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AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Important Questions 4th Lesson Synthetic Fibres and Plastics

8th Class Physical Science 4th Lesson Synthetic Fibres and Plastics 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is polymer?
Answer:
Many small identical units combine to form a large unit is called polymer. The small units are called monomers.

Question 2.
What are synthetic fibres?
Answer:
The fibres obtained from petrochemicals when they are subjected to chemical processes are called synthetic fibres.
Have you ever heard a cracking sound when you take off certain type of clothes? or did you see sparks in them when it is dark?

Question 3.
What is the reason?
Answer:
This is static electricity developed by artificial fibres due to friction.

Question 4.
Why does wearing nylon clothes are not preferable while cooking or working near a fire?
Answer:
Nylon fibre easily catches fire. So it is not preferable to wear it while cooking, welding, working near a fire.

Question 5.
What is blending and what is the advantage of blending?
Answer:
Any synthetic fibre can be combined with two or more other fibres is called blending.
When two fibres are blended the resultant blended fibre possess the best qualities of both.

Question 6.
What are the uses of plastics?
Answer:
Plastics are used in milk and oil pouches, containers to store pickles and rice, buckets to store water, chairs, water pipes, electrical appliances, television, radio and comput¬ers and mobile phones.

Question 7.
What material is used to make handles of utensils?
Answer:
Bakelite is used for making handles of various utensils due to its poor conductivity of heat and electricity.

Question 8.
How do you appreciate 4R principle?
Answer:
4R principle is useful in developing ecofriendly environment and bright future for next generation of people.

8th Class Physical Science 4th Lesson Synthetic Fibres and Plastics 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How is nylon made? What are the advantages of nylon as fibre?
Answer:
Nylon is a polymer made of chemical units called polyamides.
Advantages of nylon as fibre:

1. Nylon fibre is strong, elastic and light weight.
2. Cloth made of nylon are lustrous and easy to wash.
3. Nylon does not absorb water.

Question 2.
Where does we use nylon?
Answer:
Nylon can be used in tooth brush bristles, ropes, fishing nets, tents, sarees, stockings and socks, car seat belts, sleeping bags, curtains, carpets and also used in making parachutes.
Rock climbers use nylon ropes to climb mountains. It is also used in making of swim suits, sheer hosiery, sails, umbrella cloth, dress materials, car tyres, etc.

Question 3.
How would you prepare rayon?
Answer:
The cellulose that was collected from wood or bamboo pulp is treated with sodium hydroxide and then carbon disulphide. It forms a syrup called viscose. Viscose is forced through a spinneret into a solution of dilute sulphuric acid. This gives us silk like threads. This new fibre is called rayon which is an artificial silk.

Question 4.
What are the uses of rayon?
Answer:

1. Rayon is cheaper than silk and can be woven like silk fibre.
2. Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets.
3. Rayon is mixed with wool in making of carpets.
4. Rayon is often used in fashion and home furnishings.
5. Rayon is also found in sanitary products, diapers and bandages and lints for dressing wounds.

Question 5.
What is acrylic ? Where do we use acrylic?
Answer:
Acrylic is a synthetic fibre made from the combination of coal, air, water and lime¬stone. It looks like natural wool. If can be considered as artificial wool.
It is used in knitted apparels such as fleece, socks, sportswear and sweaters. It is also used in craft yarns, upholstery fabric, carpets, luggage yawning and vehicle covers.

Question 6.
What are the advantages of natural fibre over artificial fibres?
Answer:
When natural fibres, contribute to a fabric it allows the skin to breathe easily. Also natural fibres are generally free from irritating chemicals. Whenever fire accidents takes place they does not stick to the body.

Question 7.
How do you prepare polyester? What are the advantages of polyester as fabric?
Answer: Polyester is made by reacting dicarboxylic acid with dihydric alcohol.
Advantages :

1. Polyester can be melted and spun. This property allows the fibre to convert into different sizes and shapes.
2. They are altra thin, microfiber which gives them a smoothen and soft feel.
3. They does not get wrinkled easily.
4. It remains crisp and easily washable.

Question 8.
Give example for popular polyester and what are its advantages?
Answer:
The popular polyester is terylene.

1. It can be drawn into very fire fabric fibres.
2. Terylene is after mixed with cotton to form terricot with wool to give terriwool. Which has best qualities of both blunded fibres.

Question 9.
What are plastics? How many types of plastics are there? Explain them with examples.
Answer:
Organic polymers are called plastics. Plastics are two types :

1. Thermoplastics: The plastics which get deformed easily on heating and can be bent are called thermoplastics, e.g.: Polyethene, PVC.
2. Thermosetting plastics: The plastics which molded once cannot be softened on heating are called thermosetting plastics, e.g.: Bakelite, melamine.

Question 10.
Where do we use bakelite?
Answer:

1. Bakelite is used for making handles of various utensils.
2. It is used for making electrical appliances including switch boards.
3. It is an alternative for pearl and jade.
4. In manufacture of telephone.

Question 11.
Where do we use melamine?
Answer:

1. Melamine is used in making of utensils and other grocery of kitchen.
2. It is used for making of floor and dress material (firemen dress) for their nature of fire resistance.
3. Computer and T.V. cabinets are made by melamine.

Question 12.
Ramu observing his grandmother keeping pickles in plastic bottles. What are the questions raised in his mind by seeing this?
Answer:
The questions raised in Ramu’s mind

1. Whether plastic is cheap when compare with metal?
2. Why does she not put the pickles in metal containers?
3. Whether metal containers react with pickles? If so they form harmful substances?

Question 13.
What do you know about creator of first man made plastic? How he prepare the plastic?
Answer:
The creator of first man made plastic is Alexander Parkes the name of the plastic is parkesine.
To prepare this material Parkes heated nitrated cotton which previously soaked in sulphuric acid and made fabric soft and elastic with oil and camphor. The end product was an ivory – coloured material that became distorted when subjected to heat. This is named as Parkesine.

Question 14.
What do you know about father of plastic industry? What are his major inventions and discoveries?
Answer:
Dr. Baekeland is considered as the father of present plastic industry. He was respon¬sible for the invention of bakelite. He accidently discovered the compound of carbolic acid and formaldehyde. When he tried to reheat the solidified compound he discovered it would not melt, no matter how high the temperature would be.

Question 15.
List out the objects made up of Acrylic.
Answer:

1. It is used in knitted apparels such as fleece, socks, sports wear and sweaters.
2. It is also used in craft yarns, upholstery fabric, carpets, lugguage awnings and vehicle covers.

Question 16.
Draw and explain the diagram of Universal recycling symbol.
Answer:
When the number is omitted from recycling icon then it is known as Universal recycling symbol.

Question 17.
What are thermosetting plastics? Give two examples.
Answer:
Thermosetting plastics are synthetic materials which gain strength during moulding by heating, but cannot be remoulded or reheated after their initial heat, moulding.
Ex : Bakelite and melamine.

Question 18.
What made the human beings to search for the alternative for natural fibres?
Answer:
Human being is always going in search of new things which can make his life more comfortable and durable. As the natural fibres are not durable, elastic or light weight or lustrous or easy to wash, he needed an alternative to fulfill his expectations. The solution to his expectations is synthetic fibre.

Question 19.
Imagine what would happen if we do not discover plastics.
Answer:
Nowadays every object used in our day to day life is made of plastic. For example milk and oil pouches, containers to store pickles and rice, buckets to store water, chains, water pipes, electrical appliances, television, radio and computers, mobile phones.
So plastics has taken over the place occupied by metal wood and glass items due to its special properties. So we cannot imagine our life without plastics because it is part of each and every aspect of life.

Question 20.
What is the most common material used in making the household articles ? Give some examples.
Answer:
Mostly household articles are made up of plastics.
Milk and oil pouches, containers to store pickles and rice, buckets to store water, chairs, water pipes, electric appliances, television, radio and computers, mobile phones, etc. are made of plastic.

Question 21.
What are the properties of thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics ?
Answer:
Thermoplastic will soften when heated and harden when cooled. It is a polymer that turns into a liquid when heated and freezes to a very glassy state when cooled sufficiently. Thermosetting plastics are not remouldable or reheatable. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity. They are fire resistants.

Question 22.
Why polyster is quite suitable for making dress materials ? Name any two types of polyesters and their uses.
Answer:
a) Fabric made from polyester does not wrinkled easily.
b) If remains crisp and it is easy to wash.
c) Terylene is a type of popular polyester.
d) It can be drawn into very fine fibres that can be woven like any other yarn.
e) PET is very familiar form of polyester. It is used for making bottles, utensils, films, wires and many other useful products.

Question 23.
Write some disadvantages of synthetic fibres.
Answer:
a) Synthetic fibres cannot absorb moisture, thus they cannot be used as dress materials during summer.
b) They are dangerous to be worn near fire or heat as they catch fire easily.
c) They cannot be easily ironed.

Question 24.
Explain why plastic containers are favoured for storing food.
Answer:
Three main advantages of using plastic containers for storing food are :
a) They do not react with food items
b) They do not get rusted
c) They are light, strong and durable

Question 25.
Explain why the following are made of thermosetting plastics,
a) saucepan handles
b) electric plugs/switches.
Answer:
Above things are made up of bakelite (thermosetting plastic) because it is
a) bad conductor of heat
b) poor conductor of electricity.

8th Class Physical Science 4th Lesson Synthetic Fibres and Plastics 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain 4R principle for creating ecofriendly environment.
Answer:
The 4R principle involves 1) Reduce 2) Reuse 3) Recycle 4) Recover.

1. Reduce: Reduce the usage of plastic to avoid its negative consequence on environment. Land filling or plastics and burning of plastics in incinerators in the way of disposal of plastics. These have negative consequence on environment. So reduce the usage of plastic whenever it is possible.
2. Reuse: Articles made of plastic is used again and again for its optimum utilization. There by we can decrease the usage of plastics.
3. Recycle: We can recycle the plastic material from broken plastic material that will decrease the production of excess of plastic.
4. Recover: The principle of recover plays major role in plastic waste management. The solid waste should be converted into resources such as electricity, heat, compost and fuel through thermal and biological means.

(OR)

1. Reduce: Try to use less plastic material in our daily life.
2. Reuse: Whenever we need to use plastic material, use the same material again and again don’t go for new one every time.
3. Recycle: Instead of throw away the waste plastic material try to give it the vendor.
4. Recover: Aware the people about establishing “garbage to energy” plant in your area.

Question 2.
Is there any such effort for solid waste management taking place in your village/ town ? How do you appreciate 4R principle?
Answer:
4R Principle is for creating an eco friendly environment.
4R = Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover.
Reduce: Reducing the usage of plastics by reusing them helps the negative conse-quences on environment.
Reuse: When some things made of plastics are not in use to us, we can give them to others who need them. This helps the negative consequence or environment. This is eco friendly.
Recycle: In this process, we can obtain a new substance from the old plastics. Recycling can be used to obtain materials from which the original products were made.
Recover: The solid wastes in which plastics are major should be converted into resources such as electricity, heat, compost and fuel through thermal and biological means.
In these ways 4R principle is eco-friendly.

Question 3.
Explain the differences between the thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics with help of a diagram explaining in terms of arrangements of monomers.
Answer:

Thermoplastics	Thermosetting plastics
Plastics which get deformed easily on heating and can be bent are known as thermoplastics. Ex: PVC, polythene bags, toys, combs, etc.	Plastics which moulded once can’t be softened by heating are called thermo­setting plastics. Ex : Bakelite and melamine.

Explanation:

1. Thermoplastics have linear arrangement of monomers.
2. But thermosetting plastics have cross linked arrangement.
3. The difference in the arrangement of monomers bring the difference in their properties.

Question 4.
Do you know how various synthetic fibres are obtained ?
Answer:
Nylon:
Nylon is a polymer made of chemical units called polyamides which contain carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. Polyamides are melted and forced through a heated spinneret which has very, very tiny holes. The size and shape of the holes changes, the characteristics of the resulting fibre. The fibre solidifies as it cool and can be spun or woven.

Rayon:
The cellulose that was collected from wood or bamboo pulp, is treated with several chemicals.
First sodium hydroxide is added and then carbon disulphide to the cellulose.
The cellulose dissolves in chemicals add to it and gives a syrup called viscose. Viscose is forced through a spinneret, into a solution of dilute sulphuric acid. This gives us silk like threads. The threads are cleaned with soap and dried. This new fibre is called rayon.

Acrylic:
It is made from the combination of coal, air, water, oil and limestone. It is spun by either dry spinning or wet spinning.
In dry spinning the dissolved polymers are extruded into warm air. The fibres solidify by evaporation. In wet spinning the polymers are dissolved and extruded into a bath and then dried.

Question 5.
Can you name the few things made up of i) nylon ii) rayon (iii) acrylic and (iv) polyesters ?
Answer:
The things made from nylon:
Tooth brush bristles, ropes, fishing nets, tents, sarees, stockings and socks, car seat belts, sleeping bags, curtains, etc. are made up of nylon. The things made from rayon: Bed sheets, carpets, home furnishings, sanitary products, diapers and bandages and lints for dressing wounds.
The things made from acrylic: Socks, sportswear and sweaters, craft yarns, upholstery fabrics, carpets, luggage, awnings and vehicle covers.
The things made from Polyester: PET bottles, utensils, films, wires, etc.

Question 6.
Why it is advised not to wear synthetic clothes while working in a laboratory or working with fire in the kitchen ?
Answer:

1. The synthetic fibres melt on heating.
2. This is actually a disadvantage with synthetic fibres.
3. If the cloth catches fire it can be very disastrous.
4. The fabric melts and sticks to the body of the person wearing it.
5. It is therefore advised not to wear synthetic clothes while working in a laboratory or working with fire in the kitchen.

Question 7.
Classify the material as biodegradable and non-biodegradable.

1. paper
2. wood
3. metals
4. cotton cloth
5. plastic container
6. woolen sweater
7. peels of vegetable and fruit

Answer:

Material	Biodegradable/non-biodegradable
1. paper	Biodegradable
2. wood	Biodegradable
3. metals	Non-biodegradable
4. cotton cloth	Biodegradable
5. plastic container	Non-biodegradable
6. woolen sweater	Biodegradable
7. peels of vegetable and fruit	Biodegradable

Question 8.
Write short notes on the following.
a) Plastic and health care industry b) Plastic cookware c) Teflon d) Fire proof plastic.
Answer:
a) Plastic and health care industry : Plastics find extensive use in the health care industry. Some examples of their use in health care are the packing of tablets, threads used for stitching wounds, syringes, doctor’s gloves, a number of medical instruments, etc.
b) Plastic cookware: Plastic cookware is used in microwave ovens for cooking food. The heating process is different in microwave ovens. The heat cooks the food but does not affect the plastic vessel.
c) Teflon: Teflon is a non-stick plastic used as non-stick coating in cookwares. It is also used as tape for sealing purpose.
d) Fire proof plastics: Although synthetic fibres catches fire easily, it is interesting to know that the fire proof material is made from synthetic plastics.

8th Class Physical Science 4th Lesson Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
State government decided to avoid Flexi Banners. Predict the effect of Flexi banners
on environment.
Answer:

1. PVC flexi banners can take several years to decompose in land fills.
2. These flexi banners contain dangerous chemical additives like lead, cadmium which can be toxic to our health as well as animals health.

Question 2.
Write two slogans on solid waste management.
Answer:

1. Convert waste to wealth
   Don’t convert wealth to waste.
2. Recycle waste solid today
   for a better solid future.
3. Reuse, Reduce, Recycle
   The good, The bettel, the best

Question 3.
Draw and explain the diagram of Universal redyeing symbol.
(OR)
Draw “Universal Recycling Symbol”.
Answer:
When the number is omitted from recycling icon then it is known as Universal recycling symbol.

Question 4.
Nylon is a synthetic fibre. Write the advantages and disadvantages of it.
Answer:
Advantages of nylon as fibre:

1. Nylon fibre is strong, elastic and light weight.
2. Cloth made of nylon are lustrous and easy to wash.
3. Nylon does not absorb water.

Disadvantages of nylon as fibre:

1. Synthetic fibres cannot absorb moisture, thus they cannot be used as dress materials during summer.
2. They are dangerous to be worn near fire or heat as they catch fire easily.
3. They cannot be easily ironed.

Question 5.
Though there are so many harmful effects of plastic, we still prefer to use it. What could be its major advantages?
Answer:
Plastics are used in milk and oil pouches, containers to store pickles and rice, buckets to store water, chairs, water pipes, electrical, appliances, television, radio and computers and mobile phones.
Bakelite is used for making handles of various utensils due to its poor conductivity of heat and electricity.

Question 6.
Using an experiment explain how synthetic fibres are stronger than cotton fibres.
Answer:

1. Take an iron stand with a clamp.
2. Take cotton thread and synthetic threads like nylon about 50 cm in length.
3. Tie the cotton thread to the stand, so that it hangs freely from it.
4. At the free and attach a pan, so that a weight can be placed on it.
5. Add weight starting from 10 grams one by one, till the thread breaks down.
6. Note the total weight required to break the thread.
7. Repeat the same activity with synthetic thread also.
8. We can observe that more weights are required to break the synthetic thread than cotton thread.
9. Conclusion: Synthetic threads are stronger than cotton threads.

Question 7.

Answer the following questions.
i) Name the recyclabel material / materials.
ii) Name the thermosetting plastic articles.
iii) Which are thermoplastics but not to be recycled?
iv) Which are recycled but not thermosetting plastics?
Answer:
i) P.E.T bottles
ii) Electric switch, computer keyboard
iii) Polythene bag
iv) P.E.T bottle

Question 8.
Observe the following table.

Answer the following questions.
i. P.E.T is not used in the manufacture of cooker handles. Why?
ii. Which substance is used to manufacture electric switches? Why?
iii. Which is thermo plastic that can not be recycled?
iv. Why we have to ban the polythene covers?
Answer:
i) P.E.T is not used in the manufacture of cooker handles, because it is not a thermosetting plastic.
ii) Bakelite is used to manufacture electric switches, because it is thermosetting plastic.
iii) Polythene and PVC are thermoplastics that cannot be recycled.
iv) Polythene covers cannot be recycled. So, we have to ban the polythene covers.

Question 9.
Based on the smell given in the table identify the fibre and complete the table.

Smell on burning	Name of the fibre
If it smells like burning hair
If it smells like burning paper
If the yarn melts

Answer:

Smell on burning	Name of the fibre
If it smells like burning hair	Wool (or) Silk
If it smells like burning paper	Cotton
If the yarn melts	Polyester (or) nylon

Question 10.
Explain biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials with examples. Include their impact on environment.
Answer:

1. A material which is easily decomposed by natural process is called bio degradable, eg : Peels of fruits, papers, wood, cotton bags, etc.
2. A material which is not decomposed by natural process is called non-bio degradable, eg: Plastic
3. Impact on environment: Slow decomposition causes environmental pollution. The burning process of synthetic materials is also pollute the environment. This pollution causes health problems to the living things.

 

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 8 Production and Management of Food From Plants

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Important Questions 8th Lesson Production and Management of Food From Plants

8th Class Biology 8th Lesson Production and Management of Food From Plants 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Agriculture?
Answer:
The process of growing crops is called Agriculture.

Question 2.
What are long term crops ? What are short term crops?
Answer:
The crops which take 180 days or more for harvesting are called long term crops.
Ex: jowar, red gram etc.
The crops which takes 100 days for harvesting are called short term crops.
Ex: green gram, black gram etc.

Question 3.
What are Kharif crops?
Answer:
The crops grown in the rainy season are termed as Kharif. It starts from June to October.

Question 4.
What are Rabi crops?
Answer:
The crops grown in winter season are called Rabi. It starts from November to April.

Question 5.
When was rice cultivated?
Answer:
Rice was cultivated in the late Mesolithic period (9000 – 8000 BC) and in the Harappa cultivation (2,300 BC).

Question 6.
In which places Rice is grown as Kharif and Rabi?
Answer:
It is grown as a Kharif or a Rabi crop from Rajasthan to Arunachal Pradesh and from Kerala to Jammu and Kashmir.

Question 7.
What are the requirements for growing of paddy?
Answer:
Nature of the soil, humidity, rainfall, temperature.

Question 8.
Name the festivals that farmers celebrate.
Answer:
The sowing and transplanting is Akshaya Trithiya and harvesting associated with Pongal and Onam.

Question 9.
Name the activities that involve at the cultivation of paddy.
Answer:

1. Preparing the soil
2. Sowing the seeds
3. Applying manure
4. Facilitate water (irrigation)
5. Weeding
6. Crop harvesting
7. Storage.

Question 10.
What do farmers do to prepare the soil?
Answer:
Ploughing is done with a wooden plough and levelling will be done by using a soil plank being pulled by a pair of bullocks.

Question 11.
What is the scientific name of paddy?
Answer:
Oryza sativa which was named by Linnaeus.

Question 12.
What is the traditional good variety of rice?
Answer:
Molagolukulu is the traditional good variety which is grown in coastal areas of Nellore.

Question 13.
Name some traditional varieties of rice.
Answer:
Amrita sari, Bangaru Teega, Kolleti Kusuma, Potti Basangi, Sona Masuri.

Question 14.
Why do farmers do medication before sowing seeds?
Answer:
Medication is done to keep seeds away from the harmful microorganisms like bacteria, fungus etc.

Question 15.
What is broadcasting method?
Answer:
The method of dispersing seeds by sprinkling is called broadcasting method.

Question 16.
What is transplantation?
Answer:
When the plants grow to certain height, farmers pick out the seedlings from the plot and make bundles. These plants are sown in proper distances. This is called transplantation. (Naru etlu)

Question 17.
What is a paddy planter?
Answer:
A paddy planter is useful for farmers those who cultivate paddy in large areas, to maintain proper distance sowing the seedlings.

Question 18.
Name some pests that attack rice plants.
Answer:
Moth caterpillars, paddy beetles and their larva, paddy grasshoppers and aphids.

Question 19.
What are the appliances used to spray pesticides?
Answer:
Sprayers and dusters.

Question 20.
Name the crops that are affected by fungus.
Answer:
Wheat, paddy and sugarcane are generally affected by fungus.

Question 21.
Name the fungal disease in groundnut.
Answer:
Groundnut is attacked by a fungal disease called Tikka disease.

Question 22.
What are the symptoms of tikka disease?
Answer:
All leaves of the affected plant have powdery spots. The whole plant becomes wilted.

Question 23.
Name some diseases that affect lemon tree.
Answer:
Viral diseases, bacterial diseases, leaf miner, citrus butterfly and fungal diseases.

Question 24.
How can the pests will be controlled?
Answer:
A farmer removes the affected leaves from the plant and put them in a dump and covers with soil to control the pests.

Question 25.
How can you identify that the plant is affected by fungus?
Answer:
A fungal infection is usually seen as white, black, yellow, brown spots or a fluffy or powdery coating on leaves.

Question 26.
Name some garden pesticides.
Answer:
Garden pesticides are derived from plants like neem, tobacco and chrysanthemum are less dangerous to other living things.

Question 27.
Name some organic synthetic pesticides.
Answer:
The organic synthetic pesticides commonly used are DDT (Dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane) BHC (Benzene Hexa Chloride), Chlordane, Endrin, Aldrin, Endosulfan and Diazinon.

Question 28.
Who wrote a book on the dangers of pesticides?
Answer:
In 1960 Rachael Carson wrote a book called ‘silent spring’ in which she wrote the dangers of pesticides.

Question 29.
How are biofertilizers formed?
Answer:
Biofertilizers are formed by decomposing plant and animal wastes.

Question 30.
Why do farmers add manure to the soil?
Answer:
If the farmer grows same type of crops in the same field every year the nutrients of the soil decrease crops do not give good yield. So, farmers add manure for healthy growth of plants.

Question 31.
Name some chemical fertilizers.
Answer:
Urea, D.A.R, superphosphate, potash,which are enriched with nitrogen, phosphorous and potash.

Question 32.
What is irrigation?
Answer:
The process of watering crop plants in the field is known as irrigation.

Question 33.
What is furrow irrigation?
Answer:
The water is allowed to enter the field through channels or furrows made between two rows of crop is furrow irrigation.

Question 34.
What is basin irrigation?
Answer:
In this method of irrigation the field is just filled with water as in the case of paddy. Canals, tanks and wells are the water sources. Farmers dig small canals from tank to fields to supply water.

Question 35.
Why is water logging harmful?
Answer:
Water logging is harmful because it does not allow the roots to breathe.

Question 36.
What is drip irrigation method?
Answer:
This method is employed when the availability of water is poor. The water reaches the plants drop by drop.

Question 37.
Why should the weeds be removed?
Answer:
The weeds compete with the primary crops for nutrients, water and light and the prime plants may not grow. Hence weeds should be removed.

Question 38.
What is harvesting?
Answer:
Collecting grains from the crop by cutting the matured plant is called harvesting.

Question 39.
Why is storage of grain is an important task?
Answer:
We do not consume the entire crop at a time. They can be damage by fungi, pests, rats and bacteria. To over come this problem farmers dry the grains in sun and store the grain in jute bags, metallic and bamboo bins.

Question 40.
What is global grain?
Answer:
Rice is the prime, most essential and important staple food crop. It is also called global grain as it is grown all countries in the world.

8th Class Biology 8th Lesson Production and Management of Food From Plants 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is a paddy planter? What is its use?
Answer:

1. Paddy planter is the latest machine used for sowing the seedlings.
2. It is useful for large scale cultivation of paddy.
3. It is easy to maintain proper distance sowing the seedlings.
4. Paddy planter is a device which save both time and money to the farmer.

Question 2.
Arrange the sequence of events in the cultivation of paddy crop.

Answer:

Question 3.
Give different methods of irrigating a crop in the field.
Answer:

1. Lift irrigation
2. Swinging basket
3. Water wheel
4. Tube well
5. Sprinkler
6. Drip irrigation

Question 4.
Draw and write the names of diseases that affect plants.

Answer:

1. Virus in rice plant
2. Tikka disease in groundnut

Question 5.
What are the advantages of ploughing in summer?
Answer:

1. It improves the air circulation.
2. Replacing the soil layers.
3. Reduce the weeds and diseases.
4. It improves the soil health.
5. Roots are easy to penetrate in to the soil.

8th Class Biology 8th Lesson Production and Management of Food From Plants 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Collect the information from farmers about different crops and their sowing methods.
Answer:

Question 2.
Draw and label the diagram of sprouting paddy seeds.
Answer:

Question 3.
Take some paddy grains and soak them in water for one day. Take them into watch glass and sow them in soil. After that observe the radicle and plumule with the help of hand lens and draw the picture of it.
Answer:

8th Class Biology 8th Lesson Production and Management of Food From Plants Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give two examples of plants that grow with transplanting (Natlu veyadam).
Answer:
Paddy, wheat, chilli.

Question 2.
A farmer cultivated cotton crop in his field. He did not get sufficient yield. Guess any four causes for it.
Answer:

1. The crops grown in the rainy season are termed as “Kharif”.
2. Kharif season is from June to October.
3. Examples for Kharif crops are paddy, sugarcane, jowar and turmeric, etc.
4. The crops that are grown only in winter season are called Rabi crops.
5. Rabi season is from October to March.
6. Examples for Rabi crops are wheat, maize, coriandrum, fenugram, barli, etc.

Question 3.
Look at the picture and answer the following questions.

a) Which type of fertilizer is this?
b) What are the chemicals present in this?
c) What does 20-5-10 indicates?
d) Is it profit or loss by using this type of fertilizers? Why?
Answer:
a) Chemical fertilizer
b) Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potash (K)
c) 20% of Nitrogen
5% of Phosphorus
10% of Potash
d) If we use chemical fertilizers for a longer period, soil health will be damaged. So, we should not use chemical fertilizers.

Question 4.
Study the following table and answer the questions.

Name of the plant disease	Causative Microorganism	Mode of Transmission
Tobacco mosaic	Virus	Insects
Red rot of sugarcane	Fungi	Air, seedlings
Citrus canker	Bacteria	Air
Tikka disease of groundnut	Fungi	Air, seeds

a) What are the diseases caused by fungi in plants?
b) What are the diseases Transmitted through air?
c) Which microorganisms cause Tikka disease of groundnut?
d) How virus transmit mosaic disease in tobacco?
Answer:
a) Red rot of sugarcane, Tikka disease of groundnut.
b) Red rot of sugarcane, citrus canker, Tikka disease of groundnut.
c) Fungus.
d) Through insects.

Question 5.
What is the similarity between sprinklers and drip irrigation?
Answer:
Sprinklers and drip – irrigation techniques are used in low water available soils. They are very useful for the farmers who are cultivating crops in dry lands. These are called as “micro – irrigation methods”.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 3 Story of Microorganisms 1

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Important Questions 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 1

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 1 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are microorganisms?
Answer:
Some organisms can be seen only with the help of a microscope. Such organisms are called ‘microorganisms’.

Question 2.
Where can we find microorganisms?
Answer:
Microorganisms can found in air, water, soil and all living organisms.

Question 3.
Write the names of some groups of microorganisms.
Answer:
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae are some of the groups of microorganisms.

Question 4.
What is meant by arthropods?
Answer:
Arthropods are joint legged organisms which causes the diseases like scabies.

Question 5.
Write the names of diseases which are caused by bacteria.
Answer:
Diseases like typhoid, tuberculosis (T.B.) and septicemia (blood poisoning) are caused by bacteria.

Question 6.
Mention the diseases caused by protozoans.
Answer:
Malaria, Amoebiasis, Kala Azar, Sleeping bickness are some of the diseases caused by protozoans.

Question 7.
How do we classify the groups of microorganisms?
Answer:
Basing upon the cell structure and mode of living we can classify the microbes into 6 groups.

1. Bacteria,
2. Algae,
3. Fungi,
4. Protozoans,
5. Micro orthropods and
6. Viruses.

Question 8.
What are the uses of yeast?
Answer:

1. Yeast cells are frequently used in the fermentation process of sugars.
2. Yeast is used in the preparation of cakes and buns in bakeries.

Question 9.
What is a “bread mould”?
Answer:
Rhizopus

Question 10.
Aspergillus reproduction takes place through a special structures. What are they?
Answer:
Conidiospores.

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 1 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Prepare a model of any micro arthropod.
Answer:

Question 2.
What is Pencillin? Who discovered this?
Answer:

1. ‘Antibacterium’ is prepared from a fungi called Pencillium notatum. This is called Pencillin.
2. Pencillin was discovered by Dr. Alexander Flemming.

Question 3.
How do you culture protozoa?
Answer:

1. Soak hay in pond water taken in a dish.
2. Add rice powder or ‘Gangi’ to this solution.
3. Keep the dish undisturbed for 3 – 4 days.
4. You can observe several protozoans in this hay decoction.

Question 4.
How can you observe algae in your laboratory?
Answer:

1. Take 2-3 drops of greenish pond water on a slide.
2. Spread the scrapings having small stringe like bodies on the slide.
3. Cover it with a cover slip and observe it under microscope.
4. You can see algae like spirogyra, spirulina and ceratium.

Question 5.
How Microbiology helps in identifying diseases and their prevention?
Answer:

1. Microbiology plays a very vital important role in identifying the cause of diseases by the discovery of several microorganisms.
2. Microbiology helps in the preparation of diseases caused by microorganisms by the discovery of their transmission methods.

8th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Story of Microorganisms 1 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Collect different pictures of micro arthropods.
Answer:

Question 2.
Make sketches of bacterial cell.
Answer:

Question 3.
How can you grow protozoa practically in your school? Explain.
Answer:
To grow protozoa, soak hay in pond water to prepare a decoction of hay. After 3-4 days take one or two drops of hay or grass decoction and observe it under microscope. We can see different protozoans like amoeba, paramecium etc.

Question 4.
Identify the following diagram and Label parts.
Answer:

Question 5.
How do you appreciate the fact that some of the bacteria are useful to human?
Answer:
At birth, a baby’s digestive system is a sterile, undiscovered continent. Within minutes, microbes have started pouring in from every direction. They come from the birth canal, from the mother’s breast milk, from the fingertips of nurses and the lips of happy relatives.
There are also innumerable colonies of E. coli in biotechnology and microbiology labs around the world. Everyday pharmaceutical companies manipulate E. coli to produce human-growth hormone, insulin, vitamins, and even the rennet used to make cheese. Biologists use E. coli to map metabolic pathways. Scientists are even using E. coli try to understand why we age and die.
Nitro bacter, ammonifying bacteria etc., are more useful for decompositions and fixing of Nitrogen in the plants and soil.

Question 6.
Explain how microorganisms are important for maintaining of healthy soil and biodiversity.
Answer:
The soil is home to a large proportion of the world’s biodiversity. The top eight inches of soil of one acre area may contain as much as five and half tons of bacteria and fungi.
Soil organisms breakdown organic matter, making nutrients available for uptake by plants and other organisms. A gram of garden soil contains around one million fungi, such as yeasts and moulds. Bacteria and fungi play key roles in maintaining a healthy soil. They act as decomposers that break down organic materials to produce detritus and other breakdown products. Soil detritivores, like earthworms, ingest detritus and decompose it.

Question 7.
Collect the information about useful microorganisms from your school library.
Answer:

Name of the microorganism	Utility
Yeast(Fungus)	Production of alcohol fermented foods like Idli, Dosa etc………..
Pencillium notatum (Fungus)	Preparation of antibiotics
Nostoc, Anabina, Azatobactor	Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
Spirulina	Preparation of medicines
Lactobacillus	Preparation of curd, cheese, buttermilk.

Question 8.
How do you appreciate the role of decomposers in the earth?
Answer:

1. Microorganisms are the decomposers of the earth.
2. They decompose the organic matter from plant parts and dead animals. They enrich the soil with organic matter again.
3. Thus, they maintain the soil fertility and eliminate the wastes from the earth.
4. I appreciate the role played by decomposers in scavenging the earth by decomposing the organic matter of dead bodies.

Question 9.
What are ‘bio – fertilizers’? How are they useful?
Answer:

1. Microorganisms like Bacteria, Fungi which decompose the fallen plant parts, dung and vegetable peelings into simple chemical compounds.
2. They form ‘useful manure’ to the plants since this manure is formed naturally from biological activity of microorganisms, they are called ‘bio – fertilizers’.
3. Farmers are benefited economically. They don’t need chemical fertilizers to increase the soil fertility. Hence, Bio – fertilizers are considered as “friends of farmers”.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Electrical Conductivity of Liquids

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Important Questions 9th Lesson Electrical Conductivity of Liquids

8th Class Physical Science 9th Lesson Electrical Conductivity of Liquids 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do we use LED in the tester instead of a bulb?
Answer:
LED glows even when a very weak current is passing through the circuit. Thus, it helps in testing flow of electricity in conductors when meager current is passing through the circuit.

Question 2.
Why do we use LEDs as indicators in electrical appliances?
Answer:
LEDs glow even with a very small current passing through them. So they are used as indicators in electrical appliances like mobile phones, televisions, transformers, etc. to indicate whether the device is working or not.

Question 3.
What is meant by good conductors of electricity?
Answer:
Some materials allow electric current pass through them easily. They are called good conductors of electricity.

Question 4.
What is meant by bad conductors of electricity?
Answer:
The materials that do not allow current to pass through them are called bad conductors of electricity.

Question 5.
Why distilled water is poor conductor of electricity?
Answer:
Distilled water does not dissociate easily to form ions. So there is no availability of charged particles for passage of electricity. So it behaves like a bad conductor of electricity.

Question 6.
Why water used at our homes is a good conductor of electricity?
Answer:
The water that we get from sources such as taps, hand pumps, wells and ponds is not pure like distilled water. It contains some salts and minerals dissolved in it. This makes the water used at our homes a good conductor of electricity.

Question 7.
What is electrolytic cell?
Answer:
The cell which convert chemical energy into electric energy is called electrolytic cell.

Question 8.
A child staying in a coastal region tests the drinking water and also the sea water with his tester. He finds that compass needle deflects more in the case of sea water. Can you explain the reason?
Answer:
The reason is sea water is very good conductor of electricity when compared with drinking water due to more dissolved salts.

Question 9.
Is it safe for electrician to carry out electrical repairs outdoor during heavy down pour?
Answer:
No, because it makes electrical appliance which he repairs become wet and also rainy water is good conductor of electricity due to dissolved minerals and salts. So to avoid electric shock it is advised to carry out electric repairs indoor during heavy downpour.

Question 10.
A tester is used to check conduction of electricity through two liquids labelled A and B. It is found that the bulb of the tester glows brightly for liquid A while it glows very dimly for liquid B. What is your conclusion?
Answer:
Liquid A is better conductor than liquid B.

Question 11.
When the free ends of a tester are dipped into a solution, the magnetic needle shows deflection. Can you explain the reason?
Answer:
The solution is a good conductor of electricity and also when we dipped the tester into the solution due to chemical effect it produces electricity and it behaves like an electrolytic cell and also current carrying tester behaves like a magnet and shows deflection.

Question 12.
What is the main threat to environment from electroplating factories?
Answer:
In the electroplating factories the disposal of the used conducting solution is a major concern. It is a polluting waste. So it is the main threat to environment from electroplating factories.

Question 13.
Why should we have to deposit nickel or chromium on iron?
Answer:
Iron which is easily corroded by atmospheric air, moisture and carbon dioxide are coated with deposits of nickel or chromium which are most resistant to such corrosion.

8th Class Physical Science 9th Lesson Electrical Conductivity of Liquids 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the name given to wires attached to LED. How these wires are connected to a battery?
Answer:
There are two wires called leads attached to an LED. One lead is slightly longer than other.

While connecting to the LED to the circuit, the longer lead is always connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the short lead connected to the negative terminal of the battery.

Question 2.
What are the requirements for fine coating in electroplating process?
Answer:

1. The object to be electroplated should be free from greasy matter.
2. The surface of the article should be rough so that the metal deposited sticks permanently.
3. The concentration of the electrolyte should be so adjusted as to get smooth coating.
4. Current must be the same throughout.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions.
a) When we pass current through a copper sulphate solution having copper plate and iron key connected to a battery and tap key in series by closing tap key. What is deposit on iron key?
b) If the key is to be coated with zinc or aluminium instead of copper, what changes do we need to make the above experiments?
Answer:
a) There is red mass of copper deposited on iron key.
b) If we want to coat aluminium or zinc or iron then, we have to take electrolyte is like aluminium sulphate or zinc sulphate and the positive electrode is aluminium or zinc.

Question 4.
Name three liquids which when tested in the manner shown in figure may cause the magnetic needle to deflect.
Answer:
In order to deflect the needle the liquid must be a good conductor of electricity. So we have to take liquids like lemon juice, vinegar solution, salt solution.

Question 5.
The bulb does not glow in the set up shown in figure. List the possible reasons. Explain your answer.
Answer:

1. The wires are not properly connected so the circuit may be open.
2. The liquid taken in the vessel may be a bad conductor of electricity which does not allowing the passage of current.

Question 6.
Give two examples for electrolyte.
Answer:
Electrolyte is a solution of substance through which current can pass. The examples of electrolyte solutions are NaC/ solution, CaCl₂ solution.

Question 7.
If the key is to be coated with aluminium instead of copper,what changes do we need to make in the experiment of coating on iron key with copper?
Answer:
Changes we need to make are:

1. Anode should be aluminium.
2. The electrolyte solution must be salt solution of aluminium that is aluminium chloride or aluminium sulphate solutions.

Question 8.
Is plastic coated by the process of electroplating? Why?
Answer:
No. Plastic cannot be coated on a metal by using electroplating. Plastic does not act as an electrolyte. So electrolysis process is not possible with plastic which is main criteria for electroplating. So plastic cannot be coated on a metal by the process of electroplating.

Question 9
What are the requirements for fine coating in electroplating process?
Answer:

1. The object to be electroplated should be free from greasy matter.
2. The surface of the article should be rough so that the metal deposited sticks permanently.
3. The concentration of the electrolyte should be so adjusted as to get smooth coating.
4. Current must be the same throughout.

Question 10.
In case of a fire, before the fire men use the water, they shut off the main electrical supply for the area. Explain why they do this.
Answer:
Fire men use water to put out fire. Water containing dissolved salts is a good conduc¬tor of electricity. If fire men pour water on fire the electrical appliances near the fire may be wet if anybody touches those appliances they may have electric shock. In order to avoid people to get electric shock due to wet electrical appliances the fire men shut off electrical supply before they use water.

Question 11.
We get some items made from iron wire in which iron wire is coated with plastic. Is plastic coated by the process of electroplating? Why can plastic not be coated on a metal by the process of electroplating?
Answer:
No. Plastic cannot be coated on a metal by using electroplating. The reason is plastic being a carbon polymer does not dissociate into ions. So it does not allow passage of current. So it does not act as an electrolyte. So electrolysis process is not possible with plastic which is main criteria for electroplating. So plastic cannot be coated on a metal by the process of electroplating.

8th Class Physical Science 9th Lesson Electrical Conductivity of Liquids 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Prepare a table having various material used at home classifying as good conductors or poor conductors and their use.
Answer:

Material used at home	Good conductor/ poor conductor	Use
1) Copper	Good conductor	Wires, electrical appliances
2) Iron	Good conductor	Electrical wires, electrical appliances
3) Aluminium	Good conductor	Wires, electrical appliances
4) Plastic	Poor conductor	Handles of electrical appliances, electrical insulating material
5) Wood	Poor conductor	Handles of electrical appliances

Question 2.
What are the uses of electrolysis in daily life?
Answer:
The uses of electrolysis:

1. Electroplating: To avoid rusting of iron it is coated with nickel or chromium by electrolysis.
2. Gold covering works: Ornaments made of cheap metal like copper can be coated with gold using electrolysis.
3. Metallurgy: Pure metals can be extracted from minerals and ores using electrolysis.
4. Electrolysis: It is used in electrical printing and to produce gramphone records.

Question 3.
Collect the information from various sources on the applications of electroplating in daily life and prepare a note on that.
Answer:
Uses of electroplating:

1. Metals like iron are coated with deposits of nickel or chromium to prevent rusting.
2. Machinery parts are often chromium plated to protect them from corrosion and at the same time to give them good polish.
3. Electroplating is also used in repairing worn out parts of machinery.
4. Electroplating is also done for ornamentation and decoration purposes.
5. Processed food items are preserved in tin coated iron cans by electroplating method.
6. Zinc coated iron by electroplating method is used for bridges and in automobiles.

Question 4.
Test the conductivity of liquids given below and fill the table.

Material	Compass needle show deflection Yes / No	Conductor / Insulator
Lemon juice
Honey
Milk
Vinegar
Tap water
Vegetable oil

Answer:

Material	Compass needle show deflection Yes / No	Conductor / Insulator
Lemon juice	Yes	Conductor
Honey	No	Insulator
Milk	No	Insulator
Vinegar	Yes	Conductor
Tap water	Yes	Conductor
Vegetable oil	No	Insulator

Question 5.
Why does chromium is used for electroplating? Why the objects which have chromium plated are not made of chromium itself?
Answer:

1. Chromium has a shiny appearance does not corrode and resist scratches.
2. However chromium is expensive and may not be possible to make the whole object out of chromium.
3. So the object is made from a cheaper metal and only a coating of chromium is done over it.

8th Class Physical Science 9th Lesson Electrical Conductivity of Liquids Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the process of coating a metal on another metal. Draw a neat diagram related to this process. Label the parts.
Answer:
The process which is used to coating a metal on another metal is called “electroplating”.

Question 2.
Draw a diagram shows electroplating process. Write any one of the requirements for the fine coating.
Answer:

1. The object to be electroplated should be free from greasy matter.
   
2. The surface of the article should be rough so that the metal deposited sticks permanently.
3. The concentration of the electrolyte should be so adjusted as to get smooth coating.
4. Current must be the same throughout.

 

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 2 Cell: The Basic Unit of Life

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Important Questions 2nd Lesson Cell: The Basic Unit of Life

8th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Cell: The Basic Unit of Life 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who discovered cell first time?
Answer:
It was the year 1665 Robert Hooke, a British scientist discovered the cell.

Question 2.
Which part of cell contains cell organelles?
Answer:
The jelly like substance between the nucleus and cell membrane is called cytoplasm. It is a heterogeneous material. It contains membrane bound structures called cell organelles.

Question 3.
What is the difference between cells in onion peel and cells in Spinach?
Answer:
Cells in onion peel arranged systematically with prominent nucleus. Cells in spinach are in different sizes and shapes without nucleus to perform nutrition.

Question 4.
Make different questions to know cells and cell organelles.
Answer:

1. What are the structures present in the cells?
2. Why cells are considered to be structural and functional unit of life?

Question 5.
Prepare different questions to know the discovery of cell.
Answer:

1. In which year cell discovered?
2. Name the scientist who observed cells.

Question 6.
What is staining?
Answer:
The process of using colouring agents in order to highlight particular areas in the cell is called staining.

Question 7.
What is ‘magnification’?
Answer:
Amount of increase in apparent size of a thing more time than its normal size to visualise is called magnification.

Question 8.
What are Unicellular Organisms? Give examples.
Answer:
The organisms survive its life with a single cell are called unicellular organisms.
Ex : Amoeba, Chlamydomonas, etc.

Question 9.
What is the meaning of ‘Cell’ in Latin?
Answer:
In Latin ‘cell’ means ‘A little room’.

8th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Cell: The Basic Unit of Life 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“Cell wall is essential in plant cells” – Why?
Answer:

1. Cell wall gives mechanical strength.
2. Without the cell wall, a plant can not stand errect.
3. Cell wall helps the plant cells when they are turgid.

Question 2.
What is the significance of cover slip in your preparation of slides?
Answer:

1. Cover slip protects the material under study from coming in contact with the lens of the microscope.
2. It presses upon the material keeping it plane.

Question 3.
How do you appreciate the role of microscope in the study of cell?
Answer:

1. The microscope is very useful instrument in the study of cells.
2. Scientists use electron microscope for their study which can help to see upto a millionth of a meter.
3. I will appreciate the role of microscope in the growth and development of science and human welfare.

8th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Cell: The Basic Unit of Life 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Observe the permanent slides of human body cells in your school. Collect the data in a tabular form.
Answer:

Name of the cell	Shape of the cell	Name of the parts
Muscle cell	Spindle shaped, short, elongated	Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm.
RBC	Concave on both sides, sometimes round	Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm.
Nerve cell	Long having processes	Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm
White Blood Cell (WBC)	Amoeboid shape	Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, granules

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Different Ecosystems

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Important Questions 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who coined the word ecosystem at first?
Answer:
The word ecosystem was coined by a British Botanist A.G. Tansley in 1935.

Question 2.
What are the different terms used for environment?
Answer:
The different terms are habitat, biome, ecological systems.

Question 3.
What do we call the small level of ecosystem?
Answer:
The small level of ecosystem is called habitat.

Question 4.
What do we call the larger level of ecosystem?
Answer:
The larger level of ecosystem is called Biome.

Question 5.
What do we study in an ecosystem?
Answer:
In ecosystem we study about the changes occuring in the habitat like organisms moving away from the habitat or entering the habitat.

Question 6.
How is an ecosystem made up of?
Answer:
An ecosystem is made up of groups of living organisms and their environment.

Question 7.
Name the biotic and the abiotic components.
Answer:
The living things like plants,animals and microorganisms are known as biotic components. Soil, water, sunlight, air, etc. are known as abiotic components.

Question 8.
What type of relationship is seen in an ecosystem?
Answer:
There is a feeding relationship between plants and animals.

Question 9.
How do plants and animals depend on one another?
Answer:
There is an interdependence between plants and animals for space, reproduction, shelter etc.

Question 10.
From where do all living things derive energy?
Answer:
All living things derive energy from sun.

Question 11.
Why are decomposers called recyclers?
Answer:
Decomposers return nutrients to the soil by decompose the dead plants and animals for the plants to use, as the cycle begins again, so they are called recyclers.

Question 12.
Where does the food web start from?
Answer:
The food web starts from the Producers.

Question 13.
What happens when plants and animals die in a food web?
Answer:
When plants and animals die in a food web, they are decayed and decomposed by decomposers like bacteria and fungi.

Question 14.
How do the changes take place in an ecosystem?
Answer:
Powerful storms, tsunami etc., destroy ecosystem and the changes take place in an ecosystem.

Question 15.
What are mangroves?
Answer:
Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystems, deriving nourishment from terrestrial fresh water and tidal salt water.

Question 16.
Where do mangroves grow?
Answer:
Mangrove forests grow in back waters low depth areas of sea shores.

Question 17.
Where is Coringa Mangrove situated?
Answer:
Coringa Mangrove is situated South of Kakinada Bay and is about 150 km South of Visakhapatnam.

Question 18.
From which rivers C&ringa mangrove receives water?
Answer:
Coringa mangrove receives fresh water from Coringa river and Gaderu river, tributories of Gautami Godavari river.

Question 19.
Name the producers present in Coringa mangrove.
Answer:
Mangrove, spirogyra, euglena, oscilatoria, blue green algae, ulothrix etc.

Question 20.
Name the consumers present in Coringa.
Answer:
Shrimp, crab, hydra, protozoans, mussel, snails, turtle, daphnia, brittle word, tube worm, etc.

Question 21.
Name the decomposers present in Coringa.
Answer:
Detritus feeding bacteria etc.

Question 22.
In what conditions a living community lives?
Answer:
A living community lives in an environment which supplies its materials and energy requirements and provides other living conditions.

Question 23.
What is ecosystem?
Answer:
The living community together with the physical environment forms an interacting system called the ecosystem.

Question 24.
How much place is occupied by the desert on land?
Answer:
The desert occupy about 11% of the land and occur in the regions with an average rainfall of less than 23 mm per year.

Question 25.
What type of producers can be seen in deserts?
Answer:
The shrubs, bushes, grasses and some trees.

Question 26.
Why do cacti have succulent stems?
Answer:
They store water in their stems to be used during the time of water scarcity.

Question 27.
Which organisms capture energy from sun?
Answer:
The energy from the sun is captured by plants and is stored in the form of potential energy in food stuffs.

Question 28.
What are the first trophic level in the ecosystem?
Answer:
Plants are the producers and represent the first trophic level in the ecosystem.

Question 29.
What does the food chain consist of?
Answer:
The food chain consists of four steps – the producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.

Question 30.
What are consumers? Give examples.
Answer:
The organisms which eat other living things and get their energy from them are called consumers. Ex: Animals.

Question 31.
What are decomposers? Give examples.
Answer:
The organisms which feed on wastes, debris of plants and animals or on their remains after they die. Ex : Microorganisms.

Question 32.
What is a food web?
Answer:
A food web consists of several inter linked food chains and each organism in a food web will be a member of more than one food chain.

Question 33.
What are producers? Give examples,
Answer:
Plants are the only organisms capable of carrying out photosynthesis and producing food to all living organisms in any ecosystem. For this reason plants are called Producers.

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete this flow chart.

Answer:

1. Terrestrial
2. Aquatic
3. Aquarium, Terrarium, Spaceship
4. Grassland ecosystem
5. Forest Ecosystem
6. Desert ecosystem
7. Fresh water ecosystem
8. Marine water ecosystem
9. Mangrove ecosystem

Question 2.
What is the significance of mangrove ecosystem?
Answer:

1. Mangroves serve as important breeding grounds for a variety of commercially important organisms.
2. They also serve as protective areas for endangered species.
   Example: Coringa Mangrove Is situated South of Kakinada and is about 150 Km South of Vizag.

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“The Sun is the malm source of energy for all laving things on earth”. How?
Answer:

1. All the organisms in an ecosystem derive energy from food to live.
2. Plants trap the solar energy through photosynthesis. They convert the light energy into chemical energy.
3. Animals do not get energy directly from Sun. Many animals eat plants, however which use Sunlight to make food.
4. Carnivores do not eat plants still depend on the energy of the sunlight as they eat other plant eaters.

Question 2.
Draw and label the plants and animals present in the food web in Coringa Ecosystem.
Answer:
Diagram of the food web in Coringa Ecosystem.

Question 3.
Draw the diagram showing figure of energy flow in an ecosystem. (Annexure)
Answer:
Energy flow in an ecosystem.

Question 4.
Classify the ecosystem on different basis. (OR)
Draw the flow chart showing different types of ecosystems. Who coined the term ecosystem?
Answer:

1. Ecosystem can vary from a small plant to a dense forest. Ecologists classified ecosystem on different basis.
2. Some such classifications are – artificial and natural temporary and permanent.
3. Due to Abiotic factors, different ecosystems develop in different ways.

Flow chart of classification of ecosystem

The term “Ecosystem” was coined by A.G. Tansley.

Question 5.
Prepare a table what are the adaptations of the desert animal take the data from your school library.
Answer:

Question 6.
Construct the food web with the following.
Grass → Plants → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Eagle → Goaf → Fox → Tiger → Wolf → Rabit.
Answer:

8th Class Biology 7th Lesson Different Ecosystems Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.

Shown here is a food chain, classify each organism in the food chain as producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer or tertiary consumer.
Answer:
In the above food chain

1. Leaf – producer
2. Catterpillar – primary consumer
3. Chameleon – secondary consumer
4. Snake – tertiary consumer
5. Eagle – top carnivore

Question 2.
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions given below.
Several plants, algae, etc. use sunlight to make their own food are called producers. Consumers feed on producers to get energy. The last level is made of decomposers. They feed on wastes, debris of plants and animals or on their remains after they die. They are called Recyclers also.

1. Which are the producers in the food web? Why are they called producers?
2. What are consumers? Give some examples.
3. What are recyclers? Why are they called so? Give some examples.
4. How many levels should be there in a food chain? What are they?

Answer:

1. Algae and plants are the producers in the given food web. They convert the solar energy into chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis.
2. The animals which feed on these producers (plants) are called primary consumers. Ex : Deer, Grasshopper, Rabbit.
3. Saprophytic bacteria and fungi are act as decomposers. They feed on dead plants and animals. They decompose these dead bodies and convert them into minerals. So, they are called ‘reproducers’.
4. Food chain consists of 4 trophic levels.
   They are 1) producers 2) primary consumers 3) secondary consumers and 4) tertiary consumers.

Question 3.
The desert occupy about 17% of the land and occur in the regions with an average rainfall of less than 23 mm per year. Due to extremes of temperature, the species composition of desert ecosystem is much varied and typical.
a) Which type of adaptations do desert animals have?
b) Write the adaptations in the desert plants.
c) Why the camel is called ship of the desert?
d) In deserts variations of animals is very less. Why?
Answer:
a) They have adaptations to prevent water loss from extreme temperatures.
b) Xerophytic plants do not have stomata. So, they prevent water loss.
c) Camel is called “desert ship” because it has so many adaptations to travel in desert.
d) Due to extremes of temperature, the species composition of desert ecosystem is varied and typical.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Physical Science Important Questions Chapter 8 Combustion, Fuels and Flame

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Important Questions 8th Lesson Combustion, Fuels and Flame

8th Class Physical Science 8th Lesson Combustion, Fuels and Flame 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by combustion?
Answer:
A chemical process in which a material reacts with oxygen present in air to generate heat is called combustion.

Question 2.
What is ignition temperature?
Answer:
The lowest temperature at which a substance catches fire is called ignition temperature.

Question 3.
What are inflammable substances? Give examples.
Answer:
The substance which have very low ignition temperature easily catch fire are called inflammable substances, e.g.: Petrol, alcohol, LPG, etc.

Question 4.
What is explosion?
Answer:
A chemical reaction takes place with the evolution of heat, light, sound and large amount of gas is called explosion.

Question 5.
What is calorific value? What is its unit?
Answer:
Calorific value of a fuel is the amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of that fuel.
It is measured in kilo joules per kg. (kJ/kg)

Question 6.
Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver and why?
Answer:
The goldsmith would use outermost zone for melting gold and silver because it is hottest zone due to complete combustion.

Question 7.
Explain how CO₂ is able to control fires?
Answer:
When CO₂ released from the cylinder on fire, it expands enormously in volume and cools down. So, it is not only forms a blanket around fire, it also brings down the temperature of fuel. That is why it is an excellent fire extinguisher.

Question 8.
Paper by itself catches fire easily whereas a piece of paper wrapped around an aluminium pipe does not ?
Answer:
When you heat a piece of paper wrapped around an aluminium pipe the heat is taken up by aluminium pipe so the paper does not reach its ignition temperature.

Question 9.
Can the process of rusting be called combustion? Discuss.
Answer:
Rusting of Iron is a combustion reaction. Combustion is a process in which elements combine with oxygen. During formation of rust iron atoms combine oxygen in the air forming iron oxides or rust.

Question 10.
Name the products formed when a candle burns in air.
Answer:
The products formed are carbondioxide and water because wax is mixture of hydrocarbons.

8th Class Physical Science 8th Lesson Combustion, Fuels and Flame 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are combustible and non combustible materials and give examples for them?
Answer:
Combustible materials:
The materials which burn when brought near a flame are called combustible materials, e.g. : Petrol, diesel, kerosene, etc.
Non-combustible materials:
The materials which do not burn when brought near a flame are called non-combustible materials, e.g.: Pebbles, sand, clay, iron, etc.

Question 2.
What are the different types of combustion and define them?
Answer:
Combustion is two types.

1. Spontaneous combustion:
   The type of combustion in which material suddenly bursts into flames without the application of apparent cause is called spontaneous combustion.
2. Rapid combustion:
   The type of combustion in which materials burns rapidly and produce heat and light is called rapid combustion.

Question 3.
What are the different zones present in a candles and what are the colours of those zones?
Answer:
There are three zones in a candle.

1. Outermost zone: This is the hottest part which is in blue colour.
2. Middle zone: This is moderately hot part which is in yellow colour.
3. Dark zone: This is least hot part which is in black colour.

Question 4.
In an experiment 4.5 kg of a fuel was completely burnt. The heat produced was measured to be 1,80,000 KJ. Calculate the calorific value of fuel?
Answer: The mass of fuel = 4.5 kg
The heat produced = 1,80,000 KJ
heat produced 1,80,000
The calorific value of fuel = \(\frac{\text { heat produced }}{\text { mass of the fuel }}\) = \(\frac{1,80,000}{4.5}\) = 40,000 KJ/Kg
mass of the fuel 4.5

Question 5.
LPG is better domestic fuel than wood?
Answer:

1. On burning wood it produces lot of smoke and also complete burning does not takes place whereas LPG undergo complete combustion so does not produce smoke.
2. Due to incomplete combustion wood produce harmful gas like carbon monoxide whereas LPG does not produce carbon monoxide.
3. Wood has high ignition temperature so does not burn immediately whereas LPG has low ignition temperature burns easily.

Question 6.
How do you appreciate use of fossil fuels in daily life?
Answer:
We are depend upon fossil fuels for our daily needs like cooking, transportation, running machinery and producing electricity, etc. Everywhere we go there is use of fossil fuel. Without fossil/fuels we may be in stone age. So the use of fossil fuels in daily life should be thoroughly appreciated.

Question 7.
What would happen if oxygen stops to support combustion? – Make a guess. And if it is the situation for what other fuels are useful?
Answer:
If oxygen stops to support combustion there is no other gas which will support combustion. Then fossil fuels are not useful in producing heat, energy and electricity.
So we should have to prefer alternative sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, etc. for our energy needs.

Question 8.
Let us assume that you are on the moon. If you try to focus sun light on a paper using magnifying glass, does the paper catch fire? or not? Why?
Answer:
No, moon reflects entire sunlight that falls on the surface because it acts as perfect reflector. Whereas earth is also acts as reflector but green house gases present in atmosphere absorbing the sunlight and resending on earth. So paper can be burnt on earth by using magnifying glass but it is not possible on moon.

Question 9.
Why does tap water is not used to control fire involving electrical equipment ?
Answer:

1. Tap water cannot be used to control the fire involving electric equipment because it is a good conductor of electricity.
2. It conducts electricity resulting in electrical shock to the user.

Question 10.
Explain how carbon dioxide is able to control fires.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide, being heavier than oxygen, covers the fire like blanket and also brings down the temperature of fuel. Since the contact between the fuel and oxygen is cut off the fire comes under control.

8th Class Physical Science 8th Lesson Combustion, Fuels and Flame 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How does candle works?
Answer:

1. A candle is mainly a source of light and heat.
2. A candle is made of wax in which a thick thread inserted wax in the candle melts when it is lighted by a match stick.
3. A little of wax forms vapour.
4. This vapour combines with oxygen in the air to form flame.
5. The heat of the flame melts more of the wax from the top of the candle.
6. The melted liquid wax moves upward through the thread. It also changes to vapour when it reaches the top of the wick and byrns with the flame.

8th Class Physical Science 8th Lesson Combustion, Fuels and Flame Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Spirit burns quickly like petrol but sodium metal and white phosphorous burns without any ignition.
Complete the following table and rewrite it in the table.

Rapid combustible substances	Spontaneous combustible substances

Answer:

Rapid combustible substances	Spontaneous combustible substances
1)  Material burns rapidly and produce heat and light. 2)   Spirit burns quickly. 3)   Petrol burns quickly.	1)  Material suddenly bursts into flames without the application of apparent cause. 2)   Sodium burns without any ignition. 3)   Phosphorous burns without any ignition.

Question 2.

Fuel	Calorific Value (K.J / Kg)
Cow dung	6,000 – 8,000
Coal	25,000 – 30,000
Petrol, Diesel	45,000
LPG	55,000
Hydrogen	1,50,000

Answer the following questions.
i) Name the fuel having highest calorific value.
ii) How much heat energy is released when one kg of petrol burnt?
iii) Name two fuels which causes less pollution.
iv) Mention any one of the alternate energy source which is not mentioned in the above table.
Answer:
i) Hydrogen
ii) 45,000 Kilo Joules
iii) Hydrogen, L.P.G
iv) Solar power, Gobar gas, Wind power, Bio-diesel.

Andhra Pradesh AP Board 5th Class English Solutions 1st Lesson Mallika Goes to School! Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 5th Class English Solutions Chapter 1 Mallika Goes to School!

Look at the picture and answer the following questions :

Activity 1

Question 1.
What do you see in the picture ?
Answer:
I see some school going children.

Question 2.
Do the children in the picture seem to be happy ? Why?
Answer:
The children seem to be happy. They are going to school. So, they are happy.

Question 3.
Why couldn’t the little girl in the picture go to school?
Answer:
The little girl in the picture is weaving a basket. She is busy. So, she could not go to school.

Question 4.
How would you feel, if you have never been to school?
Answer:
If I have never been to school, I feel bad.

Comprehension :

Activity 2

I. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What has Mallika been waiting for ?
Answer:
Mallika has been waiting for the day on which she goes to school.

Question 2.
Where did Mallika’s family reside ? Why was it difficult for Mallika to reach school ?
Answer:
Mallika’s family resided on the foot hills of Nallamala forest.

Question 3.
How was Mallika different from others?
Answer:
Mallika was not able to walk like other children. But weaved cane baskets and painted beautiful pictures. This way, Mallika was different from others.

Question 4.
What astonished Ranga very much?
Answer:
Mallika’s skill in painting astonished Ranga very much.

Question 5.
How did Ranga help Mallika? What does this tell us about him?
Answer:
Ranga helped Mallika to come to school. He took Mallika’s case to the notice of the headmaster.

II. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words given in the hint box.

education
excited
weave
narrow
wheelchair

Question 1.
Mallika was so ____________ that she couldn’t sleep after dawn.
Answer:
excited

Question 2.
The way to the school is ______________, rocky and uneven.
Answer:
narrow

Question 3.
Mallika can ____________ a variety of cane baskets.
Answer:
weave

Question 4.
Mallika uses a ___________ to move around.
Answer:
wheelchair

Question 5.
Children have the right to get ___________.
Answer:
education

Vocabulary

Activity 3

Choose the meaning of the underlined word in the given context. One has been done for you.
e.g. She eagerly looked out of the window.
a) rarely
b) lazily
c) heartily
Answer:
c) heartily

The underlined word eagerly means, ‘heartily’ in the context. Now, find out the contextualized meanings of the underlined words choosing from the given words. Your teacher will support you.

Question 1.
She was so excited that she couldn’t sleep after dawn.
a) very happy
b) very angry
c) very calm
Answer:
a) very happy

Question 2.
The way to the school is narrow, rocky and uneven.
a) wide
b) not wide
c) broad
Answer:
b) not wide

Question 3.
Her Nanna always consoled her.
a) comforted
b) scolded
c) hated
Answer:
a) comforted

Question 4.
“But, would you like to come to school if possible?” he insisted.
a) maintained firmly
b) asked
c) enquired
Answer:
a) maintained firmly

Question 5.
The next day, he assembled the Parents’ Committee.
a) dispersed
b) went
c) brought together
Answer:
c) brought together

Question 6.
The village Panchayat contributed by laying a good road.
a) wanted
b) assisted
c) liked
Answer:
b) assisted

Question 7.
I never dreamt I would see a day like this.
a) imagined
b) slept
c) saw
Answer:
a) imagined

Activity 4

Observe the underlined words in the given sentences.

Her family resides on the foothills of Nallamala forest.
You can weave a variety of cane baskets faster than anyone else.
The words foothills and anyone have two words each,
foothills = foot + hills
anyone = any + one

Let’s see some more examples in the given box.

1.  sun + flower = sunflower
2. news + paper = newspaper
3. black + board = blackboard
4. rain + bow = rainbow
5. hand + bag = handbag

Such a combination of two or more words to form a new word is known as a Compound Word.

I. Let’s identify and underline the compound words in the given sentences.

1. I have many books on my bookshelf.
2. The firemen put out the fire.
3. We wear a raincoat in the rainy season.
4. I got sunglasses as my birthday gift.
5. It is very important to have breakfast in the morning.
Answer:

1. bookshelf = book + shelf
2. firemen = fire + men
3. raincoat = rain + coat
4. a) sunglasses = sun + glasses
   b) birhtday = birth + day
5. breakfast = break + fast

II. Now, read the lesson again and write down any five compound words:

Compounds words are written.
As one word with no hyphen.
e.g. classroom, anyone
As hyphenated words.
e.g. mother- in-law, ready-made
As separated words.
e.g. high school, no one.

Answer:

1. birthday = birth + day
2. foothills = foot + hills
3. wheelchair = wheel + chair
4. sunrise = sun + rise
5. headmaster = head + master

Activity 5

Read the following sentences.

• The next day the headmaster assembled the Parents’ Committee.
• Mallika gave the headmaster a bouquet.

The underlined words in the above expressions are nouns, which identify a group of people and a group of things. These are called collective nouns.
A collective noun is a word that refers to a group.

Identify and underline the collective nouns in the following sentences.

1. The army of soldiers is trained to battle against the enemies.
2. The troop is headed towards the battle field.
3. The battalion had only a loaf of bread to eat.
4. A tribe of natives fed them with their tubers.
5. They stayed in the forest of trees.
6. The flock of birds flew over the colony.
7. The habitants grazed their cattle in the plains.
8. The swarm of bees attacked the herders.
9. The military saved them from the bees.
10. A little girl thanked them with bouquets.
Answer:
1. The army of soldiers is trained to battle against the enemies.
2. The troop is headed towards the battle field.
3. The battalion had only a loaf of bread to eat.
4. A tribe of natives fed them with their tubers.
5. They stayed in the forest of trees.
6. The flock of birds flew over the colony.
7. The habitants grazed their cattle in the plains.
8. The swarm of bees attacked the herders.
9. The military saved them from the bees.
10. A little girl thanked them with bouquets.

Activity 6

Read the following sentences:

• Mallika’s family resides on the foothills of Nallamala.
• I wear a uniform.

The underlined words are action words (verbs). The above sentences are talking about the present situation and situations that happen in general. These sentences are in the Simple Present form.

Some more examples:

• I read a lot. He reads a lot.
• She likes ice creams. Her friends like cakes.

What did you notice in the above sentences?
The underlined action words (verbs) sometimes take an ‘-s’ and sometimes don’t.

Look at the table given below to understand this:

I. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb forms:

Question 1.
Mallika _____________ beautiful pictures, (paint)
Answer:
paints

Question 2.
Her parents always ___________ her. (console)
Answer:
console

Question 3.
Ranga ___________ Mallika to reach school, (help)
Answer:
helps

Question 4.
I ___________ my homework after school hours, (do)
Answer:
do

Question 5.
We ___________ after completion of our homework, (play)
Answer:
play

Sometimes, we express as:

• I don’t do my homework after my school hours.
• He doesn’t play before completion of his homework.

What do you notice? The underlined words ‘don’t do’ and ‘doesn’t play’ give negative meanings. Look at the table given below.

II. Now, fill in the blanks with ‘don’t’ or ‘doesn’t’.

Question 1.
My friend _________ speak Urdu.
Answer:
doesn’t

Question 2.
My father ___________ go to market.
Answer:
doesn’t

Question 3.
Our dog ___________ eat meat.
Answer:
doesn’t

Question 4.
I __________ use a mobile phone.
Answer:
don’t

Question 5.
We _________ like junk food.
Answer:
don’t

Conventions of Writing

Read the sentences and observe the underlined words:

It’s neither a festival nor her birthday.
Today is going to be Mallika’s first day at school.
Observe the highlighted APOSTROPHE (’) in different words.
In the first sentence, the APOSTROPHE (’) is used to contract words, e.g. It’s = It is In the second sentence the APOSTROPHE (’) is used to show the possession.
e.g. Mallika’s first day = the first day of Mallika

Note: Don’t use APOSTROPHE with pronouns like ‘yours’, ‘hers’, ‘theirs’, ‘its’. For e.g. The tail of the catis black in colour. Here we should say… It’s black in colour.

a) When we contract the words, we say…
It is mine = it’s mine;
she is = she’s
we are = we’re
she has = she’s
It is a cat.
It’s licking its tail.

b) Possession in plurals:
We use an apostrophe ( ’) after the words if it is a plural word.
e.g. The high school of boys = Boys’ High School
The school of girls = Girls’ school

c) Irregular plural nouns:
For plural nouns like children, people, men, women etc., the apostrophe mark ( ’) comes after the word itself followed by ‘s’.
children’s books; people’s decision; men’s wear.

d) Singular nouns ending with ‘s’:

• In the case of a singular noun that ends with ‘s’, (possessive ‘s’) is used after the word.
  e.g. orders of the boss = boss’s orders.
• In the case of a proper noun, there is a choice
  The story of Jesus = Jesus ’ story / Jesus’s story
  The poetry of Keats = Keats’ poetry / Keats’s poetry

Activity 7

I. Choose and put the apostrophe ( ’ ) in an appropriate place to abridge the expression and say aloud. One has been done for you.

Can’t
I’ve
I’ll
We’re
Let’s
You’re
I’d
That’s
Don’t
Couldn’t

e.g. I would = I’d

Question 1.
You are = __________
Answer:
You’re

Question 2.
Let us = __________
Answer:
Let’s

Question 3.
Do not = ___________
Answer:
Don’t

Question 4.
I will = _______
Answer:
I’ll

Question 5.
Cannot = ___________
Answer:
Can’t

Question 6.
Could not = __________
Answer:
Couldn’t

Question 7.
We are = ___________
Answer:
We’re

Question 8.
I have = ___________
Answer:
I’ve

Question 9.
That is = _____________
Answer:
That’s

II. Now, use an apostrophe at the right place in the given sentences:

Question 1.
My friends bat is broken.
Answer:
friend’s

Question 2.
Its handle is broken into pieces.
Answer:
Its (No apostrophe)

Question 3.
So, were going to play kabaddi.
Answer:
we’re

Question 4.
Its a short walk from my school to the playground.
Answer:
It’ s

Question 5.
There is a signboard at the entrance reading,‘Childrens Playground’.
Answer:
Children’s play ground

Activity 8

Writing

Preparation of a Poster

Observe the following poster.

I. Now, answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What is the heading of the poster?
Answer:
Mandal Parishad Primary School

Question 2.
Mention the free schemes provided in the school.
Answer:
Free Education, Free Uniforms, Free Midday Meal and Free School supplies are the free schemes.

Question 3.
What is the purpose of the poster?
Answer:
The purpose of the poster is to communicate to parents information about the different schemes, facilities and methods of teaching available in the school.

Question 4.
What did the school assure?
Answer:
The school assures the best future to the children.

Question 5.
What are the facilities provided in the school?
Answer:
Sports and Games, Library facility, Digital Education are the facilities available in the school.

II. Now, work in groups. Prepare a poster on ‘Hand Wash Programme.

The following hints are helpful in writing your poster.

Instructions:

• The poster should contain short sentences / phrases
• An eye catchy layout.
• A catchy slogan.
• Attention grabbing pictures.
• A final message and addresser.

Hints for you:

• Handwash day: 15 October – wet hands
• – apply soap – wash 20 seconds
• – rinse well – dry with towel.
• Slogan : Clean hands are safe hands.
• Addresser:

Answer:

Activity 9

Writing

Once, Mallika’s brother Nandu got a fever and wrote a leave letter to his class teacher. Here it is ….
Leave Letter

20.07.2020.
Diguvametta.

To
The Class Teacher,
IV Class,
M. P. P. School, Diguvametta.
Sir,

As I am suffering from fever, I am unable to attend school for two days. Kindly, grant me leave from 20.07.2020 to 21.07.2020. ‘

Thanking you.

Yours obediently,
Nandu
Roll No: 12. IV Class

Now, write a letter to your class teacher, asking for leave for one day, as you have to attend a marriage function.
Answer:
A letter applying for leave

15.06.2020.
Meeijapuram

To
The Class Teacher,
Class V,
M.P.P. School,
Meeijapuram

Sir/Madam

As I have to attend a marriage function at Lakshmipuram. I can’t attend the school. Kindly grant me leave for one day i.e. 15-06-2020, today.

Thanking you,

B. Anusha,
x x x x x

Activity 10

Read out the conversation and enact the role play.

Ranga : Hi, Malli! How are you?
Mallika : Hello, Ranga! I’m fine. How about you?
Ranga : I’m fine, thank you. What are you doing?
Mallika : I’m painting a picture.
Ranga : Wow! It’s beautiful! How realistic it is!
Mallika : Thank you, Ranga!
Ranga : I wonder if you could come to school.
Mallika : The path to the school is too uneven and rocky for me to get down.

Ranga : What do uncle and aunt say?
Mallika : You know, my parents can’t carry me all the way to school every day.
Ranga : But, would you like to come to school if possible?
Mallika : Of course, I too want to make friends, play games, wear a uniform and learn new things.
Ranga : Don’t worry, Malli! I’ 11 talk to our headmaster. Definitely, you ’ll come to school.
Mallika : Thank you, Ranga! Waiting for the day.

Activity 11

Speak on the following :

1. At last, Mallika could reach school. Imagine, how her schooling could be?
2. Do you have a ramp in your school? If not, how would you make it possible?
3. While you are playing, a differently-abled boy comes to you. How would you include him in your play?
4. While you are travelling in a bus you see a woman standing with a kid in her arms. Can you do something to help her?

1. Hi all! I am Sireesha. I will talk about Mallika’s school. There will be 2 rooms in Mallika’s school. There will be a ramp to help the children who cannot walk by themselves. Therp will be television mounted to the wall. With the help of this, the children will be able to watch different programmes meant for children. And I believe that there will be 2 – 3 teachers in mallika’s school. There will be 100-130 students in the school.

2. Good morning friends. I am Praneeth. In my school, there was no ramp. It was necessary for the children to have a ramp in schools. When I understood that it was important, I requested the head master to solve this. I also gave two three names of elderly people in the village. The headmaster sir and elders sat and discussed. The ramp was soon planned out. My father and his friends helped in the construction work of the ramp. Thus, we have the ramp. Everybody can come to school now.

3. Good morning all. I am Jackson. We play in our school every evening. I’d love children to play well. There was a boy who was unable to speak. He wanted to play with us. He wanted to join us. But he wouldn’t tell as that. I understood his idea. Then, I smiled at him. He smiled back. I signalled him with my hand to join us. At first, he hesitated. But when I called him again, he came to us. You know, he plays very well now.

4. Good morning all! I am Suneetha. Recently this incident happened to me. I was travelling by a bus one afternoon. I sat in the middle at a row of seats. Then bus stopped in a village. There a group of passengers got into to the bus. There were no seats for them. There was a woman with a small kid in her arms. She was looking here and there to find a seat. But there was no seat. I extended my arms and tried to reach the kid. The kid didn’t come in to my arms. Then, I stood and offered my seat to mother. At first, she did not accept. But finally she accepted my offer and took the seat. I was so happy that I helped a person in need.

Listening input

Listen to the conversation and enact the role play.

Ranga : Good morning sir!
Headmaster : Good morning Ranga!
Ranga : I’ve come to you to talk about differently-abled Mallika.

Headmaster : About Mallika! Oh, I know her. She can’t come to school, can she?
Ranga : Yes, sir! She uses a wheelchair to move around. But she can’t reach the school as the path is rocky and uneven.
Headmaster : It’s true.
Ranga : I wish, we could all get together and level the path for Mallika.
Headmaster : That’s a good idea, Ranga! All the children have the right to education. That includes Mallika as well.
Ranga : Great, sir! At any cost, we should bring Mallika to school.
Headmaster : Sure, Ranga! Tomorrow I’ll discuss with the Parents’ Monitoring Committee and make arrangements that Mallika could reach school.
Ranga : Thank you, sir!
Headmaster : You are most welcome, my dear!

Comprehension

Activity 12

Question 1.
Ranga came to the headmaster to talk about ……………….
Answer:
differently abled Mallika

Question 2.
All could get together to …………….. the path.
Answer:
level

Question 3.
All the children have the ………………… to get education.
Answer:
right

Question 4.
“We should bring ……………….. to school,” Ranga insisted.
Answer:
Mallika

Question 5.
The headmaster decided to discuss with …………………………
Answer:
Parents’ Monitoring Committee.

Language Game

Activity 13

Title of the game : Roll and Respond
Required time : 15 minutes.
Material needed : Dice and beads

1. Make the students form groups of at least four students each.
2. Ask one student to roll on the die/dice and read the number.
3. Let the other student ask the question from the grid with the number on the dice.
4. Let the partner respond to the question.
5. Make every student take turns, roll the dice and respond to the questions.
   

Answers :

1. No. My mother doesn’t know our teacher.
2. No. My father doesn’t know you.
3. No. I don’t have a dictionary.
4. No. I don’t watch television.
5. No. My teacher doesn’t permit me to play.
6. No. I don’t speak English.
7. No. I don’t like to have coffee.
8. No. I don’t play Kabaddi.
9. No. My freind doesn’t eat rice for breakfast.
10. No. I don’t live in a city.
11. No. I don’t need your help
12. No. I don’t go to library

Summary

Mallika Goes to School

The day was special to Mallika. She has been eagerly waiting for such a day. She lives near Nallamala forest. Till now, the way to school was narrow and rocky. Now, a new road welcomes her to school.

Mallika could not walk properly like other children. She was unable to do things like other children. But she weaved cane baskets faster. She painted pictures beautifully. Amma (mother) brought a wheel chair for her. She could not walk.

One day, her neighbour Ranga came to her. He wanted her to come to school. But Mallika could not go to school. The road was narrow an ocky for her. Then Ranga went to the head master and talked to about Mallika.

The head master encouraged Ranga. He called for a Parents Monitoring Committee meeting. They decided to level the road for Mallika. Mallika came to school happily. She gave a bouquet to the head master. Her parents thanked every one with Raagi Laddoos.

సారాంశం

ఆరోజు మల్లికకి ప్రత్యేకమైనది. అలాంటి రోజు కోసం మల్లిక ఎన్నాళ్ళుగానో ఎదురు చూస్తోంది. ఆమె నల్లమల కొండల సమీపంలో నివసిస్తుంది. స్కూలుకి వెళ్ళే దోవ సన్నగానూ రాళ్లతో నిండి ఉంది. కానీ, ఇప్పుడు ఒక కొత్త రోడ్డు ఆమెకి స్వాగతం చెబుతోంది.

మల్లిక అందరు పిల్లల్లాగా సరిగా నడవలేదు. వాళ్ల లాగా అన్ని పనులు చేయలేదు. కానీ, ఆమె బట్టలు వేగంగా చేయగలదు. అందమైన రంగు రంగుల బొమ్మలు వేయగలదు. ఒకరోజు, ఆమె కోసం అమ్మ చక్రాల కుర్చీ తెచ్చింది. ఆమె నడవలేదుగా!

ఒక రోజు, పొరుగింటి రంగా ఆమె దగ్గరికి వచ్చాడు. ‘నువ్వూ స్కూలుకి రావచ్చుగా!’ అన్నారు. కానీ మల్లిక స్కూలుకి వెళ్లలేదు. స్కూలుకి వెళ్లే రోడ్డు సన్నగా, రాళ్లతో నిండి ఉంటుంది. కనుక రాలేనని చెప్పింది. అపుడు రంగా స్కూలు హెడ్మాస్టరుగారితో దగ్గరకి వెళ్ళి మల్లిక గురించి చెప్పాడు.

హెడ్మాస్టరు గారు రంగాని ప్రోత్సాహ పూర్వకంగా తట్టారు. పాఠశాలలో చదివే పిల్లల తల్లిదండ్రుల పాలక కమిటీ సమావేశం ఏర్పాటు చేశారు. మల్లిక గురించి చర్చించారు. వారు ఆ సమావేశంలో ఆ రోడ్డుని బాగు చేయాలని నిర్ణయించారు. చకచకా ఆ పనిని పూర్తి చేశారు. మల్లిక సంతోషంగా స్కూలుకి వచ్చింది. హెడ్మాస్టరు గారికి ఒక పుష్పగుచ్ఛాన్ని ఇచ్చింది. ఆమె తల్లిదండ్రులు అందరికి రాగి లడ్డూలు ఇచ్చి తమ కృతజ్ఞతని చాటుకున్నారు.

Glossary

dawn = early morning before sunrise; ప్రాతః కాలం
eagerly = showing a lot of interest; ఆసక్తితో
resides = lives; నివసించును
rocky = full of rocks; రాతితో నిండిన
uneven = not uniform, సమంగాలేని
differently-abled = handicapped; అంగవైకల్యంగల
consoled = conforted; ఓదార్చెను
excited = happy, elevated ; ఆనందపడి
astonished = surprised ; ఆశ్చర్యపడెను
moreover = apart from that ; అంతేకాక
insisted = demanded continuously ; పట్టుపట్టెను
education = study ; విద్య
includes = contains as a cart, కలిగియుంగ

patting = tapping ; తట్టుచూ
excitement = happiness ; ఆనందాతిశయం
weeds = unwanted plants ; కలుపు మొక్కలు
spades and hoes = implements, tools ; పనిముట్లు
contributed = gave as share; తమవంతుగా ఇచ్చిరి
lay = pave; పరచు
bouquet = a bunch of flowers ; పుష్పగుచ్ఛము
wiped = removed ; తుడిచెను

SCERT AP 7th Class English Government Textbook Answers 3rd Lesson A Journey through the Hills and Valleys Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class English Unit 3 Questions and Answers The Turning Point

7th Class English Unit 3 The Turning Point Textbook Questions and Answers

Loot at the picture and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Where do you like to spend your holidays?
Answer:
I like to spend my holidays at my grandparents’ village.

Question 2.
What is your favourite place?
Answer:
My favourite place is Horsley Hills.

Question 3.
Have you ever been to the place which is shown in the picture?
Answer:
No. I haven’t.
(Or)
Yes, I have, I visited Papi Kondalu, a beautiful place with lushing greenery in December last year.

Question 4.
Share your experience based on the places you have visited/liked.
Answer:
I have visited some interesting places. Visiting such places gives us new energy. Such places are beautiful and have pleasant atmosphere.

Question 5.
Mention some tourist spots in your District.
Answer:
I belong to Guntur District. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, Kondaveedu, Undavalli Caves, Kotappa Konda, Mangalagiri, Amaravathi, Krishna Barrage are some of the tourist spots in our district.

Reaping Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Why was the journey to the tribal area a memorable one to the author?
Answer:
The author has never experienced the most exciting moments of the train journey to Araku till then. For the first time in his life, the author saw the astounding tunnels, wonderful waterfalls, valleys, caves, and other natural beauties during the train journey. Pleasant and serene atmosphere, full of greenery, and the images of all the other scenic beauties gave him unforgettable and amazing experience. Hence, the author felt that his journey to the tribal area was a memorable one.

Question 2.
Which places did the author visit on his journey?
Answer:
The author visited the Borra Caves, Tyda Nature Camp, Araku Valley, Padmapuram Gardens, and Lambasingi during his journey.

Question 3.
How did the travellers enjoy the train journey?
Answer:
The train journey was by Vista dome coach which enables the passengers watch the scenery on both the sides of the train crossing many tunnes. It was a thrilling experience to the travellers.

Question 4.
What are the beautiful scenic places that the tourists visited in Lambasingi?
Answer:
Fenced towering hills, tall green trees and the Kondakarla Bird Sanctuary are the places visited by the tourists in Lambasingi.

Question 5.
How does the author describe the Ananthagiri hills?
Answer:
The Ananthagiri hills are full of coffee plantations and waterfalls,

Question 6.
How do the tribal people earn their living?
Answer:
The tribal people earn their living by selling the handicrafts, spices and products of their farming.

B. Choose the right option and write it in brackets.

1. The most favourable tinle to visit Araku is ….
a) from November to January
b) from June to August
c) from August to October
d) from October to December
Answer:
a) from November to January

2. Araku and Lambasingi are in the ……
a) Western Ghats
b) North Eastern Ghats
c) Eastern Ghats
d) East West Ghats
Answer:
c) Eastern Ghats

3. The dance performed by the tribes in Araku Is called ……
a) Savara
b) Dhimsa
c) Kuchipudi
d) Folk
Answer:
b) Dhimsa

4. Borra Caves are made of ……….
a) Karstic limestone
b) Chalk limestone
c) Tufa limestone
d) Coquina limestone
Answer:
a) Karstic limestone

5. Ananthagiri hills are popular for …….
a) waterfalls
b) flowers
c) coffee plantations
d) both ‘a’ and ‘c’
Answer:
d) both ‘a’ and ‘c’

C. Put the following sentences in the order of events.

1) We visited Kondakarla Bird Sanctuary
2) We enjoyed Dhimsa dance performed by women.
3) The tribal people were selling their handicrafts on the either side of the road.
4) We set off from Visakhapatnam to Borra.
5) The train passed above the Borra Caves.
Answer:
4) We set off from Visakhapatnam to Borra.
5) The train passed above the Borra caves.
3) The tribal people were selling their handicrafts on the either side of the road.
2) We enjoyed Dhimsa dance performed by women.
1) We visited Kondakarla Bird Sanctuary.

Vocabulary

A. Prepare a word map related to ‘forest products’.

Answer:

B. Look at the following words :
1. attraction
2. unknowing

1. The word ‘attraction’ consists of two parts, (root + suffix)
The root word is ‘attract’, suffix is ‘ion’.

2. The word ‘unknowing’ consists of two parts (prefix + root)
The prefix is ‘un’, root word is ‘knowing’.

Note : Suffixes come after the root word, Prefixes come before the root word.

Now complete the following table with appropriate prefixes/suffixes to the root words to make new words.
The first one is done for you.

Answer:

Prefix	Root	New Word
1) dis-	locate	dislocate
2) in-	experience	inexperience
3) im-	perfect	imperfect
4) dis-	like	dislike
5) un-	natural	unnatural

 

Root	Suffix	New Word
1) beauty	-ful	beautiful
2) permit	-ion	permission
3) continue	-ous	continuous
4) enjoy	-ment	enjoyment
5) green	-ery	greenery

Grammar

A. Locate the following sentences in the text.
1. It is a bird-lovers’ heaven and one of the best places to visit in Lambasingi.
2. It is the most beautiful and important hill station in Andhra Pradesh.

Here we can observe the word ‘best’ in the 1st sentence and ‘most’ in the 2nd sentence are superlative adjectives. Both the adjectives take definite article ‘the’ before them.

a) Now, find some more superlative adjectives from the text and write them in the place provided.
Eg. the longest
1. _________
2. _________
3. _________
4. _________
5. _________
Answer:
1. the largest
2. the best
3. the most exciting

Note : There are only three superlative adjectives in this lesson.

In previous classes, you might have learnt about adjectives that are expressed in three degrees, i.e. Positive, Comparative and Superlative.

B. Read the following statements. Label them with ‘P’ for Positive, ‘C’ for Comparative and ‘S’ for Superlative degree.

1. Borra Caves are the longest caves in Eastern Ghats.
2. The Krishna is longer than the Penna.
3. There are many big buildings in our town.
4. Iron is heavier than Silver.
5. Araku Valley is one of the most beautiful places.
6. The Pacific is the deepest ocean in the world.
7. The horse does not run’so fast as the cheetah.
8. Australia is not so big as India.
9. There are many strong players in our team.
10. India is one of the largest countries in the world.
Answer:
1. Borra Caves are the longest caves in Eastern Ghats. (S)
2. The Krishna is longer than the Penna. (C)
3. There are many big buildings in our town. (P)
4. Iron is heavier than Silver. (C)
5. Araku Valley is one of the most beautiful places. (S)
6. The Pacific is the deepest ocean in the world. (S)
7. The horse does not run so fast as the cheetah. (P)
8. Australia is not so big as India. (P)
9. There are many strong players in our team. (P)
10. India is one of the largest countries in the world (S)

C. Prepositions

Fill the blanks with the relevant words choosing from the box.

The train also passed _________ the Borra Caves. We got down _________ Borra Caves quarter to 10 am. The train journey _________ Visakhapatnam Borra Caves _________ made us speechless and gave an unforgettable experience.
Answer:
The train also passed above the Borra Caves. We got down at Borra Caves by quarter to 10 am. The train journey from Visakhapatnam to. Borra Caves made us speechless and gave an unforgettable experience.

The words which you have filled in the blanks are prepositions.

Prepositions are words that give the position of the nouns or the relationship between two nouns, two pronouns or a noun and a pronoun.

→ Prepositions of Place :
There are four Prepositions of Place.

1. “at” describes a specific point in space.
E.g.I am at the library.

2. “in” describes an enclosed space.
E.g. We live in Delhi.

3. “on ” describes an object’s relationship to a surface.
E.g. The cat is jumping on the table.

4. “by” describes an object’s nearness to other objects.
E.g. The boy stood by the window.

→ Prepositions of Direction :
Prepositions of direction indicate in which direction the object is moving.
Eg : above, across, along, around, behind, below, beside, over, through, toward, up, down, between, inside, in, near, under, into, onto
The train passed through the tunnel.
We walked along the road.
The boy ran up the hill.
The river runs between the hills.

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions given in the box.

1. Is your brother ……………….. the shop?
2. My father has returned his workplace.
3. A small stream runs ……………….. the bridge.
4. Prema fell ……………….. the floor.
5. A helicopter hovered ……………….. our house.
6. The cat jumped ……………….. the wall.
7. The rocket is going ……………….. the moon.
8. The flight ran ……………….. the runway.
9. Row your boat gently the stream.
10. The boy put the chocolate ……………….. his pocket.
Answer:

1. at
2. from
3. below
4. on
5. above
6. onto
7. towards
8. along
9. down
10. in

Writing

A. Write a paragraph using the hints given below.

On a holiday – went to Horsley Hills – with my family – great trip in my life – started journey – sunny day – excited about – Gali Bandalu – road was full of eucalyptus and sandalwood trees – extremely panoramic – Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary – Environ-mental Park, Mallamma Temple – worth seeing
Answer:
On a holiday 1 went to Horsely Hills along with my family. It was a great trip in my life. We started our journey on a sunny day. I was very excited to see the place. Gali Bandalu was a very nice place to see. On the way, the road was full of eucalyptus and sandal wood trees. The place was extremely panoramic. There, we visited Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary that sheltered many animals. There was an Environmental Park which was very pleasant. Mallamma Temple was worth seeing.

B. Write a letter to your friend about your visit to a tourist place in summer holidays.
Answer:

Chittoor. 7.9.2021.Dear Shreyan, I am well here and l hope the same with you. 1 hope you are spending your summer vacation happily. Recently I visited Horsely Hills along with my family and I enjoyed it a lot.Last Sunday, I went to Horsely Hills along with my family. It was a great trip in my life. We started our journey on a sunny day. I was very excited to see the place. Gali Bandalu was a very nice place to see. On the way. the road was full of eucalyptus and sandal wood trees. The place was extremely panoramic. There, we visited Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary that sheltered many animals. There was an Environmental Park which was very pleasant. Mallamma Temple was worth seeing.Convey my regards to all.Yours lovingly, Mokshitha

Listening

Listen to the following text:

Travelling gives you many wonderful experiences you cannot find in your own country. You meet local people and get to understand different cultures. It’s so exciting. I love plaonmgtrips and doing some research on the country or countries I want to visit. Sometimes, I like to plan everything in advance, my flights, hotels, and tours, etc. For me, the most exciting thing is arriving in a country with no hotel reservation and no fixed plans. I prefer staying in hostels and guest houses. You get to meet and talk to different and interesting people and share information. I also like’ to visit places that are off the beaten track. Being somewhere with thousands of other tourists is not my cup of tea.

Listen to the text again and tick the correct options.

Travelling gives you many ___(1)___ (wonderful/worst) experiences you cannot find in your own country. You meet local people and get to ___(2)___ (understand/ misunderstand) different cultures. It’s so exciting. I ___(3)___ (love / dislike ) planning trips and doing some research on the country or countries 1 want to visit. Sometimes, I like to plan ___(4)___ (nothing/everything) in advance, my flights, hotels and tours, etc. For me, the most exciting thing is arriving in a country with no __(5)___ (hotel reservations/ room reservations) and no fixed plans. I prefer staying in ___(6)___ (railway stations/hostels) and guest houses. You get to meet and talk to different and interesting people and share information. I also like to visit places that are off the beaten ___(7)___ (track/truck). Being somewhere with thousands of other tourists is not my cup of tea.
Answer:
Travelling gives you many wonderful (wonderful / worst) experiences you cannot find in your own country. You meet local people and get to understand (understand/misunderstand) different cultures. It’s so exciting. I love (love/dislike) planning trips and doing some research on the country or countries I want to visit. Sometimes, 1 like to plan everything (nothing/everything) in advance, my flights, hotels, and tours, etc. For me, the most exciting thing is arriving in a country with no hotel reservations (hotel reservations/room reservations)and no fixed plans. I prefer staying in hostels (railway stations/hostels) and guest houses. You get to meet and talk to different and interesting people and share information. I also like to visit places that are off the beaten track (track/truck). Being somewhere with thousands of other tourists is not my cup of tea.

Talking Time

1. Already, you have read the Travelogue ‘A Journey through the Hills and Valleys’. You may have such beautiful places in your locality too. Using the following language functions share your likes and dislikes with your friend.

Language Function

Expressing Likes	Expressing Dislikes
Eg : I really enjoy the trip. I’m very fond of… Wow/Lovely! I’m crazy about ………….. is wonderful/ really good … is one of my favourites	Eg : I don’t think all the hill region is enjoyable. I’m sorry, but I don’t like it at all It’s absolutely terrible/awful I’m afraid 1 dislike/ don’t like …….. I specially dislike …….. I don’t like ………….

Answer:
Expressing Likes:
I’m very fond of watching the garden with flowers.
Wow! It is a wonderful lake!
Lovely! This garden makes me joyful.
I am crazy about watching the waterfalls.
The red hills are really good.
The old fort is wonderful.
The fishing harbour is one of my favourites.

Expressing Dislikes:
I’m sorry, but I don’t like this garden at all.
It’s absolutely terrible to watch the monkey here in this park.
I’m afraid I don’t like the terrible snow here.
I specially dislike the cold weather here.
I don’t like to visit the rocky places.

Project

Collect the list of tourist places in your district. Write a small description about the places by collecting relevant pictures. Display the pictures and the information in your classroom.
Answer:
Tourist Places in Srikakulam District :
1) Arasavilli :
Arasavilli is near Srikakulam. The attraction of this temple is that the sun rays enter the main temple and touch the feet of main deity in the temple twice every year – in March and October.

2) Kalingapatnam :
This is a historical commercial port center. River Vamsadhara merges into Bay of Bengal here. Darga Sharif, Sheikh Madina Aqulin are the major attractions here. There is also a light house that is visible up to 23 kilometers.

3) Baruva :
This is another popular tourist spot in Srikakulam district. River Mahendra Tanaya merges in the sea here. There are Kotilingeswara Swamy temple, Janardhana Swamy temples here. Once this was an important port.

4) Ponduru :
Ponduru is famous for the Khadi clothes that are made here.

5) Mandasa :
This village lies at the foothills of Mahendragiri and there is Varaha Swamy temple here. The fort in Mandasa is said to be one of the highest forts in India.

6) Kaviti is at a distance o 130 kilometers from Srikakulam. This is called another Konaseema. There are temples of Chintamani Maata and Sri Seetarama Swamy.

7) Telineelapuram reminds us of Siberia birds. Every September, Pelican and Painted Stork birds reach Telineelaapuram and return back to their places in April.

8) Mogadaalapaadu beach :
This is located in the Gara mandal of Srikakulam district. This is the most visited beach after Kalingapatnam in this district. This is at a distance of twenty kilometers from Srikakulam town. There is a 200 meter long bridge that is built into the sea. Thousands of people come here to take bath during auspicious days.

★ Tourist Places in East Godavari District:

1. Annavaram is a popular temple in East Godavari district. The presiding deity here is Sri Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Swamy. Thousands of devotees visit the temple every day.
2. Draksharamam has a temple for Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu and this is also one of the Shaktipeethams.
3. Kumaraaraamam is in Samalkota, East Godavari district. Presiding deity here is Someswara along with Balatripura Sundari. Samalkota is 60 km away from Rajahmundry.
4. Antarvedi is another religious place in the district. This is where Godavari meets the sea. There is a temple for Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy and this is also one of the famous tourist places.
5. Maredumilli is at a distance of 80 kilometers from Rajahmundry. There is Jalatarangini waterfall nearby which is an attraction.
6. Papikondalu is another very famous tourist attraction.
7. Kadiyam is famous for its plant nurseries. Many types of flowers and plants are , created here. This is at a distance of only ten kilometers from Rajahmundry.
8. Dindi resorts are located at a place where River Godavari meets the sea. This place is near Rajol and house boats are additional attraction of this place.

★ Tourist Places in Nellore District:

1. Satish Dhawah Shah Center is one of the popular Nellore district tourist places. This internationally famous rocket launching center is in Srihari Kota in Sullurpet.
2. Somasila Dam is also a tourist spot. The dam was built on River Penna. There is Someswara temple here.
3. Kandaleru River’s birth place was’Veligondala Mountains and a darn is built on the river at Chillaturu. This is the biggest mud dam in the word with a capacity to store 68 TMC water.
4. Krishnapatnam port is going to be biggest port in Asia and is in Muttkuru mandal in Nellore district.
5. Pulicot River is a naturally formed second salt water river. This is spread in an area of 600 square kilometers in the state borders of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. More than fifty lakh birds from various countries ccwne here every year during October to March.
6. Udayagiri fort has more than thousand years of history and stands still even now in ruins. The fort built on the hill is spread in 35 km and is believed to have 365 temples.
7. Pallipadu Gandhi Ashram is on the banks of River Penna in Indukurupeta. This stands as an evidence for history. This is at a distance of 9 kilometers in the east from Nellore.

★ Tourist Places In Guntur District:

1. Kotappakonda is in the Narasaraopet constituency. It is located at a distance of 15 kilometers from Narasaraopet and is 60 kilometers away from district headquarters. Lord Shiva here is called Dakshinamurthy.
2. Undavalli caves,’the world popular caves’are located in Undavalli village in Tadepalli Mandal. These historical caves date back to 2 nd and 3 rd AC. It is believed that Vishukudina king Govindaraja Varma built these for Buddhist monks. The Anantasayana Sri Mahavishnu temple in these caves is very beautiful.
3. Bhavani Island is spread in Krishna River on the borders of Guntur and Krishna districts. AC cottages and tree cottages are available for tourists.
4. Nagarjuna Sagar dam is at a distance of 25 kilometers from Macherla.
5. Amaravati is the first in the five Pancharamas and the deity here is called Amareswara’ This is at a distance of 35 kilometers from Guntur. Accommodation is available for devotees. Dhyana Buddha project is being built here. There is also an archeological museum and many ancient temples in this small village.

★ Tourist Places in Vizianagaram District:

1. Vizianagaram fort: One of the main attractions of Vizianagaram district is the Fort. ConstructiQn of this fort was begun in the year 1713 by Vizianagaram kings. Before that, they lived in a mud fort in Kumili.
2. Ganta sthambham or clock tower is another attraction in Vizianagaram. This 68 feet high pillar was built by Anandagajapati Raju with an expense of Rs. 5,4000. it has clocks on four sides. Duripg Second World War, a siren was set up in this. Earlier there were steps to reach the 5th floor but now they are in ruins.
3. Chintapalli beach is one of the most visited tourist spots in Vizianagaram district. The lighthouse, big stones in the sea are main attractions here.
4. Taatipudi Reservoir: Boating is the main attraction here. This is situated 12 kilometers from Vizianagaram town. Cottages of forest department are also available here.
5. Paiditalli temple is another attraction in this district. Sirimaanotsavam is an event that attracts thousands of devotees.

★ Tourist Places in West Godavari District:

1. Kolleru Lake is spread in nearly 700 kilometers. Many birds from other countries migrate* to this place during October and May months.
2. Dwaraka Tirumala temple is popular as ‘Chinna or Small Tirupati’ thousands of ‘ devotees visit this temple. All facilities are available here for the devotees.
3. Papikondalu is another tourist attraction in the district.
4. Perupalem beach in Mogalturu mandal is being developed as a tourist spot.
5. Rajabahadur fort in Mogalturu is standing as a symbol of lost graduer. This fort was built by Kalidindi kings two hundred years ago, according to historical evidence.
6. Guntupalli in Kamavarapukota has Buddhist caves. Buddhist monks from even foreign countries visit this place.

★ Tourist Places in Visakhapatnam District:

• Kailasagiri :
Kailasagiri hills are spread in around 350 acres and beautiful park is developed here. Water fountains, microwave repeater station, flower clock and Titanic View point mesmerize the visitors. There are huge idols of Shiva and Parvathi. Special attractions of Kailasagiri are the ropeway and the circular train.

• Ramakrishna beach :
Ramakrishna beach is very suitable to get relaxed. There is a Kalimata temple nearby which is a must see place for the tourists.

• Kurumpam tomb :
This tomb is built in the memory of Kurumpam queen. This is popualr as Taj Mahal of Visakha.

• Submarine museum :
This is the first of its kind in Asia and second in the world. Kurusura Submarine museum is located near Ramakrishna beach.

• Rishikonda beach :
This is at a distance of 8 kilometers from Visakhapatnam and is a place to be visited. Twelve AP tourism cottages are avilable here for the tourists.

• Totlakonda is 15 kilometers away from Visakhapatnam and is 128 kilometers above the sea level.
• Simhachalam is 16 kilometers away form Visakhapatnam city. It has nearly six hundred years of history. Devotees believe that Narasimha Swamy resides on this hill. Thousands of devotees visit this temple every day.
• Nukambika temple is at a distance of 36 kilometers from Visakhapatnam. Devotees. yome to visit this temple from Odhisha, Maharashtra and Karnataka districts also.

★ Tourist Places in Krishna District:

1. Kondapalli is one of the Krishna district tourist attraction places. This lies between Nandigama and Vijayawada towns. Kondapalli is famous for the wooden toys. The toys are made with a special wood got from the trees grown in this area.
2. Kanaka Durga temple is on the hills of Indrakeelaadri in Vijayawada. Lakhs of devotees
   visit the temple every year. It is said that Arjuna did penance for Lord Shiva on this hill. ‘
3. World popular Kuchipudi village is also in this district.
4. Kolleru lake is also located in this’district and the Pelicon birds can be seen here.
5. Hamsala Deevi is another tourist attraction. This village is in Koduru mandal. River Krishna merges in Bay of Bengal near this village. This place is very beautiful.
6. Prakasam barrage is another attraction of Vijayawada. The barrage is constructed at the foothill of Indrakeeladri. It was constructed in the year 1957.
7. Bapu Museum has more than hundred years of history. The museum was launched in the year 1887. There are many artefacts including those used by early men.

Tourist Places in Kurnool District:
• Srisailam :
It is located at 180 kms from Kurnool and 210 kms from Hyderabad an altitude of over 1500 ft. above the sea level in the picturesque natural environment in the Northernmost part of the Nallamalas hill range. The temple at Srisailam is the ancient and sacred place of South India. The presiding deity of the place is Bhramaramba Mallikarjuna Swamy in natural stone formations in the shape of Lingam and is listed as one of the twelve Jyotirlingams existing in the country.

• Mahanandi :
Mahanandiswara temple in Mahanandi mandal is a reputed pilgrim center and that dates back to the 7th century A.D. It is located at a distance of 14 kms from Nandyal and 80 kms from Kurnool., It is a scenic spot having its location to the east of the Nallamalas hill range in a natural set up of ravishing beauty surrounded by thick forest. The remarkable feature here is the crystal clear water which flows throughout the year from perennial springs. The festival of Mahanandiswara is celebrated during February- March. Pilgrims and tourists from all parts of India particularly South Indians visit this place throughout the year.

• Ahobilam :
It is a great religious center of antiquity and is situated at a distance of 68 Kms. from Nandyal, 28 Kms. From Allagadda and 160 Kms from Kurnool.

• Manthralayam :
Mantralayam is situated on the banks of river Tungabhadra and lying 90 kms from Kurnool. It derived its importance form the Jeevasamadhi of Madhva Saint Sri Raghavendra Swamy.

• Yaganti :
Yaganti lies at a distance of 11 kms from Banganapally and §0 kms from Kurnool situated admist natural scenery with caves and waterfalls around. The presiding deity is Uma Maheswara Swamy popularly known as Yaganti Swamy.

• Belum Caves :
Beliim Caves are located near Belum village, Kolimigundla mandal in Kurnool district. The Caves lie at a distance of 110 kms from Kurnool via Banaganapalli.

After a distance of 20 meters at the entrance, the cave is horizontal and has a length , of 3229 meters. Longer than Borra Caves in Vizag district, Belum Caves have long passages, spacious chambers fresh water galleries and siphons.

• Rolla Padu Sanctuary :
The Rolla Padu Sanctuary is located in Midthur mandal and about a distance of 60 kms from Kurnool. Apart from a wide variety birds and animals, this sanctuary is renowned as one of the last refuges of the endangered Great Indian Bustard (Batta Meka Pitta), which is a heavy Ground Bird like a young ostrich or peahen.

• Orvakallu Rock Garden :
A Magical Place – Amidst the Wonder of Nature: Orvakallu is an adventure destination unlike any other. Andhra Pradesh Tourism has identified the grandeur of these formations and has set up a 1000 acre park with the fabulous igneous rock formations as the centre of attraction.

• Bramham Gari Matham-Banaganapalli :
Banaganapalli is 85 kms away frftm Kurnool. Veera Bramham is well known saint in this region. He lived in this area written “Kalagnanam” on palm leaves. Garimireddy Achamma has provided shelter to Veera Bramham and became his disciple. He worked as a Gopala in her house. Chintamani Matham and Nelamatham are famous in this town, Banaganapalli is famous for Mango Gardens.

★ Tourist Places in Y.S.R. Kadapa District:

Gandikota Fort :
Belonging to the 13th century, Gandikota Fort is one of the most important tourist attractions in Andhra Pradesh. The architecture is inspired by Vijayanagar style and Quli Qutb style. The fort houses an expansive palace, temple and a mosque.

Ontimitta :
Those who visit Kadapa do not miss visiting Ontimitta, which has the famous Sri Kodandarama Swami Temple. The idols of three Hindu gods in the temple are carved off a single rock.

Ameen Peer Dargah :
Ameen Peer Dargah was constructed by Sufi Saint Peerullah Hussaini in the year 1683. The Dargah is visited by people who follow various faiths and hence it stands as a symbol of harmony that crosses all man made barriers.

Pushpagiri :
Pushpagiri is a beautiful place, which is considered sacred as it has many temples and a favourite pilgrimage centre.

Sri Venkateswara Wildlife Sanctuary :
Sri Venkateswara Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the important tourist attractions here. The sanctuary is a home to over 100 species of birds and 1500 varieties of plants.

Sidhout Fort :
Sidhout Fort is located on Pennar River banks. The fort was constructed in the year 1303 AD and it covers a massive 30-acre land. The two gateways with embellished pillars stand proof of the architectural splendor of the bygone era.

★ Tourist Attractions in Anantapur District:

1. Bugga Ramalingeswara temple in Tadipatri is called the second Varanasi.
2. Puttaparti is another religious place in Anantapur district.
3. Veerapuram is another important Anantapur Tourist Place for bird lovers. Birds from as far as Siberia come here every year and the villagers look after them as their guests. Painted stork is one important guest here.
4. Lepakshi temple is another important tourist spot in the district. There is a large Nandi sculpture that looks real. It is 15 feet high and 27 feet long.
5. There are many historical structures in Penugonda. It was the second capital of Sri Krishna Devaraya.

Tourist Places in Chittoor District:

Chandagiri Fort :
This was the 4th capital of Vijayanagar empire. Rayas shifted their capital here when Golconda sultans attacked Penukonda. In 1646 eventually the fort was annexed by the Sultans and subsequently fell under the Kingdom of Mysore. The Raja Mahal Palace is now an archaeological museum. The palace is an example of Indo-Sarcen architecture from Vijayanagar period.

Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Tirumala :
The Tirupati Balaji temple is placed about 120 KM east of Chittoor town. This temple is dedicated to Lord Sri Venkateswara, an incarnation of Vishnu, who is believed to have appeared here to save mankind from trials and troubles of Kali Yuga.

Horsley Hills :
Horsley Hills or Horsley Konda is a series of hills in the Madanapalle taluk of Chittoor district. it’s about 150 KM west of Chittoor town. Over the years Horsely Hills has become one of the leading tourist spots of Andhra Pradesh and its fondly called today as ‘Andhra’s Ooty’.

Kailasakona Waterfalls :
The falls is situated in Nagari Valley, about 72 KM East of Chittoor. This is a perennial waterfalls with an interesting story behind them. Legend has it that Lord Kailasanatheshwara performed the marriage of Lord Venkateshwara Swami and Goddess Padmavati here.

★ Tourist Places in Prakasam District:

1. Bhairavakona Temple :
Bhairavakonda(Bhairavakona) is about 150 kilometres from Ongole and is famous for many rock-cut temples dedicated to Lord Shiva and many other Hindu deities. Most of these temples are in ruins and date back to the 7th and 8th centuries. The architectural style of temples is similar to the temples that were constructed during the Pallava Dynasty.

2. Markapur Chennakesava :
Chennakesava Swamy temple is a famous pilgrimage centre at Markapur in Prakasam district.

3. Tripurantakam :
Located at 40 km from Markapur and 93 km from Ongole, it’s a well known place of pilgrimage. This is the site of the Tripuranta Keswara Swamy temple situated on a hilltop.

4. Singarakonda Anjaneya swamy Temple :
There are two things which Singarakonda is known for. One of them is that Lord Hanuman is located on the bank of Bhavanasi lake at the bottom of the hill Singarakonda and the second is that there is one Sri Lakshminarasimha Swamy temple located on the hilltop.

5. Kottapatnam Beach :
The beach lines the coast of Bay of Bengal and runs along several kilometres. The beach is popular for picnic and serves as a recreational spot.

Fun Time

Poem to enjoy

A pin had a head but has no hair
A clock has a face but no mouth there
Needles have eyes but they cannot see
A fly has a trunk without lock or key
A timepiece may lose but cannot win
A corn field dimples without chin
Rivers run though they have no feet
A saw has feet but it does not run
Ash trees have keys yet never a lock
And a baby crpws without being a cock

Think and match the following.

1) bottle – teeth
2) tree – tongue
3) shoe – neck
4) comb – spine
5) flame – nose
6) hammer – trunk
7) aeroplane – head
8) book – sole
Answer:
1) bottle → neck
2) tree → trunk
3) shoe → sole
4) comb → teeth
5) flame → tongue
6) hammer → head
7) aeroplane → nose
8) book → spine

A Journey through the Hills and Valleys Summary

The speaker of the lesson describes his visit to the Eastern Ghats. The speaker and his friends started from Visakhapatnam by train (Vistadome coach) to Borra Caves. The train journey to Borra Caves was by a Vista dome coach through 58 tunnels. They watched a waterfall during their train journey to Borra Caves. It was an unforgettable experience for them and they reached the place at 9.40 a.m.

Borra Caves :
The Borra Caves are the largest caves in the country. They are located 705 metres above the sea level. They enjoyed the chilled weather and the echo of shouts of visitors. They watched the forest products and handicrafts sold by the tribal people. ‘

Tyda Nature Camp :
Around 2. p.m. they reached Tyda Nature Camp. This place has facilities for rock climbing, trekking, bird watching and target shooting with bow and arrows. They enjoyed the serene atmosphere of the place. They left for Araku Valley which is called the Andhra Ooty. It is a monumental vacation spot in Andhra Pradesh. They enjoyed the taste of coffee there. They visited the Tribal Museum which exhibits the handicrafts, ornaments and dresses used by the tribal people. The yellow flowers at the spot is a wonderful feast for the eyes.

Padmapuram Gardens :
Padmapurarrf Garden is built in 26 acres and they watched the entire place in Araku Express, the toy train. They stayed at Araku at night. There they enjoyed a camp fire and Dhimsa performed by 12 to 16 women while men beating the drums.

Lambasingi:
Lambasingi is known for the snowfall with a record the lowest temperature in Andhra Pradesh. It is a perfect place to enjoy winter season. After breakfast, they visited Kondakarla Bird Sanctuary, one of the best places of visit. They watched many kinds of birds there.

Having lunch at Narsipatnam, they started to Visakhapatnam in their hired vehicle and reached in the evening. The entire journey was a memorable and adventurous experience in their life.

Meanings For Difficult Words

valley (n) : an elongated depression of the earth’s surface usually between ranges of hills
tunnel (n) : a covered passage way
exciting (adj) : thrilling
astounding (adj) : amazing, astonishing
Vista dome coach (n) : a glass-top coach which enables the passengers watch the outside scenery
spellbound (adj) : mesmerised
manifested (adj) : evident
magnificence (n) : glory / spender
concrete jungles : town areas where houses are built with cement
serene (adj) : peaceful
sumptuous (adj) : luxurious/rich; delicious
exhausted (adj) : extremely tired
brimming (v) : overflow
monumental (adj) : highly significant/very great
phenomenon (n) : an observable event
ceremonial (adj) : ritual; formal
auspicious (adj) : favourable; encouraging
survive (v) : live
intense (adj) : severe
adventurous (adj) : daring
expensive (adj) : costly

Gandikota – The Grand Canyon of India

Reading Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Write one of the interesting things from this news article.
Answer:
The information about the Gandikota Fort impressed me a lot. The wall guarding the fort is a great construction. The wall has a five-mile perimeter.

Question 2.
What is the right time to visit Gandikota? Why?
Answer:
The best time to visit this place is between September and February, as the weather during this time is comparatively pleasant.

B. Read the following and say whether they are true/false.

1. Gorges are formed because of rock erosion over a long period of time.
2. A five-mile perimeter wall around Gandikota Fort is constructed to protect it.
3. Gandikota, the Grand Canyon of India, is only one such a place in the world.
4. Gandikota is an example of artificial architecture.
5. Gandikota can only be reached by road.
Answer:

1. true
2. true
3. false
4. false
5. false

Check Point

Gandikota – The Grand Canyon of India Summary

Gandikota has come to be known as the Hidden Grand Canyon of India. It is lo-cated in Kadapa District of Andhra Pradesh. It resembles the Grand Canyon, Arizona, US. There are many astounding areas that are alluring to the visitors in and around Gandikota. ‘Gandi’ means ‘Canyon’ and ‘Kota’ means ‘Fort’. The village nearby this area is known to tye Gandikota. Gandikota was the seat of power for many ancient dynasties, ever since its discovery by Kakatiya Raja, a subordinate of the then Chalukya ruler.

The Fort, having a five-mile perimeter wall guarding it, is one of the favourite tourist hotspots. This fort has an impressive history as it was once the undefeatable stronghold of its time. It is very exciting to walk along the fort’s wall and spend a few moments by the serene river. A trip to this place is worthy. The best tinje to visit this place is between September and February, as the weather during this time is comparatively pleasant. There are several other attractions and things to do in Gandikota like kayaking, rock climbing, trekking and rappelling. Surely you can enjoy watching stars at night. The granary, prison etc are the special attractions here. You can also visit Mylavaram Dam nearby and do some boating in the serene waters of the reservoir. You can also visit the Belum Caves which is India’S largest and the longest natural cave system, the Owk Reservoir and Banaganapalle.

Meanings For Difficult Words

architecture (n) : any particular style of building design
astounding (adj) : surprisingly impressive
allure (v) : extremely attractive
adorned (v) : made more beautiful
serene (adj) : calm and peaceful
appealing (adj) : attractive or interesting
quirky (adj) : unusual
gushing (v) : flow out of something in a rapid and plentiful stream

SCERT AP 9th Class Physics Study Material Pdf Download 9th Lesson తేలియాడే వస్తువులు Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Physical Science 9th Lesson Questions and Answers తేలియాడే వస్తువులు

9th Class Physical Science 9th Lesson తేలియాడే వస్తువులు Textbook Questions and Answers

అభ్యసనాన్ని మెరుగుపరుచుకోండి

ప్రశ్న 1.
1. 2 సెం.మీ వ్యాసార్ధం గల గోళం యొక్క ద్రవ్యరాశి 0.05 కి.గ్రా. అయిన దాని సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
గోళం వ్యాసార్థం = 2 సెం.మీ.

ప్రశ్న 2.
ఒక సీసా ఖాళీగానున్నపుడు 20 గ్రాములు. దానిలో నీరు నింపినపుడు 22 గ్రాములు బరువు ఉంది. దానిని నూనెతో నింపినపుడు 21.76 గ్రాములుంటే ఆ నూనె సాంద్రత ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
నీటి బరువు = 22 – 20 = 2 గ్రా
నూనె బరువు = 21.76 – 20 = 1.76 గ్రా.

ప్రశ్న 3.
ఒక గ్లాసులోని నీటిలో మంచుగడ్డ తేలుతూ ఉంది (మంచు సాంద్రత 0.9 గ్రా/ఘ. సెం.మీ). ఆ మంచుగడ్డ పూర్తిగా కరిగితే ఆ గ్లాసులోని నీటి మట్టంలో పెరుగుదల ఉంటుందా? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
గ్లాసులోని నీటిమట్టం పెరుగుతుంది.

కారణం :
మంచుగడ్డ సాంద్రత, నీటి సాంద్రతకన్నా తక్కువ ఉండడం వల్ల నీటిపై తేలుతుంది. మంచుగడ్డ కరిగి నీరుగా మారడం వలన గ్లాసులోని నీటిమట్టం పెరుగుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 4.
నీటిలో కొన్ని వస్తువులు తేలుతాయి. కొన్ని మునుగుతాయి. ఎందుకు? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
నీటిలో వస్తువు మునుగుట, తేలుట అనేది రెండు విషయాలపై ఆధారపడి ఉంటుంది. అవి
1. సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత :
వస్తువు యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా ఎక్కువ ఉంటే ఆ వస్తువు నీటిలో మునుగుతుంది, లేకుంటే తేలుతుంది.

2. వస్తువుచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి ద్రవ్యరాశి :
వస్తువు సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా ఎక్కువ ఉన్నప్పటికీ, ఆ వస్తువుచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి ద్రవ్యరాశి ఆ వస్తువు ద్రవ్యరాశికి సమానమైతే ఆ వస్తువు నీటిపై తేలుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 5.
సాంద్రత, సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతలను వివరించండి. సూత్రాలు రాయండి. (AS 1)
జవాబు:
సాంద్రత : ప్రమాణ ఘనపరిమాణం గల వస్తువు ద్రవ్యరాశిని ఆ వస్తువు యొక్క సాంద్రత అంటారు.

ఘనపరిమాణం సాంద్రత ప్రమాణాలు : గ్రా/సెం.మీ (లేదా) కి. గ్రా/ మీ’.

సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత :
వస్తువు సాంద్రతకు, నీటి సాంద్రతకు గల నిష్పత్తిని ఆ వస్తువు యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత అంటారు.

సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతకు ప్రమాణాలు ఉండవు.

ప్రశ్న 6.
నీటి సాంద్రత ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
నీటి సాంద్రత = 1 గ్రా/సెం.మీ. (లేదా) 1 కి. గ్రా/ మీ³.

ప్రశ్న 7.
ఉత్థవనం (buoyancy) అనగానేమి? (AS 1)
జవాబు:
ద్రవంలో ఉన్న వస్తువుపై ఊర్ధ్వ దిశలో కలుగజేయబడే బలాన్ని ఉత్పవనం అంటాం. ఈ బలం ఆ వస్తువు వల్ల తొలగించబడిన ద్రవం బరువుకి సమానం.
(లేదా)
వస్తువును ద్రవంలో తేలేటట్లు చేయగల సామర్థ్యమే ఉత్సవనం.

ప్రశ్న 8.
కింద ఇవ్వబడిన పదార్థాలను సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా ఎక్కువ గల వస్తువులు, 1కన్నా తక్కువ గల వస్తువులుగా వర్గీకరించండి. (AS 1)
(చెక్క ఇనుము, రబ్బరు, ప్లాస్టిక్, గాజు, రాయి, బెండు, గాలి, బొగ్గు, మంచు, మైనం, కాగితం, పాలు, కిరోసిన, కొబ్బరినూనె, సబ్బు)
జవాబు:

సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా ఎక్కువ గలవి	సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా తక్కువ గలవి
ఇనుము	చెక్క
గాజు	రబ్బరు
రాయి	ప్లాస్టిక్
పాలు	బెండు
సుబ్బు	గాలి
	బొగ్గు
	మంచు
	మైనం
	కాగితం
	కిరోసిన్
	కొబ్బరినూనె

ప్రశ్న 9.
నీరు, పాలలో ఏది అధిక సాంద్రత కలిగినది? (AS 2)
జవాబు:
నీటి సాంద్రత 1 గ్రా./ఘ. సెం.మీ, మరియు పాల సాంద్రత 1.02 గ్రా./ఘ. సెం.మీ. కావున పాల సాంద్రత నీటి సాంద్రతకన్నా కొద్దిగా ఎక్కువ.

ప్రశ్న 10.
నీటిలో ఇనుము మునుగుతుంది. చెక్క తేలుతుంది. ఒకే ఘనపరిమాణం గల ఇనుము, చెక్క ముక్కలను ఒక్కటిగా కట్టి నీటిలో వేస్తే అది మునుగుతుందా? తేలుతుందా? ఊహించండి. ప్రయోగం చేసి మీ ఊహ సరైనదో, కాదో పరీక్షించుకోండి. (AS 2, AS 3)
జవాబు:
ఒకే ఘనపరిమాణం గల ఇనుము, చెక్క ముక్కలను ఒక్కటిగా కట్టి నీటిలో వేస్తే అది మునుగుతుంది.

కారణం :
రెండు వస్తువుల ఫలిత ద్రవ్యరాశి పెరుగుతుంది. తత్ఫలితంగా ఫలిత సాంద్రత కూడా పెరుగుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 11.
చెక్క యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతను కనుగొనండి. కనుగొనే విధానాన్ని వివరించండి. (AS 3)
జవాబు:
ఉద్దేశ్యం : చెక్క యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతను కనుగొనుట. (ప్రయోగశాల కృత్యం – 1)

కావలసిన పరికరాలు :
ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్ర, 50 మి.లీ. కొలజాడీ, స్ప్రింగు త్రాసు, చెక్క ముక్క నీరు

విధానం :

1. 50 మి.లీ కొలజాడీ ద్రవ్యరాశిని కొలిచి నమోదు చేయండి.
2. చెక్క ముక్క యొక్క ద్రవ్యరాశిని కనుగొని నమోదు చేయండి.
3. ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్రలో ప్రక్క గొట్టం గుండా నీరు పొర్లిపోయేంత వరకు నీటిని పోయండి.
4. నీరు పొర్లిపోవడం ఆగిపోగానే ఆ గొట్టంకింద 50 మి.లీ.ల కొలజాడీ నుంచండి.
5. ఇప్పుడు చెక్క ముక్కను పాత్రలోని నీటిలో జాగ్రత్తగా జారవిడవండి.
6. చెక్కముక్కను నీటిలో ఉంచగానే పక్కగొట్టంద్వారా కొంతనీరు పొర్లి కొలజాడీలోకి చేరుతుంది.
7. నీరు పొర్లిపోవడం ఆగే వరకు వేచి చూడండి.
8. నీటితో సహా కొలజాడీ ద్రవ్యరాశిని కొలిచి పట్టికలో నమోదు చేయండి.

ప్రశ్న 12.
ఒక ద్రవం యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతను ఎలా కనుగొంటారు? (ప్రయోగశాల కృత్యం – 2) (AS 3)
జవాబు:
ఉద్దేశ్యం :
ద్రవం సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతను కనుగొనుట.

కావలసిన పరికరాలు :
50 మి.లీ. ద్రవం పట్టే సీసా, స్ప్రింగ్ త్రాసు, ఏదైనా ద్రవం (దాదాపు 50 మి.లీ.).

విధానం :

1. ముందుగా ఖాళీ సీసా ద్రవ్యరాశి కనుగొనాలి.
2. ఆ ఖాళీ సీసాను నీటితో నింపి మరల ద్రవ్యరాశిని కనుగొనాలి.
3. ఇప్పుడు 50 మి.లీల నీటి ద్రవ్యరాశి = నీటితో నింపిన సీసా ద్రవ్యరాశి – ఖాళీ సీసా ద్రవ్యరాశి
4. సీసా నుండి నీటిని తీసివేసి ఆ సీసాను ఏదైనా ద్రవం (పాలు) తో నింపి దాని ద్రవ్యరాశిని కనుగొనండి.
5. 50 మి. లీ.ల ద్రవం ద్రవ్యరాశి = ద్రవంతో నింపిన సీసా ద్రవ్యరాశి – ఖాళీ సీసా ద్రవ్యరాశి
6. 
7. ఇదే విధంగా ఏ ద్రవం యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతనైనా కనుగొనవచ్చును. వివిధ ద్రవాల సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతలను కింది పట్టికలో నమోదు చేయండి.

ప్రశ్న 13.
వివిధ రకాల పండ్లు, కూరగాయల సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతలను కనుగొని జాబితా రాయంది. (AS 3)
జవాబు:

1. ప్రయోగాలు – క్షేత్ర పరిశీలనలు కింద ఉన్న ప్రశ్న (1)లో సూచించిన విధానాన్ని అనుసరించండి.
2. ఈ విధానంలో చెక్క ముక్కకు బదులు వివిధ రకాల పండ్లు, కూరగాయలు వాడండి.
3. వచ్చిన విలువలు కింది పట్టికలో నమోదు చేయండి.

పండు/కూరగాయ పేరు	సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత
కాబేజి	0.36
కాలిఫ్లవర్	0.26
సొరకాయ	0.56
ఆలుగడ్డ (బంగాళదుంప)	0.67
ఉల్లిపాయ	0.59
మిరపకాయ	0.29
కాకరకాయ	0.4
ఆపిల్	1.22
ద్రాక్ష	1.04
నారింజ	0.34

ప్రశ్న 14.
బాల్ పెన్ రీఫిల్ లో లాక్టోమీటర్ తయారుచేయండి. రీఫిల్ నీటిలో నిటారుగా నిలబడడానికి మీరేం చేశారు?(కృత్యం – 2) (AS 5)
జవాబు:

1. ఒక ఖాళీ బాల్ పెన్ రీఫిలను తీసుకోండి. దాని చివర లోహపు ముల్లు ఉండాలి.
2. ఒక లావు పరీక్షనాళికను తీసుకొని, దానిని దాదాపుగా నిండుగా నీటిని తీసుకొని, పటంలో చూపినట్లు రీఫిలను నీటిలో ఉంచండి.
3. రీఫిల్ యొక్క లోహపు ముల్లు కిందికి ఉండేటట్లుగా జాగ్రత్త వహించండి.
4. రీఫిల్ నీటిలో ఎంతవరకు మునిగిందో, అక్కడ పెతో గుర్తు పెట్టండి.
5. బాయిలింగ్ ట్యూబ్ నుండి నీటిని తీసివేసి, పాలను పోయండి.
6. ఆ పాలలో రీఫిలను ఉంచండి.
7. రీఫిల్ పాలలో ఎంతవరకు మునిగిందో, అక్కడ పెతో మరొక గుర్తు పెట్టండి.
8. ఈ రెండు గుర్తులు ఒకే స్థానంలో ఉండవు.
9. ఇదే అభివృద్ధి పరచబడిన లాక్టోమీటరు.
10. రీఫిల్ యొక్క లోహపు ముల్లుకు ఒక బరువును (బెండు లాంటిది) అమర్చినచో రీఫిల్ ఒక పక్కకు వాలకుండా నిటారుగా నీటిలో తేలుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 15.
పాదరస భారమితి బొమ్మ గీయండి. (AS 5)
జవాబు:

ప్రశ్న 16.
హైద్రాలిక్ బాక్స్ తయారీలో ఉపయోగపడుతున్న పాస్కల్ ఆవిష్కరణను నీవెలా అభినందిస్తావు? (AS 6)
జవాబు:
పాస్కల్ నియమం :
ఏదైనా ప్రవాహి బంధింపబడి ఉన్నప్పుడు దానిపై బాహ్య పీడనం కలుగజేస్తే ఆ ప్రవాహిలో అన్ని వైపులా ఒకే విధంగా పీడనం పెరుగుతుంది.

ఉపయోగము :

1. హైడ్రాలిక్ యంత్రాల తయారీలో ఈ సూత్రము ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.
2. మెకానిక్ షాపులందు వాహనాలను బాగు చేసేటప్పుడు వాడే జాకీలు పాస్కల్ నియమముపై ఆధారపడి పనిచేస్తాయి.
3. ఈ జాకీల వలన మనం కొద్ది బలాన్ని ప్రయోగించి భారీ వాహనాలను కూడా సులభంగా పైకెత్తవచ్చు.

ప్రశంస:

1. కేవలం మెకానిక్ షాపులయందు మాత్రమే కాక ఎక్కడైతే ఎక్కువ బరువులను తక్కువ బలంతో పైకెత్తవలసి ఉంటుందో, ఆ పరిశ్రమలన్నింటిలోను హైడ్రాలిక్ జాక్లను ఉపయోగిస్తారు.
2. శాస్త్రజ్ఞులు కనుగొన్న నియమాలు, సూత్రాలు అనేక నూతన పరికరాల రూపకల్పనకు దోహదపడి మన జీవితాన్ని సుఖమయం చేస్తున్నాయి.
3. దీనివల్ల మనం శాస్త్రజ్ఞుల కృషిని తప్పక అభినందించాలి.

ప్రశ్న 17.
ఉత్సవనం గురించి వివరించిన ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సిద్ధాంతాన్ని నీవెలా అభినందిస్తావు? (AS 6)
జవాబు:
ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సూత్రము :
ఏదైనా ఒక వస్తువును ఒక ప్రవాహిలో పూర్తిగా కాని, పాక్షికంగాగాని ముంచినప్పుడు ఆ వస్తువు తొలగించిన ప్రవాహి బరువుకు సమానమైన ఉత్సవన బలం ఆ వస్తువుపై ఊర్వ దిశలో పనిచేస్తుంది.

ఉపయోగము :
ఈ సూత్రము లోహాల స్వచ్చతను కనుగొనుటకు ఉపయోగపడును.

ప్రశంస:

1. ఆర్కిమెడీస్ స్నానం చేస్తూండగా అకస్మాత్తుగా ఈ సూత్రం కనుగొనుట జరిగినది.
2. ఈ సూత్రం సాయంతో రాజు తనకప్పజెప్పబడిన సమస్యను ఆర్కిమెడిస్ సులభంగా పరిష్కరించగలిగాడు.
3. మన నిత్యజీవితంలో ఎదురయ్యే ఎన్నో సమస్యలకు సమాధానాలుగా అనేక సూత్రాలను, నియమాలను శాస్త్రజ్ఞులు కనుగొనుట జరిగినది.
4. హుస్సేన్‌సాగర్‌లో బుద్ధ విగ్రహం మునిగిపోవుట గురించి వినే ఉంటారు.
5. ఈ విగ్రహాన్ని ఉత్సవన బలం ఆధారంగానే బయటకు తీయగలిగారు.
6. శాస్త్రజ్ఞులు ఆర్కిమెడిసన్ను ఒక మంచి గణిత శాస్త్రవేత్తగా గౌరవించారు.
7. చంద్రునిపై కనుగొన్న ఒక పెద్ద బిలానికి ఆర్కిమెడీస్ పేరు పెట్టడం జరిగినది.
8. కొన్ని శిఖరాలకు కూడా ఆర్కిమెడీస్ శిఖరాలు అని పేరు పెట్టడం జరిగినది.
9. కావున ఆర్కిమెడీస్ కనుగొన్న అనేక విషయాలను మనం అభినందించక తప్పదు.

ప్రశ్న 18.
నీటిలో మునిగే పదార్థాలతో, నీటిలో మునగని పడవలు తయారుచేసే సాంకేతికత నీకు అద్భుతంగా అనిపించిందా? ఎందుకు? (AS 6)
జవాబు:

1. ఇనుము సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 8.5. ఇది నీటి సాంద్రతకన్నా చాలా ఎక్కువ.
2. కాని అనేక టన్నుల ఇనుముతో తయారుచేయబడిన ఒక ఓడ నీటిలో తేలడం నిజంగా ఒక వింత.
3. ఆర్కిమెడిస్ ఉత్సవన నియమం ప్రకారం ఏ వస్తువైనా ఒక ద్రవంలో ముంచబడినపుడు అది తొలగించే ద్రవం బరువు దాని బరువుకు సమానమైనప్పుడు ఆ వస్తువు ఆ ద్రవంలో తేలుతుంది.
4. కావున ఓడలను, పూర్తిగా నింపబడిన ఓడ బరువు, అది తొలగించే నీటి బరువుకు సమానమయ్యేటట్లు అధిక ఉపరితల వైశాల్యంతో నిర్మిస్తారు.
5. ఈ నిర్మాణంలో కచ్చితమైన కొలతలు, ఎంతో శాస్త్ర విజ్ఞాన నైపుణ్యము ఇమిడి ఉంటాయి.
6. నిజంగా ఈ విధమైన కచ్చితమైన కొలతలు, ఇంతటి విలువైన శాస్త్ర విజ్ఞాన నైపుణ్యాన్ని కలిగియున్న శాస్త్రవేత్తలను, ఈ నియమాలను అందించిన శాస్త్రవేత్తలను అభినందించకుండా ఉండలేము.

ప్రశ్న 19.
మీ దైనందిన జీవితంలో ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సిద్ధాంతాన్ని ఎక్కడెక్కడ పరిశీలిస్తారు? రెండు ఉదాహరణలివ్వండి. (AS 7)
జవాబు:
నిత్యజీవితంలో ఆర్కిమెడీస్ నియమ ఉపయోగం :

1. నిత్య జీవితంలో ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సూత్రం అనేక విధాలుగా ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.
2. నీటిపై తేలే చేపలు, నీటిలో ఈదే మనుషులు, నీటిపై తేలే మంచు పర్వతాలు, ఓడలు మొదలగునవి ఆర్కిమెడీస్ ఉత్సవన నియమాన్ని పాటిస్తాయి.
3. గాలిలో బెలూను ఎగురవేయడం కూడా ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సూత్ర వినియోగమే.
4. అలాగే బావిలో నుండి నీటితో నిండిన బకెట్ ను లాగేటప్పుడు, ఆ బకెట్ నీటి ఉపరితలానికి వచ్చే వరకు బరువును కోల్పోయినట్లనిపిస్తుంది. ఇది కూడా ఉత్తవన బలం యొక్క ఫలితమే.
5. నీటిలో బాతు ఈదడం కూడా ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సూత్రానికి ఉదాహరణ.

ప్రశ్న 20.
మీ దైనందిన జీవితంలో పాస్కల్ నియమాన్ని ఎక్కడెక్కడ పరిశీలిస్తారు? రెండు ఉదాహరణలివ్వండి. (AS 7)
జవాబు:
పాస్కల్ నియమం యొక్క నిత్యజీవిత ఉపయోగాలు :

1. హైడ్రాలిక్ జాక్స్
2. హైడ్రాలిక్ పంపులు
3. హైడ్రాలిక్ లిఫ్టులు
4. హైడ్రాలిక్ క్రేన్లు
5. సైఫన్
6. బావులు
7. డ్యాములు

ప్రశ్న 21.
50 గ్రా. ద్రవ్యరాశి గల ఒక పదార్థ ఘనపరిమాణము 20 ఘ. సెం.మీ. నీటి సాంద్రత 1 గ్రా./ఘ. సెం.మీ. అయితే ఆ పదార్థం నీటిలో మునుగుతుందా? తేలుతుందా? అది తొలగించే నీటి బరువు ఎంత? (AS 1)
జవాబు:

నీటి సాంద్రత : 1 గ్రా/సెం.మీ³
పదార్థ సాంద్రత, నీటి సాంద్రతకన్నా ఎక్కువ. కావున ఆ వస్తువు నీటిలో మునుగుతుంది.
ఆ వస్తువు సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత = 2.5 గ్రా/సెం.మీ³/1 గ్రా/సెం.మీ³ = 2.5
వస్తువు సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత = వస్తువు బరువు / వస్తువు ఘనపరిమాణమునకు సమాన ఘనపరిమాణము గల నీటి బరువు

వస్తువుచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి ద్రవ్యరాశి = 20 గ్రా.

ప్రశ్న 22.
వాతావరణ పీడనం 100 కిలో పాస్కల్ ఉన్నపుడు నీటిలో 10 మీ. లోతున పీడనం ఎంత ఉంటుంది? (AS 1)
(పాస్కల్ = న్యూటన్/మీ²) (100 కిలో పాస్కల్ = 10⁵ పాస్కల్ = 10⁵ న్యూటన్/మీ² = 1 అట్మాస్పియర్).
జవాబు:
వాతావరణ పీడనం P = 100 కిలో పాస్కల్
నీటి ద్రవ్యరాశి : 1 గ్రా/సెం.మీ³
h లోతులో పీడనం P_h = P₀ + ρ h g
= 100 + 10 × 1 × 9.8
= 100 + 98 – 198 కిలో పాస్కల్

ప్రశ్న 23.
ఇనుమును నీటిలో తేలేటట్లు చేయగలవా? ఎలా? (AS 3)
జవాబు:
ఇనుమును నీటిలో మునిగేటట్లు చేయవచ్చును.

విధానం :

1. ఒక ఇనుప ముక్కను తీసుకొని దానిని ఒక నీరుగల జాడీలో జారవిడవండి.
2. ఇనుప ముక్క నీటిలో మునుగుటను గమనిస్తాము.
3. ఒక సన్నని ఇనుప రేకును తీసుకొని దానిని నాలుగు మడతలు వేసి నీటిలో వేయండి.
4. ఇది కూడా నీటిలో మునుగుట గమనిస్తాము.
5. ఇప్పుడు ఇనుప రేకు యొక్క మడతలు విప్పదీసి, దానిని ఒక గిన్నెలాగా మడిచి ఆ గిన్నెను నీటిలో వేయండి.
6. ఆ గిన్నె నీటిలో తేలుటను గమనిస్తాము.

కారణం :
ఇనుప గిన్నెచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి ద్రవ్యరాశి, ఆ ఇనుప గిన్నె బరువుకన్నా తక్కువ అవడం చేత ఇనుప గిన్నె నీటిపై తేలింది.

ప్రశ్న 24.
మీరు వివిధ ఘన, ద్రవ పదార్థాల సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతలను కనుగొన్నారు. వాటిని వాటి సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతల ఆరోహణ క్రమంలో రాయండి. (AS 4)
జవాబు:

పదార్థము	సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత
కిరోసిన్	0.81
రబ్బరు	0.94
పాలు	1.02
గాజు	1.29
ఇనుము	8.5

ప్రశ్న 25.
వాహనాలలో వాడే ఆయిల్ బ్రేకులు బ్రాహప్రెస్ నియమాన్ని (పాస్కల్ నియమాన్ని) పాటిస్తాయి. మరి ఎయిర్ బ్రేకులు .. ఎలా పనిచేస్తాయి? వాహనాలలో ఎయిర్ బ్రేకులు పనిచేసే విధానాన్ని గురించి సమాచారాన్ని సేకరించండి. (AS 4)
జవాబు:

1. ఎయిర్ బ్రేకులు శక్తి నిత్యత్వం అనే నియమంపై ఆధారపడి పనిచేస్తాయి.
2. సాధారణంగా రైలు పరిగెత్తుతున్నపుడు గతిశక్తి పుడుతుంది. ఈ గతిశక్తిని తగ్గిస్తే రైలు ఆగిపోతుంది.
3. గాలినుపయోగించి గతిశక్తిని ఉష్ణశక్తిగా మార్చడం ద్వారా రైలును ఆపగలుగుతున్నారు.
4. ఎయిర్ బ్రేకుల వ్యవస్థను పటంలో చూపడమైనది.
5. ఇందులోని ముఖ్య భాగాలు: కంప్రెసర్, ప్రధాన రిజర్వాయర్, డ్రైవరు వద్దనుండే బ్రేకు వాల్వు, బ్రేకు గొట్టం , ట్రిపుల్ వాల్వు, ఆక్టిలరీ రిజర్వాయర్, బ్రేకు సిలిండర్, బ్రేకు బ్లాకు.

పనిచేయు విధానం:

1. డ్రైవరు బ్రేకు వాల్వును నొక్కగానే బ్రేకు గొట్టంలోని గాలి పీడనం బయటకు నెట్టివేయబడును.
2. ట్రిపుల్ వాల్వు ఈ పీడనం బయటకు నెట్టివేయబడడాన్ని గుర్తిస్తుంది.
3. ఇప్పుడు బ్రేకు సిలిండర్‌కు, ఆక్టిలరీ రిజర్వాయర్‌కు మధ్యగల అనుసంధానం తెరుచుకోబడి, ఆర్డీలరీ రిజర్వాయర్ ద్వారా బ్రేక్ సిలిండర్‌ లోనికి గాలి నెట్టబడుతుంది.
4. ఈ గాలి పీడనం, ముషలకాన్ని ముందుకు నెట్టడం ద్వారా, చక్రాలకు దగ్గరలోనున్న ముషలకాలు ముందుకు నెట్టబడి, చక్రాలను ఆపుతాయి.
5. ఈ విధంగా ఎయిర్ బ్రేకులు పనిచేస్తాయి.

9th Class Physical Science 9th Lesson తేలియాడే వస్తువులు Textbook InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 144

ప్రశ్న 1.
మీ వద్ద 30 ఘ. సెం.మీ. పరిమాణం గల దిమ్మె ఒకటి, 60 ఘ. సెం.మీ. పరిమాణం గల దిమ్మె ఒకటి ఉన్నాయనుకోండి. అవి ఏయే పదార్థాలతో తయారయ్యా యో నీకు తెలియదు. కాని 60 ఘ. సెం.మీ. పరిమాణం గలది ఎక్కువ బరువుంది. ఈ సమాచారంతో ఆ రెండు దిమ్మెలలో దేని సాంద్రత ఎక్కువో చెప్పగలరా?
జవాబు:
ఒక వస్తువు సాంద్రతను చెప్పాలంటే ఆ వస్తువు ద్రవ్యరాశి మరియు ఘనపరిమాణములు తెలిసియుండాలి. కాని పై సందర్భములో కేవలం ఘనపరిమాణము మాత్రమే తెలుసు. కాని ఆ రెండు వస్తువుల ద్రవ్యరాశులు తెలియవు కావున దేని సాంద్రత ఎక్కువో చెప్పలేము.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 155

ప్రశ్న 2.
ఎ) “టారిసెల్లీ” భారమితిని చంద్రునిపై ఉంచితే ఏమి జరుగుతుంది?
జవాబు:
చంద్రునిపై వాతావరణ పీడనం లేదు కావున “టారిసెల్లి” భారమితిని చంద్రునిపై ఉంచితే పాదరస స్థంభం ఎత్తు ‘సున్న’ అవుతుంది.

బి) భారమితిలో పాదరస మట్టానికి కొంచెం దిగువగా గాజు గొట్టానికి ఒక రంధ్రం చేయబడి అందులో ఒక “పిడి” బిగించబడి ఉందనుకుందాం. ఆ రంధ్రం నుండి ఆ పిడిని తొలగిస్తే ఏం జరుగుతుంది?
జవాబు:

1. పాదరస స్థంభం పైన “శూన్య ప్రదేశం” ఉంటుంది. కావున పాదరసం పైన ఎటువంటి పీడనం ఉండదు.
2. అంతేగాక గాజు గొట్టంలోని పాదరస మట్టం యొక్క ‘భారం’ దానిపై వాతావరణ పీడన ఫలితంగా గిన్నెలోని పాదరసంవల్ల కలిగే బలానికి సమానంగా ఉంటుంది.
3. అందువల్ల పాదరస స్థంభం యొక్క ఎత్తులో ఎటువంటి మార్పు రాదు.

సి) భారమితిలో పాదరసానికి బదులుగా మనం నీరు ఎందుకు వాడకూడదు? ఒకవేళ మీరు వాడాలంటే గాజు గొట్టం పొడవు ఎంత ఉండాలి?
జవాబు:
భారమితిలో పాదరసానికి బదులుగా నీరు వాడలేము. ఎందుకంటే
1) నీరు ఉష్ణోగ్రత, పీడనములలోని అతి స్వల్ప మార్పులకు వ్యాకోచ, సంకోచాలు చెందదు.
2) నీరు వాడాలంటే గాజు గొట్టం పొడవు సుమారు 10 మీ. కంటే ఎక్కువ ఉండాలి. ఇది చాలా అసౌకర్యంగా ఉంటుంది. ఒకవేళ నీటిని తీసుకుంటే, పాదరస స్థంభం ఎత్తు

డి) భూమి చుట్టూ ఉన్న మొత్తం వాతావరణ పీడనం బరువు కనుక్కోండి. (భూ వ్యాసార్థం 6400 కి.మీ.)
జవాబు:
భూమి చుట్టూ ఉన్న మొత్తం వాతావరణ పీడనం బరువు = వాతావరణ పీడనం × భూ ఉపరితల వైశాల్యం

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 159

ప్రశ్న 3.
ఎ) స్వచ్ఛమైన నీటిలో కంటే ఉప్పునీటిలో మీరు సులభంగా తేలుతారు. ఎందుకు?
జవాబు:
ఉప్పునీటి సాంద్రత స్వచ్ఛమైన నీటి సాంద్రత కంటే ఎక్కువ.

బి) ద్రవంలో ముంచబడిన వస్తువుపై పార్వ దిశలో ఉత్సవన బలం ఎందుకుండదు?
జవాబు:
ఉత్సవన బలం ఊర్ధ్వ బలం మాత్రమే. వస్తువు ద్రవంలో ముంచబడినది అంటే దాని బరువు ఉత్సవన బలంకంటె ఎక్కువున్నది అని అర్థం. కావున పార్శ్వ దిశలో ఉత్సవన బలం ఉండదు.

సి) ఒకే పరిమాణం గల ఒక ఇనుప దిమ్మె, ఒక అల్యూమినియం దిమ్మెలను నీటిలో ముంచితే దీనిపై ఉత్సవన బలం అధికంగా ఉంటుంది?
జవాబు:
అల్యూమినియం దిమ్మెపై కన్నా ఇనుప దిమ్మెపై ఉత్సవన బలం అధికంగా ఉంటుంది. ఎందుకనగా ఇనుము సాంద్రత అల్యూమినియం సాంద్రత కన్నా ఎక్కువ.

డి) ఒక చెక్క దిమ్మెపై ఇనుప ముక్కను ఉంచి చెక్కదిమ్మె నీటిలో సాధారణ స్థితికంటే ఎక్కువ మునిగేటట్లు చేశారు. ఒకవేళ ఇనుప ముక్కను చెక్కదిమ్మెకు వేలాడదీస్తే చెక్కదిమ్మె ఎంతవరకు మునుగుతుంది? మొదటకంటే ఎక్కువ లోతుకా? తక్కువ లోతుకా?
జవాబు:
మొదటకంటే ఎక్కువ లోతుకు మునుగుతుంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 143

ప్రశ్న 4.
‘ఒక సరదా కృత్యం చేద్దాం’ అనే కృత్యాన్ని నిర్వహించారు కదా… ఈ కింది ప్రశ్నలకు సమాధానం రాయండి.
ఎ) కిరోసిన్ నీటిపై తేలుతుందా? లేక నీరు కిరోసిన్ పై తేలుతుందా?
జవాబు:
కిరోసిన్ నీటిపై తేలుతుంది.

బి) ఏయే వస్తువులు కిరోసిన్ పై తేలుతున్నాయి?
జవాబు:
గుండీలు, అగ్గిపుల్లలు, చిన్న చిన్న కాగితం ఉండలు వంటివి కిరోసిన్ పై తేలుతున్నాయి.

సి) ఏయే వస్తువులు కిరోసిన్లో మునిగి నీటిపై తేలుతున్నాయి?
జవాబు:
మైనం కిరోసిన్లో మునుగుతుంది, కాని నీటిపై తేలుతుంది.

డి) ఏయే వస్తువులు నీటిలో మునిగాయి?
జవాబు:
గుండు సూదులు, చిన్న రాళ్ళు, ఇసుక వంటివి నీటిలో మునిగాయి.

ఇ) పరీక్షనాళికలో ఏయే వస్తువులు ఎలా అమరాయో తెలిపే పటాన్ని గీయండి.
జవాబు:

ఎఫ్) ఎందుకు కొన్ని వస్తువులు తేలుతున్నాయి? కొన్ని మునుగుతున్నాయి?
జవాబు:
ఈ విధమైన ప్రవర్తనకు ఆయా వస్తువుల సాంద్రత ప్రధాన కారణం.

ప్రశ్న 5.
గాజు గోళీకన్నా బరువైన చెక్కముక్కలు నీటిలో ఎందుకు తేలుతున్నాయి?
జవాబు:
నీటి సాంద్రతతో పోల్చినపుడు చెక్క యొక్క సాంద్రత తక్కువగాను, గాజు (గోళీ) యొక్క సాంద్రత ఎక్కువగాను ఉంటుంది. అందువల్ల చెక్క నీటిపై తేలుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 6.
అసలు ‘బరువు’, ‘తేలిక’ అంటే ఏమిటి?
జవాబు:
‘బరువు’, ‘తేలిక’ అనేవి వస్తువు యొక్క సాంద్రత మీద ఆధారపడి నిర్ణయించబడతాయి. ఒకే ఘనపరిమాణం గల రెండు వస్తువులను తీసుకున్నపుడు వాటిలో ఏది ఎక్కువ ద్రవ్యరాశిని కలిగియుంటుందో దానిని ‘బరువైన’ వస్తువుగా చెబుతాము.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 147

ప్రశ్న 7.
ప్రయోగశాల కృత్యం 2 ఆధారంగా ఈ కింది ప్రశ్నలకు సమాధానం రాయండి.
ఎ) కొబ్బరినూనెను నీటితో కలిపితే ఏది పైన తేలుతుంది?
జవాబు:
కొబ్బరినూనె పైన తేలుతుంది.

బి) కిరోసిన్లో చెక్కముక్కను పడవేస్తే మునుగుతుందా? తేలుతుందా? కారణం చెప్పండి.
జవాబు:
చెక్కముక్కను కిరోసిన్లో పడవేస్తే వెంటనే తేలుతుంది. కారణం చెక్క యొక్క సాంద్రత కిరోసిన్ సాంద్రతకన్నా తక్కువ ఉంటుంది. కాని కొంత సేపటి తర్వాత, చెక్కముక్క కిరోసినను పీల్చుకొని కిరోసిన్లో మునుగుతుంది.

సి) మైనం ముక్క నీటిలో తేలుతుందని, మరొక ద్రవం ‘X’ లో మునుగుతుందని అంటే ‘X’ ద్రవం యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా ఎక్కువ ఉంటుందా? తక్కువ ఉంటుందా?
జవాబు:
మరొక ద్రవం ‘X’ యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా తక్కువ ఉంటుంది. కారణం :

1. నీటి సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత = 1
2. మైనం యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత 1 కన్నా తక్కువ.
3. కావున మైనం నీటిపై తేలును.
4. కాని మైనం, మరొక ద్రవం ‘X’ లో మునుగును.
5. కావున ఆ ద్రవం యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత మైనం యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత కన్నా తక్కువ ఉండాలి.

ప్రశ్న 8.
పాలకు నీరు కలిపితే ఆ మిశ్రమం యొక్క సాంద్రత పాల సాంద్రతకన్నా ఎక్కువ ఉంటుందా? లేక తక్కువ ఉంటుందా?
జవాబు:
పాలకు నీరు కలిపితే ఆ మిశ్రమం యొక్క సాంద్రత పాల సాంద్రతకన్నా తక్కువ ఉంటుంది.

ప్రశ్న 9.
సమాన ఘనపరిమాణం గల రెండు సీసాలలో ఒక దానిలో స్వచ్ఛమైన పాలని, మరొక దానిలో నీళ్ళు కలిపిన పాలని పోస్తే ఏసీసా బరువుగా ఉంటుంది?
జవాబు:
స్వచ్ఛమైన పాలు గల సీసా బరువుగా ఉంటుంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 152

ప్రశ్న 10.
చిన్న చిన్న ఇనుప ముక్కలు నీటిలో మునుగుతున్నప్పటికీ, ఇనుము మరియు స్టీలు వంటి పదార్థాలతో చేయబడిన పెద్ద పెద్ద నౌకలు నీటిలో ఎలా తేలుతున్నాయో వివరించగలరా?
జవాబు:

1. ఆర్కిమెడీస్ ఉత్సవన నియమం ప్రకారం, ఏదైనా వస్తువు ద్రవంలో ముంచబడినపుడు ఆ వస్తువుచే తొలగించబడిన నీటి బరువు, ఆ వస్తువు బరువుకు సమానమైనపుడు ఆ వస్తువు ఆ ద్రవంలో తేలుతుంది.
2. కావున నౌకలను, వాటి బరువుకు సమానమైన బరువుగల నీటిని తొలగించే విధంగా అధిక ఉపరితల వైశాల్యంతో నిర్మిస్తారు.

ప్రశ్న 11.
ఒక లోహపు ముక్కకన్నా అంతే ద్రవ్యరాశి గల ఆ లోహంతో తయారుచేయబడిన గిన్నె ఎందుకు ఎక్కువ నీటిని పక్కకు తొలగిస్తుంది?
జవాబు:
లోహపు గిన్నె యొక్క ఉపరితల వైశాల్యం, లోహపు ముక్క యొక్క ఉపరితల వైశాల్యం కన్నా ఎక్కువ. అందువల్ల లోహపు గిన్నె ఎక్కువ నీటిని పక్కకు తొలగిస్తుంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 153

ప్రశ్న 12.
గాజు గొట్టంలో పాదరస మట్టం ఎందుకు 76 సెం.మీ. ఉంటుంది?
జవాబు:
గాజు గొట్టంలోని పాదరస మట్టం యొక్క “భారం” దానిపై వాతావరణ పీడన ఫలితంగా గిన్నెలోని పాదరసం వల్ల కలిగే బలానికి సమానంగా ఉంటుంది. కావున గొట్టంలోని పాదరసం బరువు, గిన్నె పైనున్న వాతావరణ పీడనానికి సరిగ్గా సమానమయ్యేవరకు గొట్టంలోని పాదరసమట్టం మారుతూ ఉంటుంది. ఇది 76 సెం.మీ వద్ద స్థిరంగా ఉంటుంది.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 157

ప్రశ్న 13.
రాయి నీటిలో మునిగినపుడు దాని భారాన్ని కోల్పోయినట్లు ఎందుకు అనిపిస్తుంది?
జవాబు:
నీటిలో ముంచబడిన రాయిపై ఊర్ధ్వదిశలో కలుగజేయబడిన ఉత్సవన బలం వలననే దానిపై భూమ్యాకర్షణ బలం, తగ్గినట్లయి ఆ రాయి బరువు కోల్పోయినట్లనిపిస్తుంది.

పరికరాల జాబితా

నీరు, కిరోసిన్, గుండీలు, గుండుసూదులు, అగ్గిపుల్లలు, చిన్న రాళ్లు, చిన్న కాగితం ఉండలు, ఇసుక, మైనం ముక్కలు, గాజు గోళీలు, చెక్క ముక్కలు, పెన్సిల్ రబ్బరు, చెక్కదిమ్మె, గాజు స్లెడులు, ఇనుప సీలలు, ప్లాస్టిక్ ఘనాలు, అల్యూమినియం sheet, రాళ్లు, బెండ్లు, పాలు, కొబ్బరినూనె, ఖాళీ బాల్ పెన్ రీఫిల్, ఖాళీ ప్లాస్టిక్ సీసా, బకెట్, నీరు, గాజు గ్లాస్, బీకరు, దూది, రాయి, పరీక్ష నాళిక, ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్ర, 50 మి.లీ. కొలజాడీ, సాధారణ త్రాసు, బరువులు, స్ప్రింగ్ త్రాసు, సాంద్రత బుడ్డి, లావు పరీక్ష నాళిక, పాస్కల్ నియమాన్ని ప్రదర్శించే నమూనా

9th Class Physical Science 9th Lesson తేలియాడే వస్తువులు Textbook Activities (కృత్యములు)

కృత్యం – 1

సాంద్రతలను పోల్చడం :

ప్రశ్న 1.
సాంద్రత, సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతలను ఒక కృత్యం ద్వారా పోల్చుము.
జవాబు:

1. ఒకే పరిమాణం గల రెండు పరీక్షనాళికలను తీసుకొని ఒకదానిలో నీరు, మరొక దానిలో నూనె నింపండి.
2. వాటి బరువులు కనుగొనండి.
3. నూనెతో నింపిన పరీక్షనాళిక బరువు ఎక్కువ ఉన్నట్లుగా గుర్తిస్తాము.
4. దీనిని బట్టి నూనె సాంద్రత ఎక్కువ ఉన్నట్లుగా తెలుస్తుంది.
5. ఒకే పరిమాణం గల చెక్క, రబ్బరు దిమ్మెలను తీసుకోండి.
6. వాటి బరువులు కనుక్కోండి.
7. చెక్క దిమ్మె, రబ్బరు దిమ్మెకన్నా ఎక్కువ బరువు ఉన్నట్లు గమనిస్తాము.
8. రెండు వస్తువుల సాంద్రతలను పోల్చాలంటే వాటిని సమాన ఘనపరిమాణంలో తీసుకొని వాటి ద్రవ్యరాశులను పోల్చడం ఒక పద్ధతి. అయితే ఇది అన్నిరకాల ఘనపదార్థాలకు వీలుపడకపోవచ్చు.
9. దీనికొరకు ప్రతి వస్తువు సాంద్రతను నీటి సాంద్రతతో పోల్చి చూసే ఒక సులభమైన పద్ధతి ఉంది. దీనినే సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత అంటారు.

కృత్యం – 3

నీటి సాంద్రత కన్నా అధిక సాంద్రత కలిగిన పదార్థంతో తయారైన వస్తువులు నీటిలో తేలుతాయా?

ప్రశ్న 2.
నీటి సాంద్రత కన్నా అధిక సాంద్రత కలిగిన పదార్థంతో తయారైన వస్తువులు నీటిలో తేలుతాయా? ఒక కృత్యం ద్వారా నిరూపించండి.
జవాబు:
1) కింది పట్టికలో సూచించిన విధంగా కొన్ని వస్తువులను సేకరించండి.

2) ప్రతి వస్తువును ఒకదాని తర్వాత మరొకటిగా ఒక గ్లాసులోని నీటిలో వేసి, అవి మునుగుతాయో, తేలుతాయో గమనించండి.

3) మీ పరిశీలనలను కింది పట్టికలో నమోదు చేయండి.

వస్తువు	సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత	మునుగుతుందా? తేలుతుందా?
పెన్సిల్ రబ్బరు		తేలుతుంది
రబ్బరు బంతి		తేలుతుంది
ప్లాస్టిక్ ఘనం		తేలుతుంది
ఇనుప సీల		మునుగుతుంది
ఇనుప పెట్టె		మునుగుతుంది
జామెట్రీ బాక్స్		తేలుతుంది
గాజు గోళీ		మునుగుతుంది
చెక్క		తేలుతుంది
రాయి		మునుగుతుంది

a) ప్రయోగ క్షేత్ర పరిశీలనలు (1) లో సూచించిన విధంగా ప్రతి వస్తువు యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రతలను కనుక్కోండి.
b) కొన్ని వస్తువులు నీటిలో మునుగుటను, కొన్ని వస్తువులు తేలుటను గమనిస్తాము.
c) జామెట్రీ బాక్సు వంటిది ఇనుముతో చేసినదైనప్పటికీ, నీటిపై తేలుటను గమనిస్తాము.
d) కావున వస్తువు నీటిలో మునుగుట, తేలుట అనేది ఆ వస్తువు యొక్క సాపేక్ష సాంద్రత పైనే కాదు, ఆ వస్తువు ఉపరితల వైశాల్యం పైన కూడా ఆధారపడి ఉంటుందని తెలుస్తుంది.

కృత్యం – 4

వస్తుభారం, తొలగింపబడిన నీటిభారాలు సమానమా?

ప్రశ్న 3.
నీటిలో తేలే వస్తువు విషయంలో, ఆ వస్తువు బరువు దానిచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి భారానికి సమానంగా ఉంటుందని చూపండి.
జవాబు:

1. ఒక బీకరును తీసుకొని దాని భారాన్ని త్రాసుతో కొలిచి నమోదు చేయండి.
2. ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్రలో నీటిని నింపి, దాని పక్క గొట్టం గుండా నీరు పొర్లిపోవడం ఆగేంతవరకు వేచిచూడండి.
3. త్రాసులో తూచిన బీకరును తీసి ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్ర పక్క గొట్టం కింద ఉంచండి.
4. ఒక చెక్క దిమ్మెను తీసుకొని మొదటగా దానిని నీటిలో తడిపి, తర్వాత దానిని ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్రలోని నీటిలో నెమ్మదిగా జారవిడవండి.
5. చెక్కదిమ్మెను నీటిలో విడవగానే పొర్లిన నీరు’ బీకరులో చేరుతుంది.
6. ఇప్పుడు బీకరు బరువును నీటితో సహా కనుక్కోండి.
7. రెండవసారి కనుగొన్న బీకరు బరువునుండి, మొదటిసారి కనుగొన్న బీకరు బరువును తీసివేస్తే చెక్కదిమ్మెచే తొలగించబడిన నీటి బరువు వస్తుంది.
8. ఇప్పుడు చెక్కదిమ్మెను ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్ర నుండి తీసివేసి, ఆరనిచ్చి, దాని బరువును కనుక్కోండి.
9. చెక్కదిమ్మె బరువు, ఆ చెక్కదిమ్మెచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి బరువులు సమానమని మనకు తెలుస్తుంది.
10. ఇదే ప్రయోగాన్ని వివిధ రకాల వస్తువులతో చేసి మీ పరిశీలనలను కింది పట్టికలో నమోదు చేయండి.

కృత్యం – 5

అల్యూమినియంను తేలేటట్లు చేద్దాం :

ప్రశ్న 4.
అల్యూమినియంను తేలేటట్లు చేసే విధానాన్ని వివరింపుము.
జవాబు:

1. పలుచటి అల్యూమినియం రేకును కొద్దిగా తీసుకోండి.
2. దానిని 4 – 5 మడతలు మడవండి.
3. దానిని నీటిలో పడవేసి పరిశీలించండి. అది మునుగుటను గమనిస్తాము.
4. తర్వాత అల్యూమినియం రేకును బయటికి తీసి, దానిని తెరిచి ఒక గిన్నెవలె తయారుచేయండి. దానిని నీటిలో ఉంచి పరిశీలించండి.
5. అది తేలుటను గమనిస్తాము.
6. గిన్నె బరువును కనుక్కోండి.
7. ఆ అల్యూమినియం గిన్నెచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి బరువును కనుక్కోండి.
8. ఈ రెండు బరువులు సమానంగా ఉండడాన్ని గమనించండి.
9. కావున ఒక వస్తువు బరువు, దానిచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి బరువుకు సమానమయినపుడు ఆ వస్తువు నీటిలో తేలుతుంది.

కృత్యం – 6

ద్రవాలలో ఊర్ధ్వముఖ బలాన్ని పరిశీలిద్దాం :

ప్రశ్న 5.
ద్రవం వస్తువులపై ఊర్ధ్వముఖ పీడనాన్ని కలుగజేస్తుందని ఋజువు చేయండి.
జవాబు:

1. ఒక ఖాళీ ప్లాస్టిక్ సీసాను తీసుకొని దానికి గట్టిగా మూతను బిగించండి.
2. ఆ సీసాను ఒక బకెట్ లోని నీటిలో ఉంచండి.
3. అది నీటిలో తేలుతుంది.
4. ఆ సీసాను పటంలో చూపినట్లు నీటిలోకి అదమండి. పై దిశలో ఒత్తిడి కలుగుతున్నట్లు అనిపిస్తుంది.
5. సీసాను ఇంకా కిందికి అదమండి. పై దిశలో పనిచేసే బలం పెరుగుతున్నట్లుగా అనిపిస్తుంది.
6. ఇప్పుడు సీసాను వదిలేయండి. అది నీటి ఉపరితలంపైకి దూసుకు వస్తుంది.
7. ఊర్ధ్వ దిశలో పనిచేసే నీటి యొక్క ఈ బలం నిజమైనది మరియు పరిశీలించడానికి అనువైనది.
8. ఒక వస్తువు ఉపరితల ప్రమాణ వైశాల్యంపై పనిచేసే బలాన్ని “పీడనం” అంటారు.

కృత్యం – 7

గాలి పీడనాన్ని పరిశీలిద్దాం :

ప్రశ్న 6.
గాలి పీడనాన్ని పరిశీలించడానికి ఒక కృత్యాన్ని వివరించండి.
జవాబు:

1. ఒక గాజుగ్లాసును తీసుకొని దానిలో అడుగుభాగాన కొంత దూదిని అంటించండి.
2. గ్లాసును తలకిందులుగా చేసి పటంలో చూపినట్లు ఒక పాత్రలోని నీటిలో అడుగువరకు ముంచండి.
3. తర్వాత గ్లాసును అలాగే బయటకు తీయండి.
4. గ్లాసులోని దూది తడవకుండా ఉండడాన్ని గమనిస్తాము.
5. గ్లాసులోని గాలి యొక్క ఒత్తిడి నీటి పై పనిచేసి గ్లాసులోనికి నీరు చేరకుండా అడ్డుకుంది.
6. నీటి ఉపరితలంపైన ప్రమాణ వైశాల్యంలో కలుగజేయబడిన ఈ గాలి ఒత్తిడిని గాలి పీడనం అంటారు.

కృత్యం – 8

ఉత్ల్ఫవన బలాన్ని కొలవగలమా? ప్రయత్నిద్దాం !

ప్రశ్న 7.
ఉత్ల్ఫవన బలాన్ని ఎలా కొలుస్తారు?
జవాబు:

1. ఒక రాయిని స్ప్రింగు త్రాసుకు కట్టి దాని బరువును కనుగొనండి.
2. ఒక బీకరులో సగం వరకు నీటిని తీసుకోండి.
3. స్ప్రింగు త్రాసుకు వేలాడదీయబడిన రాయిని నీటిలో ముంచండి.
4. ఇప్పుడు స్ప్రింగు త్రాసు రీడింగు నీటిలో ముంచబడిన రాయి బరువును తెలుపుతుంది.
5. నీటిలో మునిగినప్పుడు రాయి బరువు మొదట ఉన్న బరువుకన్నా తగ్గినట్లుండడం గమనిస్తాము.
6. ఆ రాయి కోల్పోయినట్లనిపించే బరువుని కొలవడం ద్వారా ఆ ద్రవం కలిగించిన ఉత్సవన బలాన్ని కొలవగలుగుతాము.

కృత్యం – 9

రాయి చేత తొలగింపబడిన నీటి బరువును కొలుద్దాం:

ప్రశ్న 8.
ఆర్కిమెడీస్ ఉత్తీవన సూత్రాన్ని పేర్కొని నిరూపించుము.
(లేదా)
ఆర్కిమెడిస్ సూత్రం తెలిపి దానిని ప్రయోగ పూర్వకంగా నీవెలా ఋజువు చేస్తావో రాయండి.
జవాబు:
ఆర్కిమెడీస్ ఉత్తవన సూత్రం:
ఏదైనా ఒక వస్తువును ఒక ప్రవాహిలో పూర్తిగా గాని, పాక్షికంగా గాని ముంచినప్పుడు ఆ వస్తువు తొలగించిన ప్రవాహి బరువుకు సమానమైన ఉత్సవన బలం ఆ వస్తువుపై ఊర్ధ్వ దిశలో పనిచేస్తుంది.

నిరూపణ:

1. ఒక రాయిని తీసుకొని స్ప్రింగ్ త్రాసుతో దాని బరువును తూచండి.
2. ఒక ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్రను తీసుకొని దాని పక్క గొట్టం వరకు నీరు పోయండి.
3. పటంలో చూపినట్లు ఆ పక్క గొట్టం కింద కొలతలు గల బీకరును ఉంచండి.
4. ఇప్పుడు స్ప్రింగు త్రాసుకు వేలాడదీసిన రాయిని ఓవర్ ఫ్లో పాత్రలో పూర్తిగా ముంచండి.
5. స్ప్రింగు త్రాసు రీడింగును, బీకరులోని నీటి కొలతను నమోదు చేయండి.
6. స్ప్రింగు త్రాసు రీడింగు నీటిలో ముంచబడిన రాయి బరువును, బీకరులోని నీటి కొలత రాయి వలన తొలగించబడిన నీటి ఘనపరిమాణాన్ని తెలుపుతుంది.
7. స్ప్రింగు త్రాసు యొక్క రెండు రీడింగులలోని తేడా, ఆ రాయి నీటిలో కోల్పోయినట్లనిపించే బరువుకు సమానం.
8. బీకరులోని నీటి బరువును కనుక్కోండి.
9. తగ్గినట్లనిపించే రాయి బరువు, ఆ రాయిచే తొలగింపబడిన నీటి బరువు సమానంగా ఉంటాయి.
10. ఇది ఆర్కిమెడీస్ సూత్రానికి నిరూపణ.

Andhra Pradesh AP Board 5th Class Telugu Solutions 1st Lesson ఏ దేశమేగినా Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 5th Class Telugu Solutions Chapter 1 ఏ దేశమేగినా

చిత్రం చూడండి. ఆలోచించి మాట్లాడండి.

ప్రశ్నలకు జవాబులు చెప్పండి.

ప్రశ్న 1.
చిత్రంలో ఏం జరుగుతున్నది ?
జవాబు:
చిత్రంలో జెండా ఎగురవేస్తున్నారు.

ప్రశ్న 2.
చిత్రంలో ఎవరెవరు ఉన్నారు ? ఏ మేం చేస్తున్నారు ?
జవాబు:
చిత్రంలో ప్రధానోపధ్యాయురాలు, ఉపాధ్యాయులు, విధ్యార్ధులు, విధ్యార్థినులు ఉన్నారు. ప్రధానోపాధ్యాయురాలు జాతీయ జెండా ఎగుర వేస్తున్నారు. విద్యార్ధులు అందరూ నమస్కారం చేస్తున్నారు.

ప్రశ్న 3.
మీ బడిలో జెండా ఎప్పుడెప్పుడు ఎగురవేస్తారు? ఏయే కార్యక్రమాలు నిర్వహిస్తారు?
జవాబు:
మా బడిలో జాతీయజెండా ఆగస్టు 15వ తేదీ స్వాతంత్ర్య దినోత్సవాన, జనవరి 26 గణతంత్ర దినోత్సవమున ఎగురవేస్తారు. ఆ రోజు 1. వందేమాతరం 2. జనగణమన జాతీయ గీతాలు, దేశభక్తి గీతాలు అలపిస్తారు. జాతీయ నాయకుల త్యాగాలను వివరిస్తూ ఉపాధ్యాయులు ఉపన్యాసాలు ఇస్తారు.

ఇవి చేయండి

వినడం – ఆలోచించి మాట్లాడటం

ప్రశ్న 1.
గేయాన్ని రాగయుక్తంగా పాడండి.
జవాబు:
విద్యార్థి కృతము

ప్రశ్న 2.
గేయ భావం సొంత మాటల్లో చెప్పండి.

జవాబు:
మన జన్మభూమి భారతదేశం. మనం భారతీయులం. మన దేశీయులు మీరు. మీరు ఏ దేశం వెళ్ళినా, ఎంత గొప్ప పదవి పొందినా, ఇతరులు మనలను నిందించినప్పుడు సహించక, మన జాతి గౌరవాన్ని నిలుపండి.

మనం పూర్వ జన్మంలో ఎంతో పుణ్యం చేసుకున్నాం. గొప్ప యోగం – కలవాళ్ళమై ఈ భారతదేశంలో జన్మించాం. ఇది స్వర్గభూమి. ఈ దేశంలో ఆ జన్మించడానికి ఎన్నో గొప్ప పూవులతో ప్రేమించి పూజించి యుంటాం. అందుచేత భారతమాత నిన్ను తన కడపున మోసింది.

ఇంత గొప్ప భూమాత ప్రపంచంలోనే లేదు, మన భారతీయులంత ఉన్నతులు ఏ దేశంలో లేరు. పొద్దస్తమానం, సముద్రంలో ఓడలు అల్లంత కంగా దూరాన రెపరెపలాడుతూ కనబడే ప్రాంతం వరకూ ఈ జన్మభూమి గురించి పొగడు. మన భూమాతవంటి చల్లని తల్లి ఎచ్చటా లేదు. మన వీర భారత దేశం గురించి, నీవెక్కడ ఉన్నా పొగడుతునే ఉండు.

ప్రశ్న 3.
మీకు తెలిసిన దేశభక్తి గేయాలు పాడండి.
జవాబు:
దేశమును ప్రేమించుమన్నా
మంచియన్నది పెంచుమన్నా
ఒట్టి మాటలు కట్టిపెట్టాయ్
గట్టిమేల్ తలపెట్టవోయ్

పాడిపంటలు పొంగిపొరలే
దారిలో నువు పాటు పడవోయ్
తిండి కలిగితే కండ కలదోయ్
కండకలవాడేను మనిషోయ్……..

ప్రశ్న 4.
మీ బడిలో జరుపుకునే జెండా పండుగ గురించి చెప్పండి.
జవాబు:
మాబడిలో అందరం గణతంత్ర దినోత్సవాన్ని జనవరి 26న జరుపుకున్నాం. బడిని రంగురంగుల జెండాలతో అలంకరించాం. ముందు “వందే మాతరం” పాడాం, జాతీయగీతం పాడాం. మా గ్రామ సర్పంచ్ జాతీయ జెండా ఎగురవేసారు. ఉపాధ్యాయులు దేశభక్తిని ప్రబోధించే ఉపన్యాసాలు ఇచ్చారు. బాలబాలికలం దేశభక్తి గేయాలు పాడాము. చివరగా ” జనగణమన” జాతీయ గీతం పాడాం. మాకు మిఠాయిలు పంచి పెట్టారు. అందరం ఆనందంగా ఇళ్ళకు చేరాం.

పదజాలం

అ) కింది పదాలను చదవండి.

ఆ) కింది అక్షరాలతో మొదలయ్యే పదాలను రాయండి.

జవాబు:
క = కడవ
గ = గడప
చ = చరణం
జ = జడ
ట = టపా

డ = డబ్బా
త = తలుపు
ద = దడ
న = నలుపు
ప = పడవ

బ = బలము
మ = మర
య = యముడు
ర = రంగు
ల = లత

వ = వల
శ = శకటము
ష = షరతు
స = సరుకు
హ = హంస

ఇ) కింది గుణింతాలతో పదాలను రాయండి.

జవాబు:

ప్రశంస

ప్రపంచమంతా కరోనా వంటి మహమ్మారి వ్యాపించినప్పుడు వైద్యులు, నర్సులు, పోలీసులు, పారిశుద్ధ్య కార్మికులు ప్రజలను కాపాడడంలో విశేష కృషి చేసారు. వారి ప్రాణాలు సైతం పణంగా పెట్టారు. మీరు తోటివారిలోని మంచిని, శ్రమ విలువను ప్రశంసిస్తూ మాట్లాడండి.

ధారణ చేద్దాం

ఆంధ్రభాష యమృత మాంధ్రాక్షరంబులు
మరువు లొలుకు గుండ్ర ముత్తియములు
ఆంధ్రదేశ మాయురారోగ్య వర్ధకం
బాంధ్రజాతి నీతి ననుసరించు

భావం :
ఆంధ్రభాష అమృతం వంటిది. తెలుగు అక్షరాలు గుండ్రంగా ముత్యాల్లాగా ఉండి అందాలొలుకుతూ ఉంటాయి. ఆంధ్రదేశం ఆయుష్షును, ఆరోగ్యాన్ని వృద్ధి చేస్తుంది. ఆంధ్రజాతి ధర్మాన్ని అనుసరించి నడుచుకొంటుంది.

కవి పరిచయం

కవి : రాయప్రోలు సుబ్బారావు
కాలము : 13-3-1892 – 30-06-1984
రచించిన కావ్యాలు : తృణ కంకణం, స్నేహలత, స్వప్నకుమారం, కష్టకమల, ఆంధ్రావళి, జడకుచ్చులు, వనమాల మొదలైనవి
రచించిన గ్రంథాలు : రమ్యాలోకం, మాధురీదర్శనం
బిరుదులు : పద్మభూషణ్

గేయములు-భావములు

1. ఏదేశమేగినా, ఎందుకాలిడిన
ఏపీఠమెక్కినా, ఎవ్వరేమనిన
పొగడరా నీ తల్లి భూమి భారతిని!
నిలుపరా నీ జాతి నిండు గౌరవము!

2. ఏపూర్వపుణ్యమో, ఏయోగ బలమో
జనియించినాడవీ, స్వర్గ ఖండమున
ఏమంచి పూవులన్, ప్రేమించినావో
నిను మోచె ఈ తల్లి, కనక గర్భమున!

3. లేదురా ఇటువంటి, భూదేవి యెందు
లేరురామనవంటి, పౌరు లింకెందు
సూర్యుని వెలుతురుల్, సోకు నందాక
ఓడల జెండాలు ఆడు నందాక!

4. అందాక గల ఈ, యనంత భూతలిని
మన భూమి వంటి, చల్లని తల్లి లేదు
పాడరా నీ తెగ్గు, బాల గీతములు
పాడరా నీ వీర, భావ భారతము !

పదాలు – అర్థాలు

పీఠం = గద్దె, సింహాసనం:
యోగం : అదృష్టం
స్వర్గ ఖండం = స్వర్గంలాంటి ఈ భారత దేశం
జనియించుట = పుట్టుట
తెన్గు = తెలుగు
కాలిడు = అడుగు పెట్టు
భారతి = భారతదేశం
గర్భము గర్భము
సోకు = తగులు
అనంతం = అంతులేనిది

చదువు – అర్ధం చేసుకో – ఆనందించు. పరీక్షల కోసం కాదు.

వివేకానందుని షికాగో ప్రసంగం

“ఏ దేశమేగినా ఎందుకాలిడిన పొగడరా నీతల్లి భూమి భారతిని” అని ఎక్కడికి వెళ్ళినా మన దేశపు గొప్పతనాన్ని తెలియజేయాలని ! తెలుసుకున్నారు కదా? అలా మన దేశ ఖ్యాతిని ప్రపంచానికి తెలియజేసినవారు | స్వామి వివేకానంద. అదేంటో ఆయన షికాగోలో చేసిన ప్రసంగం ద్వారా ” తెలుసుకోండి.

1893 సెప్టెంబరు 11వ తేదీ ఉదయం స్వామి వివేకానందునితో పాటు సర్వమత మహాసభ ప్రతినిధులందరూ షికాగోలోని కొలంబస్ హాలులోని ఒక విభాగంలో సమావేశమయ్యారు.

వచ్చిన ప్రతినిధులంతా ఒకరి తరువాత ఒకరు ప్రసంగిస్తున్నారు. విఏకానందుని వంతు వచ్చింది. వివేకానందుడు లేచాడు. ఒక్కక్షణం తన ఇష్టదైవాన్ని తలచుకుని “అమెరాకా దేశపు సోదరీసోదరీమణులారా” అంటూ సంబోధించాడు. ఆ సంబోధనతో అక్కడ అందరిని ఒక మహెూత్సాహం ఆవహించింది. చెవులు చిల్లులుపడేటట్ల కరతాళధ్వనులు మిన్నంటాయి. వివేకానందుడు ఆ కరతాళ ధ్వనుల మధ్య కాసేపు మాట్లాడలేకపోయాడు.ఈ ఘనమైన స్వాగతానికి ఆయన చలించిపోయాడు.

తన ఉపన్యాసాన్ని కొసాగిస్తూ “సమస్త మతాలకు, సమస్త ధర్మాలకు సనాతనధర్మం తల్లి అనదగింది. సహనాన్ని, సర్వమత సత్యత్వాన్ని లోకానికి బోధించిన సనాతనధర్మం నా ధర్మం. సర్వమత సహనాన్నే కాక, సర్వమతాలు సత్యాలనే మేం విశ్వసిస్తాం. పరపీడితులై, శరణాగతులై వచ్చిన వారికి శరణ్యమైన దేశం నా దేశం.

శాఖాభిమానం, మతమౌఢ్యం లాంటి వాటిని ఖండించి అవి లేనట్టి , ఒక సమాజాన్ని రూపొందించాలనే ఒక సదుద్దేశంతో మీ ముందుకు వచ్చాను” అని అన్నాడు వివేకానందుడు. అన్ని మతాలు ఒకటేననీ, ఆ మతాలలో జరిగే పూజా విధానాలన్నీ భగవంతుడి తత్వాన్ని తెలియజేసేననీ వివేకానందుడు చెప్పాడు.

వివేకానందస్వామి సనాతన ధ్మం గొప్పతనాన్ని లోకానికి తెలియజేశాడు. ఈ ప్రసంగం ద్వారా ప్రపంచ ప్రజలకు భారతీయ సంస్కృతి గొప్పతనాన్ని చాటాడు.
– స్వామి చిరంతనానంద

SCERT AP 7th Class Maths Solutions Pdf Chapter 12 Symmetry Ex 12.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Maths Solutions 12th Lesson Symmetry Ex 12.3

Question 1.
Draw lines of symmetry for the following figures. Identify which of them have point symmetry. Is there any relation between lines of symmetry and point symmetry?

Answer:

(i) Rectangle has point of symmetry.
Number of lines of symmetry = 2
Order of symmetry = 2
Lines of symmetry point or symmetry are same.

(ii) Square has a point of symmetry.
Number of lines of symmetry = 4
Order of symmetry = 4
Lines of symmetry, point of symmetry are same.

(iii) Triangle has no point of symmetry.

(iv) Regular hexagon has point of syrninetìy.
Number of lines of symmetry = 6
Order of symmetry = 6
Lines of symmetry point of symmetry are same.

(v) Pentagon has no point of symnetry

Question 2.
Identify which of the English alphabet have point symmetry in the following:

Answer: