Class 8

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 16 Abolition of Zamindari System.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 16th Lesson Abolition of Zamindari System

Question 1.
While the slogan Land to the Tiller meant that the tenant will get the land, what will happen to the landless agricultural worker, who works for wages?
Answer:
The conditions of the tenants were somehow improved. But the conditions of the landless agricultural workers remain the same. They are still in the same poverty.

Question 2.
Some people feel that the land reform laws only tried to help the landlords. Do you agree with them?
Answer:
Yes, I agree with them.
Giving compensation to the zamindars, continuing them as owners of the Khudkasht etc., reveal this.

Question 3.
Do you think there was any other way of giving gainful employment to the rural poor?
Answer:
At present there are many ways of giving gainful employment. But there were less opportunities at that time. The British destroyed the occupational system of India. The people lost all their chances of employment. So I think there were no other ways.

Question 4.
How many acres of land does a family of four persons need to get a decent living in your area? (Give the figures separately for both irrigated and unirrigated land.)
Answer:
A family of four persons needs 8 acres of irrigated land and 30 acres of dry land to get a decent living in our area.

Question 5.
To what extent did the landless service castes benefit from these reforms?
Answer:
They were not benefited in any way from these reforms.

Question 6.
Why did the Land Ceiling Act become necessary?
Answer:
Many Acts after independence have not changed the ownership of lands in India. It changed Zamindars as landlords, landlords as big farmers. But it did nothing to the common poor.
The ownership of the land was only a few hands. So the Land Ceiling Act became necessary.

Question 7.
Why was the end to vetti important for all kinds of peasants?
Answer:
‘Vetti’ is a black spot for humanity. Many struggles were led against this. So the end of it was important for all kinds of peasants.

Question 8.
Is vettis prevalent still in your region ? If it is there, prepare a report?
Answer:
No, at present vetti is not prevalent in my region. But it is not completely abolished from our society still in some villages the poor people who are taken money from land lords for their needs, they are unable to repay that, due to this they are working in their lands as bounded labourers.

Question 9.
Why do you think the spirit of Bhoodan did not help to end landlordism and get land to the tiller?
Answer:
In this movement the landlords should donate their land with their own interest. This kind of humanity was not in them. Some of them donated only ‘Banjar’ and ‘Porambok’ lands only instead of cultivated land. 90% of the fertile lands were remained with the landlords. So the movement did not help to end landlordism and get land to the tiller.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 7 Money and Banking.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 7th Lesson Money and Banking

Question 1.
How do we usually exchange old clothes?
Answer:
We usually exchange old clothes with steel utensils. This depends mostly on the seller.

Question 2.
How do we usually exchange plastic & newspaper?
Answer:
We usually exchange these with onion traders. He gives 1 1/2 kg onions for 1 kg plastic or newspaper.

Question 3.
How do we exchange hair?
Answer:
Money is offered for hair.

Question 4.
How do we exchange paddy?
Answer:
In our village paddy is exchanged for services rendered by washerman, barber etc.

Question 5.
Ask your parents how washermen, barbers, need kaavalikaru were paid for their work in villages and towns.
Answer:
Nowadays they are paid money only. But 15 years ago our parents paid them in the form of paddy.

Question 6.
When should one use fixed deposits for savings?
Answer:
The money invested in fixed deposits should not be withdrawn in the given period. Then only one can use fixed deposits for savings.

Question 7.
If a very large number of account-holders do not wish to keep their money in the bank, how will it affect the bank’s working?
Answer:
This affects the reserves of a bank. The bank cannot lend loans to customers. This affects their income. As a result it is impossible to run a bank.

Question 8.
Suppose you need Rs. 2000. You fill a cheque and give it to your friend and send her to get the money in cash. What happens?
Answer:
Bankers reject this cheque. Bankers never give cash to the cheques. The sister should have an account in the branch. Then only she can withdraw the amount.

Question 9.
What are the names of some banks you know?
Answer:

1. Kotak Mahindra,
2. State Bank of India,
3. Andhra Bank,
4. Indian Bank.

Question 10.
Name some durable metals.
Answer:
Copper, bronze, silver and gold.

Question 11.
Are all the problems solved with the invention of money?
Answer:
With the invention of money, some problems remained and new problems came up.

Question 12.
Why were metals preferred for use as money?
Answer:
Copper, bronze, silver and gold are durable, can be divided into parts and be carried around Since they were scarce they became acceptable by all. So the metals were preferred for use as money.

Question 13.
Do you think minting of coins was a good idea?
Answer:
Yes, I think so. But the quality and measurement should be perfect as per norms.

Question 14.
Why do banks ask for security while lending?
Answer:
There is no personal relation and identification between the bank people and their customers. If the bank people failed to recollect the debts, it leads to bankrupt. So banks ask for security while lending.

Question 15.
What will happen if some borrowers do not repay the bank loan?
Answer:
The bank collects the loan from the guarantors or disposes the mortgage.
For e.g.: If any customer fails to repay the housing loan, the bank sells the house in auction. It takes the loan amount and gives the remaining amount to the customer.

Question 16.
What a crossed cheque?
Answer:
The cheque which is crossed as on the left side top of the cheque.

Question 17.
Fill in the blanks:
1. If we use ———– there will be no problem in exchanging commodities.
2. Exchange of goods and services with each other is called ———– system.
Answer:
1. money
2. barter

Question 18.
Why do we save money in a bank?
Answer:
Money kept at home does not earn interest. But, money kept in a bank account does. If you keep money in the bank it wili grow.
In the villages, poor peoples incomes are irregular and unpredictable. You have to cope with a bad crop season, loss of employment, illness or death in the family. You also need money for marriages and festivals. Saving money in a bank account helps you smoothen your income.
Money is safe in bank, please check, if the bank in which you intend to keep your hard earned money is licensed, please do not share bank account details with anybody. Protecting your bank acount is as important as opening and using it.

Question 19.
How do we open a bank account for a Minor?
Answer:
A savings/fixed/recurring bank deposit account can be opened by a minor of any age through his/her natural or legally appointed guardian.
Minors above the age of 10 years are allowed to open and operate savings bank accounts independently, subject to bank’s risk management systems that are in place.
Additional banking facilities like internet banking, ATM / debit card, cheque book facility etc., are allowed. But minor accounts are not allowed to be overdrawn and should always remain in credit.

Question 20.
Read the following paragraph and answer the following questions.
Over time, people preferred scarce and attractive metals as medium of exchange. Copper, bronze, silver and gold are durable, can be divided into parts and be carried around. Since they were scarce, they became acceptable by all. People could buy and sell with the assurance that the money they had in hand would be valuable and sought by others. They did not have to worry that their money might lose value as could happen with grains or cattle. However, some problems remained and new problems came up. For every exchange, the metal had to be weighed and later on traders were not sure about the quality of the metal. What one might get in exchange may not be pure gold or silver. After sometime, there was a serious problem of trust in the quality of metal that was used as money for exchange.
1. Name some durable metals.
Answer:
Copper, bronze, silver and gold

2. What was the assurance of the people?
Answer:
People could buy and sell with the assurance that the money they had in hand would be valuable and sought by others.

3. Why did the people not have to worry?
Answer:
They did not have to worry that their money might lose value as could happen with grains or cattle.

4. Are all the problems solved with the invention of money?
Answer:
With the invention of money, some problems remained and new problems came up.

5. People preferred scarce and attractive metals as
Answer:
Medium of exchange.

Question 21.
Read the following paragraph and answer the following questions.
In many towns and cities representatives of all banks meet on each day to settle what each bank has to pay to the other and receive from the other. Cheques that have been verified are handed over to each other. One of the banks works as the Clearing Bank where all the banks have an account. The payments and receipts between banks are done by this Clearing Bank.

In the present system, all banks and most of their branches are linked by computers. All deposit holder accounts and their signatures can be accessed by the branches anywhere. Hence representatives don’t have to meet nor do banks have to send cheques to the outstation branches. The transaction between one bank and another is done through interlinked com-puters. This makes the whole system work faster and in an easier manner.

1. Who meet on each day?
Answer:
In many towns and cities representatives of all banks meet on each day.

2. What did they exchange?
Answer:
Cheques that have been verified are handed over to each other.

3. What is the work of Clearing Bank?
Answer:
The payments and receipts between banks are done by the Clearing Bank.

4. What is the novelty in the present system?
Answer:
In the present system all banks and most of their branches are linked by computers.

5. What is the result of this?
Answer:
This makes the whole system work faster and in an easier manner.

Question 22.
Read the following passage and prepare two questions.
Paper money also has its defects. It will tear and get dirty. So there is an idea of using plastic material for notes. Plastic or polymer currency is easy to handle, more durable and forgery can be detected easily. It is water-proof and eco friendly (recycling is easy). From metal to paper and now probably paper to plastic.
Answer:

1. What are the defects of paper money?
2. What are the advantages of paper or polymer currency?

Question 23.
Locate any three places of early bankers of India in the given Indian map.
Answer:

Discussion
Invite the local postmaster/postman to your class and conduct the interaction on different saving schemes.
Answer:
Children: Good morning, Sir.
Postmaster: Good morning, Children.
Children: Sir, we want to know about different saving schemes in the post office.
Postmaster: For especially students some saving schemes are introduced in post offices to habituate the savings by children whenever they get pocket money without wastage, it is useful to them buy books in higher classes.
Children: Please Sir, explain such schemes.
Postmaster: Recurring deposit: This is one of the important saving scheme.
Children: Sir, how should we save money in this scheme?
Postmaster: Children this is monthly scheme. From above Rs.10 to how much we need we should save for a certain period of time.
Children: Sir, is there any other schemes.
Postmaster: Savings account.
Children: Sir, How should we maintain this?
Postmaster: Children, in this scheme we opened an account on our name and whenever we have surplus amount should deposit in our account.
Children: Sir, very interesting, is there any other schemes?
Postmaster: Sukanya scheme, this is for only girls.
Children: Sir, we have interest to know about more schemes.
Postmaster: Children, another scheme is also there, that is fixed deposit.
Children: Please, explain Sir.
Postmaster: In this scheme we will deposit our money for a certain period of time, like 1 year, 2 years, 3 years. But we will get interest on behalf of this deposit.
Children: Thank you Sir, today we know more valuablé information about saving schemes in the post office.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 6 Minerals and Mining.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 6th Lesson Minerals and Mining

Question 1.
How has been the contribution of mining to economy identified in this chapter?
Answer:
India is underdeveloped country immediately after independence. These mines yield income to the government and also get royalty, when the mines were given to others. So I think this is the contribution of mining to economy.

Question 2.
What is the use of the stick in coal mines?
Answer:
The stick is used to check the blasted place in the mine by tapping.

Question 3.
What is meant by SCCL?
Answer:
Singareni Collieries Company Limited.

Question 4.
Write about the quality of Barytes.
Answer:
Barytes available in the upper layers are of lower grade while those mined from depth are of higher grade. Quality is determined by the grain size of the stone.

Question 5.
How many kinds of minerals are there? What are they?
Answer:
Environmentalists differentiate minerals into two kinds of resources-renewable and non-renewable. Renewable resources are those which can be regenerated like wood.
Most minerals are non-renewable. There is only a limited amount of these available on the earth. If we finish them then there will not be any more of it. These are called non-renewable sources of energy, e.g.: gold, coal, petroleum.

Question 6.
Match the following.
1) Bauxite     ( ) A) Non-conductors of electricity
2) Mica         ( ) B) Roof sheets
3) Chrome    ( ) C) Aluminium
4) Asbestos  ( ) D) Wash basin
5) Feldspar   ( ) E) Stainless steel
Answer:
1) C,
2) A,
3) E,
4) B,
5) D

Question 7.
Fili in the blanks:
1. Ten rings in Hollage indicates danger.
2. Narrow tunnel in mine is mine shaft.
3. Coal layer is called coal seam.
4. The coal drilling area is called face.
5. Coal is transported through conveyor belts.

Question 8.
Appreciate the mineral resources of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
Mineral Resources of Andhra Pradesh:
Andhra Pradesh is very rich in mineral resources. It is a large producer of granites of various colours, Kadapa stones, etc., used in buildings. It also produces limestone and dolomite used in cement industry. Northern districts have large coal deposits (Kothagudem in Godavari valley) while the Krishna Godavari basin has great potential for mineral oil and gas. AP is historically known for its famous diamond mines too and some of the largest diamonds in the world were found here.

Question 9.
What are the sensitivities in obtaining minerals from mines?
Answer:
Most of the mining practices result in disturbing the surface area – it can mean cutting down forests, destroying fields and habitations, creating large pits or mounds. Mines also need large amounts of water to wash the minerals. This results in polluting the nearby rivers and water sources. This usually means that older use of the land cannot be continued and farmers or tribal people have to leave the land. Even people who live nearby face problems created by mining. At the same time mining employs a large number of people who come to live in nearby areas and build new townships. It thus provides livelihood for nearly ten lakh people in India and over one lakh people in Andhra Pradesh. The work of miners is also very hazardous, as they are constantly exposed to accidents besides breathing in poisonous substances which cause long term health damage.

Question 10.
What aspects of regulations in the mining by the government do you agree with? And why?
Answer:
If the government introduced sophisticated methods and technology instead of giving the mines on lease, I feel better.
The reasons are:

1. The private people may not take the safety measures.
2. Their attitudes may cause ‘0’ (zero) minerals to the future citizens.
3. The right percentage of royalty may not reach the government properly.
4. The unused mines may not be closed in view of expenditure.

So I support the government regulation only.

Question 11.
Why is the SCCL interested in open cast?
Answer:
When compared to underground mines, the open casts are less expensive. Machines can be used widely in these. So SCCL is interested in open casts.

Question 12.
Why is the mining of atomic fuels in the hands of government?
Answer:
Atomic fuels are most valuable. We have less reserves of them. They play a key role in our safety. So they are in the hands of government.

Question 13.
Why should the residents of mining areas be rehabilitated?
Answer:
The residents of mining areas are the owners of those lands. The lands are confiscated from them by force. So they should be rehabilitated.

Question 14.
Read a news report of 29 June 2009:

Sinqareni coal mines open wounds

By Our Correspondent
WARANGAL, June 28: Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) has decided to adopt Open Cast Mining (OCM), to meet the demand for coal. The decision could render 20,000 people homeless and affect 200 villages. The mines will also affect an estimated 3,000 hectares of forests.

“If the mining underground produces 1,500 tonnes of coal a day, open cast mines pro-duce 10,000 tonnes per day and obviously at a much lesser cost,” said a senior SCCL official.

While that is so, the open cast mining will displace thousands of families, destroy scores of habitations and cause loss of livelihood to locals. According to the company official, the company will pay compensatory afforestation charges and develop forests on an equal amount of land where it has lopped off the jungles. It will pay Rs. 4.38 to Rs. 10.43 lakh per hectare, he said. The local people also complained that due to these mines which dig up the earth and create huge artificial hills of loose earth, rivers and streams are getting choked and ground water is getting polluted and there is acute scarcity of even drinking water.

Now answer the following questions.
1. When was this news published?
Answer:
It was of 29-6-2009.

2. What is meant by SCCL?
Answer:
Singareni Collieries Company Limited.

3. What will happen with this decision?
Answer:
The decision could render 20,000 people homeless and affect 200 villages. The mines will also affect an estimated 3,000 hectares of forests.

4. Underground mines, open cast mines – which are profitable to the company?
Answer:
Opencast mines

5. What did the local people complain?
Answer:
The local people complained that due to these mines which dig up the earth and create huge artificial hills of loose earth, rivers and streams are getting choked and ground water is getting polluted and there is acute scarcity of even drinking water.

Question 15.
Look at the mineral map of Andhra Pradesh and fill the table.

Answer:

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 12 Factorisation Ex 12.2 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Maths Solutions 12th Lesson Factorisation Exercise 12.2

Question 1.
Factorise the following expression
i) a² + 10a +25
ii) l² – 16l + 64
iii) 36x² + 96xy + 64y²
iv) 25x² + 9y² – 30xy
v) 25m²– 40mn + 1 6n²
vi) 81x² – 198 xy + 12ly²
vii) (x+y)² – 4xy
(Hint : first expand ( x + y)² )
viii) l⁴ + 4l²m² + 4m⁴
Solution:
i) a² + 10a +25
= (a)² + 2 × a × 5 + (5)²
It is in the form of a² + 2ab + b²
a² + 2ab + b²= (a + b)²
∴ a² + 10a + 25 = (a + 5)² = (a + 5) (a + 5)

ii) l² – 16l + 64
l² – 16l + 64
= (l)² – 2 × l × 8 + (8)²
It is in the form of a² – 2ab + b²
a² – 2ab + b² = (a – b)²
∴ l² – 16l + 64 = (l – 8)² = (l – 8) (l – 8)

iii) 36x² + 96xy + 64y²
36x² + 96xy + 64y²
= (6x)² + 2 × 6x × 8y + (8y)²
It is in the form of a² + 2ab + b²
a² + 2ab + b² = (a + b)²
∴ 36x² + 96xy + 64y²
= (6x + 8y)² = (6x + 8y) (6x + 8y)

iv) 25x² + 9y² – 30xy
25x² + 9y² – 30xy
= (5x)² + (3y)² – 2 × 5x × 3y
It is in the form of a² + b² – 2ab
a² + b² – 2ab = (a – b)²
∴ 25x² + 9y² – 30xy
= (5x – 3y)² = (5x – 3y) (5x – 3y)

v) 25m²– 40mn + 1 6n²
25m² – 40mn + 16n²
= (5m)² – 2 × 5m × 4n + (4n)²
It is in the form of a² – 2ab + b²
a² – 2ab + b² = (a – b)²
∴ 25m² – 40mn + 16n²
= (5m – 4n)²
= (5m – 4n) (5m – 4n)

vi) 81x² – 198 xy + 12ly²
81x² – 198xy + 121y²
= (9x)² – 2 × 9x × 11y + (11y)²
It is in the form of a² – 2ab + b²
a² – 2ab + b² = (a – b)²
∴ 81x² – 198xy + 121y²
= (9x – 11y)² – (9x – 11y) (9x – 11y)

vii) (x+y)² – 4xy
(Hint : first expand ( x + y)² )
= (x + y)² – 4xy
= x² + y² + 2xy – 4xy
= x² + y² – 2xy = (x – y)² = (x – y)(x – y)

viii) l⁴ + 4l²m² + 4m⁴
l⁴ + 4l²m² + 4m⁴
= (l²)² + 2 × l² × 2m² + (2m²)²
It is in the form of a² + 2ab + b²
a² + 2ab + b² = (a – b)²
∴ l⁴ + 4l²m² + 4m⁴
= (l² + 2m²)² = (l² + 2m²) (l² + 2m²)

Question 2.
Factorise the following
i) x² – 36
ii) 49x² – 25y²
iii) m² – 121
iv) 81 – 64x²
v) x²y² – 64
vi) 6x² – 54
vii) x² – 81
viii) 2x -32 x⁵
ix) 81x⁴ – 121x²
x) (p² – 2pq + q²)-r²
xi) (x+y)² – (x-y)²
Solution:
i) x² – 36
x² – 36
⇒ (x)² – (6)² is in the form of a² – b²
a² – b² = (a + b) (a – b)
∴ x² – 36 = (x + 6) (x – 6)

ii) 49x² – 25y²
= (7x)² – (5y)²
= (7x + 5y) (7x – 5y)

iii) m² – 121
m² -121
= (m)² – (11)²
= (m + 11) (m – 11)

iv) 81 – 64x²
81 – 64x²
= (9)² – (8x)²
= (9 + 8x) (9 – 8x)

v) x²y² – 64
= (xy)² – (8)²
= (xy + 8)(xy – 8)

vi) 6x² – 54
6x² – 54
= 6x² – 6 x 9 ‘
= 6(x² – 9)
= 6[(x)² – (3)²]
= 6(x + 3) (x – 3)

vii) x² – 81
x² – 81
= x² – 9²
= (x + 9 )(x – 9)

viii) 2x – 32 x⁵
2x – 32 x⁵
= 2x – 2x x 16x⁴
= 2 x (1 – 16x⁴)
= 2x [1²) – (4x²)²]
= 2x (1 + 4x²) (1 – 4x²)
= 2x (1 + 4x²) [(1⁵ – (2x)²]
= 2x (1 + 4x²) (1 + 2x) (1 – 2x)

ix) 81x⁴ – 121x²
81x⁴ – 121x²
– x² (81² – 121)
= x²[(9x)² – (11)²]
= x² (9x + 11) (9x -11)

x) (p² – 2pq + q²)-r²
(p² – 2pq + q²) – r²
= (p – q)² – (r)² [∵ p² – 2pq + q² = (p – q)²]
= (p – q + r) (p – q – r)

xi) (x + y)² – (x – y)²
(x + y)² – (x – y)²
It is in the form of a² – b²
a = x + y, b = x- y
∴ a² – b² =(a + b)(a-b)
= (x + y + x – y) [x + y- (x – y)]
= 2x [x + y-x + y]
= 2x x 2y = 4xy

Question 3.
Factorise the expressions
(i) lx² + mx
(ii) 7y² + 35Z²
(iii) 3x⁴ + 6x³y + 9x²Z
(iv) x² – ax – bx + ab
(v) 3ax – 6ay – 8by + 4bx
(vi) mn + m + n + 1
(vii) 6ab – b² + 12ac – 2bc
(viii) p²q – pr² – pq + r²
(ix) x (y + z) -5 (y + z)

(i) lx² + mx
lx² + mx
= l × x × x + m × x = x(lx + m)

(ii) 7y² + 35z²
7y²+ 35z²
= 7 × y² + 7 × 5 × z²
= 7(y² + 5z²)

(iii) 3x⁴ + 6x³y + 9x²Z
3x⁴ + 6x³y + 9x²Z
= 3 × x² × x² + 3 × 2 × x × x² × y + 3 × 3 × x² × z
= 3x² (x² + 2xy + 3z)

(iv) x² – ax – bx + ab
x² – ax – bx + ab
= (x² – ax) – (bx – ab)
= x(x – a) – b(x – a)
= (x – a) (x – b)

(v) 3ax – 6ay – 8by + 4bx
3ax – 6ay – 8by + 4bx
= (3ax – 6ay) + (4bx – 8by)
= 3a (x – 2y) + 4b (x – 2y)
= (x – 2y) (3a + 4b)

(vi) mn + m + n + 1
mn + m + n + 1
= (mn + m) + (n + 1)
= m (n + 1) + (n + 1)
= (n + 1) (m + 1)

(vii) 6ab – b² + 12ac – 2bc
6ab – b² + 12ac – 2bc
= (6ab – b²) + (12ac – 2bc)
= (6 × a× b – b × b) + (6 × 2 × a × c – 2 × b × c)
= b [6a – b] + 2c [6a – b]
= (6a – b) (b + 2c)

(viii) p²q – pr² – pq + r²
p²q – pr² – pq + r²
= (p²q – pr²) – (pq – r²)
= (p × p × q – p × r × r) – (pq – r²)
= P(pq – r²) – (pq – r²) × 1
= (pq – r²)(p – 1)

(ix) x (y + z) -5 (y + z)
= x(y + z) – 5(y + z)
= (y + z) (x – 5)

Question 4.
Factorise the following
(i) x⁴ – y⁴
(ii) a⁴ – (b + c)⁴
(iii) l² – (m – n)²
(iv) 49x² – \(\frac{16}{25}\)
(v) x⁴ – 2x²y² + y⁴
(vi) 4 (a + b)² – 9 (a – b)²
Solution:
= (x²)² – (y²)² is in the form of a² – b²
a² – b² = (a + b) (a – b)
x⁴ – y⁴ = (x² + y²)(x² – y²)
= (x² + y²)(x + y)(x – y)

(ii) a⁴ – (b + c)⁴
a⁴ – (b + c)⁴
= (a²)² – [(b + c)²]²
= [a² + (b + c)²] [a² – (b + c)²] ,
= [a² + (b + c)²] (a + b + c) [a – (b + c)]
= [a² + (b + c)²] (a + b + c) (a – b – c)

(iii) l² – (m – n)²
l² – (m – n)²
= (l)² – (m – n)²
= [l + m – n] [l – (m – n)]
= [l + m -n] [l – m + n]

(iv) 49x² – \(\frac{16}{25}\)
= (7x)² – (\(\frac{4}{5}\))²
= (7x+ (\(\frac{4}{5}\)) (7x – (\(\frac{4}{5}\))

(v) x⁴ – 2x² y² + y⁴
= (x² )² – 2x² y² + (y² )²
It is in the form of a² – 2ab + b²
a² – 2ab + b² = (a – b)²
∴ x⁴ – 2x² y² + y⁴ = (x² – y² )²
= [(x)² – (y)² ]²
= [(x + y) (x – y)]²
= (x + y)² (x – y)²
[∵ (ab)^m = a ^m . bⁿ ]

(vi) 4 (a + b)² – 9 (a – b)²
4 (a + b)² – 9 (a – b)²
= [2(a + b)]² – [3(a – b)]²
= [2(a + b) + 3(a- b)] [2(a + b)-3(a- b)]
= (2a + 2b + 3a – 3b) (2a + 2b – 3a + 3b)
= (5a – b) (5b – a)

Question 5.
Factorise the following expressions
(i) a²+ 10a + 24
(ii) x² +9x + 18
(iii) p² – 10q + 21
(iv) x² – 4x – 32
Solution:
(i) a²+ 10a + 24
a² + 10a + 24 .
= a² + 6a + 4a + 24
= a x a + 6a + 4a + 6 × 4
= a(a + 6) + 4(a + 6)
= (a + 6) (a + 4) (or)
a² + 10a + 24

∴ a² + 10a + 24 = (a + 6) (a + 4)

(ii) x² + 9x + 18
x² + 9x + 18
= (x + 3) (x + 6)

∴ x² + 9x + 18 = (x + 3) (x + 6)

(iii) p² – 10q + 21
p² – 10p + 21
= (P – 7) (p – 3)

∴ p² – 10p + 21 = (p – 7)(p – 3)

(iv) x² – 4x – 32
x² – 4x – 32
= (x – 8) (x + 4)

∴ x² – 4x – 32 = (x – 8) (x + 4)

Question 6.
The lengths of the sides of a triangle are integrals, and its area is also integer. One side is 21 and the perimeter is 48. Find the shortest side.
Solution:
Perimeter of a triangle
= AB + BC + CA = 48
⇒ c + a + b = 48

The solutions of Harmeet, Rosy are wrong.

∴ Srikar had done it correctly.
⇒ 21 + a + b = 48
⇒ a + b = 48 – 21 = 27
∴ The lengths of a, b should be 10, 17
∴ a + b > c [the sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the 3rd side]
∴ 10 + 17 > 2
27 > 21 (T).
∴ The length of the shortest side is 10 cm.

Question 7.
Find the values of ‘m’ for which x² + 3xy + x + my – in has two linear factors in x and y, with integer coefficients.
Solution:
Given equation is x² + 3xy + x + my – m ……….(1)
Let the two linear equations in x and y be (x + 3y + a) and (x + 0y + b).
Then (x + 3y + a) (x + 0y + b)
= x² + 0xy + bx + 3xy + 0y² + 3by + ax + 0y + ab
= x² + bx + ax + 3xy + 3by + ab ………….. (2)
Comparing equation (2) with (1),
x² + 3xy + x + my – m
= x² + (a + b)x + 3xy + 3by + ab
Equating the like terms on both sides,
ab = – m ………….. (3)
(a + b)x = x ⇒ a + b = 1 ……………. (4)
3by = my ⇒ 3b = m ⇒ b = \(\frac{\mathrm{m}}{3}\)
Substitute ‘b’ value in equation (4),
a = \(1-\frac{m}{3}=\frac{3-m}{3}\)
ab = -m
[ ∵ from (3)]
put a & b value then ,
\(\left(\frac{3-m}{3}\right)\left(\frac{m}{3}\right)\) = -m
\(\frac{3 \mathrm{~m}-\mathrm{m}^{2}}{9}\)= -m
⇒ 3m – m² = – 9m
⇒ m² – 12m = 0
⇒ m(m – 12) = 0
⇒ m = 0 (or) m = 12
lf m = 12

∴ b = \(\frac{12}{3}\) = 4&a = \(\frac{3-\mathrm{m}}{3}=\frac{3-12}{3}\)
= \(\frac{-9}{3}\) = -3
∴ Linear factors are (x + 3y – 3), (x + 4) If m = 0
b = \(\frac{0}{3}\) = 0 & a = \(\frac{3-0}{3}=\frac{3}{3}\) = 1
∴ Linear factors are (x + 3y + 1), x.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 13 The Indian Constitution.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 13th Lesson The Indian Constitution

Question 1.
Write some of the inequalities prevalent in our society at the time of Independence.
Answer:

1. Economic inequalities
2. Social inequalities

Question 2.
Write some of the discriminations prevalent in our society at the time of Independence.
Answer:

1. Racial discrimination
2. Gender discrimination

Question 3.
“A Constitution is a set of rule. ” Write any two rules.
Answer:

1. How the country should be governed,
2. How the government should be formed.

Question 4.
Why do you think the kings were allowed to nominate members to the Constitutent Assembly?
Answer:
The kings were familiar with the ideas of their people. They could integrate the ideas of their people. So the kings were allowed to nominate members to the Constituent Assembly.

Question 5.
Why do you think there were so few women members? Do you think it would have been better if there had been more women members?
Answer:
At that time the educated women and the women politicians were very less in number. Even today we are fighting for 33% of women reservations. So there were so few women members. Yes, I think it would have been better if there had been more women members.

Question 6.
Which of the guiding principles in the Objective Resolution, do you think is the most important?
Answer:
“Welfare of all mankind” – This guiding principle in the Objective Resolution is the most important.

Question 7.
Why is it necessary for an elected parliament to make laws?
Answer:
Our constitution provides us a parliamentary form of government. The Parliament, consisting of representatives of the people makes laws. These laws are according to the needs and views of the citizens/people. Judiciary comments on this.

Question 8.
Why do you think the Prime Minister and his Cabinet should get their decisions and actions approved by the Parliament and answer the questions raised by the members of Parliament?
Answer:
The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are answerable to the Parliament. The members of Parliament are the representatives elected by the civilians directly. So they are answerable to them.

Question 9.
Some countries have a different structure, in which there is only a central government which makes laws for the entire country and governs all the provinces or states. Do you think such a system is suited for India?
Answer:
India is a land of many diversities. Different regions have different cultures. All these things should be taken into consideration to make laws. So such system is not suited for India.

Question 10.
Discuss why the courts and judges should be independent of the state and central government authorities.
Answer:
To safeguard the Constitution, the courts and judges should be independent. Otherwise there is a chance of sidetrack. So they should be independent.

Question 11.
Why should the Election Commission be autonomous?
Answer:
The Election Commission should be autonomous to conduct free and fair elections.

Question 12.
Read the section ‘Dream and Promise’ again. Draw a table with statements that you consider as dream in the first column and promise in second column.
Answer:

Question 13.
Observe the following picture and write your comments.

Answer:
This picture belongs to the celebrations of 26th January, the Republic Day. These are NCC students/cadets. They are marching in daylight without gender discrimination. Their faces are bright with self-reliance.

Question 14.
Match the names of the leaders with their photos.

Answer:
1) D,
2) C,
3) A,
4) B

Question 15.
Which aspects of the dreams and promises can you identify in the words used in preamble? Create a chart to show the relationships.
Answer:

Question 16.
Read the following passage.
When India gained its freedom from colonial rule it was decided to put together basic principles for which we stood and principles and procedures by which our country would be ruled. These were written down in a book called the ‘Constitution of India’.

A Constitution is a set of rules about how the country should be governed- how the laws that run it would be made or changed, how the government should be formed, what would be the role of the citizens, what would be their rights, etc. Above all, the Constitution sets before the country the goals for which the country has to strive.

Now answer the following questions:
1. From whom did India gain freedom?
Answer:
India gained its freedom from colonial rule.

2. Where were the basic principles and procedures written?
Answer:
These were written in a book called The Indian Constitution’.

3. “A Constitution is a set of rule.” Write any two rules.
Answer:

1. How the country should be governed?
2. How the government should be formed?

4. Above all the Constitution sets before the country ———– the for which the has to strive.
Answer:
goals.

Question 17.
Read the following passages.

Some of you may have noticed a name missing from the sketches of the makers of the Constitution: Mahatma Gandhi. He was not a member of the Constituent Assembly. Yet there were many members who followed his vision. Writing in the magazine Young India in 1931, he had spelt out what he wanted the Constitution to do:
I shall strive for a Constitution which will release India from all thraldom and patronage… I shall work for an India in which the poorest shall feel that it is their country in whose making they have an effective voice; an India in which there shall be no high class and low class of people; an India in which all communities shall live in perfect harmony. There can be no room in such an India for the curse of untouchability or the curse of the intoxicating drinks and drugs. Women will enjoy the same rights as men… I shall be satisfied with nothing else. – Mahatma Gandhi
Now answer the following questions :
1. Whose name was missing from the sketches of the making of the Constitution?
Answer:
The sketch of Mahatma Gandhi.

2. Where was the dream written?
Answer:
In a magazine called ‘Young India’.

3. Whose dream was this?
Answer:
This was the dream of Mahatma Gandhiji.

4. There can be no room in such an India for the curse of ———–, ———– and ———–.
Answer:
Untouchability, drinks, drugs

5. ———– will enjoy the same rights as men.
Answer:
Women.

Question 18.
Locate the following in the given World map.

1. India
2. South Africa
3. U.S.A.

Answer:

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 12 Freedom Movement in Hyderabad State.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 12th Lesson Freedom Movement in Hyderabad State

Question 1.
Was there any difference between the attitude of the British and the Nizams when it came to democracy?
Answer:
No. Both suppressed the people.

Question 2.
Write any two demands of Andhra Maha Sabha in 1935.
Answer:
The demands of Andhra Maha Sabha in 1935:

1. Compulsory primary education should be implemented.
2. Mother tongue (Telugu) should be the medium of instruction.

Question 3.
What are the languages spoken in your area?
Answer:
Telugu, Urdu and Hindi are the languages mostly spoken in our area.

Question 4.
What is the medium of teaching in schools and colleges today in our state?
Answer:
The mediums of teaching in schools and colleges today are Telugu and Urdu. There are many schools also which teach in other statutory languages.

Question 5.
Do you think all teaching should be done in one’s mother tongue?
Answer:
No. I don’t think so. The teaching should be in their own mother tongue.

Question 6.
Why do you think it is important to publish books in mother tongues?
Answer:
Books are knowledge giving ones. If they are in other languages, nobody can read them. So to attain knowledge it is important to publish in mother tongues.

Question 7.
Why do you think the doras who were Hindus helped the Razakars?
Answer:
Doras, who were Hindus, ruled as dictators. Razakars also had anti-democratic views and they fought the democratic political parties and communist led peasants. Hence, Doras supported and helped the Razakars.

Question 8.
Why do you think the Nizam rule ended on 26th January 1950?
Answer:
The Constitution of India came into force on that day. So we can say that the Nizam rule ended on 26th January, 1950.

Question 9.
What was the role of women in Telangana Armed struggle?
Answer:
Women in the Telangana Struggle:
Women suffered most under the rule of Nizams and doras. They were constantly harassed. They not only had to work for the landlords but also to serve the visiting officials. Many women were made slaves of the landlords. Such women attended the night schools of Andhra Maha Sabha and decided to join the Sanghams and the Communist Party. Some of them took arms and fought the Razakars, some of them sang songs and inspired people, some of them acted as doctors and nurses. But they had to make supreme sacrifices for the sake of the movement.

Question 10.
What were the demands of the Andhra Maha Sabha in 1935?
Answer:
The demands of Andhra Maha Sabha in 1935:

1. Compulsory primary education should be implemented.
2. Mother tongue (Telugu) should be the medium of instruction.
3. The legitimate rights of the people in Jagirs should be protected.
4. Child marriages should be discouraged.
5. Local Self Government should be introduced.
6. Untouchability should be eradicated and the untouchables should be given due place in the society.

Question 11.
How was the Telangana Armed Struggle in 1947-48?
Answer:
The movement was transformed in 1947-48 into a broad anti-Nizam and anti-feudal struggle demanding merging of Hyderabad with independent India. The people burnt the records of the village officials and moneylenders and seized the grains hoarded by the landlords and the merchants. To broaden the scope of the movement and integrate various sections into it, the demand was raised to merge Telangana with the other Telugu speaking regions to create Vishal Andhra.

Question 12.
How was the Hyderabad state merged in India?
Answer:
When India became independent in 1947, Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam wanted Hyderabad to remain as an independent kingdom. The common people of the state wanted to join Independent India and a large campaign was organized by the Hyderabad State Congress led by Ramananda Theertha. The Razakars attacked them too. Then the Indian government decided to end this anarchy and sent armed forces to Hyderabad. Hyderabad was finally integrated into Indian Union in September 1948.

Question 13.
You read about the demands of Andhra Maha Sabha (1935). Explain in what way the demands are being implemented now.
Answer:

1. Compulsory Primary Education is implemented (RTE Act)
2. Telugu Medium schools are established.
3. All people have legitimate rights irrespective of caste, race, religion and region.
4. Child marriages are banned.
5. Now untouchability is a crime. They are given due place in the society.

Question 14.
Observe the map and fill in the blanks.

1. Hyderabad was in ———–.
2. ———– Green colour (Refer to textbook on P.No. 140) indicates
3. Aurangabad is present in ———–.
4. The Presidency on West side was ———–.
5. The South-west part was ———–.

Answer:

1. Surf-e-Khas
2. Samsthanas
3. Maharashtra
4. Bombay Presidency
5. Jagir.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 11B National Movement: The Last Phase 1919-1947.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 11th Lesson National Movement: The Last Phase 1919-1947

Question 1.
Do you think it is right to give the police such powers to suppress revolts?
Answer:
Terrorism and showing anger through demonstrations are two delicate issues. The police should recognize the tenderness and difference between these two. Then only it is right to give such powers.

Question 2.
“On August 23rd, 1945, Subhash Chandra Bose is reported to have lost his life in an air crash while going from Bangkok to Tokyo,”
Why is the death of Subhash Chandra Bose not confirmed?
Answer:
The death of Subhash Chandra Bose is a puzzle till today. Many people believe that he died on that day. The Indian government appointed 3 commissions on this issue. But it is not yet decided and confirmed.

Question 3.
Who was Subhash Chandra Bose?
Answer:
He was a Swarajist and a radical nationalist.

Question 4.
What is the meaning of ‘Azad Hind‘?
Answer:
Independent Bharath.

Question 5.
When was the Indian flag hoisted in Kohima?
Answer:
It was hoisted in March, 1944.

Question 6.
What are the names of two cities that affected with Atom Bombs in World War II?
Answer:
Hiroshima and Nagasaki are the two cities that affected with Atom Bombs in World War II.

Question 7.
Why do you think people were so much against such laws during the freedom movement?
Answer:

1. Most of the police and higher officials were Britishers at that time.
2. It was most difficult for the people to been the dictatorship.
3. Introducing such laws at that time was like pouring ghee into the fire.

So they were against such laws.

Question 8.
Describe communalism and secularism.
Answer:
Communalism believes in the promotion of the interest of a particular religious community and not the general interests of all. It also believes that the state and government should be run keeping in mind the interest of that particular religious group. This is in contrast to nationalism which believes that the nation is above individual communities and represents the interests of all people including those who may not have any religion at all. This view is also called ‘Secular’ as it holds that the government should neither interfere in the affairs of a religion nor allow any religion to interfere with the government.

Question 9.
Write about Subhash Chandra Bose and INA.
Answer:
Subhash Chandra Bose had been a Swarajist and a radical nationalist. He organized the Indian National Army (INA) with the cooperation of Rash Bihari Bose in Burma and Andamans. The INA consisted of more than sixty thousand soldiers. He received the help of the Japanese in this fight. On 21 st October 1943, the provisional Government of Independent India (Azad Hind) was set up in Singapore. On March 18th, 1944 the INA crossed the frontiers of Burma and entered India with a slogan “Dilli Chalo” – (on to Delhi).
In March 1944, the Indian Flag was hoisted in Kohima. But with the change of fortunes in the war, the launching of a counter-offensive by the British in the winter of 1944-45 and the final defeat of Japan in the Second World War the INA movement collapsed. On August 23rd, 1945, Subhash Chandra Bose is reported to have lost his life in an air crash while going from Bangkok to Tokyo.

Question 10.
The radicals and radical organizations helped the freedom struggle to attain freedom. Explain it.
Answer:
The period after 1940 was characterised by intensive activities of radical organisations like the Communist party, trade unions, women’s organisations, kisan sabhas and dalit organisations. They mobilised the poor and marginalized peasants and workers, tribals and dalits not only against the British but also against the local exploiters like moneylenders, factory owners and upper caste landlords. They were keen that in the new independent India their interests should be properly represented and their long years of suffering should end and they should get equal rights and opportunities. The national movement which was till then dominated by upper class people gained a new dimension and energy which eventually helped to throw out the British rule.

Question 11.
Read the following passages and answer the questions.
Subhash Chandra Bose and INA
Subhash Chandra Bose had been a Swarajist and a radical nationalist. He organized the Indian National Army (INA) with the cooperation of Rash Bihari Bose in Burma and Andamans. The INA consisted of more than sixty thousand soldiers. He received the help of the Japanese in this fight. On 21st October 1943, the provisional Government of Independent India (Azad Hind) was set up in Singapore. On March 18th 1944 the INA crossed the frontiers of Burma and entered India with a slogan “Dilli Chalo” – (on to Delhi).
In March 1944, the Indian Flag was hoisted in Kohima. But with the change of fortunes in the war, the launching of a counter-offensive by the British in the winter of 1944-45 and the final defeat of Japan in the Second World War the INA movement collapsed.
1. Who was Subhash Chandra Bose?
Answer:
He was a Swarajist and a radical nationalist.

2. Whose cooperation was taken to organise INA?
Answer:
The cooperation of Rash Bihari Bose was taken.

3. Who helped Bose in this fight?
Answer:
Japan helped Bose in this fight.

4. What is the meaning of ‘Azad Hind’?
Answer:
Independent Bharath

5. When was the Indian flag hoisted in Kohima?
Answer:
It was hoisted in March, 1944.

Question 12.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Germany led by Hitler and his Nazi party wanted to gain control over the whole world and declared war on Britain, France, USSR, and other countries. USA joined on the side of England, France and USSR (called Allied Countries). Germany was supported by Japan and Italy. One of the worst wars in human history broke out in 1939 and lasted till 1945 when USSR’s armies captured Berlin and the USA dropped atom bomb over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Most people who cherished the values of democracy and freedom op-posed Hitler and supported the Allied Countries in the war. However, in India it created a dilemma as Indians were at the same time fighting the British.
1. The party of Hitler was
Answer:
Nazi Party.

2. What were the Allied countries?
Answer:
England, France, Russia and USA.

3. Italy supported to
Answer:
Germany.

4. What are the names of two cities that affected with Atom Bombs?
Answer:
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

5. Was Hitler a democratic personality or a dictator?
Answer:
Hitler was a dictator.

Question 13.
Collect the details of Bhagat Singh and write an essay on it.
Answer:

Bhagat Singh ….
Born on 28-9-1907
Died on 23-3-1931
He was an Indian Nationalist and influential revolutionist.
He is often referred to as Shaheed. He was born in a Sikh family.
He studied European revolutions, movements and attached to anarchist and Marxist ideologies.
Seeking revenge for the death of Lala Lajapathi Roy at the hands of the police, Singh was involved in the assassination of British police officer John Saunders. Together with Bhatukeshwar Dutt, he undertook a successful effort to throw two bombs and leaflets inside the Central Legislative Assembly while shouting slogans of “Inquilab Zindabad”.

Subsequently, they volunteered to surrender and be arrested. Held on this charge he gained widespread national support. When he underwent a 116 day fast in jail, demanding equal rights for British and Indian political prisoners.
During this time, sufficient evidence was brought against him for a conviction in Saunders case.
A trial was orchestrated by a special tribunal and appeal at the Privy Council in England. He was convicted and subsequently hanged for his participation in the assassination of John Saunders.
He is one of the Heroes of our Nation.

Question 14.
The disparities between Hindu and Muslim ¡n our country were raised in 1906? Were they disappeared after independence? Write the reasons for your answers.
Answer:
No, they were not disappeared even after independence, those the present today also. Pak occupied Kashmir, Kargil war, Parliament attack, Mumbai attacks, Hyderabad attacks — Lumbini park, Gokulchat and Dilsukh Nagar reveal this issue.
Reasons:

1. Because of partition of India associated with Pakistan.
2. There was no way that the communal tensions were going to subside.
3. Sensationalism I vote bank over humanism are also other reasons.

Question 15.
Why did World War — II create a dilemma in Indians?
Answer:
The countries in the world joined the two groups in the war.
The people who supported democratic ideas and opposed dictatorship fought against Hitler and supported the allied countries in war. But at the same time India was against the British n our country. So there was a dilemma.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 11A National Movement: The Early Phase 1885-1919.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 11th Lesson National Movement: The Early Phase 1885-1919

Question 1.
What do you understand by Swadeshi?
Answer:
I understood Swadeshi ‘as goods produced in our own country’.

Question 2.
If authorities do not agree to the just requests of people, what do you think the people should do?
Answer:
The requests should be not only just but also legal. If the authorities do not agree, one should oppose them democratically and attain them.

Question 3.
What were the major areas of swadeshi’s impact?
Answer:

1. Political
2. Social
3. Industrial
4. Foreign trade
5. Spiritual
6. Business (National trade)
7. Education
8. Cultural
9. Judicial.

Question 4.
What is meant by ‘Swaraj’?
Answer:
Swaraj means complete independence.

Question 5.
What is the slogan of Tilak?
Answer:
“Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it”.

Question 6.
A few leaders like Gandhiji, Tilak, Subhash Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh sacrified their lives for the sake of our nation.
What would have happened, if they did not do so?
Answer:
The British would have plundered our nation’s wealth more and more. The people of our country would have been suffered as slaves under the British rule and India would have become a very poor country.

Question 7.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
In the next Congress session (1905), the extremist Nationalists led by Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pai and Lala Lajapat Rai were in favour of extending the movement to the rest of India and to demand for full fledged freedom or ‘Swaraj’. Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the famous slogan, “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.” They wanted to move away from the earlier strategy of submitting petitions to government to mobilising the masses against the British rule and forcing the British to give up and go. They called the earlier strategy as ‘mendicancy’ (or begging for alms). The old leaders, called ‘Moderate nationalists’.

1) Name any two extremists.
Answer:
Tilak, Bipin Chandrapal.

2) What is meant by ‘Swaraj’?
Answer:
Swaraj means complete independence.

3) What is the slogan of Tilak?
Answer:
Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.

4) How did they call the policy of moderates?
Answer:
They called it ‘mendicancy’.

5) What did the moderates do?
Answer:
The moderates tried with petitions.

Question 8.
Read the following passage and write a meaningful question.
In Class VII, you had read about the revolt of 1857 in which the soldiers, ordinary peasants, artisans and landlords and even princes joined the struggle against the British rule. While the movement was opposed to the British, it did not have any new vision of the country. It in fact wanted to restore the rule of the old kings and queens and also the same caste based society.
Answer:
“Why did the 1857 revolution fail?”

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 10 Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 10th Lesson Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam

Question 1.
Did the Zamindar own all the lands of the villages in the Mughal times?
Answer:
No. They owned some of the village lands. They had the power to collect revenue from the villagers. Rest of the land was owned by peasants and others.

Question 2.
What did the Zamindars do for the Mughal government and what did they get in return?
Answer:
The Zamindars collected the revenue from the peasantry on behalf of Mughal emperors. In return they received a share of revenue collected. Sometimes they also had right to collect some small local taxes.

Question 3.
How would the changes have affected the position of the farmers who tilled the land for several generations?
Answer:

1. This settlement inadvertently converted all the peasants into the tenants.
2. Since rent collected was much higher than the revenue, the cultivators could not pay and sometimes deserted the lands. These were the affects.

Question 4.
What is the difference between revenue and rent?
Answer:
Revenue: Tax on land which is paid to the Zamindars or government.
Rent: Amount paid to the owners of the land for using and cultivating it.

Question 5.
In what ways did the government invest in agriculture during the early British rule? Do you think it could have been done by farmers themselves?
Answer:

1. The Britishers made necessary advances to the ryots to purchase seeds, implements, bullocks and to repair old wells or dig new ones,
2. They constructed anicuts & canals. It could not have been done by farmers themselves.

Question 6.
How was a ‘dora’ different from an ordinary landlord?
Answer:
The large landlords were called Doras. They had a large retinue of servants and soldiers. Ordinary landlords were under the control of these ‘doras’. Landlords should follow the orders of ‘Doras’. This is the difference between them.

Question 7.
How do you think it was possible for the zamindars to keep increasing their incomes without increasing investment in the land?
Answer:
The prices of grains in the market rose and cultivation slowly expanded. So there was an increase in the income of Zamindars without increasing investment in the land.

Question 8.
Who do you think would have benefited from the Ryotwari Settlement – the farmers, the landlords or the British? Give reasons.
Answer:
The landlords would have benefited from the Ryotwari settlement.
Reasons:

1. There was an increase in the number of landlords in the Ryotwari area.
2. They showed much interest in giving their lands on rents rather than cultivation.

Question 9.
Why do you think the ryots did not invest in improving agriculture or extending agriculture?
Answer:
The prices rose faster than the land revenue and the ryots found it more profitable to employ tenants to cultivate their lands and receive rent from them. So they did not invest in improving agriculture or extending agriculture.

Question 10.
Who ultimately profited from production for export market and why?
Answer:
Moneylenders profited ultimately from production for export market. They lent more and more money to farmers on high-interest rates and profited.

Question 11.
Discuss the changes in the lives of traditional crafts persons and village artists.
Answer:
Traditional crafts persons are adding technology to their tradition. As the prices are high, there is no demand for their products. Village artists had enjoyed the encouragement of the Kings and Zamindars. Now they lack it. So their lives are in worse condition.

Question 12.
How are we paying the taxes nowadays?
Answer:
At present revenue is paid in the form of money.

Question 13.
Have you heard of any similar rapid rise or decline in prices of any agricultural produce in our own times? Find out about its impact on the farmers.
Answer:
In recent past, there was an increase in the prices of rice and red gram. Later they were reduced by the government. Peasants grew some crops thinking of high profits. If the demand fell, they would get losses that year.

Question 14.
Why do you think the Zamindars kept the soldiers and small forts?
Answer:
Zamindars had some villages under their control. They were the mediators between the rulers and the ruled. They had much income also. So they lived in small forts.
To protect their people from thefts and attacks, to collect revenues they needed soldiers. So they maintained them.

Question 15.
Why did the high revenue rates prevent zamindars and farmers from improving agriculture?
Answer:
As they paid heavy rates of rents and revenue from their income, they were not able to improve agriculture. They used the remaining amounts for their household purposes.

Question 16.
During the freedom movement the Zamindars normally supported the British. Can you explain why?
Answer:
The policies of Zamindars created a gap between them and their people. They earned more assets in the British reign. So they normally supported the British during the freedom movement.

Question 17.
Who introduced the Permanent Settlement of Tax and when?
Answer:
Cornwallis introduced this in 1793.

Question 18.
Why did the war in America lead to increase in prices of cotton in India?
Answer:
In 1861, there was Civil war in America and British factories turned to India for supply of cotton. As a result cotton prices soared high.

Question 19.
Why were famines caused under British rule? Do you think it was because of failure of rains or floods?
Answer:
The rains and floods caused one or two famines during the British rule. Most of the famines occurred due to their dictatorial rule. They exported food grains in the famines. They had no interference when the merchants created artificial scarcity by hoarding food grains. They didn’t work for the welfare of the people in India. So the famines were caused.

Question 20.
Write the names of any two peasant movements.
Answer:
The Deccan riots of 1860s, Rampa fituries, Moppila agitations etc.

Question 21.
Match the following.
1) 1865/66 ( ) A) Dhawaleshwaram anicut
2) 1860      ( ) B) Anicut over the Krishna river at Vijayawada
3) 1793      ( ) C) Ganjam famine
4) f1849     ( ) D) Permanent settlement
5) 1854      ( ) E) The Deccan riots
Answer:
1) C
2) E
3) D
4) A
5) B

Question 22.
Imagine that you live in the ‘Ceded Districts’, find put about the Palegars who fought with the British.
Answer:
Many wars were broken out between Palegars and the British from 1798 to 1805. First war was fought between Veerapandya and the British in 1799. Second main war was fought between a group of Palegars and the British. After a long and expensive campaign the British finally defeated the revolting Palegars of whom many were beheaded and hanged while others were deported to the Andaman Islands. Of the Palegars who submitted to the British some of them granted Zamindari status, which had only tax collection rights and disarmed them completely.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 9 Public Health and the Government.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 9th Lesson Public Health and the Government

Question 1.
Why are children given food in the anganwadis?
Answer:
In Andhra Pradesh about 33% of children below 5 years of age were characterised as under weight. This is due to hunger and malnutrition. So the government decided to feed these children through Anganwadis.

Question 2.
What problems do we face in private hospitals?
Answer:
Problems in private hospitals : We should pay more money here. Medicines also cost very high. Some may cause unnecessary tensions to the patient families.

Question 3.
What should be available in every village as part of the public health system?
Answer:
Asha worker, nutrition, immunisation facilities, weighing machine etc., should be available in every village as part of the public health system.

Question 4.
List some public health centres or hospitals near your place.
Answer:
We have public health centre in Vadali. In a short distance we have P.H.C. at Mudinepalli. We have a centre of R.M.P. in our village.

Question 5.
Is the water you drink at school clean?
Answer:
Yes, the water at our school is clean.

Question 6.
In your opinion, what is one most important improvement that should be made for the mid-day meal being served at your school?
Answer:
The quality of rice should be changed. Better quality should be maintained.

Question 7.
Write any two reasons for doctors not accepting rural posting?
Answer:

1. Rural backwardness,
2. Lack of modern facilities.

Question 8.
Why are people approaching private hospitals though the government hospitals are functioning?
Answer:
The state government is issuing ‘Aarogya Sri’ cards to people even though the government hospitals are functioning. The people also may take this as ideal.

Question 9.
Read the first paragraph under the heading ‘Basic Public Facilities’ (Textbook page No. 105) and answer the question:
Is there any provision of safe drinking water in your area? Explain.
Answer:
Ours is Singarayapalem village in Mudinepalli Mandal. We have two tanks in our village. Water in one tank is purified and lifted to another water tank. From there it is supplied to the whole village. So we are all protected from many diseases. Our Panchayat looks after all these works.

Question 10.
1. Let us examine the situation through the AP Human Development Report, 2007 which states: “Freedom from hunger and malnutrition is a basic human right and a fundamental prerequisite for human and national development. Better nutrition means stronger Immunity systems, less illness and better health. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), poor nutrition contributes to 1 out of 2 deaths (53 percent) associated with infectious diseases among children below five in developing countries. In Andhra Pradesh, about 33 per cent of children below 5 years of age were characterised as underweight. About 31 percent of women and 25 per cent of men are undernourished.”
Read the above para and prepare a question.
Answer:
“What is useful for the development of humankind?”

2. Why are people approaching private hospitals though the government hospitals are functioning ? Write your opinion on this issue.
Answer:
The state government is issuing ‘Aarogya Sri’ cards to people even though the government hospitals are functioning. The people also may take this as ideal.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 8 Impact of Technology on Livelihoods.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 8th Lesson Impact of Technology on Livelihoods

Question 1.
What happens when Combined Harvesters are used?
Answer:
Agricultural labourers lose the jobs of harvesting the crop, threshing and cleaning the grains from chaff when Combined Harvesters are used.

Question 2.
Why do farmers use Combined Harvesters?
Answer:
Due to excess benefits by using Combined Harvesters, the farmers are using these Combined Harvesters.

Question 3.
What happened with the invention of steam engine?
Answer:
The steam engine changed many production processes in factories.

Question 4.
What is called an invention?
Answer:
When a new machine or method of production is created for the first time, it is called an invention.

Question 5.
Write the names of any two machines.
Answer:
X-ray machines and power looms.

Question 6.
What can we use instead of rubber?
Answer:
We can use plastic instead of rubber.

Question 7.
Write any two advantages of Mobile phones.
Answer:

1. They reduce the distances between people.
2. Emergency messages can be conveyed within seconds.

Question 8.
Write any two disadvantages of Mobile phones.
Answer:

1. They pollute the minds of children.
2. They cause disturbance in the circulation of electro-magnetic waves of one’s body, who uses it.

Question 9.
What comes under service sectors? What is the technological change in it?
Answer:

1. Services include activities that support agriculture and industries. All the trading activities are also services.
2. Technological changes also affect service activities.
3. Due to this there is a rapid change in communications. They are available at the lowest rates.

Question 10.
Write any two advantages and two disadvantages of Mobile phones.
Answer:
Advantages:

1. They reduce the distances between people.
2. Emergency messages can be conveyed within seconds.

Disadvantages:

1. They pollute the minds of children.
2. They cause a disturbance in the circulation of electro-magnetic waves of one’s body, who uses it.

Question 11.
Appreciate the ladies ¡n the following figures.

Answer:
The women in the left side picture are in their traditional dress and repairing community radio. They are caring their children also. They are very conscious in their work.
The women in the right side picture are like white flowers. They are also repairing Telephone assembly line. The way they sit discloses their dedication to the work.

Question 12.
Observe the following table and answer the given questions.

a) What was the change in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana?
Answer:
There was a decline in handloom units.

b) Of all the states, which had more decline?
Answer:
Punjab state.

c) Of all the states, which two states were having more units in 2009?
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamilnadu

d) Where did most of the changes take place either in Northern India or in Southern India?
Answer:
In Northern India.

e) Which units is this table related to?
Answer:
This table is related to handloom units.

Question 13.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
The steam engine changed many production processes in factories. Later on with a new source of energy such as electricity, factories that we see them today emerged. When a new machine or method of production is created for the first time, it is called an invention. However, practical application of these ideas takes a long time and depends on many factors. These could be improvements to make the technology effective, reducing cost of new techniques, acceptance of a new way or product. Technical developments or technical improvements can be due to completely new types of machinery (X ray machines and power looms), or changes in the types of raw materials used (plastic instead of rubber), or reorganisation of production processes.

a) What happened with the invention of steam engine?
Answer:
The steam engine changed many production processes in factories.

b) Why were the factories emerged?
Answer:
New sources of energy such as electricity etc., emerged the factories.

c) What is called an invention?
Answer:
When a new machine or method of production is created for the first time,it is called an invention.

d) Write the names of any two machines.
Answer:
X-ray machines and powerlooms.

e) What can we use instead of rubber?
Answer:
We can use plastic instead of rubber.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 15 Law and Justice: A Case Study.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 15th Lesson Law and Justice: A Case Study

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘an accused’? In this story who is the accused?
Answer:
‘Someone that has done something wrong or taken part in illegal activity is known as accused. In this story ‘Ravi’ is accused.

Question 2.
What were the charges levelled against the accused?
Answer:
Cheating, causing grievous injury to another person – were the charges levelled against the accused.

Question 3.
What is an independent judiciary?
Answer:
The Legislature and the Executive cannot interfere in the work of the judiciary. The courts are not under the government and do not act on behalf of government. The polices also not part of judiciary.
In this way the judiciary works independently. This is known as independent judiciary.

Question 4.
If someone is not satisfied with the decision of a Session’s court, what can he/she do? If she/he is dissatisfied with the decision of High Court, what can be done?
Answer:
If someone is not satisfied with the decision of a Session’s court, he/she can appeal to the High Court.
If she/he is dissatisfied with the decision of High Court, she/he can appeal to the Supreme Court.

Question 5.
What are the differences between the role of the S.H.O. and the magistrate?
Answer:
S.H.O is the officer at P.S. level. Magistrate is still higher level.
S.l. should present the arrested person before the Magistrate before 24 hours.

Question 6.
Write any one of the central features of the Constitution.
Answer:
One of the central features of the Constitution is to separate the powers of Executive, Judiciary and Legislature.

Question 7.
Why do you think it is important for the person who makes an FIR to take a copy of the report?
Answer:
The complaint should have the acknowledgement for his complaint. After the F.I.R. is filed it becomes the duty of the police to investigate and solve the problem.

Question 8.
Discuss why it is necessary to hear the evidences given by the witnesses in any case.
Answer:
In any case the victims and the accused, support their own words in the court. So the truth may be under cover. Being third person, the witnesses uncover these truths. So it is necessary to hear the evidences given by them in any case.

Question 9.
High Court does not summon the accused or witnesses before it. Why?
Answer:
The accused and witnesses are all appeared before the court at lower level. So it is not necessary to attend before the High Court. So it does not summon them.

Question 10.
Can you identify different roles of the Executive and Judiciary given in this chapter?
Answer:
The police comes under the Executive. They register cases and conduct enquiry in the initial stage. Trials, evidences of witnesses, judgement all these are the duties of Judiciary. These will not interfere in each other’s matter.

Question 11.
Why are there disputes in villages/families. What are the reasons for that? What sort of change in behaviour is necessary to avoid them?
Answer:
Villagers feel intimacy between them. They interfere in other’s matters without their permission. They give no value to ‘privacy’. So disputes arise.
The villagers should adopt the town/city culture.

Question 12.
Discuss on the conditions of the families related to the criminals who experienced Jail life. Invite such persons and talk to them on Jail life and freedom.
Answer:
Students: Good morning sir.
Ashok: Good morning children.
Students: Sir, I would like to know about your life in the prison.
Ashok: Why not, sure.
Students: Sir, are you a criminal?
Ashok: No, really I am not a criminal.
Students: But you got 6 months imprisonment.
Ashok: By Accidentally in one property issue I hit my brother but he was died.
Students: That’s why I am imprisoned.
Ashok: How is your life in the prison?
Students: Really it is a horrible situation.
Ashok: Is there any freeness in the prison?
Freedom is there, but everyone will look us as a criminal. Life is in systematic manner. We did not know about anything what happened in the society.
Students: What did you do sir in the prison?
Ashok: I pour water to the plants. If any small work is there, everyone sould participate in that work.
Students: What is the difference between Jail life and freedom ?
Ashok: Lot of difference is there. I feel always I am loosing my family & friends. In the prison we saw some one and speak with some one and always feel lonelyness.
Students: Now I think you are so happy because your are with your family.
Ashok: Yes I felt very happy. Now I am doing my job. And I am living with my family members happily.

Conditions of the families:
They have no income. They are in poverty. People of the society also blame the family members. No one is allowed to join them in any work. Their economic and social condition is worse.

Question 13.
Invite either a Police officer or an Advocate to your classroom and conduct a discussion on different crimes and their punishments and how to get on without committing crimes.
Answer:
Students: Good morning sir.
Police Officer: Good morning children.
Students: Sir today we would like to know about different crimes and punishments.
Police Officer: Children, crimes are two kinds. 1. Criminal crime 2. Civil cnme.
Students: Which issues are comes under criminal offence?
Police Officer: A criminal offence includes theft, decoit, adulteration, bribery, preparation of dangerous drugs, etc.
Students: What type of punishments are there for criminal case?
Police Officer: In criminal cases punishments are in severe means 10 years imprisonment.
Students: Which issues comes under civil offence?
Police Officer: Civil offence includes.
1. Peoples rights regarding land
2. Property
3. Income and people’s relationship with each other.
Students: What type of punishments are there for civil cases?
Police Officer: Generally in civil cases penalities are there but imprisonment is not there.
Students: Sir, sometimes some persons get punishments without committing crime also? Why?
Police Officer: In sometimes, due to false witness some innocent people also got punishment.
Students: On that time what did you do?
Police Officer: In that cases, department people will continue proper investigation and find out the real persons who committed in that crime and punish them.
Students: Thank you sir. Today we know about more information about crimes & punishments.

Question 14.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions.

Bail

Since Ravi’s case is a criminal case, after being chargesheeted, Ravi was put in lockup. In criminal cases, an accused is kept in jail. But this is not a punishment. This is only to help the investigation as well as to prevent him or her from tampering with evidence or threaten¬ing the witness etc. After some days in judicial custody, his family appeared in the court to get for him a bail. A person who is accused of serious crimes like murder, bribery, dacoity etc. may not get a bail. To get bail, certain sureties are to be given in the court. These sureties can be property or a person who will stand as guarantee or bond. The bond is a promise that offender will appear before the Court whenever asked for. The judge in the court can decide whether to give bail or refuse it.

1. Where was Ravi put in?
Answer:
He was put in lockup.

2. In criminal cases an accused is kept in ———–.
Answer:
jail.

3. After some days in judicial custody, his family appeared in the court to get him a ———–.
Answer:
bail.

4. To get bail certain sureties are to be given in the ———–.
Answer:
court

5. The ———– in the court can decide whether to give bail or refuse it.
Answer:
judge

Question 15.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions.

Separation of powers and independence

One of the central features of the Constitution is to separate the powers of Executive, Judiciary and Legislative. This means other branches – like the Legislature and the Execu¬tive – cannot interfere in the work of the judiciary. The courts are not come under the govern¬ment and do not act on behalf of the government.
The police is also not a part of Judiciary, they are part of the Executive. During the last year you had read about the district administration. At district level, just like the Collector, there is also a government police officer who is responsible for maintaining law and order in k the district. Police department is under the ministry of Home of the state government.

1. Write any one of the central features of the Constitution.
Answer:
One of the central features of the Constitution is to separate the powers of Executive, Judiciary and Legislature.

2. The courts are not under the ———–.
Answer:
Government.

3. The police is the part of ———–.
Answer:
Executive

4. Police department is under the ministry of ———– government.
Answer:
Home of the state

5. Collector is at ———– level.
Answer:
District