AP State Board Notes

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 16 National Movement in India–Partition & Independence to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 16 National Movement in India–Partition & Independence

→ The British Government has shown its double standards in the expectation that India should support them in fighting the Fascists but it is not giving India full freedom.

→ Congress’s demand for the immediate national government was put down by the British on the pretext that it did not represent all Indians, like Muslims.

→ The Muslim League was formed in 1906.

→ In 1909 separated constituencies are reserved for Muslims as per the demand of the Muslim League.

→ PAKISTAN (from Punjab, Afghan, Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan) was coined by Choudhry Rehmat Ali in the 1930s.

→ From 1940 to 1946, the League was able to convince the Muslim masses of the benefits and need for a separate nation.

→ In the spring of 1942, Cripps Mission came to India to seek help in fighting Japan, but not ready to appoint an Indian as the Defence Member of the Executive Council.

→ Mahatma Gandhi launched the ‘Quit India’ movement in August 1942.

→ Subhash Chandra Bose wished to fight against the British by joining Japan and Germany to get independence soon.

→ He founded Indian National Army with the prisoners of war in Japan (who belonged to Indian origin) and fought with the British for 3 years.

→ In 1946 the soldiers of INA were imprisoned and the British decided to punish them after trials.

→ These trials national consciousness gained prominence over Hindu-Muslim identity and separate politics.

→ In 1946, the guards of the Royal Indian Navy in Bombay harbor went on a hunger strike which spread entire India.

→ Cabinet Mission came in 1946 to discuss the transfer of power to India but wanted to keep India united.

→ Muslim League observed ‘Direct Action Day on 16 August 1946 to win Pakistan.

→ The formal transfer of power from the British Govt to Pakistan would be done on 14th and to India, it would be done on the 15th of August, 1947.

→ Around 1.5 crore people, both Hindus, and Muslims, were displaced at the time of partition, and between 2 to 5 lakhs were killed.

→ Father of the Nation fell to 3 bullets in the evening of 30 Jan 1948, Nathuram Godse was the assassin.

→ Integration of around 550 Princely states was the responsibility of Sardar Patel.

→ All Princely states except Hyderabad, Junagadh, and Kashmir joined India before Independence, and these three within 2 years after them.

→ Dominion status: The status of a country of the British Common-wealth that had its own government but not a sovereign nation.

→ Divide and rule: The policy followed by the British to divide the unified Hindu-Muslims and weaken the national movement.

→ Separate electorate: Separate electorate ¡s the type of ElectÍon in which minorities select their own representatives separately.

→ Province: One of the areas that some countries are divided into, with its own local government.

→ Provincial: The assemblies that were elected by voters in British India assemblies in provinces independently.

→ British India: The part of India that was directly ruled by the British.

→ Native India: The part of India that was ruled by the Indian princes.

→ Princely states: The regions in Native India that were ruled by the Indian princes.

→ Central Assembly: The assembly that was elected by the voters of British India, all provinces put together.

→ Prime Minister: The chief of the provincial assembly (now as Chief Minister)

→ Sovereign nations: The nations which can take their internal and external affairs decisions, on their own.

→ British common: The group of countries once ruled by the British as an Imperial wealth country.

→ IndivIdual: Satyagrahi comes to a public place individually and makes a satyagraha speech against the British attitude and gets arrested.

→ Minority: A small group within a country that is different, because of race, religion, language, etc.

→ Cripps Mission: Stafford Cripps came to India in the spring of 1942, to get Indian soldiers to fight against Japan, but England was not ready to allow India to form National Government.

→ Cabinet Mission: Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, A.V. Alexander came to India in 1946 in to negotiate on the transfer of power as India remains united.

→ Instrument of Accession: Princely States, after independence needed to sign this agreement to join India.

→ Privy-purse: The allowances paid to the Ìulers of princely states after signing the Instrument of Accession to meet their personal expenses.

→ Colonialism: A developed country making the underdeveloped countries as colonies and getting raw materials at lower prices and selling finished goods at higher prices, thereby exploiting them.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 15 National Liberation Movements in the Colonies to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 15 National Liberation Movements in the Colonies

→ In this chapter, we will read about the plight of the colonies and how they began to fight against the colonial domination of the European powers.

→ Western colonial powers had carved out their spheres of influence in different parts of China.

→ In 1911 a republic was established in China under Sun-Yat-Sen, who is regarded as the founder of modern China.

→ He prepared a program of ‘nationalism – democracy – socialism’ to develop China.

→ But Sun could not consolidate itself.

→ On 4th May 1919, a demonstration was held in Beijing to protest against the decisions of the Versailles peace conference.

→ After this Guomindang and the Chinese Communist Party tried to bring stability to China.

→ Guomindang identified ‘four great needs’ as clothing, food, housing, and transportation.

→ After the death of Sun, Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the leader who stood for unified behavior.

→ Chiang was a conservative and he encouraged women to develop virtues of chastity, appearance, speech, and work.

→ Mao Zedong emerged as a major CCP leader by basing his revolutionary program on the peasantry.

→ He conducted ‘Long March’ of over 6,000 miles.

→ He ended warlordism and carried out land reforms and fought foreign imperialism.

→ The Peoples Republic of China government was established in 1949 on the principles of the ‘New Democracy’.

→ The CCP conducted hectic land reforms successfully.

→ In mid 19th century, Vietnam came under the direct rule of the French who made the emperor here a puppet.

→ Vietnam exported two-thirds of its rice production and by 1931 had become the third-largest exporter of rice in the world.

→ French colonizers tried to give education through which they believed Vietnamese civilize.

→ Educated youth organized themselves and fought to drive away foreign forces like French and Japanese.

→ ‘Vietminh’ under ‘Ho Chi Minh fought against the French for 8 years and defeated them

→ In the peace agreement, Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam.

→ North Vietnam headed by Ho Chi Minh, confiscated the land of the landlords and distributed it among the landless.

→ The US worried about communists gaining power in Vietnam and their attempt to verify it.

→ The US war with Vietnam was long-drawn and got criticism even inside the US, which forced it to make peace.

→ Finally, Vietnam was unified on 30 April 1975.

→ In Western Africa, Nigeria was the colony of the British.

→ It encouraged conflict and competition between the three major tribal groups and was able to ‘divide and rule’.

→ Herbert Macaulay founded the first Nigerian political party won consecutive elections.

→ The Nigerian Youth Movement was founded by Nnamdi Azikiwe.

→ Macaulay and Azikiwe together worked for the independence of Nigeria in 1963.

→ Unfortunately, Nigeria slipped into Civil war and was under military dictatorship till 1999.

→ Nigerians elected a democratic government in 1999.

→ Oil was discovered in the 1950s in the Niger Delta and many MNCs extracted oil and shared profits with military leaders.

→ Oil spillage from wells has a major impact on the ecosystem.

→ In 1990 an eminent human rights activist and environmentalist Ken Saro Wiwa was executed.

→ Nigeria is still making efforts to weld together as a nation, work out a stable democratic system and gain control over its material resources.

→ Land reforms: Making attempts to see that the land is not concentrated but distributed more equitably

→ Landlordism: Large landlords took over the lands of small peasants and made them work as tenant farmers

→ New Democracy: An alliance of all social classes opposed to land4ordlsm and Imperialism

→ Forced labor: DurIng colonial period the peasants were forced to do forced labor on the personal land of the landlords

→ Chemical arms: Weapons that use poisonous gases and chemicals to kill and injure people

→ Weak: A democracy where the practice of democratic principles was not made possible

→ Pan-Africanism: Idea which promotes the unity of all African peoples irrespective of country or tribe

→ Warlords: The leaders of military groups that fight against other groups within a. country regional military power

→ May Fourth Movement: On 14th May 1919 an angry demonstration was held in Beijing to protest against the decisions of the Versailles peace conference

→ Foot-binding: A cruel practice of not allowing women to have fully grown feet

→ Four great needs: Clothing, food, housing, and transport

→ Long March: In 1934 Mao Zedong conducted this Historic t1g March with his Red Army a distance of 10,000 km one year

→ Military Garrisons: Groups of soldiers living in a town or fort to defend It

→ Colons: French citizens living In Vietnam

→ Civilising Mission: The French colonizers thought education to Vietnamese was one way to civilize them

→ Napalm bombs: ‘A deadly bomb which caused intense damage to humans

→ Agent Orange: A defoliant plant killer which destroyed plants arid tres and made the land barren for a long time

→ Bonded labor: À person who Is legally owned by another person and is forced to work for him without paying anything

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 3 Hydrosphere to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 3 Hydrosphere

→ From all sources of water reaching the earth less than 1 % of water is useful to man.

→ The cyclic process in which water undergoing a cycle from oceans to land and land to oceans is called the hydrological cycle.

→ There are six stages of the water cycle. They are

1. Evaporation
2. Transportation
3. Condensation
4. Precipitation
5. Runoff and
6. Groundwater.

→ Of the total water on the earth, 97.25% is saline ocean waters and 2.75% is freshwater.

→ Continents and oceans are the first-order relief features of the earth.

→ There are five oceans on the earth. They are

1. The Pacific Ocean
2. The Atlantic Ocean
3. The Indian Ocean
4. The Southern Ocean and
5. The Arctic Ocean.

→ Millions of years ago oceans were combined together. The single super ocean was known as Panthalassa.

→ Continental shelf, Continental slope, Deep sea plain, and Oceanic deeps or Trenches are the reliefs of the ocean.

→ Most of the deepest trenches are located close to the continents.

→ A line joining points on the sea bed at an equal vertical distance beneath the surface is called ‘Isobath’or ‘Depth contour’.

→ Over millions of years rain, rivers and streams have washed over rocks containing the compound Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and carried them into the sea.

→ The total content of dissolved salts in seawater is called salinity.

→ Salinity is usually expressed as parts per thousand or ppt.

→ The average salinity of the oceans is 35%0 or about 35 parts of salt in 1000 parts of water.

→ A line joining the points in the ocean that has the same degree of salinity is called ‘Isohaline’.

→ The ocean temperature is influenced by latitudes, winds and ocean currents, unequal distribution of land, and change of seasons.

→ As one goes deep inside the oceans, the temperature rapidly decreases for every 1 km and remains stable at the foot of the ocean.

→ Generally, warm currents flow towards the poles and cold currents flow towards the Equator.

→ The ocean current which flows speedily is called a stream and that which flows slowly is called a drift

→ Centrifugal force, effects of winds, the effect of precipitation, and the effect of solar energy are the causes for the ocean currents.

→ Stream: The ocean current that flows speedily is called a stream.

→ Drift: The ocean current that flows slowly is called a drift.

→ Ocean current: The general movement of a mass of water in a fairly defined direction over a great distance.

→ Transpiration: A considerable proportion of water vapor is released into the atmosphere by plants, through a process called ‘Transpiration’.

→ Salinity: The total content of dissolved salts in seawater is called salinity.

→ Elnino; Lanino: These are the effects caused by the changes in temperature in the Pacific Ocean.

→ Centrifugal force: The radially outward force on a body in a uniform circular motion, observable only in a rotating frame of reference is called ‘Centrifugal force’.

→ Hydrological cycle: Water undergoes a cycle from oceans to land and then from land to the oceans. This cyclic process is called the hydrological cycle.

→ Evaporation: The process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas is called evaporation.

→ Condensation: Forming tiny droplets and clouds from water vapor is called condensation.

→ Precipitation: Transporting water from the atmosphere in the form of rain, sleet or snow, is called precipitation.

→ Sea: A sea is a body of saline water partly or fully enclosed by land.

→ Continental shelf: The border zone between land and sea with depth up to 200 m is called the continental shelf.

→ Continental slope: The complex relief of the ocean spread from 200 m to 3000 m is called the continental slope.

→ Deep-sea plain: Gently sloping areas of the ocean basins whose depths vary between 3000 m to 6000 m are called deep-sea plains.

→ Oceanic Deeps (or) Trenches: The large narrow trenches that plunge as great ocean deeps to a depth of 6000 m are called oceanic depths or trenches.

→ Isoline: A-line joining the points in the ocean having the same degree of salinity is called Isohaline.

→ Millions of years ago, oceans were combined together. The single super ocean was known as ‘Panthalsa’.

→ Isobaths: A-line joining points on the sea bed at an equal vertical distance beneath the surface. Sometimes referred to as depth contours.
→ River water contains 2% of sodium chloride.

→ Highest Salinity in Water bodies

• Lake Van – Turkey – 330%
• Dead Sea – Israel – 238%
• Great Salt lake – the USA – 220%

→ Lowest Salinity in Water bodies

• Baltic Sea – 3-15%
• Hudson Bay – 3-15%

→ The highest temperature is recorded in the Inland Seas. The temperature is the highest in the Red Sea, i.e., 38°C.

→ Access to Pure Water

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 5 Materials: Separating Methods to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 5 Materials: Separating Methods

→ Objects around us are made of a large variety of materials.

→ Based on their properties, we use different materials for different purposes. Materials can exist in three important states; solids, liquids, and gases.

→ Some materials change their state from solid to liquid, liquid to gas on being heated, and from gas to liquid, liquid to solid on being cool.

→ Some materials sink in water and some materials can float on water.

→ Some materials in one shape will sink in water but float on water when they are in another shape.

→ Some materials are soluble in water and some materials are insoluble in water.

→ The materials that can dissolve are said to be insoluble.

→ The materials that do not dissolve are said to be insoluble.

→ Materials are grouped together on the basis of similarities and differences in their properties.

→ A combination of more than one substance forms a mixture.

→ Substances can be separated from a mixture.

→ Hand-picking is used to separate substances when their sizes are sufficiently large.

→ If mixtures have light and heavy substances, winnowing can be used for separation.

→ An insoluble substance in a liquid can be separated by sedimentation and decantation.

→ Sieving can be used for separating larger and smaller substances in a mixture.

→ Crystallization is used for the separation of dissolved substances from a liquid.

→ Distillation is used to remove impurities from water.

→ More than one method of separation can be used to separate the components of some mixtures.

→ Material: The substance used to make things is called material Ex: Wood, Metal, rock, cotton, etc.

→ Object: AnythIng that has a fixed shape that you can touch or see and that is not alive is called an Object. Ex: Chair, book, ring, board, etc.

→ Metal: Any class of mineral substance which has lustrous, a good conductor of heat, electricity and usually hard is called “metal. Ex: Gold, silver, copper, iron, etc.”

→ Solid: A substance that has a definite shape is called “Solid”. Ex: Sand, salt, rock, brick.

→ Liquid: A substance that flows, can be poured, and takes the shape of the container is called “liquid”. Ex: Water, oil.

→ Gas: A substance like the air that ¡s neither Liquid nor solid is called “gas”. Ex: Air, smoke, water vapor, oxygen, etc.

→ Sink: Go down below the surface of water or any other liquid.

→ Float: Move slowly on water or in the air.

→ Soluble: That can be dissolved in water or any other liquid.

→ Insoluble: That does not dissolve in water any other liquid.

→ Mixture: A combination of more than one substance is called a “Mixture”.

→ Separation: Divide into parts or groups.

→ Hand-picking: Chosen from a lot by hand.

→ Winnowing: The method of separating components of a mixture by wind or by blowing air. Ex: Husk from the grains.

→ Sedimentation: The process of settling or being deposited to the bottom.

→ Decantation: The separation of the clear upper liquid from the sediment (the separation of mixtures of immiscible liquids or of a liquid and a solid mixture)

→ Sieving: The method used to separate fine particles from large particles in a mixture by using a sieve.

→ Filtration: The process used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium (Filter paper, Cloth, etc. witch has minute pores) that allows the fluid to pass through but not the solid.

→ Crystallization: The process used to separate dissolved solid substances from a liquid by transforming them into crystals.

→ Distillation: The process used to remove impurities from liquids by boiling

→ Sublimation: The process in which a matter changes directly from solid to gaseous form and vice-versa.

→ Chromatography: A process of separating the component of the mixture by selective absorption of various compounds as identIfiable bands.

→ A solvent Is a liquid that dissolves other substances in it. Water can dissolve more substances than any other solvents. So it is called Universal Solvent.

→ Farmers separate grains which are bigger in size from the smaller ones by sieving. The bigger grains are then used as seeds or sold at a higher price.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Government to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Government

→ Government is the group of people with the authority to govern a country,

→ The government provides different facilities for the people & protects country etc.

→ The government normally consists of three organs. They are :

1. Legislature,
2. Executive,
3. Judiciary

→ The legislature is the decision (laws) making body.

→ The executive is the decision (laws) implementing body.

→ Judiciary is the system of courts that interprets the laws.

→ Many types of governments like Monarchy and Democracy etc. have worked from ancient times to the present.

→ Monarchy is the ruling by a king or queen. A monarchy comes to power by inheritance.

→ Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, for the people.

→ Democratic governments have been formed in most of the countries in the present world.

→ India is also a democratic country.

→ In a democracy, there are two types. They are :

1. Direct Democracy,
2. Indirect Democracy.

→ Direct Democracy: In this form of democracy, people directly participate in decision-making.

→ Indirect Democracy (Representative Democracy): In this form of democracy, People participate in decision-making indirectly through their representatives.

→ The election is the process of choosing a representative.

→ The success of indirect democracy depends on elections.

→ Based on the relation between Legislature and Executive, Indirect (Representative) democracy are of two types. They are:

1. Parliamentary system,
2. Presidential system.

→ Parliamentary System: In this system Executive body is formed from Legislature. The executive body is responsible for Legislature.

→ Presidential System: In this system Executive body is not formed from Legislature. The executive body is not responsible to Legislature. Ex: USA, Brazil.

→ Generally, government works at different levels: They are

1. Central government,
2. State government and Local government.

→ Government: A group of people with the authority to govern a country.

→ Democracy: The government formed by the people.

→ Monarchy: A form of government with a monarch as the head.

→ Elections: A process of choosing a representative.

→ Decision making: The process of making decisions.

→ Representative: A person chosen or appointed to act or speak on behalf of another or others.

→ Constitution: The basic principles and laws of a nation that determine the powers and duties of the government.

→ State Government: The government works for an entire state.

→ Central Government: The government works for an entire country or nation.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 4 Water to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 4 Water

→ We need water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes.

→ We get water from different water resources such as canals, tanks, ponds, rivers etc.

→ 3/4th of the surface of the earth is occupied by water.

→ Of the water available on the earth, only 3% is freshwater.

→ We depend on rain for water.

→ The water levels in wells or other water sources go up during the rainy season and down during the summer season.

→ Water on the earth can exist in three forms – ice (solid form), water (liquid form) and water vapour (gaseous form).

→ The process of changing water into water vapour is called evaporation.

→ Water evaporates continuously from the surfaces of water bodies and changes into water vapour due to the heat supplied by sunlight.

→ The water vapour which enters into the air through the process of evaporation forms clouds in the sky.

→ Clouds are formed from tiny droplets of water vapour.

→ The process of conversion of water vapour into water is called condensation.

→ The cycle of evaporation and condensation of water, present on the earth’s surface, causes rain.

→ Rain, snow, sleet or hail – any kind of weather condition where somethings falling from the sky is called precipitation.

→ The circulation of water between the ocean and land is known as the water cycle.

→ Deforestation and pollution from factories are now causing global warming.

→ Global warming disturbs the water cycle and causes either less rainfall or too much rainfall.

→ Excessive rains may cause floods while lack of it for long periods may cause droughts.

→ The amount of usable water on earth is limited, so it needs to be used carefully.

→ The only method of preventing scarcity of water is conservation of water

→ Water sources are natural resources of water that are useful for different activities such as agricultural, industrial and household etc.

→ Evaporation: The process of water changing into water vapour is called evaporation.

→ Condensation: The process of conversion of water vapour into water ¡s called condensation.

→ Precipitation: Water or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls on the earth.

→ The water cycle: The circulation of water between the earth surface and air.

→ Cloud: A cloud is a large collection of very tiny droplets of water or ice crystals.

→ Water: vapour is the gaseous form of water.,

→ Atmosphere: Atmosphere is a set of gases that surrounds the earth.

→ Stream: Acontirnious flow of water.

→ Droplets: A drop or the droplet is a small column of liquid.

→ Dew: Dew is water in the form of droplets that appears on thin, exposed objects in the morning due to condensation.

→ Rain: Falling drops of water from the clouds.

→ Hails: Hail is a form of solid precipitation of water.

→ Breeze: The wind blowing at a certain speed is called breezing.

→ Wind: Natural movement of air.

→ Drought: A prolonged period of less or no waterfall.

→ floods: Overflow of water that submerges the land.

→ Migration: The movement of people from one place to another place to settle temporarily or permanently.

→ Monsoon: A monsoon is a seasonal shift in wind direction.

→ South-West monsoons: South-West monsoon Is the rain-bearing seasonal winds that flow from the Arabian sea to the mainland of India from the South-West direction.

→ North-East monsoons: North-East monsoons is the weak rain-bearing seasonal winds that flow when the South-West monsoon retreats from the Indian mainland.

→ Hall stones: Sometimes big drops of water solidify into ¡ce and fall as pieces of ice known as hailstones.

→ Snow: Small white crystals of ice formed directly from the water vapour of the water.

→ Deforestation: The forešts are destroyed by cutting trees and not replanting them.

→ Pollution: When harmful substances are added to water, soil and the environment they alter their natural composition.

→ Global warming: Global warming ¡s the process that causes the earth temperature to raise makes the earth warmer.

→ Hazard: Something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage is called hazard.

→ Toxins: A toxin is a poisonous substance produced within the organism s.

→ Juicy fruits: The fruits which contain water In them. Ex Watermelon, orange, grapes, mango etc.

→ Freshwater: The water has a low salt concentration which was used by us for our daily purposes.

→ Roof water harvesting: Collecting water from the rooftops of the houses/buildings.

→ Famine: Extreme scarcity of food.

→ 783 million people do not have access to clean water on the globe.

→ Our body uses water to regulate its temperature and maintain other bodily functions. On average, the human body requires 2-3 litres of water per day for proper functioning. Water helps in the digestion of food and the removal of toxins in the body. This is the reason why water bells are introduced in our schools.

→ Water is not only available from sources such as rivers, lakes and ponds but also present in certain fruits and vegetables. Fruits like watermelon and vegetables like cucumber contain a lot of water. Can you suggest some other examples? Our body also contains 70% of water by weight. Think, why we take juicy fruits in summer.

→ Generally, we get rains in some particular months during the year. In our state, rains occur normally from June to September. During that season you might have observed in the sky that clouds are moving along with the winds blowing from the western direction (South West side). These winds are called “South West monsoon”. Similarly, we observe in the months of November and December rains occur due to movements of clouds in the direction of winds blowing from the Eastern side (North East side). These winds are called “North East Monsoon”. Nowadays we are not getting timely rains and seasons are also changing slightly. Think, why is it happening so?

→ There are four main types of precipitation. They are rain, sleet, snow, and hail. Each type begins as either water droplets or ice crystals in clouds. The temperature of the lower atmosphere determines which form the precipitation will take as it falls.

• Rain falls when the air temperatures are above freezing.
• Sleet occurs when raindrops fall through freezing air near Earth’s surface. The drops turn into pellets of ice.
• Snow falls when water vapour passes through air that is very cold. As a result, the water vapour crystallizes and builds into snowflakes.
• Hail forms when thunderstorm winds push water back up into the atmosphere. The water which turns into ice is coated with more water and pushed up to freeze again. This process repeats until the hailstone is heavy enough to fall.

→ National Disaster Relief Force (NDRF), State Disaster Relief Force, Local Fire, Health, Police and Revenue departments, work in coordination during floods and natural disasters. Military also participate in relief activities wherever necessary.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 8 Kingdoms and Empires to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 8 Kingdoms and Empires

→ Magadha became a powerful kingdom among the sixteen kingdoms.

→ After Bimbisara his son Ajatasatru came into power. Later his son Mahapadmananda ruled Magadha Dynasty.

→ Chandra Gupta Maurya dethroned Mahapadmananda and became the ruler of Magadha with the help of Chanakya.

→ Pataliputra was the capital city of the Magadha Empire.

→ After Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara became the ruler of Magadha. Later, his son Ashoka became the king of the Mauryan dynasty.

→ The Mauryan emperor Ashoka battled against the kingdom of Kalinga to expand his empire

→ He conquered the land of Kalinga but he resolved not to do any war thereafter.

→ He got many inscriptions carved to convey his message of Damma.

→ The lion capital of Saranath was chosen as our National Emblem.

→ The capital city of the Gupta’s was Pataliputra.

→ The emperor Samudragupta was a great conqueror among the Gupta dynasty.

→ The great nine poets in the court of Chandragupta – II were known as “Navaratnas’.

→ Aryabhatta was a well-known astronomer, and mathematician.

→ Brahmagupta, another astronomer, calculated the Solar Year.

→ Sushruta was the first Indian doctor who carried out plastic surgery in Gupta’s period.

→ ‘Charaka Samhitha’ was the basic text of Ayurvedic medicine. This was composed by ‘Charakh’, the well-known physician of the world.

→ Scientists in the Gupta period have good knowledge of the use of iron and steel. They minted gold coins.

→ The capital of the Sathavahanas was Dhanyakataka near Amaravathi in Guntur District.

→ Gauthamiputra Satakarni conquered the land between three seas. He also got the title of Thrisainudradheeswara’.

→ The Buddhist Scholar Archarya Nagarjuna is said to have lived in the Satavahanas period.

→ The capital city of Iskhvakus was ‘Vijayapuri’.

→ The rock-cut temples of Mahabalipuram were the finest examples of Pallava architecture.

→ Chalukyas ruled large parts of southern and central India between 600 CE and 1200 CE.

→ Pulakesi – I was one of the first kings of Chalukyas. Chalukyas ruled from Badami in Karnataka. They made a rich contribution to art and architecture.

→ Indigenous: native made

→ Clan: a group of one race people

→ Dynasty: series of rulers from the same family.

→ Empire: large kingdom

→ Inscriptions: messages carved on rock surfaces

→ Astronomy: a study of space

→ Battle: fight between two groups

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 12 Movement and Locomotion to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 12 Movement and Locomotion

→ Organisms show moments and locomotion.

→ The displacement of a body or its parts from its original position is called movement.

→ The displacement of an entire body from one place to another is called locomotion.

→ Locomotion helps for protection and food gathering.

→ Different muscles of our body perform different functions.

→ Muscles are connected to bones either directly or with the help of tendons.

→ Muscles work in pairs. When one of them contracts, the bone is pulled in that direction and the other muscle of the pair relaxes.

→ Different bones of our body combine together to form the skeleton.

→ The point where two bones meet is called a joint.

→ Joints are of two types. They are movable and immovable (fixed).

→ Movable joints are four types namely 1. Ball and socket 2. Hinge 3. Sliding 4. Pivot joints.

→ Tendons join muscles to bones.

→ Ligaments join one bone to the other bone.

→ Our backbone works like a spring.

→ The joint between the upper jaw and the skull is the fixed joint.

→ The stream-lined body, fins in fish; wings, legs in birds; ribs in the snake; muscular foot in the snail are useful in locomotion.

→ Bones: Bone is the hard tissue that provides a base to the body and forms the skeleton.

→ Muscles: Muscles are soft tissue that provides the shape of the body and helps in motion.

→ ligament: A ligament is the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other hones.

→ Tendon: Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

→ Cartilage: Flexible smooth hone present in the tip of nose and ear.

→ Clavicle: It is also known as collar bone, it is a long bone between the neck and the shoulder blade.

→ Pelvic GIrdle: Circular structure of the bone present at the waist where the leg bones are joined.

→ Ball and socket joint: The rounded end of one bone fits into the hollow end of the other hone. Such a joint allows movement in all directions. This joint is known as the ball and socket joint.

→ Hinge joint: Like the hinge of a door, the joint which helps the hones to move in one direction is called a hinge joint.

→ Sliding joint: The joint where the bones slide over eaçh other is called the sliding joint.

→ Pivot joint: The joint that joins the skull to the backbone is called the pivot or neck joint.

→ LocomotIon: It is the displacement of the entire body from one place to another place.

→ Movement: It is a temporary or permanent displacement of a body or its parts from its original position.

→ Back Bone: A long structure running down the middle of his back is called the backbone.

→ Vertebrae: hie small bones that make up this backbone are called vertebrae.

→ Spinal Card: Spinal cord passes is a nerve part that travels through the vertebrae of the backbone.

→ Joints: The point where two bones meet is called a joint.

→ Fixed Joints: The joints between the skull bones are fused. They are also called fixed joints.

→ Ribs: Bones that are located in the chest area.

→ Rib case: Ribs are bent which joins the chest hone and the backbone together to form a box. This is called the rib cage.

→ Joint: The point where two bones meet is called a joint.

→ There are more than 650 muscles in our body. The biggest muscle is Gluteus-Maxiirnis and the smallest muscle is Stapedius. Interestingly the muscle of the heart works Without rest. The human heart forces 4500 ccs of blood per minute through blood vessels.

→ There are 206 bones present in our body. These bones are so hard due to the presence of calcium and phosphorus. The biggest bone is the femur and the smallest bone is the stapes.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 8 How Fabrics are Made to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 8 How Fabrics are Made

→ The tiny strands like structures are called fibers.

→ The fibers are converted into yarn. Yarn is woven to make a fabric.

→ The fibers derived from plants and animals are called natural fibers. Ex: Cotton, Wool, Jute, Silk.

→ The fibers derived from chemicals are called artificial fibers. Ex: – Polyster, Terlin, Nylon, Rayon.

→ The process of removing seeds from the cotton ball is called Ginning.

→ Making yarn from the fiber is call spinning.

→ Making fabric from yarn is weaving.

→ The weaving is done on specialized equipment “Loom”

→ In looms, there are two types, the Handloom and the Powerloom.

→ The coarse fabric can be used for making gunny bags but not for making clothes.

→ If we burn artificial fiber it gives a pungent smell.

→ The artificial fiber polyester is derived from petroleum.

→ Polythene bags takes much time to decompose in the soil.

→ We use fabric as a Shield to protect ourselves from different weather conditions.

→ Cloths can also be a symbol of beauty and status.

→ Jute fiber is obtaining from the stem of the Jute plant. ,

→ Calico is a type of fabric using bookbinding and making banners.

→ In ancient days human beings used leaves and skins of animals as clothes. Clothes were also made from metal.

→ West Bengal alone accounts for over 50% of raw Jute production.

→ 80% of women constitute work in the Coir industry.

→ Brown Coir is used in brushes, doormats, mattresses, and for making sacks.

→ To protect our environment, we should use cloth bags instead of polythene bags.

→ Fibers: A thread-like structure formed from plant or artificial material

→ Fabrics: A type of cloth

→ Coarse fabric: Rough fabric

→ Natural fibers: The fibers derived from plants or animals

→ Artificial fibers: The fibers made of chemicals

→ Ginning: Separation of seeds from a cotton boll

→ SpInning: Making yarn from fiber

→ Yarn: Thethreadsinfahricareyarn

→ Weaving: Yarn arranging together to make fiber

→ Handloom: A cloth made by hand.

→ Powerloom: A loom powered by water, steam, or electricity rather than by hand

→ Loom: An equipment that weaves the threads into cloth

→ Soak: Keeping material in water for few days

→ Coir: Fibers deriving from coconut fruits

→ Strand: A thin thread of something 1m mense to put something or someone for completely underwater or surface of the water

→ Enrich: To improve the quality of something by adding something else

→ Calico: A type of cloth using in bookbinding

→ Combing: Arrangíng the fibers In lengthwise,

→ Dying: Addingcolourtofibres

→ Armor: The metal jacket using by kings and the army.

→ The material used for making school bags is also a kind of fabric. Fabrics are not only used for making clothes; they are also used in making banners, flags, shoes, curtains, bookbinding, etc. Calico is a type of fabric used in bookbinding.

→ Human beings in ancient times used leaves and skins of animals as clothes. Clothes were also made from metal. Warriors used to wear metal jackets during wars. You can see clothes like these in historical museums or in television shows.

→ In some parts of our state, cotton is widely grown. To pick up matured cotton boils from cotton plants, children work in fields as child labor. Some voluntary organizations along with the government are working to eradicate child labor. Think, why children are forced into labor? Give your own solutions to this problem.

→ In India, the jute crop is majorly grown in 7 states -West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Tripura, and Meghalaya. West Bengal alone accounts for over 50% of raw jute production.

→ We all use polythene bags for different purposes. Polythene is very difficult to decompose. To protect our environment, we should use cloth bags instead of polythene bags.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 7 Emergence of Kingdoms and Republics to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 7 Emergence of Kingdoms and Republics

→ The rivers Ganga and Yamuna flow between the Himalayas and the hills of the Deccan plateau. It is called the Gangetic valley. As this plain receives very high rainfall, it is very fertile. These rivers bring silt from the Himalayas and flow throughout the year. So different tribes settled down to practice agriculture in this valley. These tribes were called ‘Jana in Sanskrit and the place where they settled was called Manapada’.

→ They cleared the forests with the help of iron tools and tilled the land to grow paddy and other crops. Widespread use of iron in the Gangetic plain created conditions for the formation of larger territorial units. Large groups of such villages and towns were called ‘Mahajanapadas’ or ‘big Janapadas’. Most of the Mahajanapadas had a capital city and many of those were fortified.

→ Some important archaeological sites at the time of Mahajanapadas are Hastinapura (Modern Delhi), Atranjikhera, Kausambi (Near Allahabad), Pataliputra.

→ Agriculture was managed by landowners called Grihapatis or Gahapatis, who usually worked along with their family members on the fields. They also employed ‘Dasas’ or slaves and workers ‘Haruka’s or who worked on their fields and homes in return for wages. The use of iron plowshare and plantation of paddy saplings improved agricultural productivity.

→ The largest landowner became the headman of the village. He was the leader of the village. He is everything for the village. In most of the villages, there were craft persons. Probably the Grihapatis gave them grains in return for their products. Agrarian surplus and increase in craft products resulted in the emergence of trading and exchange centers.

→ Most of the Mahajanapadas were ruled by kings. The kings commanded and led their armies in battle. They took a personal interest in the welfare of; their people. Yagnas and animal sacrifices became very important during the period. The kings collected taxes from the people. The Grihapatis had to divide their crops into six equal parts and give one part to the king. That was called Bhaga. During that period, the use of coins had just begun. Some of the taxes were probably in the form of coins.

→ The term ‘Gana means ‘people of equal status. ‘Sangha’ means ‘assembly’. The Gana -sanghas covered a small geographical area ruled by an elite group. A ‘kingdom5 means

→ a territory ruled by a king or queen. In a kingdom (monarchy), a family, which rules for a long period becomes a dynasty.

→ One of such Mahajanapadas is Maghada. It spread on both sides of the River Ganga.

→ The river made the land very fertile. The river was also used for transporting goods and armies. In the southern parts of Magadha, there were iron ore deposits that could be used for making weapons, etc. All this enabled Magadha to emerge as a very powerful kingdom. Bimbisara and his son Ajatasatru were early kings who built Magadha.

→ Vajji Mahajanapada was to the North of Magadha and it had a Gana form of government. Gana was, ruled by a group of rulers instead of a single ruler. Buddha and Mahavira belonged to Ganas and became famous teachers respected in all Mahajanapadas. All the Ganas were conquered by the Gupta Kings,

→ Jainism which is codified by Mahavira and Buddhism founded by Siddhartha was not satisfied with the Vedic rituals of that period and questioned the authority of the Vedas. There were other religions like Lokayata and Ajivaka that questioned the supremacy of Vedas.

→ Archaeology: This is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material cultures.

→ Gana: This is used for a group that has many members.

→ Sangha: means organization or association.

→ DlghanLkaya: This is a Buddhist scripture, the first of the five Nikaya in the Sutta Pitaka.

→ MaJhImanIkaya: is a Buddhist scripture, the second of the five Nikayas, in the Sutta Pitaka

→ Upanishads: are the philosophical texts called ‘Vedanta’

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 11 Shadows – Images to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 11 Shadows – Images

→ We need light to see objects.

→ A substance that gives light is known as a source of light.

→ Shadows are formed when opaque objects obstruct the path of light.

→ In addition to light and object, we also need a screen to obtain the shadow of an opaque object.

→ The color of objects cannot be determined by looking at their shadows.

→ Light travels in a straight line.

→ Light gets reflected when it falls on any object.

→ People came to an understanding that light travels in a straight line by observing the shapes of shadows.

→ An image is different from a shadow.

→ Light: Light is an energy source that responsible for sight.

→ Sources of light: A substance that gives light is known as a light source.

→ Shadow: A shadow is a dark area where light from a light source is blocked by an opaque object.

→ Transparent substances: The substances like glass and ajr allow light to pass through them and hence we don’t get their shadows. Such substances are called transparent.

→ Translucent substances: The substances such as polyethylene cover and oily paper partially allows the light to pass through them. Their shadows are unclear. These are called translucent.

→ Opaque substances: The substances that don’t allow light to pass through them are called opaque substances.

→ Pinhole camera: A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens hut with a tiny aperture.

→ Image: An optical appearìnce produced by light from an object reflected in a mirror or refracted through a lens.

→ Reflection: The return of light or sound waves from a surface.


→ Shadow puppetry is one of our traditional recreational activities. In this. some puppets arc used to form shadows on a screen and a story is narrated with the help of these shadows. Observe

Figure Try to make puppets and do a shadow puppet show in your school.

Students can go through AP Board 7th Class Social Notes 12th Lesson Markets Around Us to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP Board 7th Class Social Notes 12th Lesson Markets Around Us

→ Markets have played a key role in India since ancient times.

→ A market is a place where buyers (People who buy something) and sellers (People who sell something) interact with each other.

→ Depending upon how they work, broadly markets can be classified into two types. They are 1) Physical Markets, 2) E-Markets.

→ Physical Markets : Physical market is a place where buyers can physically meet the sellers and purchase the desired items from them.

→ Shopping malls, departmental stores, retail stores are some examples for physical markets.

→ Local Makets: A market where the buyers and sellers are limited to the local area where hey are produced. They usually sell goods of daily use. Eg: Vegetables, fruits etc.

→ Regional Markets : These markets cover a wider area than local markets depending upon the availability of the goods in a particular region or even a group of states.

→ National Markets : This is a market in which the trade for goods and services take place in all parts of the country. For example, selling of fish all over the country transported from coastal region.

→ International Markets: Trading of goods and services among different countries is known as international market.

→ For example, export of crude oil from Gulf counries to all other nation of the world.

→ Neighbourhood Markets: Most shops are located next to our house or at the end of the street. These are called neighbourhood shops.

→ Mode of Payments: Money can be paid in two ways, 1. Physical payments, 2. Digital or Electronic payments.

→ Physical Payments : These kind of payments are carried in the form of Cash, Check or Drafts.

→ Digital or Electronic Payments : These kind of payments are carried through a debit card, a credit card, U.P.I, with Q.R codes, mobile wallets or Internet Banking.

→ Weekly Market (Santha) : Weekly markets are traditional markets. Generally, these markets are found in the rural areas.

→ Shopping Malls : Malls include Restaurants, Banks, Multiplexes and Service stations etc.

→ Shopping Complex : There are shops selling almost all kinds of goods on the same premises in different parts of towns and cities.

→ We can place orders through our mobile phone or a computer device with internet and can buy a variety of things which we like without stepping out from our home. This kind of market is known as e-commerce or online market.

→ Consumers buy goods from shopkeepers.

→ A consumer is a person who buys goods or services for his personal use.

→ Protecting consumer rights is a very important aspect of the market.

→ On 9th August 2019, Consumer Protection Act was approved.

→ It defines any person who buys any goods, whether through offline or online transactions, electronic means, teleshopping, direct selling or multi level marketing.

→ All consumers should aware of Consumer Rights.

→ Markets play a key role in human development.

→ Different Types of Markets
Physical Markets : Physical market is a set up where buyers can physically meet the sellers and purchase the desired merchandise from them in exchange of money.

E-Markets : Online platform that connect buyers and sellers through internet.

→ Chain of Markets : Is a series of markets that are connected like links in a chain because products pass from one market to another.

→ Consumer Rights : The right to have information about the quality, potency, quantity, purity, price and standard of goods or services, as it may be the case, but the consumer is to be protected against any unfair practices of trade.

→ Producer : A person, a company or a country that grows or makes food, goods or materials.

→ Buyer : A person whose job is to choose goods that will be sold in a large shop.

→ Trader : A person who boys and sells.

→ Wholesaler : A person or company that sells goods in large quantities to other companies or people.

→ Retailer : A person or business that sells goods to the public.

→ Consumer : A person who buys goods or uses services.

→ Credit : An arrangement that you make, with a shop, to pay later for.

→ Occupation : A job or profession.

→ Firm : A business or company.

→ Fora : Courts or tribunals that listen to the complaints of the public, and suggest actions to be taken.

→ Unscrupulous : Unethical or immoral.

→ Groceries : Food and other goods sold by a grocer or a supermarket.