i

→ The angle between the normal and the reflected ray is called the angle of reflection ∠r

→ Periscope is used to view objects outside the room through the window while hiding oneself in the room.

→ In-plane mirror there will be a lateral inversion in the image formed for an object.

→ We get multiple images of an object placed in between the plane mirrors arranged at an angle to each other.

→ The image formed by a rearview mirror is smaller than the image in a plane mirror.

→ If the reflecting surface of a mirror is concave it is called a concave mirror.

→ If the reflecting surface is convex, then it is called a convex mirror.

→ The image that can be obtained on a screen is called a Real image.

→ The image that cannot be obtained on a screen is called a virtual image.

→ Reflection from a smooth surface like that of a mirror is called regular reflection.

→ Reflection from a rough or irregular surface is called irregular reflection or diffused reflection.

→ Light changes its direction when it is obstructed by any object. This phenomenon is called reflection.

→ The angle of incidence is equal to an angle of reflection. We denote the angle of incidence with ∠i and the angle of reflection with ∠r.

→ The measure of ∠i = measure of ∠r. (for a plane mirror)

→ In the image formed by a mirror, the right of the object appears as left, and the left of the object appears as right. This is called Lateral Inversion.

→ The distance from the object to a plane mirror is equal to the distance of the image from the mirror.

→ Irrespective of the size of the plane mirror, the size of the image in the mirror is equal to the size of the object.

→ Any object which is far away from us looks smaller in size. In the same way, its image in the plane mirror will also look smaller.

→ The plane mirror forms a single image. If we want to form multiple images two plane mirrors need to be kept at an angle.

→ The number of images increases when we reduce the angle between two mirrors.

→ In a rearview mirror (convex mirror) we get diminished Usage of the object.

→ In a mirror which is used by a Dentist (concave mirror), we get an enlarged image of the object

→ The image that can be obtained on a screen is called a Real Image.

→ The image that can’t be obtained on a screen but can be viewed in the mirror is called a Virtual Image.

→ Torches, headlights of vehicles have concave mirrors behind the bulb for reflection.

→ Reflection from a smooth surface is called regular reflection.

→ Reflection from a rough surface is called an irregular reflection.

→ Incident Ray: A ray of light that hits a surface

→ Reflected Ray: The ray represents the light refracted by the surface

→ Normal: Usual

→ The angle of incidence ∠i: The angle made by the incident ray with a normal

→ The angle of reflection ∠r: The angle made by the retracted with normal

→ Periscope: Observation from a concealed position

→ Lateral inversion: The image formed in a flat mirror

→ Kaleidoscope: A cylinder with a mirror.

→ Rearview mirror: Mirror used in vehicles to see the vehicles behind them.

→ Spherical mirror: Mirror in the shape of a circle

→ Convex mirror: Curves outward towards a light source

→ Concave mirror: Curves inward to away the light source

→ Real Image: Image which can be seen with a help of source

→ Virtual image: Image which cannot be seen with a help of source

→ Regular Reflection: Reflection occurring on a smooth reflecting surface

→ Irregular Reflection: Reflection from a rough or irregular surface.

→ Christian Huygens:

• Huygens was born in 1629. He propounded the wave theory of light.
• He explained the transverse nature of light by constructing a wavefront.
• He died in 1695.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 8 Air, Winds, and Cyclones to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 8 Air, Winds and Cyclones

→ The air around us is rarely still.

→ Air exerts pressure.

→ Air expands on heating.

→ Hot air is lighter than cold air.

→ We get a land breeze and sea breeze.

→ Regions close to the equator get more heat from the sun.

→ Increased wind speed is accompanied by reduced air pressure and this aids rains

→ Farmers in our country mainly depend on rains for their harvests.

→ Cyclones are a form of violent storms on earth.

→ Tropical cyclones are like giant engines that use warm moist air as fuel.

→ Factors like wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and humidity contribute to the development of cyclones.

→ Cyclones can be very destructive.

→ Wind speed plays an important role in the formation of storms.

→ Air is everywhere.

→ The moving air is called wind.

→ The air around us exerts pressure.

→ Air expands on heating and contracts on cooling.

→ Warm air rises up whereas comparatively cooler air tends to sink towards the earth’s surface.

→ As warm air rises air pressure at the place is reduced and the cooler air moves into that place.

→ Uneven heating on the earth causes wind movements.

→ Cyclones may be caused due to wind traveling at high speed due to differences in air pressure.

→ It has become easier to study cyclones with the help of advanced technology like satellites and radars.

→ Wind: The moving air is called wind

→ Expansion: Spreading out

→ Anemometer: Instrument for recording wind speed

→ Cyclone: A violent circuLar or rotatory storm

→ Low pressure: Small force

→ High pressure: High force

→ Thomas Alva Edison:
Edison was an American, inventor The incandescent lamp, the phonograph, the carbon telephone transmitter, and motion pictures, storage batteries, dictating machines, and micrograph duplicating the machine are some of the inventions of Edison. According to Edison, a genius is created by 1% of inspiration and 99% of perspiration.

Edison was born on 11-2-1847 in Milan, Ohio. His father was a carpenter and his mother was a teacher On 18-10-1913 Edison died.