AP Board

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 10th Lesson Prices and Cost of Living Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 10th Lesson Prices and Cost of Living

9th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Prices and Cost of Living Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Why is there a need to regulate prices?
Answer:

• Trades main aim is to earn profit, raise prices of many goods and particularly essential items by illegal ways.
• If there is no increase in wage for workers who are also consumers in the market, they cannot buy the goods.
• When these goods happen to be essentials such as wheat, rice, milk etc., this creates problem for the people.
• This necessitates the need for regulation of traders to regulate prices.

Question 2.
How are prices fixed by a seller/producer?
Answer:

• The traditional economic theories of pricing were based on the demand and the supply.
• In general the prices are fixed on the basis of full average cost of production per unit plus a margin of normal profit or some satisfactory margin of profit.
• Producer sells the goods to the seller.
• Seller in turn adds his profits and fixes the prices.

Question 3.
Differentiate the cost of living from the standard of living.
Answer:

Question 4.
Who is affected the most by increase in cost of living? Why?
Answer:

• People with fixed incomes, such as pensioners, daily wage earners, manual workers, small vendors, workers in small enterprises and in private low income jobs etc., are badly affected by increase in cost of living.
• These people’s income does not increase when there is inflation.

Question 5.
Which groups can get higher incomes whenever there is inflation?
Answer:
Not everyone is affected by rising prices. For some groups this rise in price levels is compensated. They are –

1. People working in central and state government offices and in some organizations get an additional payment called “Dearness Allowance” whenever prices rise. Therefore their income increases, along with inflation.
2. People doing business activities recover the higher cost of living by increasing the prices of goods they sell.
3. People providing services such as lawyers, doctors etc., increase their fees when prices increase.
4. Extremely rich people and those working in corporate sector are less affected by rising prices.

Question 6.
How is Wholesale Price Index different from Consumer Price Indices?
Answer:
Change in price is measured with the help of a statistical device referred to as “Price Index”. Price Index is of two types. They are –

1. Consumer Price Index
2. Wholesale Price Index

Question 7.
How is food inflation different from Consumer Price Indices?
Answer:

• CPI measures only changes in prices of a few selected consumer goods at a retail price.
• Different CPIs are published by the government.
• Whereas FPI (Food Price Index) is used to estimate rise in prices of food items called food inflation.
• The FPI consists wholesale price of food materials such as rice, wheat, pulses, vegetables, sugar, milk, eggs, meat, fish, and manufactured food materials such as edible oils.

Question 8.
What are the uses of the CPI?
Answer:
The CPIs are used to calculate the DA to be paid for government employees, to revise legal wage rates as part of Indian government laws and also to estimate the number of poor in India.

Question 9.
List of five problems with measuring CPI.
(OR)
Write any five issues that are considered while measuring CPI.
Answer:

• There are thousands of goods and services in the economy.
• Only selected consumer goods and changes in these goods are taken by the government to calculate CPI.
• Both quality and quantity of goods consumed keeps varying from time to time.
• Difficult to calculate CPI as the price levels vary from state to state.
• Even food habits keep varying among people.

Question 10.
How is Administrative Price Mechanism (APM) different from Minimum Support Price (MSP)?
Answer:

Question 11.
Read sixth paragraph under the heading ‘Role of Government in Regulating Prices’ and answer the question.

How does the APM affect the government revenue? Discuss.
Answer:

• Goods like Kerosene, Diesel, LPG, CNG and piped Natural Gas are subsidised by the government. .
• Under subsidised scheme the government purchases the goods at high prices and sells them at low prices.
• The loss is the subsidy and the. government bears the loss.
• Government is now 3% of its expenditure on subsidies.

Question 12.
Take any five goods or services used by your family and construct a Consumer Price Index for your family based on these five goods/services.

Answer:

Question 13.
Write True or False against the statement given below.
1) Inflation increases the standard of living of the people. [ ]
2) Value of money is shown by changes in its purchasing power. [ ]
3) Change in cost of living does not affect the standard of living of pensioners [ ]
4) Central Government workers are compensated for inflation by rise in DA. [ ]
5) WPI measures changes in the price level of only consumer goods. [ ]
Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. False

Question 14.
The following table shows the wholesale Price Indices of Industrial Goods. Prepare a line diagram answer the questions that follow.

Answer:

1.Which commodity’s price rose steeply over the years?
Answer:
Cement prices rose steeply.

2. What could be the reasons for a slow rise in the price of cotton cloth and fertilizers?
Answer:

• Demand of cotton is stable and price level are also stable.
• Government gives subsidies to the fertilizers. Hence prices are slowly increasing.

Question 15.
Write a letter to your Tehsildar on proper maintenance of Public Distribution System by indicating your suggestions.
Answer:

9th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Prices and Cost of Living InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Price of Cotton and Rice (per quintal) during 2005-2011

(i) Calculate the index numbers of rice and cotton by assuming 2005-06 as the base year.
(ii) Draw a line diagram showing index number of rice and cotton. Keep the years in x-axis and index numbers on the y-axis. Discuss how the line goes up over the years. (Text Book Page No. 123)
Answer:
(i) Index numbers of rice
The value: of the index = 100; Original index value is = 600; In 2005-06 = \(\frac{600}{600}\) × 100 = 100%

ii)

There is a slight increase in rice from 2005-06 to 2006-07 and from here there is huge increase up to 2010-2011. Incase of cotton, from 2005-06 to 2006-08 there is a slight increase and from 2007-08 to 2008-09 there is a huge increase and from 2008-09 to 2010-11 the price is constant.

Question 2.
Tomorrow is Teacher’s Day. Your class students give you Rs.200 and send you to the market to buy some sweets and biscuits to celebrate this day with your teachers. When you go to the shop, you find that the price of a sweet packet is Rs. 60, and a biscuit packet is Rs. 20. If you buy 2 sweets packets, how many biscuit packets can you buy ? How much should you pay ? (Text Book Page No. 121)
Answer:
If we buy 2 sweet packets:
The cost of two sweet packets = 2 × 60 = 120
Remaining Amount = 200 – 120 = 80
No. of Biscuit packets we can buy = \(\frac{80}{20}\) = 4
Total Amount we paid = 200

Question 3.
Why did you buy such few packets? (Text Book Page No. 121)
Answer:
Prices of the goods have gone up and for the same amount of money i.e., Rs. 200/- we can buy lesser amounts of these commodities.

Question 4.
Suppose your classmates asked you to buy 5 packets of both sweets and biscuits this year also. How much would you have to pay then? (Text Book Page No. 121)
Answer:
For 5 packets sweets (5 × 60) = Rs. 300
For 5 packets biscuits (5 × 20) = Rs. 100
Total amount you pay = Rs. 400

Question 5.
How much more do you have to pay compared to last year? (Text Book Page No. 121)
Answer:
Total amount this year spent = Rs. 400
Total amount last year spent = Rs. 200
Excess amount paid = Rs. 200

Question 6.
Recent price increases : (Text Book Page No. 126)
During 2009-12, prices of many essential goods went up. You can see this from the following figures. Look at the figure carefully and answer the questions that follow.

1) If a family was buying rice for Rs. 20 a kg in 2005-06, how much would if have to pay in 2011?
2) In which years did the price of pulses increased considerably?
3) What is the percentage increase in the price of cotton?
4) Which commodity price has been more or less stable?
Answer:

1. Rs. 32 a kg
2. 2010 -11
3. Insufficient information
4. Edible oils

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 4 Acids, Bases and Salts Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions 4th Lesson Acids, Bases and Salts

10th Class Chemistry 4th Lesson Acids, Bases and Salts Textbook Questions and Answers

Review of Your Previous Knowledge

Question 1.
Which property do you think of while suggesting the remedy from a problem of acidity?
Answer:
Neutralization Property. Antacid tablets neutralise acidity.

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator showed pH as 4, 1, 11,7 and 9 respectively, which solution is : (AS1)
a) neutral
b) strongly alkaline
c) strongly acidic
d) weakly acidic
e) weakly alkaline
Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration.
Answer:
Solution – pH Value
A → 4
B → 1
C → 11
D → 7
E → 9
a) Solution ‘D’ is neutral
b) Solution ‘C’ is strongly alkaline
c) Solution ‘B’ is strongly acidic
d) Solution ‘A’ is weakly acidic
e) Solution ‘E1 is weakly alkaline
∴ Increasing order of Hydrogen ion concentration : C < E < D < A < B.

Question 2.
What is a neutralization reaction? Give two examples. (AS1)
Answer:
Neutralization reaction : When acid reacts with base, forms its salt and water. This reaction is called a neutralization reaction.
Examples :

Equation: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
ii) Acetic Acid + Sodium Hydroxide → Sodium Acetate + Water
Equation : CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O
Formula : Acid + Base > Salt + Water

Question 3.
What happens when an acid or base is mixed with water? (AS1)
Answer:
When an acid or base is mixed with water it changes into dilute acid or dilute base.
(OR)
Dilute acid or dilute base will be formed when an acid or base is mixed with water. Mixing an acid or base with water results in decrease in the concentration of ions (H30+/ OH-) per unit volume. Such a process is called dilution and the acid or base is said to be diluted.

Question 4.
Why does tooth decay start when the pH of mouth is lower than 5.5? (AS1)
(OR)
Does the pH change tooth decay? Explain.
Answer:

1. Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the body.
2.  It doesn’t dissolve in water but corroded when the pH in the mouth is below 5.5.
3. It happens due to the bacteria which produce acids by degradation of sugar and food particles remaining in the mouth.

Question 5.
Why does not distilled water conduct electricit? (AS2)
Answer:

1. Distilled water does not contain impurities.
2. It is also extremely weak electrolyte.
3. So it does not dissociate into ions.
4. It does not have charge carriers.
5. Because of that it does not conduct electricity.

Question 6.
Dry hydrogen chloride gas does not turn blue litmus to red whereas hydrochloric acid does. Why? (AS1)
Answer:
1. Dry hydrogen chloride gas is not an acid. Because it does not produce H⁺_(aq) ions. Hence it can’t turn blue litmus into red.
2. Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution. So it can produce H⁺_(aq) ions. Hence it can turn blue litmus into red.

Question 7.
Why pure acetic acid does not conduct electricity? (AS1)
Answer:
The reasons for pure acetic acid does not conduct electricity are :
i) Acetic acid is a weak acid.
ii) It gives fewer H₃O⁺ ions.

Question 8.
A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk. (AS2)
a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
Answer:
1. By adding a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk, the milkman keeps the milk unspoiled for little more time than usual time.
2. As the pH value increases the milk turns to slightly alkaline.

b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?
Answer:

1. Curd form from the milk by the action of Lactic acid produced by bacteria in the milk.
2. If milk man add Baking soda (NaHCO₃) to the milk it neutralise acid, which is produced by the bacteria.
3. Excess acid is required to change the milk as curd.
4.  It takes long time.

Question 9.
Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container. Explain why? (AS2)
Answer:
Storing of Plaster of Paris :

1. Plaster of Paris is a white powder.
2. It easily absorbs water in air and forms hard gypsum.
3. So, it should be stored in a moisture-proof container.

Question 10.
Fresh milk has a pH of 6. Explain why the pH changes as it turns into curd.
Answer:
1. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. Hence it is a weak acid.
2. To turn the milk as curd, we have to add yeast in the form of some curd. The fermentation takes place during this process and lactose changes in lactic acid and the pH decreases as milk sets as curd.

Question 11.
Compounds such as alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen but are not categorized as acids. Describe an activity to prove it. (AS3)
(OR) (Activity – 7)
Write an activity to show that the solutions of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character even though they are having Hydrogen.
(OR)
Write an activity which proves acids are good conductors of electricity.
(OR)
The acidity of acids is attributed to the H+ ions produced by them in solution explain the above statement with an activity.
List out the material for the experiment to investigate whether all compounds containing Hydrogen are acids or not and write the experimental procedure.
Answer:
List of the material required :

1. Glucose
2. Alcohol
3. Dil. HCl
4. Dil-H₂SO₄
5. Beaker
6. Connecting wires
7. 230 voltage AC supply
8. Bulb
9. Graphite rods.

Procedure :

1. Prepare glucose, alcohol, hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid solutions.
2. Connect two different coloured electrical wires to graphite rods separately as shown in figure.
3. Connect free ends of the wire to 230 volts AC plug.
4. Complete the circuit as shown in the figure by connecting a bulb to one of the wires.
5. Now pour some dilute HCl in the beaker and switch on the current.

Observation :
The bulb starts glowing.

Repetition:
Repeat activity with dilute sulphuric acid, glucose and alcohol solutions separately.

Observation :

1. We will notice that the bulb glows only in acid solutions.
2. But the bulb does not glow in glucose and alcohol solutions.

Result:

1. Glowing of bulb indicates that there is flow of electric current through the solution.
2. Acid solutions have ions and the movement of these ions in solution helps for flow of electric current through the solution.

Conclusion :

1. The positive ion (cation) present in HCl solution is H⁺.
2. This suggests that acids produce hydrogen ions H⁺ in solution, which are, responsible for their acidic properties.
3. In glucose and alcohol solution the bulb did not glow indicating the absence of H⁺ ions in these solutions.
4. The acidity of acids is attributed to the H⁺ ions produced by them in solutions.

Question 12.
What is meant by “water of crystallization” of a substance? Describe an activity to show the water of crystallisation. (Activity – 16) (AS3)
Answer:
Water of Crystallization : Water of crystallization is the fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt in its crystaline form.
Ex : CuSO₄ • 5H₂O.
It means that five water molecules are present in one formula unit of copper sulphate.

Activity to show the water of crystallization :

1. Take a few crystals of copper sulphate in a dry test tube and heat the test tube.
2. We observe water droplets on the walls of the test tube and salt turns white.
3. Add 2 – 3 drops of water on the sample of copper sulphate obtained after heating.
4. We observe, the blue colour of copper sulphate crystals is restored.

Reason :
1. In the above activity copper sulphate crystals which seem to be dry contain the water of crystallization, when these crystals are heated, water present in crystals is evaporated and the salt turns white.

2. When the crystals are moistened with water, the blue colour reappears.
Removing water of crystallization

Question 13.
Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B. Hydrochloric acid is added to test tube A, while acetic acid is added to test tube B. Amount and concentration of both the acids are same. In which test tube will the fizzing occur more vigorously and why? (AS4)
Answer:
1. The volatility of acetic acid (CH₃COOH) is more than that of hydrochloric acid.
2. But HCl solution has more strength than acetic acid.
3. Hence magnesium ribbon in test tube A will react more vigorously than in B.
4. So fizzing occurs more vigorously in test tube ‘A’.

Question 14.
Draw a neat diagram showing acid solution in water conducts electricity. (AS5)
(OR)
Draw a neat diagram which shows acids contains H⁺ ions.
(OR)
Draw a neat diagram showing how does dilute HCl solution conduct electricity.
Answer:

Question 15.
How do you prepare your own indicator using beetroot ? Explain. (AS5)
Aim : To prepare own indicator.
Materials required :
1) Beetroots-2 or 3
2) Knife
3) Bowls
4) Water
5) Spoon
6) Mixy
7) Orange juice

Procedure:
1) Take the beetroots and peel them with the help of a knife. (Firstly wash them).
2) Chop them into pieces.
3) Put those pieces into a mixy jar and make a paste.
4) Add some water to the paste. Now filter this and collect only juice from this.

Observation and Result:
1) Now add 5 to 6 drops of this juice, (beetroot juice (indicator)) to orange juice (5 to 6 drops) and mix it.
2) We can see the colour changes. This indicates the presence of acidic nature in orange juice.

Question 16.
How does the flow of acid rain into a river make the survival of aquatic life in a river difficult? (AS7)
(OR)
What are the harmful effects of acid rain?
Answer:
1) Acid rains are combination of carbonic acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid with rain water.
2) The pH of acid rain is less than 5.6.
3) Living organisms can survive only in a narrow range of pH change.
4) When acid rain with pH value less than 5.6, flows into rivers, it lowers the pH of river water.
5) Due to less pH, the river water becomes acidic and hence the aquatic life in such rivers becomes difficult.

Question 17.
What is baking powder? How does it make the cake soft and spongy? (AS7)
Answer:
1) Baking Powder:
Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda (NaHCO₃) and a mild edible acid such as tartaric acid. COOH (CHOH)₂ COOH

2) Chemical reaction :
When baking powder is heated or mixed in water, the following reaction takes place.
NaHCO₃ + H⁺ → CO₂ + H₂O + Sodium salt of acid.

3) Carbondioxide produced during the reaction causes bread or cake to rise making them soft and spongy.

Question 18.
Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda. (AS7)
(OR)
Write the chemical formulae for washing soda and Baking soda and give their uses.
(OR)
Write any four uses of washing soda.
Answer:
Uses of washing soda (Na₂CO₃.10H₂O) :
1) Washing soda (sodium carbonate) is used in glass, soap and paper industries.
2) It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax.
3) Sodium carbonate can be used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
4) It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.

Uses of baking soda (NaHCO₃ 10H₂O) :
1) Baking soda (Sodium hydrogen carbonate) is used for faster cooking.
2) Baking powder (a mixture of baking soda and a mild acid) is used in preparation of cakes.
3) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is also an ingredient in antacids.
4) It is also used in soda – acid, fire extinguishers.
5) It acts as a mild antiseptic.

Fill in the Blanks

1. i) ………………….. taste is a characteristic property of all acids in aqueous solution.
ii) Acids react with some metals to produce ………………….. gas.
iii) Because aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity, they are identified as …………………..
iv) Acids react with bases to produce a ………………….. and water.
v) Acids turn methyle orange into ………………….. colour.
Answer:
1. i) Sour
ii) hydrogen
iii) electrolytes or conductors
iv) salt
v) red

2. i) Bases tend to taste ………………….. and feel ………………….. .
ii) Like acids, aqueous basic solutions conduct ………………….., and are identified as ………………….. .
iii) Bases react with ………………….. to produce a salt and
iv) Bases turn phenophthalein into ………………….. colour.
Answer:
2. i) bitter, soapy (slippery) to touch
ii) electricity, electrolytes
iii) acids, water
iv) pink

Match the following :

Answer:
3. a – 4,
b – 5,
c – 1,
d – 2,
e – 3.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The colour of methyl orange indicator in acidic medium is
A) yellow
B) green
C) orange
D) red
Answer:
D) red

2. The colour of phenolphthalein indicator in basic solution is
A) yellow
B) green
C) pink
D) orange
Answer:
C) pink

3. Colour of methyl orange in alkali conditions
A) orange
B) yellow
C) red
D) blue
Answer:
B) yellow

4. A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be
A) 1
B) 4
C) 5
D) 10
(OR)
If a solution converts red litmus into blue colour, then its pH value is …………….. .
A) 1
B) 4
C) 5
D) 10
Answer:
D) 10

5. A solution reacts with crushed egg-shells to give a gas that turns lime-water milky, the solution contains …………….. .
A) NaCl
B) HCl
C) LiCl
D) KCl
Answer:
B) HCl

6. If a base dissolves in water, by what name is it better known?
A) neutralization
B) basic
C) acid
D) alkali
Answer:
D) alkali

7. Which of the following substances when mixed together will produce table salt?
A) Sodium thiosulphate and sulphur dioxide
B) Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
C) Chlorine and oxygen
D) Nitric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate
Answer:
B) Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide

8. What colour would hydrochloric acid (pH = 1) turn universal indicator?
A) Orange
B) Purple
C) Yellow
D) Red
Answer:
D) Red

9. Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating indigestion?
A) antibiotic
B) analgesic
C) antacid
D) antiseptic
Answer:
C) antacid

10. What gas is produced when magnesium is made to react with hydrochloric acid?
A) hydrogen
B) oxygen
C) carbon dioxide
D) no gas is produced
Answer:
A) hydrogen

11. Which of the following is the most accurate way of showing neutralization?
A) Acid + base → acid-base solution
B) Acid + base → salt + water
C) Acid + base → sodium chloride + hydrogen
D) Acid + base → neutral solution
Answer:
B) Acid + base → salt + water

10th Class Chemistry 1st Lesson Acids, Bases and Salts InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 25

Question 1.
Is the substance present in antacid tablet acidic or basic?
A. The substance present in antacid tablet is basic.

Question 2.
What type of reaction takes place in stomach when an antacid tablet is consumed?
mrearx
A. Neutralization reaction takes place in stomach when an antacid tablet is consumed.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 26

Question 3.
You are provided with three test tubes containing distilled water, an acid and a base solution respectively. If you are given only blue litmus paper, how do you identify the contents of each test tube?
Answer:
I know that acid turns blue litmus to red. With the help of this test I can find the acid. Distilled water and base don’t do so. Thus I identify each.

Question 4.
Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? How will you test for the presence of this gas?
Answer:
Usually acids generate hydrogen gas on reacting with metals.

Test: When a burning splinder is brought near to the collected gas (H₂), it puts off with a pop sound.
This test proves that the gas is H₂.

Question 5.
A compound of a calcium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle ; turns lime water milky. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride.
Answer:
Equation is : CaCO₃ + 2 HCl → CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 30

Question 6.
Why do HCl, HNO₂ etc. show acidic characters in aqueous solutions while solutions of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?
Answer:
HCl, HNO₃, etc. show acidic characters in aqueous solutions as they liberate H⁺ ions. But alcohol and glucose don’t liberate H⁺ ions. So, they do not show acidic character.

Question 7.
While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the acid?
Answer:
1) If water is added to a concentrated acid, the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out and cause burns.
2) The glass container may also break due to excessive local heating.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 33

Question 8.
What will happen if the pH value of chemicals in our body increases?
Answer:
When pH value of chemicals in our body increases then the body will effect by some problems. They are
1) Digestion problems raise in the stomach.
2) pH changes as the cause of tooth decay.

Question 9.
Why do living organism have narrow pH range?
Answer:
Because increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences such as depressing metabolic rate and immune response in some organisms and causing coral bleaching

10th Class Chemistry 4th Lesson Acids, Bases and Salts Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Observe the change in colour in each case and tabulate the results in the table.
Answer:
Procedure:
1) Collect the following samples from the science laboratory ;
i) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
ii)Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄)
iii) Nitric acid (HNO₃)
iv) Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)
v) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
vi) Calcium hydroxide[Ca(OH)₂]
vii) Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)₂]
viii) Ammonium hydroxide(NH₄OH)
ix) Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
2) Prepare dilute solutions of the respective substances.
3) Take four watch glasses.
4) Put one drop of the first solution in each one of them and test the solution as follows.
i) Dip the blue litmus paper in the first watch glass.
ii) Dip the red litmus paper in the second watch glass.
iii) Add a drop of methyl orange to the third watch glass.
iv) Add a drop of phenolphthalein to the fourth watch glass.

Observation :
Observe the respective colour changes and note down in the chart below.

1. What do you conclude from the observations noted in the above table? (AS1)
Answer:
Conclusion : Acids turn blue litmus to red and bases turn red litmus to blue. Acids turn phenolphthalein to colourless and bases turn pink. Acids turn methyl orange to red and bases turn methyl orange to yellow.

2. Identify the above sample as acidic or basic solution. (AS4)
Answer:
Acids : HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃, CH₃COOH.
Bases : NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)₂, NH₄OH, Ca(OH)₂.

Activity -2

Question 2.
What are Olfactory indicators? Write an activity to prove them.
(OR)
What is the name given to a substance which identifies an acid or base by virtue of smell? Write an activity to prove the fact with an example.
Answer:
Olfactory Indicators : There are some substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media. These are called olfactory indicators.
Activity :
Aim : To check the olfactory indicator.
Required materials :
1) Onions
2) Knife
3) Plastic bag
4) Clean clothes.

Procedure :
1) Take some onions and finely chop them.
2) Put the chopped onions in a plastic bag along with some clean cloth.
3) Tie up the bag tightly and keep it overnight in the fridge.
4) Then remove onions from fridge and add some base. We observe it loses its smell. Observation : Check the odour of the cloth strips.

Result: It is used as the basic indicator.

LAB ACTIVITY Reaction of Acids with metals

Question 3.
Write an experiment showing the reaction of acids with metals. (AS3)
(OR)
Ramu added acid to active metal then what is the gas which has been liberated. What are the apparatus required to prove the experiment. Write the experimental acitivity.
(OR)
Write the required material and experimental procedure for the experiment, “Hydrochloric acid reacts with ‘Zn’ pieces and liberates H₂“.
Answer:
Aim : To show the reaction of acids with metals.

Required Materials :

1. Test tube
2. Delivery tube
3. Glass trough
4. Candle,
5. Soap water
6. Dil. HCl
7. Zinc granules
8. One holed rubber stopper
9. Retard stand

Experimental procedure :

1. Take some zinc granules in a test tube and arrange the test tube to the retart stand.
2. Fix a delivery tube to the rubber stopper and immerse the second end of the delivery tube into the soap water.
3. Add about 10 m/ of dilute hydrochloric acid to Zn granules and fix rubber stopper to the test tube.
4. Evolved gas forms bubbles in soap water.
5. Bring a lightened candle near to the gas bubbles. We can observe the burning of gas bubble with pop sound.

Result: We can conform that the evolved gas is hydrogen.
Chemical reaction:
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
2Hcl_(aq) + Zn_(s) → Zncl_2(aq) + H_2(g)

Additional Experiment :

• Repeat the above experiment with H₂SO₄ and HNO₃.
• We observe the same observation of the HCL experiment.

Conclusion : From the above activities we can conclude that when acid reacts with metal, H₂ gas is evolved.

Activity – 3 Reaction of Bases with metals

Question 4.
Write an activity to show the reaction of bases with metals.
(OR)
Write an activity which proves certain bases produce hydrogen gas when they react with metals.
Answer:
Aim : To show the reaction of bases with metals.

Required Materials :

1. Test tube,
2. Delivery tube
3. Glass trough
4. Candle
5. Soap water
6. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Solution
7. Zinc granules
8. One holed rubber stopper

Procedure :

1. Set the apparatus as shown in figure.
2. Take about 10 ml of dilute Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution in a test tube.
3. Add a few granules of zinc metal to it.
4. We will observe formation of gas bubbles on the surface of granules.
5. The gas will pass through delivery tube evolved from soap solution as bubbles.
6. Bring burning candle near the gas filled bubble.
7. The gas in the bubble puts off the candle with pop sound.

Result: The evolved gas is hydrogen.

Chemical reaction :
Base + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen

Note : It is better to use cone. NaOH solution for this reaction.

Activity – 4 Reaction of carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates with Acids

Question 5.
Write an activity to show that all metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates react with acids to give a corresponding salt. (AS3)
Answer:
Aim : To show that all metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates react with acids to give a corresponding salt.

Required Materials :

1. Two test tubes
2. Sodium Carbonate (Na₂CO₃)
3. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (NaHCO₃)
4. Two holed rubber stopper
5. Thistle funnel
6. Stand
7. Dilute hydrochloric acid
8. Delivery tube
9. Calcium Carbonate (in a test tube)

Procedure :

1. Take a test tube A with 0.5 gm of sodium carbonate.
2. Close the test tube A with two holed rubber cork.
3. Insert a thistle funnel through one hole and insert a delivery tube through the other hole.
4. Pour 2 ml of dilute HC/ to the test tube A.
5. Do the same as above with test tube B with sodium hydrogen carbonate.

Observation :
Carbon dioxide is released from test tube A and B. Passing CO₂ gas through Ca(OH)₂ solution

Chemical Reaction :
Na₂CO_3(s) + 2 HCl_(aq) → 2 NaCl_(aq) + CO_2(g) + H₂O_(l)
Metal Carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water

NaHCO_3(s) + HCl_(aq) → NaCl_(aq) + CO_2(g) + H₂O_(l)
Metal Hydrogen Carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water

Result : All metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates react with acids to give a corresponding salt.

Activity – 5 Neutralization reaction

Question 6.
Write an activity to find the change of colour in the reaction of an acid with a base (Neutralization) reaction. (AS3)
(OR)
Explain neutralization reaction with an activity.
Answer:
Aim : To test the change of colour in the reaction of an acid with a base.

Required Materials :

1. 2 ml of dilute NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) solution.
2. Phenolphthalein indicator solution.
3. dilute HCl (Hydrochloric) solution.

Procedure :

1. Take about 2 ml of dilute NaOH solution in a test tube.
2. Add two drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution.

Observation (i) :

1. It turns to red or pink colour.
2. It shows that NaOH is a base.

Experiment (1) : Add dilute HCl solution to the above solution drop by drop.
Observation (ii) : Pink colour disappears due to the reaction of NaOH (base) with HCl (acid).

Experiment (2) : Now add one or two drops of NaOH to the above mixture.
Observation (iii) : Pink colour reappears on adding NaOH.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O
base + acid → salt + water
Result: This reaction is called a neutralization reaction.

Activity – 6 Reaction of metallic oxides with acids

Question 7.
Write an activity to show that metal oxide reacts with acid is a neutralization. (AS3)
(OR)
How can you prove metallic acids are basic in nature?
Answer:
1) Take a small amount of copper oxide (CuO) in a beaker.
2) Add dilute HCl slowly while stirring.
3) Copper oxide dissolves in dilute HCl and the solution becomes blueish green colour due to the formation of copper (II) chloride.

Equation : Metal oxide + Acid → Salt + Water
Result: This reaction is same as the reaction of base with acid, (neutralization)

Question 8.
Write an activity to show that non-metallic oxide reacts with base is a neutralization.
Answer:
1) Take a small amount of calcium hydroxide (base).
2) Add CO₂ into it.
3) Salt and water are produced.
Equation : Non-metallic oxide + Base → Salt + Water
Result: It is a neutralization reaction.

Question 9.
Repeat the activity – 7 using alkalis such as sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide solutions, etc. instead of acid solutions.
i) Does the bulb glow?
Answer:
Yes, the bulb will glow.

ii) What do you conclude from the results of this activity?
Answer:
Basic solutions are also good conductors of electricity due to released OH^– ions.

iii) What happens to an acid or a base in aqueous solution?
Answer:
Acids produce H⁺ ions and bases produce OH^– ions in aqueous solutions.

iv) Do acids produce ions only in aqueous solution?
Answer:
Yes.

Activity – 8

Question 10.
Do acids produce ions only in aqueous solution? Prove it. (AS3)
(OR)
Acids produce ions only in aqueous solution. Justify your answer with an activity.
Answer:
Procedure :

1. Take about 1.0 g of solid NaCl in a clean and dry test tube.
2. Add some concentrated sulphuric acid to the test tube. .

Observation :

1. A gas comes out of the delivery tube.
2. If we test the gas with dry and wet blue litmus paper, there is no change in colour.

Chemical equation : 2 NaCl_(s) + H₂SO_4(l) > 2 HCl + Na₂SO_4(s)

Conclusion :

1. We can conclude that dry HCl gas (hydrogen chloride) is not an acid.
2. Because we have noticed that there is no change in colour of dry litmus paper.
3. But HCl aqueous solution is an acid because wet blue litmus paper turned into red.

Activity – 9 Reaction of water with acids or bases

Question 11.
Write an activity to show that dissolving of an acid in water is an exothermic process (or) endothermic process. (AS3)
(OR)
What do you observe when water is mixed with acid or base?
Answer:
Experiment :

1. Take 10 ml water in a beaker.
2. Add a few drops of concentrated H₂SO₄ to it and swirl the beaker slowly.
3. Touch the base of the beaker.
4. The base is hot.
5. Do this experiment with other concentrated acids like HCl, HNO₃ Result: This is an exothermic process called dilution.

Activity -10 Strength of acid or base

Question 12.
Write an activity to know whether the acid is strong or weak. (AS3)
Answer:

1. Take dilute HCl in a beaker.
2. Close it with a cardboard and introduce two different colour electrical wires through the holes made on it.
3. Connect a bulb and make the connection as shown in the figure.
4. Do the same replacing dilute HCl with dilute CH₃COOH (acetic acid).

Observation :
The bulb glows brightly in HCl solution, while the bulb’s intensity is low in acetic acid solution.

Result:
More ions are present in HCl solution which is a strong acid than in CH₃COOH solution which is a weak acid.

Activity – 11

Question 13.
Test the pH value of solution given in table. Record your observations. What is the nature of each substance on the basis of your observations?
Answer:

Activity – 12

Question 14.
Write an activity to check the colour change in dilute HCl and antacid solution in addition of methyl orange. (AS3)
Answer:
Procedure :

1. Take dilute HCl in a beaker.
2. Add two to three drops of methyl orange indicator to it.
3. The solution colour turns to red.
4. Now take the same solution and mix antacid tablet powder.

Observation :
Check the colour change.

Result:
The colour of the solution turns to light yellow.

Chemical equation:
2 HCl + Mg(OH)₂ → MgCl₂ + 2H₂O

Activity – 13

Question 15.
How can we test the pH value of the soil? (AS3)
Answer:

1. Take about 2g of soil in a test tube.
2. Add 5 ml water to it.
3. Shake it well.
4. Filter the content.
5. Collect the filtrate in a test tube.
6. Add 2 drops of universal solution to it.
7. Observe the colour.
8. Compare the colour with strip colour on the bottle and find the pH value.
9. In this way we can test the pH of the soil.

Activity – 14

Question 16.
Write the formulae of the following salts and classify them as families based on radicals.
Potassium Sulphate, Sodium Sulphate, Calcium Sulphate, Magnesium Sulphate, Copper Sulphate, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Nitrate, Sodium Carbonate and Ammonium Chloride. (AS4)
Answer:

Sodium family : Na₂SO₄, NaCl, NaNO₃, Na₂CO₃, etc.
Family of chloride salts : NaCl, NH₄Cl, etc.
Family of sulphate salts : K₂SO₄, Na₂SO₄, CaSO₄, MgSO₄, CuSO₄, etc.
Family of carbonate salts : Na₂CO₃ MgCO₃ CaCO₃, etc.

Question 17.
Identify the acids and bases from which they are obtained. (AS4)
Answer:

Activity – 15 pH of Salts

Question 18.
Collect the salt samples like sodium chloride, aluminium chloride, copper sulphate, sodium acetate, ammonium chloride, sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium carbonate. Dissolve them in distilled water. Check the action of these solutions with litmus papers. Find the pH using pH paper (universal indicator. Classify them into acidic, basic or neutral salts. Identify the acid and base used to form the above salts. Record your observations in table. (AS4)
Answer:

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 9th Lesson Credit in the Financial System Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 9th Lesson Credit in the Financial System

9th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Credit in the Financial System Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Most of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources. The dependence of richer households on informal credit is less. Do you agree? Use the data given in page 114 to support your answer.
Answer”

• Yes. Most of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources. And the dependence of richer households on informal credit is less. The following statistical data proves that.
• As per All-India Debt and Investment Survey 2003,
  a) 85% of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources.
  b) Whereas only 10% of the rich households loans are from informal source.

Question 2.
How are the high interest rates on loans harmful?
Answer:

• Getting loans at high interest rates means a larger part of the earning of the borrowers is used to repay the loans.
• So the borrowers will have less income left for themselves.
• In certain cases, the high interest rate of borrowing can mean that the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower.
• The debt will be increasing day by day.
• High interest rates and increasing debt sometimes make the farmers depressed and in some cases force them to commit suicides.

Question 3.
What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.
Answer:

• The idea behind selfhelp groups is to organize rural poor, especially women into small groups and pool their savings.
• To help the poor households to get loans at cheaper rates and without difficulty.
• To create self-employment opportunities for the members e.g.: For buying seeds, fertilizers, raw materials, for acquiring assets like sewing machines, hand-looms, cattle, etc.
• These groups are meant to make women financially self-reliant.
• These groups aim to save rural poor section from the traps of moneylenders who charge high interest rates.

Question 4.
Talk to a banker and find out what are the purposes for which people in urban areas generally take loans?
Answer:
Generally, urban people take loans for the following purposes. There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities.

1. To construct a house or to buy a flat.
2. To conduct family functions like marriages, deliveries of sisters, etc.
3. To purchase household appliances like, fridges, TV, washing machines, furnitures, air conditioners etc.
4. To buy vehicles like scooters and cars etc.
5. Sometimes they want to establish a business or dream to start a small scale industry for which they may go for a loan.
6. Sometimes they take loans to meet the medical expenses of the family members and dependents.

Question 5.
What is the difference between the bank loans and through SHG?
Answer:

Question 6.
Read the paragraph 3rd under the heading of ‘Self Help Group for the Poor’ and answer the question. How are SHGs working in your area?

(OR)
“Self Help, Groups play a vital role in the women empowerment. They not only provide economic support but also help in eradicating poverty”. Explain the work of a self help group in your village.
Answer:
The working of SHGs in our area :

1. There are 10 to 11 SHGs in our village.
2. All are registered. They voluntarily coming together to save regular small savings of money, mutually agreeing to contribute to a common fund and to meet their emergency needs on the basis of mutual help.
3. They pool their resources to become financially stable, taking loans from the money collected by that group and by making everybody in that group self-employed.
4. They borrow loans from banks and repay it back regularly.
5. An economically poor individual gains strength as a part of a group.

Question 7.
What are the services rendered by the banks in fulfilling the needs of farmers?
Answer:

• Short-term loans to farmers for raising crops, i.e. crop loans.
• Medium and long term loans to farmers for agriculture and allied activities.
• Loans to farmers for pre-harvest and post-harvest activities.
• Loans to farmers upto 25 lakh against pledge/hypothication of agriculture produce.
• Export credit to corporates, partnership figures, and institutions engaged in agriculture.
• Loans for purchase of agricultures land.
• Loans to distressed farmers indebted to non-institutional lenders.
• Bank loans to PACS, FSS, LAMPS, etc.
• Loans to farmers under Kisan credit card scheme.
• Export credit to farmers for exporting their own farm produce.
• Loans to allied activities to agriculture.

Question 8.
Is there any incident of farmers committing suicide in your area? If so, find out reasons and make a report, discuss in the classroom by adding a few newspaper clippings related to this issue.
Answer:
Yes. Recently an incident happened at Atmakur village in Anantapur district. There was a 53-year-old farmer in the village. He was a well-respected farmer. He cultivated cotton. He expanded the small plot he owned by leasing adjoining land. The money was never abundant, but he managed to arrange matches and festive wedding ceremonies for his two sisters, and then his daughters. His sons were sent to school.

And then, his crop failed – heavy rains washed it out two years ago, drought withered his fields the next. He was defeated not just by insurmountable loans but by the humiliation he felt about the unpaid debt. So he committed suicide.

Farmers work from early morning till late night. They wait an entire year to harvest a crop, despite all uncertainty. Most of the farmers are not getting MSP (Minimum Support Price). They are tied to the traders and middlemen who are dealing in agricultural inputs. This depresses the price that farmers are to get for their output. It is time the government implemented the schemes for the welfare of the farmers.

9th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Credit in the Financial System InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending? (Text Book Page No. 109)
Answer:

• Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee to a lender.
• It is a security or guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.
• If the borrower fails to repay the ioan, the lender has the right ot sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.

Question 2.
How does the demand for collateral affect poor person’s capacity to borrow? (Text Book Page No. 109)
Answer:

• Bank loans require collateral.
• Absence of collateral is one of the major reasons which prevent the poor from getting bank loans.
• In such cases, they approach the moneylenders.
• However, the moneylenders charge high interest rates.
• Finally the poor may be pushed into a situation from which recovery is very difficult.
• Hence the demand for collateral against loans may force the poor to approach informal sources.

Question 3.
What are the differences between formal and informal sources of credit? (Text Book Page No. 114)
Answer:

Question 4.
Why should credit at reasonable rates be available for all? (Text Book Page No. 114)
Answer:

• Higher cost of borrowing means a larger part of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan.
• In such cases, the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower.
• This could lead to increasing debt.
• High interest rates are hurdles for those who want to establish an enterprise.
• For these reasons, banks and cooperative societies need to lend more at reasonable rates.

Question 5.
Why are demand deposits considered as money? (Text Book Page No. 105)
Answer:

• The demand deposits can be withdrawn on demand.
• The demand deposits possess the essential characteristics of money that is a medium of exchange.
• Since demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment, along with currency, they constitute money in the modern economy.

Question 6.
The deposits kept at the bank are also insured by the government? Find out the details. (Text Book Page No. 1o5)
Answer:

• All the commercial banks pay premium to insure the deposits.
• The deposits of the individuals, only to an extent of one lakh, will be issued by the banks.

Question 7.
Do you think fixed deposits that people keep with banks will easily work like money? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 105)
Answer:
Since one can withdraw money in cash or make payments by cheque it makes these deposits work like any other form of money such as currency notes.

Question 8.
Tick the correct option(s): (Text Book Page No. 110)
(a) Over the years, Rama’s debt

1. will rise, (✓)
2. will remain constant.
3. will decline.

(b) Arun is one of the few persons to take a bank loan. One reason for this is

1. He is an educated person.
2. Banks demand collateral which everyone cannot provide, (✓)
3. Interest rate on bank loans is same as the interest rate charged by the traders.
4. There is no documentation work required for getting bank loan.

Question 9.
Talk to some people to find out the credit arrangements that exist in your area. Record your conversation. Are there any differences in the terms of credit? (Text Book Page No. 111)
Answer:
Credit arrangements in our area :

1. Banks
2. Gold loans by Gold shop
3. Moneylenders
4. Finance organizations, etc.

All the terms of credit are one and the same in all the sources except banks. In Banks, getting a loan is tough. But the interest rate, repayment mode, etc. are flexible.

Question 10.
Do some SHG groups charge very high interest rates for loans to their members? Is this fair? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 115)
Answer:
No, it is not fair. The SHGs are formed to help the poor. If it charges high-interest rates, the same problem of access to credit arises. So it is not fair. The interest rate should be reasonable for banks.

Question 11.
Read the two different credit scenarios of Alisha and Swapna and fill in the following table. (Text Book Page No. 108)
Answer:

Question 12.
Supposing, Alisha continues to get orders from traders. What would be his position after 6 years? (Text Book Page No. 108)
Answer:

• Financially he may come to a position.
• For next order, he may not borrow loan.
• There is a possibility of establishing small scale industry.
• There is a possibility of employment for others also.

Question 13.
What are the reasons that make Swapna’s situation so risky? Discuss the following factors: role of moneylenders and climate. (Text Book Page No. 108)
Answer:
1. Pesticides :
Due to low quality of pesticides, the farmers undergo losses. They are deceived many times in this matter.

2. Role of Moneylenders :
Moneylenders lend loans on high rate of interest and there will be a restriction to the farmers to sell the crop production for low price to them only. And they will sell production on higher rates. So moneylenders are benefited from both sides.

3. Climate :
Indian farmers depend on monsoon type of climate. They gamble on monsoon. If sufficient rainfall occurs, farmer will go for better situation. And in case of insufficient rainfall – drought may occur. This leads to worst situation.
So, we can guess that pesticides, role of moneylenders, and climate make Swapna’s situation so risky.

Question 14.
Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option from the brackets : (Text Book Page No. 109)
While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This means ________ (1) (low/high) interest rate, ________ (2) (easy / tough) conditions for repayment, ________ (3) (less/more) collateral and documentation requirements.
Answer:

1. low
2. easy
3. less

Question 15.
Fill the following details for Sivakami, Arun, Rama, and Vasu. (Text Book Page No. 111)
Answer:

Question 16.
List the different sources of credit in the above examples. (Text Book Page No. 110)
Answer:

1. Bank loans
2. Cooperative loans
3. Moneylenders
4. Relatives
5. Traders
6. The land owners
7. The employers, etc.

Question 17.
Underline the various uses of credit in the above passage. (Text Book Page No. 110)
Answer:

• Loan for the construction of a house.
• Loan for completing the production of any kind.
• To meet the expenses of cultivation.
• To meet the expenses on sudden illnesses or functions in the family.
• Sometimes to meet the daily expenses.

Question 18.
How is a loan to an SHG member different from an individual ioan by a bank? (Text Book Page No. 115)
Answer:
SHG loans are group loans and individual loans are personal loans.

Question 19.
Talk to someone who has taken a bank ioan. What was the purpose and how did she approach the bank? (Text Book Page No. 107)
Answer:
I have conducted an interview with Miss B.P.P.S. Lalitha. She has borrowed an education loan from the SBI, Ongole.
1. She has approached nearest branch of ……………… bank.

2. She has submitted previous education records, father’s income certificate, admission details for the ……………. course, details about the course and job opportunity after the completion.

3. With the above details, she approached Education loan officer. After verifying all the papers he sanctioned the loan. She has to repay the loan amount after completion of her education (immediately after 6 months).

Question 20.
Interview a bank manager. What are the loans that they have given? Are there any activities for which they would not give loans? (Text Book Page No. 107)
Answer:
I have interviewed the bank manager of Andhra Bank, Sai Nagar, Nellore.
The loans they gave are :

1. Personal loans!’
2. Housing loans
3. Education loans
4. Vehicle loans
5. Mortgage loans
6. Gold loans
7. SHG loans and
8. Business loans, etc.

Other activities:

1. Maintains relations with the customers.
2. Helping the small entrepreneurs by giving suggestions.
3. Acquiring deposits
4. Promoting and marketing the branch and its products.
5. Meeting with customers and resolving any problems or complaints.
6. Ensuring there is a high level of customer service.
7. Monitoring sales targets and
8. Reporting to head office.

Question 21.
People also require credit for consumption and to manage many socio-cultural aspects. Marriages require a huge expenditure on both bride and groom which compel families to borrow. Do you think there are other reasons for people borrowinjnTionevinvour area? Find out from your parents and teachers and discuss in the class. (Text Book Page No. 109)
Answer:
Reasons for people borrowing :
1) Life cycle needs :
Such as wedding, funerals child birth, education, house building, widowhood, and old age.

2) Personal emergencies:
Such as sickness, injury, unemployment, theft, harassment of dwellings.

3) Disasters:
Such as fires, floods, cyclones, and man-made events like war or bulldozing of dwellings.

4) Investment opportunities:
Expanding a business, buying land or equipment, improving housing, securing a job (which often requires paying a large bribe), etc.

Question 22.
The following table shows how urban families borrow from two sources in 2003 (in percentage). Read the table carefully and fill in the blanks in the passage given. (Text Book Page No. 113)

Source : India’s Debit and Investment Survey – 2003 by N.S.S. conducted R.E.P. 501, December 2005.
The table above Shows the share of formal and informal sources for people living in urban areas. The people include both rich and poor households. You can see that ….(1)….per cent of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources. Formal sources of credit account for only ..(2)…per cent. Compare this with the rich households. What do you find? Only ..(3)….percent of their loans are from informal sources, while ..(4)…per cent is from formal sources. You would find a similar pattern in rural areas.
Answer:

1. 85%
2. 15%
3. 10%
4. 90%

Question 23.
Find out: What is the role of a federation of SHG groups? (Text Book Page No. 115)
Answer:
i) Federations have been providing a number of services to SHGs and individual members.
ii) These could be grouped into 4 categories.

1. Institutional development
2. Financial intermediation
3. Livelihood enhancement or business development services and
4. Social intermediation

Question 24.
What would happen if all the depositors went to ask for their money at the same time? (Text Book Page No. 1o7)
Answer:

• All commercial banks deposit certain percent of their deposits with the Reserve Bank of India.
• Next, advances loans to customers.
• Keeps only 15% of their deposits as cash.
• If all the depositors want their money back, there will not be any liquid cash with the bank.
• When banks are unable to pay cash, then immediately people’s trust on the bank is lost.

Question 25.
Apart from banks people keep deposits in other institutions such as housing societies, companies, post office schemes, etc. Discuss how is that different from bank deposits? (Text Book Page No. 1o7)
Answer:

• In bank deposits, there will be security for the cash as the banks work under the norms of the RBI. Post office also offers good security. Other than post office and banks, the security for deposits is less.
• There will not be any locking period for the banks. Whereas in societies and other companies, there will be locking period.
• Premature cancellation is possible with the bank deposits which is not possible for other deposits.

Question 26.
Should there be a supervisor such as the Reserve Bank of India that looks into the loan activities of informal lenders? Why would its task be quite difficult? (Text Book Page No. 114)
Answer:

• Due to vast geographical conditions and diversified cultures the Reserve Bank of India cannot check or supervise informal credit.
• Most of the transactions are on oral agreement between the borrower and the lender.
• There will not be any registered transaction. Most of the cases a lot of black money is involved.
  Hence it is difficult for the RBI to supervise informal credit.

Question 27.
Can everyone get credit at a cheap rate? Who can get? (Text Book Page No. 11o)
Answer:

• No, everyone cannot get loan at cheap rates.
• Only priority sector, like agriculture, animal husbandary, poultry, etc. gets loan at cheaper rates.
• Banks have to extend 40% of their loans to priority sector.

Question 28.
Do you think that the low share of formal sector credit for poorer households has been one of the factors for farmer distress in Andhra Pradesh? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 114)
Answer:

• Absence of collateral is one of the major reason which prevents the poor from getting formal loans.
• Informal lenders know the borrowers personally. Hence they give loans but charge very high interest rates.
• High interest rates charged by informal loans and crop failures, etc. are the reasons for distress of farmers in Andhra Pradesh.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 12th Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800

9th Class Social Studies 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Discussion on Renaissance in this chapter was mostly in the context of __________ (England/Italy/France/Germany).
Answer:
Italy

Question 2.
Write a sentence or phrase about the changes in ideas listed below during Renaissance.
Answer:
a. Humanists :
from religious interests to individual interests.

b. Books :
from hand made to printed books.

c. Paintings :
from religious to realistic.

d. Human beings :
from religious bonds to rational thoughts.

e. Women:
from limited public life to started aspiring for freedom and equality of status.

Question 3.
How did printing of the Bible influence the ideas about God and Church?
Answer:

• A major achievement of the reformists was to translate the Bible into the popular languages of the people.
• Printing Bible in large quantities made it available to all people.
• Previously the Bible was only in Latin which ordinary people did not understand.
• Translation of the Bible helped the common people to understand the teachings of the sacred book.
• The ideas of reformation took hold of many people in Germany, Holland, France, and England.
• In all these states people with diverse faith emerged and theystartedinterpretingChristianity.
• Thus the influence and power of the Roman Catholic Church declined.
• Later, the Catholic Church itself did not escape the impact of these ideas, and began to reform itself from within.

Question 4.
Compare the modern Italian towns with that of the medieval towns. Do you notice any changes in their present names?
Answer:

I observed many changes in the names

Question 5.
Which elements of Greek and Roman culture were revived in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
Answer:

• A new humanist culture had flourished in Italian towns.
• Individualism developed. That means the ability of human beings to know and decide for themselves increased.
• Several Nation States came to be established. Two of these – Florence and Venice were republic.
• After downfall of Constantinople in 1453 A.D., many Greek scholars fled to Italy. This paved a path for the revival of ancient Greek literature.
• Visual arts like painting and sculpture took the form of “realism”.
• People studied the ruins of old Roman buildings to revive the old Roman style.
• This inspired a new style in architecture, which was actually a revival of imperial Roman style, now called “classical”.
• The ideals of Reformation took hold of many people. Interpretation of Christianity emerged. Thus the monopoly of the Catholic Church was for ever broken.
• Scientific outlook developed.

Question 6.
Why were Italian towns the first to experience the ideas of humanism?
Answer:

• In 1453, Constantinople was overthrown, and the Turkish or Ottoman Empire took the place of the Eastern Roman Empire.
• Many of the educated men who spoke Greek fled to Italy for safety.
• Some of them brought their Greek books with them.
• This increased interest among Italians in the ancient Greek literature.
• The literature of the ancient Greek had reflected an interest in life.
• Later, students of the ancient Greek literature, which dealt with the nature and interest of man, were called Humanists.
• Thus humanism started in Italy and then spread to other European states.

Question 7.
What were the features of humanist thought?
(OR)
‘Humanist culture means the ideas of modern man who is not under the control of church’. Write about the features of humanist thoughts.
Answer:

• A new “humanist” culture had flowered in Italian towns.
• It was characterised by a new belief-that man, as an individual was capable of making his own decisions and developing his skills.
• Another important feature of humanist culture was a weakening of the control of religion over human life.
• Humanists considered the acquisition of power and wealth as desirable and not something to be avoided.
• Humanist scholars began attacking the corruption of priests and questioning the need for a priesthood and its interpretation of Christianity.
• The humanist members of the Church called on Christians to practise religion in the way laid down in the ancient texts of their religion, discarding unnecessary rituals.

Question 8.
The following graph indicates the increase in book production. What can you tell about it?
(OR)
Write about Book Production based on below Graph.

Answer:

• The books printed increased rapidly.
• During 15^th century only a few books were printed.
• People developed the habit of reading.
• Thus ideas, opinions and information moved more rapidly than ever before.
• They acted as good mass media.

Question 9.
Do you agree with the following statement: “Printed books continue to dominate our lives.” Give reasons for your answer.
(OR)
“The mastery of the technology of printing was the greatest revolution of the sixteenth century”. Explain how the invention of the Printing machine affected the human lives?
Answer:

• “Gutenberg” invented printing press.
• The Bible was translated into all languages.
• Books like “Utopia”, Praise of Folly”, “Divine Comedy”, etc. changed the society and paved way for the great Reformation Movement.
• Students did not have to depend solely on lectures – notes.
• Cultural diffusion has taken place due to the availability of books.
• Hence we can say “Printed books continue to dominate our lives”.

Question 10.
Write an account of how the world appeared different to seventeenth century Europeans.
Answer:

• The ideas of reformation took hold of many people and the monopoly of the Roman Catholic Church was for ever broken.
• The few people who were interested, started investigating the world in which they lived.
• Scientific attitudes developed.
• Theirs was a radically new view of human beings as free and rational agents.
• Faith in religious books and priests decreased.
• Faith in the ability of human beings to know and decide for themselves increased.
• They showed interest in reading good literature.
• Europeans were strongly attracted to material wealth, power and glory.
• Self interests developed.
• Many of the scientific inventions took place and people started exploring the world and discovered sea routes to different continents.

Question 11.
Mention the outstanding features of the renaissance architecture. Explain why.
Answer:

• During Renaissance, a new style in architecture, which was actually a rival of the imperial Roman style, emerged.
• They used tall pillars, arches, and domes in buildings and decorated buildings with paintings, sculptures and reliefs.
• Another remarkable change was that from this time, artists were known individually, by name, not as members of a group or a guild as earlier.

Question 12.
Observe the map 2 given in the page 156 and locate the geographical explorations on the world outline map.

Answer:
Self exercise

Question 13.
Read the para 4 of Page No. 151 and comment on it.

Answer:
Women in the middle ages occupied a number of different social roles. Women in the middle ages, a European history from around the 5th century to the 15th century, held the position of wife, mother, peasant, artisan, and nun, as well as some important leadership roles, such as abbess or queen regnant. The very concept of “woman” changed in a number of ways during the middle ages and several forces influenced their role during the period.

Question 14.
Collect pictures of great Renaissance artists and prepare an album.
Answer:

Question 15.
Prepare a play on the debate between Galileo and a priest who did not believe that the earth went around the sun.
Answer:
Priest : “Hi ! What is this instrument ?”
Galileo : “Ho I This is a telescope.”
Priest : “What is the use of this instrument ?”
Galileo : “This is useful in observing the celestial bodies, their motion and their, shapes, etc.”
Priest : “There is nothing to know about them. The earth we live is flat and it is in the centre of the universe. We, the priests, are direct descendants of god and everyone should listen to our words. Bible is the only holy book.”
Galileo : “I am very sorry to say that all your words are wrong. Now, it is time to know the truth. The earth is round. It is a planet in the solar system and it revolves round the sun. Human beings on the earth are all equal.”
Priest : “Don’t say like that. You are too wrong. You should apologise for these words.
Otherwise you will be punished by the church.”
Galileo : “I don’t care, I am ready to face my trouble. The earth is moving – moving – moving.”

Question 16.
Study the various ways in which we use products of the printing press today and pre¬pare a detailed report.
Answer:
We use printing press in all spheres of our life.

1. Books
2. Greeting cards
3. Bill books
4. Novels, others, etc.

9th Class Social Studies 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
You have read about the zamindari system and vetti in Hyderabad state in class VIII. Compare it with ‘serfdom’ in Europe. (Text Book Page No. 145)
Answer:

• Both the systems exploited the labourer.
• Both the classes were the lowest in all social classes.
• The condition of serfs was more better than that of vetti.

Question 2.
Who were the humanists and what did they teach? (Text Book Page No. 147)
Answer:

• Students of the ancient Greek literature, which dealt with the nature and interests of man, were called Humanists.
• Humanism taught a new belief – that man, as an individual was capable of making his own decisions and developing his skills.
• Humanism taught to pursue pleasure, seek wealth and comfort and also act in self interest.
• Humanists began attacking the corruption among clergy.
• Humanists questioned the need for a priesthood and its interpretation of Christianity.

Question 3.
In what way do you think women of those times have benefited from studying Greek and Roman books? (Text Book Page No. 152)
Answer:

• The women were able to question the scholars that “Were women incapable of achiev¬ing the qualities of humanist scholars ?”
• They were able to criticise political systems openly.
• They were inivited to give orations at the universities.
  Thus the women have benefited from studying Greek and Roman books.

Question 4.
What were the issues on which the Protestants criticised Catholic Church? (Text Book Page No. 154)
A.nswer:
The Church was criticised on the following grounds :

1. It dominated the religious and cultural life of people in medieval times.
2. The Catholic priests of Roman Catholic Church began to lead a luxurious life and they were criticised for their rich and luxurious life.
3. Erasmus criticised some of the beliefs of the Church, which he said, were based on superstitions.
4. Church had become an institution marked by greed, extorting money at will from ordinary people.
5. Sale of indulge certificates to free the buyer from the burden of sin, was also criticised.

Question 5.
Do you see any similarity between the Bhakti movement in India and the Protestant movement ? Do you also see any differences between the two of them? (Text Book Page No. 154)
Answer:

Question 6.
Who were the Renaissance scientists, and how did each of them contribute to science? (Text Book Page No. 155)
(OR)
Who were the chief Renaissance scientists, and what work did each of them contribute to science?
Answer:
1) Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) :
He was a Belgian and a professor of medicine at the university of Padua. He was the first to dissect human body. This was the beginning of the modern physiology.

2) William Harvey (1628):
Harvey discovered the blood circulation in human body after making careful experiments.

3) Isaac Newton :
Sir Newton propounded the theory of gravitational force. He proved that all heavenly bodies moved according to the law of gravitation. In 1687, Newton’s Principia Mathematica was published.

4) Roger Bacon :
He was a serious searcher for truth. He performed some experiments with metals and chemicals and probably had a crude microscope.

5) Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 -1543):
He built an observatory from which he patiently studied the heavens. Copernicus claimed that the earth is one of a number of planets that revolve around the sun.

6) Galileo (1564 – 1642) :
Galileo invented a telescope. This aided in the study of astronomy. He supported Copernicus and proved that the sun is the centre of the universe. Galileo also discovered certain laws of pendulum. He also proved that the heavy and light objects fall at the same speed.

Question 7.
How do you think trade helps in the development of towns? (Text Book Page No. 145)
Answer:

• The people involved in trade will settle in towns because they need transport facilities.
• The working class also settles in the towns to market their products.
• The foreign traders also reach the towns mostly port towns to do their business.
  So I think the trade helps in the development of towns.

Question 8.
In the view of Burckhardt, which of these would be associated with modern view and which would be medieval view? (Text Book Page No. 145)
i) Faith in the ability of human beings to know and decide for themselves
ii) Faith in the Religious books and priests
iii) Faith in divine revelation
iv) Faith in human reason
Answer:
i) Modern view
ii) Medieval view
iii) Medieval view
iv) Modern view

Question 9.
There was no printing press in India during the same period. Let us suppose Krishna Devaraya wrote a book. How do you think it would have reached scholars in different parts of India? (Text Book Page No. 150)
Answer:
The hand written books would have reached scholars in different parts of India.

Question 10.
What do you think would have been the reaction of kings and priests to the printing press? Would they have welcomed it or would they have been worried by it? (Text Book Page No. 150)
Answer:
They have been worried by it.
Reason : The common man was under the control of church in all the matters. The inven¬tion of printing press enabled the common man to know the the Bible. This was a great damage to the kings and priests. So they have been worried by it.

Question 11.
Locate Republics and three court cities on the outline map of Italy. (Text Book Page No. 146)
Answer:

Some Republics : Venice, Florence, Sicily
Court Cities : Rome, Padua, Mantua, Venice, Bologna and Genoa

Question 12.
Read the following map and prepare a list of explorations of sea routes. (Text Book Page No. 157)

Answer:

1. 1492-1504 – Christopher Columbus reaches America looking for a sea route to the Indies; discovering various lands and islands and establishing a colony on Hispaniola.
2. 1498 – Vasco da Gama sails around Africa from Portugal reaching India and establishing trade routes.
3. 1499-1504 – Amerigo Vespucci explores New World.
4. 1519-1522 – Ferdinand Magellan’s ships circumnavigate the world.
5. 1488 – Sails around the southernmost tip of Africa, reaching Indian Ocean from the Atlantic; It was only on the return voyage that he discovered the Cape of Good Hope.

Question 13.
Do you think there is a greater possibility of knowing new ideas and trying out new things in towns rather than villages ? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 145)
Answer:
1) Many people, who are efficient, from all spheres reach towns to prove themselves. There are many chances to interact with many people.
So I think there is a greater possibility of knowing more and trying out new things in towns rather than villages.

Question 14.
Describe the different scientific elements in the work of sixteenth century Italian artists. (Text Book Page No. 149)
Answer:

• Artists wanted “perfectly proportioned men and women” in their sculptures.
• They took the help of scientists to reach perfection.
• Painters knowledge of geometry and changing quality of light helped them to acquire a three dimensional quality.
• Many artists like Leonardo da Vinci studied human anatomy so as to make their paintings and sculpture realistic, e.g : The statue The Pieta by Michelangelo.
• Thus, anatomy, geometry, physics as well as a strong sense of beauty, gave a new quality to Italian art.

Question 15.
The Renaissance was considered a New Age, because people considered it proper to pursue pleasure, seek wealth and comfort and also act in seif-interest. This was in contrast to teachings of religions that one should not act in self-interest and forsake comfort and wealth. Do you agree with this view point of the Renaissance humanists? (Text Book Page No. 151)
Answer:
I agree with this view point of the Renaissance humanists.
Self-interest, self-growth etc., lead human beings to moral lives. The humanists were against the exploitation. So I agree with them.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 16th Lesson Social Protest Movements Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 16th Social Protest Movements

9th Class Social Studies 16th Lesson Social Protest Movements Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Which of the following statements about lives of industrial workers are correct? And correct the false statements.
a) Workers controlled the industries.
b) Living conditions of the workers were comfortable.
c) Low wages was ones of the reasons for discontent among the workers.
d) During the phase of industrialization there was emphasis on emotions and feelings.
e) Romantic writers and artists tried to highlight values of closeness to nature as described in the folk tales and folk songs.
Answer:
a) False
b) False
c) True
d) False
e) True
Correction of false statements :
a) Workers did not control the industries.
b) Living conditions of the workers were not comfortable.
d) Duringthe phase of industrialization there was no emphasis on emotions and feelings.

Question 2.
List some of the problems faced by workers of those times. Discuss if such problems exist in our times too.
Answer:

• The workers were under the control of unsympathetic foreman and managers.
• There was no security for their lives and they lost their jobs. Working hours were long and unbroken.
• Wages were meagre and frequently owners tried to cut down wages or retrench workers or increase work load on them.
• The lifespan of the workers decreased.
• Workers were prone to accidents and no compensations were given.
• Workers used to live in slums and deaths were caused by spread of diseases.
• Children were taken as child labour in risky coal mines.

Present condition of workers :

• Salaries or wages are regularized.
• Factory regulation act prohibited children in coal mines. Later child labour is now prohibited.
• Working conditions are improved.
• Compensations are paid for accidents or deaths but it is very less.

Question 3.
Write a paragraph comparing the ideas of capitalism and socialism. How were they similar or different?
(OR)
Distinguish between socialism and capitalism.
(OR)
Compare and contrast between Socialism and Capitalism.
(OR)
What are the differences between captalism and socialism?
Answer:

Question 4.
How was the idea of equality being similar or differently challenged by women and workers movements?
Answer:

1. Workers demands regarding equality –
   a) Equality of opportunities, status, etc., irrespective of birth status.
   b) Opposed discrimination of any sort.
2. The idea of equality challenged by women –
   a) Equality of opportunities to all public dignities, offices and employments.
   b) They demanded equal access to property.
   c) They demanded equal access to civil rights such as voting …. etc.

Question 5.
Draw a poster to illustrate the ideas of “liberty, equality and justice” with in the context of workers and women. Identify occasions where these idea are being violated.
Answer:

In the following occasions the ideas are violated.

• Still the wages given to women labour are low when compared with men.
• Even domestic violence against women is still not able to be controlled.
• Assaults against women are seen everywhere.
• Certain job opportunities are available only for men.

Question 6.
Locate the countries in the world map in which the protest movements took place.
Answer:
The protest movements took place in the following countries.

1. USA
2. England
3. France
4. Germany
5. Italy
6. India
7. China
8. Russia

Question 7.
Read the last paragraph of page 203 and first paragraph of page 204 and comment on them.

Answer:

• The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past few millenia.
• From equal status with men in ancient times though the low points of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has been eventful.
• In modern India women have held high offices including that of the President, Prime Minister, Speaker, etc.

Question 8.
Do you find any social protest movements around you? Interview with the leaders of that movement and prepare a report and present in your class.
Answer:
Yes I found a social movement in my surrounding Area. That is “Prohibition”.
Students : Good morning Madam
Leader (Lady) : Good morning Children
Students : Madam, why did you start the movement on prohibition?
Leader : Because to protect the human beings.
Students : How did you protect them?
Leader : If we start a movement against the liquor, then the government will stop the production.
Students : Why did the government to stop the production of liquor.
Leader : Liquor it is the harmness to the health of the consumer. And how much the worker earn half ofthe amount they spend on liquor. Not spend for his family.
Students : Is it known to the government or not.
Leader : Yes, it is known by government. But they did not take any steps. That’s why we started movement for the safe of families.
Students : How far this movement is helpful to families?
Leader : Children, 90% of our families in India are poor. They are not able to fulfill they proper basic needs also. But they addict to liquor and spoil their life and health and they did not take care about families and education of their children. Gradually, the families become a poor, due to the movement they stop the use of liquor, and use the money for the welfare ofthe family and live happily.
Students : Very good Madam, how did you raise the movement?
Leader : I create awarness among the family members who affected these and gathered and maintain a group and started the movement.
Students : Did you successful any?
Leader : Yes, due to the movement government ban on “cheap liquor”. That’s why we continue our movements to “complete prohibition.”
Students : Very good Madam, you are doing a great job for society. So, we also participated in this movement.

9th Class Social Studies 16th Lesson Social Protest Movements InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what ways do you think ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity wouid have helped to inspire protest movements? (Text Book Page No. 198)

• Industrialization deeply affected the working class.
• Human values were lost.
• There was less scope for dignity and security of life.
• Workers started protesting against their conditions.
• The spread of new political ideas of “liberty”, “equality” and “fraternity” pioneered by the French Revolution gave boost to the protest movements.
• The workers inspired by these ideas demanded
  a) “Liberty” from the bonds of capitalists.
  b) “Equality” of opportunities irrespective of social status.
  c) “Fraternity” inspired them to fight for their dignity.

Question 2.
The government passed a law which provided capital punishment to those who broke machines. Do you think this was justified? (Text Book Page No. 199)
Answer:
No. Giving capital punishment for these who broke machines was not justifiable.

Question 3.
In what way did Marx’s Socialism disagree with Luddism? (Text Book Page No. 202)
Answer:

• Luddism is social protest movement.
• It demanded minimum wages, control over the labour of women and children.
• Demanded work for those who lost jobs because of coming of machines.
• It also demanded right to form trade unions.

Socialism as profounded by Karl Marx

• He wanted production to be an all-society affair rather than a matter of one family.
• He gave importance to collective interest.
• He forced workers not only to fight for better wages but for ending the capital system itself.
• He argued that workers should organize themselves and throughout the capitalists.

Question 4.
Why did Marx consider factory production as superior and desirable? (Text Book Page No. 202)
Answer:

• Marx believed that industrial production is progressive because it has made possible the industrial transformation of the world.
• Marx believed that industrial production made it possible for people to live and earn their livelihood.
• Factory production enabled us to work on small scale too.

Question 5.
What was the main difference between Marx and the earlier socialists? (Text Book Page No. 202)
Answer:
Marx asserts that revolution, which is a political action, is the only way to achieve socialism.

But according to early socialist, reforms and peaceful means are the best way to achieve socialism.

That was the main difference.

Question 6.
Do you think people have achieved ideas of “liberty, equality and fraternity” in the 21st century? (Text Book Page No. 198)
Answer:

• Modern states are welfare states.
• They always provide their people with the ideas of liberty.
• These ideas are included in the constitution itself.
• Now the people have
  a) Liberty of thought and expression.
  b) Equality irrespective of caste, sex, religion and race.
  c) “Fraternity” which protects their dignity.

Question 7.
In India too such laws which protected our farmers from competition from import of cheap agricultural products are being ended. Do you think such imports will benefit the poor people in India? (Text Book Page No. 198)
Answer:
No. I do not think so. Such imports will not benefit poor people in Inaienjecauseney may cause damage to our production also.

Question 8.
Why do you think workers would have supported the ending of the ComLawsandwhy do you think the landowners supported them? (Text Book Page No. 198)
Answer:
The artificially high corn prices encouraged by the Corn Laws meant tnatuiewomng class had to spend the bulk of their income on corn just to survive. Since they had no income. Left over for other purchases, they could not afford manufactured goods. Thus the economical spiral worsened for everyone involved. So the workers would have supported the ending of the Corn Laws.

The beneficiaries of the Corn Laws were the nobility and the other large land holders. Landowners had vested interest in seeing the Corn Laws remain in force. The voting members of parliament had no interest in repeating the Corn Laws. So the landowners supported them.

Question 9.
To what extent do you think breaking the machines helped the workers? (Text Book Page No. 199)
Answer:

• The breakingof machines did not give any direct and immediate benefit to the workers.
• Rather they were given punishments like death sentence or life imprisonment.
• Of course it had long term benefit like their right against exploitation, right to express their views and right to job security were recognized.

Question 10.
Do you see any social movements which are still inspired by these idea round you? (Text Book Page No. 198)
Answer:
A) Yes, so many social movements are inspired by the ideas of “liberty, equality and fraternity”. Some of them are-

1. Social movement of protection of tribals rights is based on the principles of equality.
2. “SC”s demands of equality of opportunity is one of the social movements.
3. “Assault” against “women” in Delhi has led to a mass social movement. That has resulted in the enactment of ‘Nirbhay Act”.
4. “Prohibition of children in factories or any other work” is also based on these ideas.

Question 11.
When new machines are brought in a factory, some workers are usually rendered jobless. Why do you think this happens ? Can there be ways of improving technology without creating unemployment for workers? (Text Book Page No. 199)
Answer:

• A machine can perform the work of 100 workers in lesser time.
• Hence when new machines are brought in a factory, some workers usually rendered jobless.
• When new technology is introduced new jobs are created.
• Therefore, workers should be given propertrainingin “technical know how” to get new job opportunities.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 22nd Lesson Women Protection Acts Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 22nd Women Protection Acts

9th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Women Protection Acts Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What are the disadvantages of child marriage?
Answer:
Disadvantages of child marriage :

• Underage pregnancy.
• Provision for trafficking and sale of girls.
• Pushing the unmatured into family system.
• Increased abortions, premature births which results not only infant mortality but also the death of mothers.
• Handicapped child births or dead child births.
• Mental as well as physical health problems.
• Obstacle to education.
• Hurdle for physical growth (especially regarding female).
• Become child labourers for family maintenance.

Question 2.
Why has domestic violence become a common practice? In what forms domestic violence is seen? Find out the reasons.
Answer:
Reasons for the domestic violence which became common practice :

1. The family system in the society is on the edge of a blade.
2. No moral values are taught to the children.
3. Lack of understanding capacity in the people.
4. Changing cultures in the society.
5. Hurting manner.
6. Lack of adjustment between family members.
7. Lack of respect towards women.
8. Uncontrolled anger, i.e. mental imbalance.

Question 3.
You have read about various problems girls and women. Have you noticed any sort of problems in your village/town? Specify them and what is to be done.
Answer:
I observe the following in our area.

1. An estimated 85 to 90 percent of domestic violence victims are females.
2. Females are victims of intimate partner violence at a rate about five times that of males.
3. Females between the ages of 16 and 24 are most vulnerable to domestic violence.

To control this domestic violence –

1. Proper counselling should be given to them.
2. Value oriented education should be taught to the children.
3. The nature of thinking from others’ point of view’ should be developed from childhood.

Question 4.
Many acts are made by the government. What do you suggest for better implementation?
Answer:
The Acts cause changes physically. But there should be a change in the minds of the people. The government should take necessary steps for this change.

Question 5.
Write an essay on general problems, the women facing.
Answer:
A Thomson Reuters Foundation expert poll last year ranked India as the world’s fourth most dangerous country for a woman, behind only Afganisthan, Congo, and Pakisthan.

Even though the practice is outlawed 300,000 to 600,000 female foetuses are aborted every year in India because of the preference for boys.

From the time they are born or not born and continuing till late in life when they become wives or mothers, it’s a vicious cycle of discrimination and violence keeps on continuing.

Nearly half of Indian girls are married off before the age of 18. Girls are also seen as a financial liability. The practice of dowry is banned by the government, but it’s still as common as ever.

A 2012 of UNICEF study found more than half of Indian males think it is justifiable to beat a wife under certain circumstances.

Outside the household, crimes against women in India are also on the rise, and the evidence is shocking. According to government data, more than 24,000 cases of rape were reported in 2011.

Indian women in some ways, have also made some strides. Literacy rates have gone up, maternal mortality rates have gone down, and millions of women have joined the workforce.

Authorities acknowledge that action is needed and say they are taking steps to try to better protect women.

Helplines have been set up. A number of fast track courts have also been established because of the December 16 gang rape, exclusively for cases of sexual assault and rape. But women’s rights activists say that when discrimination begins even before birth, change will not come easily.

Question 6.
Imagine that you are Tehsildar. How would you prevent child marriages?
Answer:
As a Tehsildar –

1. I will raise the awareness in parents and their relatives.
2. If they don’t listen to me, I will request the police department to take them into custody. Thus I will prevent child marriages.

Question 7.
Prepare a pamphlet to understand the problems faced by the women.
Answer:

Women in India

Women in Independent India are comparitively in a respectable position. Some of the problems which had been haunting the community of women for centuries are not found now.
But still, for a woman, her life is a battle for survival and dignity from her birth to death. Female infanticide, eve-teasing, sexual exploitation, sexual harassment, rapes are still common. There are still many areas where women have not equal rights and are not encouraged to take up education. Dowry practice is still rampant, eventhough it termed illegal. Women still have to make a lot of sacrifices in every areas of their lives.

Question 8.
Read the paragraph under the title ‘Sexual Assault and Torturing’ of page 275 and comment on it.

Sexual Asssault an Torturing :
Recently, central government has appointed Justice J.S. Verma Committee asking suggestions to prevent sexual assault and abuse. Based on the suggestions, Hon. President of India issued an ordinance on 2nd February, 2013. Some important features of the ordinance, are;

• Minimum 20 years of imprisonment.
• Recruitment of women police to address the complaints from the victims.
• It is not necessary for the victim to attend before the police officers individually.
• There will be no punishment if the accused dies in struggle at the time of attack with acid on women.
• There is scope to short video at the time of complaining and trial on the request of the victims.

Answer:

1. Only legislation and law enforcement agencies cannot prevent the incident of crime against women.
2. There is a need of social awakening and change in the attitude of masses, so that due respect and equal status is given to women.

Question 9.
What facilities does the government provide to the poor for seeking judicial justice?
Consult a lawyer and get the information.
Answer:

• Lok Adalat is a relatively recent product in the justice for the poor.
• Next to that there are Legal Aid Committees, Legal Services Authority.

Services offered by the legal services authority :

1. Payment of court and other process fee,
2. Changes for preparing, drafting and filing of any legal proceedings.
3. Changes of a legal practitioner or legal advisor.
4. Costs of obtaining decrees, judgements, orders or any other documents in a legal proceeding.
5. Costs of paper work, including printing, translation, etc.

These are the facilities provided by the government to the poor for seeking judicial justice.

9th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Women Protection Acts InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Have you ever seen child marriages? (Text Book Page No. 269)
Answer:
No, I have never seen child marriages.

Question 2.
Have you ever observed harassment and violence made to women and girls? (Text Book Page No. 269)
Answer:
Yes, I have observed in many of my neighbouring houses.

Question 3.
Have you ever observed the various types of domestic violence threatening women in day to day life? (Text Book Page No. 269)
Answer:
I have observed the following,

1. Persisting denial of food,
2. Insisting on perverse sexual conduct
3. Constantly locking a woman out of the house.
4. Denying the woman access to children, thereby causing mental torture.
5. Physical violence.
6. Taunting, demoralising and putting down the woman with the intention of causing mental torture.
7. Abusing children in their mother’s presence with the intention of causing her mental torture.
8. Mental abuse (threaten to harm, stopping from jobs, force to marry whom she doesn’t like).
9. Threatening divorce unless dowry is given.

Question 4.
What shall we do to stop such violence caused to girls and women? (Text Book Page No. 269)
Answer:
We should take the following steps to stop such violence to girls and women.

1. Value oriented education should be given to the children in schools.
2. The persons, who caused violence, should be punished.

Question 5.
Have you ever seen or heard about women being tortured for dowry in your locality? How are they being tortured? What sort of suggestions do you make to prevent? Who will held responsible? (Text Book Page No. 273)
Answer:
Yes, I have seen such a case. My neighbour ‘Vasu’ is harassing his wife for dowry. He has his mothers support also. They usually beat her, abuse her. I suggest her to proceed women protection cell authorities. Then the project officer will hold responsible.

Question 6.
Domestic violence takes place now and then and gradually it becomes a bad habit pattern. More violence generates from violence. How do we stop this? Who will help? (Text Book Page No. 274)
Answer:
In order to put a stop to the domestic violence, there are various things which should be followed.
1) Awareness:
To make the people aware about the drawbacks and harms of the domestic violence, setthe rules againstthe practice and impose stringent punishments to the attacker.

2) Need for stringent laws:
It is very important that the law against domestic violence has to be imposed stringently.

3) Empowered non-government organizations:
Individuals can also seek the help of NGOs.

4) Seek police help:
In case of severe violence, individuals can seek legal help from the police and put an end to domestic violence.

5) Be aware of the domestic violence facts:
The facts of the domestic violence should be learnt by all.

6) Encourage and not threaten:
It is very important to organize a meeting and encourage people to come up with the solutions.

7) Counselling :
It is very important to have counselling in terms of danger.

Question 7.
Sometimes child marriages are performed for the under aged i.e., less than 15 years without their consent. How do we stop such marriages? Who will help us? (Text Book Page No. 271)
Answer:
We can approach the higher officials in the area – to stop the child marriages.

1. District Collector at district level.
2. R.D.O at division level
3. Tehsildar or Mandal level ICDS officer.
4. Gram Panchayat Secretary at village level are the incharges in stopping the child marriages. They will help us.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 14th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 14th Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century

9th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Choose the correct options.
a) Democratic and nationalist movements assumed that a nation has a ___________ ; (shared history; shared culture; shared economy; all the above; none of the above)
b) Jacobin clubs were established in different countries by ___________ (peasants; royalty; middle class; army)
c) During the mid 18th century the land was owned by ___________ and cultivated by ___________ (middle class, army, aristocrats, tenants)
Answer:
a) All the above
b) army
c) aristocrats, tenants.

Question 2.
After readingabout mid-eighteenth century Europe, what similarities or differences amongst people existed in the context of: language, ethnicity, trade practices.
Answer:

• Within the territories of the empire there lived diverse people.
• In the Alpine regions the aristocracy were predominently German – speaking.
• In Lombardy and Venetia people spoke Italy.
• In Galicia people spoke Polish.
• Bohemians, Slovaks, Slovens, Croats and Roumans were certain ethnic groups.
• The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
• Vast estates were there and they were cultivated by serfs.
• Trade and industry developed, commercial classesemergedduetothesedevelopments.
• A group of new middle class emerged due to the access to education and new ideas.

Question 3.
Do you agree with the statement: “when the emergence of nation states, the dominance of Aristocracy declined and middle class increased”. Give reasons.
Answer:

• Europe witnessed growth of industrial production and trade.
• This led to the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the markets.
• In its wake, new social groups came into being, (a working-class population and middle classes.)
• They had access to education and new ideas.
• It was among them that ideas of national unity and the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
• There after the dominance of Aristocracy declined and middle class increased.

Question 4.
Write an imaginary dialogue between Mazzini and any of the Indian nationalist you have studied.
Answer:
Mazzini : We can’t form a nation state through talks, lectures, and discussions. We should do something.
Indian Nationalist : We can’t achieve freedom by revolutions and violent movements. We can’t achieve the unity of the nation. Time will decide it.
Mazzini : How long is this procrastination? We can achieve the unity through revolutionary organizations and secret fightings.
Indian Nationalist : It takes time for the people to get awareness. Nationality is strengthened when change comes in people.
Mazzine : We have to create the atmosphere of war. We should put an end to the monarchical and despotic rule.
Indian Nationalist : There is a way for that ………. We have to wait for some more time.
Mazzini : The situation will get worst if we still wait …………
Indian Nationalist : You know how French revolution was possible and what results it got.
Mazzini : The circumstances then were different.
Indian Nationalist : Agitations will not show solutions.
Mazzini : We have to decide soon. The flames of revolution should be lit in young people.

Question 5.
Mark sentences that describe conservatives and liberals. Try to identify examples in our contemporary context.
Answer:

Question 6.
Draw a table to show the differences and similarities in the nation building process of France, Germany and Italy.
Answer:

Question 7.
Explain what is meant by 1848 revolution of liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Answer:
1848 revolt occurred duringthe period of Louis Philippe. Ideas of Socialism, Liberalism and Nationalism were increasing and finally resulted as Revolution of 1848. This revolution was led by liberal nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class and members of the commercial middle classes.
The ideas supported by the liberals were –

1. All the parties opposed monarchy as the king grew more and more reactionary and conservative.
2. Liberals raised their voice against the corruption of the government’s officials.
3. Work to every citizen was the demand of the socialistic party.
4. Reform Party leader ‘Theirs’ demanded extension of the suffrage and limitation of royal power.
   Not finding any other alternative Louis Philippe abdicated the throne and fled away to England. In 1848, Liberals took control of France and abolished monarchy.

Question 8.
Briefly trace the process of Germany unification.
(OR)
Describe the unification of Germany.
Answer:

• Nationalist feeling wide spread among middle class Germans.
• They tried to unite the different regions of the Germany in 1848.
• But it was oppressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military.
• Later Prussia took on the leadership for national unification.
• Its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process.
• He carried out this with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
• He waged three wars in seven years.
  a) War with Denmark
  b) Austro – Prussian war
  c) Franco – Prussian war
• Unification of Germany was accomplished by 1871.
• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William -1, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Question 9.
Locate some changes on Europe map drawn up by the Vienna Congress.
Answer:

Question 10.
Read the last para of page 178 and comment on it.

Answer:

• Increasing economic hardship during the 1830s.
• Widespread unemployment, urban congestion, competition flow, machine made goods from England, Feudal dues, rising food prices, failed crops.
• Popular revolt in France in 1848 resulted in Louis Philippe fleeing, France declared a republic with voting for all men above – 21 and national workshops for more employment.
• Very critical conditions were prevailed.

Question 11.
Compare the map of Europe of mid 18th century (1815) with that of the present map of Europe and note down the changes you find, in a note book.
Answer:

The Congress of Vienna was held in order to draw up a plan to alter Europe politically and territorially so as to prevent the extensive expansion of any one great power, such as that Napoleon had brought about. To main¬tain the balance of power and establish a old regimes and to pacify the situations Vienna congress divided the different regions of Europe were brought under the power of different strongholds of Europe.

Later on, when the nations like Italy and Germany took up the ideas of Nationalism and moved for unification, they defeated those powers, which were being ruled by the other European powers. As a result of this, the structure of Europe, established by the congress of Vienna, got redrawn, and the present day Europe is established.

9th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what ways do you think Napoleon’s conquests would have helped in the emergence of nationalism in those countries? (Text Book Page No. 174)
Answer:

• Napoleon formed a new political union under French patronage and called it “confederation of the Rhine”.
• He had abolished 112 small states and merged them into a bigger nation.
• As a result the complicated political map of Germany was made easy.
• These confederations raised the feeling of the nationalism in those countries.

Question 2.
How did nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerge? (Text Book Page No. 174)
Answer:

• A nation state was one in which the majority of its citizens came to develop a sense of common identity and shared common history.
• This commonness did not exist from time immemorial, it was forged through struggles, through the actions of leaders and the common man.
• The French revolution gave the term “nation” its modern meaning.
• A nation is not the territory but the people who make it.
• The French revolution gave the meaning of sovereignty that the people constituting the nation are the source of all power and authority.
• Government is answerable to its people.
  All these ideals led to the formation of the nation -states.

Question 3.
Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity. (Text Book Page No. 174)
Answer:

• Language and popular traditions are important in the creation of national identity.
• National identity means people feeling that they belong to a nation irrespective of their caste, religion, colour etc.
• The language makes people identify themselves as a one race or a nation.
• Also the popular traditions such as Roman culture and tradition etc., easily attracted the people and strengthened the national integrity.

Question 4.
Explain why Charles X and Louis Philippe fled from france. (Text Book Page No. 180)
Answer:

• Revolutions means transformation of ideas and thoughts.
• Sometimes this transformations became violent and may lead to the execution of the king and queen.
  Ex : Charles X and Louis X VI
• In orderto avoid such kind of situations Charles X and Louis Philippe fled from France.

Question 5.
Describe the caricature. How does it represent the relationship between Bismarck and the elected deputies of parliament? What interpretation of democratic processes is the artist trying to convey? (Text Book Page No. 181)

Answer:
Bismarck’s dominance over the elected deputies of the Parliament is shown in the caricature. He followed ‘Blood and iron’ policy. He firmly believed that this policy only could achieve the unification of Germany but not the songs, speeches and festivals.

Question 6.
In what ways do you think the old kingdoms prevented the growth of trade and industry? (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

• There was no free trade and there were lot of state-imposed restrictions.
• A merchant had to pass through so many customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5% at each customs officers.
• Due to these conditions, the growth of trade and industry was prevented in the old kingdom.

Question 7.
In what ways would liberal democracy have helped to develop trade and industry in those countries? (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

• Liberal democracy stood for the freedom of markets.
• It also insisted on the abolition of state-imposed restrictions.
• Through the above measures, the liberal democracy have helped to develop trade and industry in their countries.

Question 8.
Do you think our country has a liberal democratic political system ? Give your reasons. (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

• In India supreme power rests with the people.
• India is a republic country.
• Everyone is equal before law.
• Every citizen of 18 years and above has the right to vote.
• Any citizen is eligible to contest for any political office.
  Hence we can say India has liberal democratic political system.

Question 9.
Why do you think conservatism needs to curb freedom to express ones opinion and criticise? (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

• Conservatism is the dominance of society by an aristocracy. It is incompatible with democracy, prosperity and civilization in general.
• The conservatives did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.
• They imposed censorship laws to control the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution.

Question 10.
What is the caricaturist trying to depict? (Text Book Page No. 177)

Answer:
The caricaturist is trying to depict the thoughts of Jacobin clubs and the discontentment among people on the freedom of speech.

Question 11.
Indian nationalists also sought to revive and give importance to folk arts in India. Why do you think they thought this was important?
Answer:

• Our Indian nationalists sought to revive and give importance to folk arts in India.
• This was done to carry the message to large audience who were mostly illiterate.
• Another reason to use folk art was to revive our ancient national spirit.

Question 10.
Do you think Italy became a true nation state with its unification under King Emmanuel II? Give your reasons.
Answer:
No, because the unification of Italy was only made territorially. The much of the Italian population was illiterate. They had no idea of nationalist ideology. The peasant masses in Southern Italy had never heard of Italia. Hence, we can say that Italy did not become a true nation state.

Question 11.
Hold a debate in the class between those who agree with conservatism and those who agree with liberal democracy on what is best for the welfare and development of people in Europe or in India.
Answer:
Conservatism means supporting monarchy. The conservatives wanted to protect traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and family. They supported the modernisation initiated by Napoleon.

In monarchy, the king is the final. It he is good administrator, the people under him will be benefited. Otherwise they will suffer a lot.

Liberal democracy means the representative of the people rules the country for the will and wish of the people only. Without the concern of the people, he may not have whole right to take any action. The people have the power to remove him from the power when he goes wrong. Hence the government itself is people’s. Thus, democracy is the best form of government.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 3rd Lesson Hydrosphere Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 3rd Lesson Hydrosphere

9th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Hydrosphere Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Find the odd one out and give an explanation for your choice.
i) a) evaporation
b) condensation
c) salination
d) precipitation
Answer:
Odd one – (c)
Except salination, remaining all belong to the water cycle.

ii) a) tectonics
b) centrifugal force
c) solar energy
d) precipitation
Answer:
a) Tectonics is odd one : Remaining all are the factors that cause ocean currents.

Question 2.
Correct the false statements.
a) Oceans trenches can be located near the continents.
b) Relief features of the oceans are like plains.
c) Most salt in the seas is washed into it from the land over centuries.
d) Temperature of ocean water remains the same across the globe.
Answer:
a) Ocean trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean floor.
b) Relief features of the oceans are Trenches, Deep sea plains and Ridges.
c) True.
d) Temperature of ocean water varies from place to place across the globe.

Question 3.
Describe any one impact of ocean currents for the region you live.
Answer:
The Indian Monsoon current refers to the seasonally varying ocean current regime found in the tropical regions of the northern Indian ocean. The seasonally reversing open ocean currents that pass through south of India are referred to as the winter monsoon current and the summer monsoon current, alternately the north-east monsoon current and the southwest monsoon current.

India receives rainfall due to these currents.

Question 4.
Do you think that the description of blue planet is accurate? Describe any one way in which your activity impacts its oceans.
Answer:
Yes, I do think that the description of blue planet is accurate.

Humans are a part of the natural environment. But our activities lead to degradation of environment.

Oceans are suffering from our activities too, our land practices cause agricultural runoff, sewage, and litter to end up in the oceans daily. Today oceans have also fallen victim to our exploitation. Many large fishes like whales have been disappearing. Damage to oceans is damage to our livelihoods, well-being and nourishment.

Question 5.
Why differences are there in the salinity of oceans?
Answer:

• Salinity of ocean water depends upon many causes, but the main cause is continuous movement of ocean. Water from one place to other due to rotation of earth and winds which takes water here and there causing change in salinity of ocean water (ocean currents and thermohaline currents)
• Melting of ice causes an influx of fresh water, which dilutes ocean water.
• inflow of river water causes an influx of fresh water, which dilutes ocean water.
• Evaporation is only fresh water, which removes fresh water flow an area, causing salt to become more concentrated.
• Rain and snowfall opposite of evaporation, we are adding fresh water and diluting it.
• Wave and wind – various local mixing causes smaller – scale variation in surface salinity.

Question 6.
How is human life dependent upon oceans?
(OR)
How is human life depends on Oceans?
(OR)
How are oceans influencing human life?
Answer:

• Oceans stabilize climates over land.
• They are the storehouses of many chemicals, each of which are useful to humans.
• They disperse many plant & animal species from one continent to another, making biota available in various places. Many of these plants & animals are used as food, neutraceutically as medicines.
• Some people constantly live on boat, due to paucity of land in such areas.
• They are a source of various types of poly-metallic nodules.
• They are used for landing of certain debris of satellites & safely pad most of the meteors that come from outer space, as oceans cover more than 75% of earth’s surface.

Question 7.
Observe the map 1 on page 35 and write down the names of a few warm and cold currents.
Answer:
Some warm and cold currents :

1. Equatorial current (warm)
2. Gulf stream (warm)
3. Labrador current (cool)
4. Greenland current (cool)
5. North Pacific current (warm)
6. West wind drift (cool)
7. East wind drift (cool)
8. Bengula current (warm/cool)

Question 8.
Read the para ‘Ocean as a Resource’ on page 33 and comment on it.
Ocean as a ResourceMost life on earth is under the water. Human beings still have not finished identifying all the different forms of life in the oceans. Human beings have depended on oceans for their food and livelihood from the ancient times. Oceans provided abundant food resources like fish and salt. We also use the sand, gravel, etc. for our industries or housing. Humans extract minerals like chlorine, fluroine, iodine from it. Ocean waves are used for generating power. Ocean floor is mined for oils. Oceans also provide us with gems and pearls. For centuries, we have created our civilisations on its shores and traded across with each other travelling on them.
Answer:
The ocean is one of earth’s most valuable natural resources. It provides food in the form of fish and shell fish. It is used for transportation – both travelling and shipping. It provides a treasured source of recreation for humans. It is mined for minerals and drilled for crude oil.

Question 9.
Prepare a flow chart which shows different land forms.
Answer:

Question 10.
Prepare a list of currents which are found in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. Identify the cold and warm currents in different oceans.
Answer:

9th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Hydrosphere InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give the reasons for the Sow salinity of Baltic sea. (Text Book Page No. 32)
Answer:

1. Baltic sea is a brackish mediterranean sea located between Central and Northern Europe.
2. The Baltic sea’s salinity is much lower than that of ocean water.
3. Baltic is a small sea on a global scale.
4. The causes for the low salinity of the Baltic sea are
   a) The abundant fresh water run off from the surrounding land.
   b) The shallowness of the sea.
   c) The flow of fresh water into the sea from approximately two hundred rivers and the introduction of salt from the south builds up a gradient of salinity in the Baltic sea.
   d) The Baltic sea is only connected to the world’s oceans by the narrow and shallow waters of the Sound and Belt-sea.
   e) This limits the exchange of water with the North sea and means that the same water remains in the Baltic for a lot of years.

For all the above reasons the salinity of the Baltic sea is less than that of the salinity of the oceans.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 8th Lesson Service Activities in India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 8th Lesson Service Activities in India

9th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson Service Activities in India Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What is meant by the term “service activities”?
Answer:
1. Services rendered by different people in a specified activity are known as service activities.
E.g.: a) Teachers’ Services.
b) Health and Medical Services rendered by doctors and para-medical staff.
c) Services of people working in army, navy, and airforce.
d) Financial activities of banks and insurance companies.
e) Trading activities, etc.
All the above services can be termed as Service Activities.
2. Service activities do not produce any tangible commodity like paddy or cloth.
3. Service activities here refer to ‘the nature of work” done.
4. “Service activities” in this context of work does not mean something that is done “free of cost” or “out of love or devotion.”
5. All the above people earn money by rendering these “service activities.” This is their livelihood.
6. These service activities are required for agriculture and industrial activities.

Question 2.
List five service activities and give your reasons why they are not be considered as either agricultural or industrial activities.
Answer:
1. Health and Medical Services :
A doctor examines patients, prescribes medicines and monitors their progress. Other para-medical staff help doctors.

2. Trade :
Goods whether agriculture or manufacture goods are to be transported to distributors. Distributors in turn supply goods to wholesaler who in turn supplies them to retailers. And consumers purchase from the retailer. These are trading activities.

3) Financial Services :
Banks issue loans to all farmers and entrepreneurs and facilitate agriculture and industrial activities. Insurance companies insure goods against risk.

4) Defence :
Activities and people who work in all the armed forces like army, navy, and airforce.

5) Personal Services :
Workers who do domestic work, laundry, cleaning, dyeing, hair dressing, etc.

a) In all the above examples we can see that services are rendered.
b) Nothing new is produced here. In agriculture, we produce some crop and in industrial activity, we work upon raw materials and convert them into finished goods. Here in the above examples, nothing tangible is produced.
c) The above examples are special kind of activities that help agriculture and industry and also provide a lot of service that people require.
So we cannot consider the service activities as either agricultural or industrial activities.

Question 3.
How can service activities help in the overall development of a country?
Answer:

• Overall development of a country depends on developmental initiatives involving setting up of many establishments like educational institutions, hospitals, etc.
• Other developmental activities include provision of infrastructure facilities such as transportation, telecommunications, banks, insurance services, and other services like trading, book keeping, and public administration.
• All these activities are service activities that help agriculture and industry and facilitate overall development of our country.

Question 4.
How are agricultural and industrial activities related to services?
Answer:
Agricultural and industrial activities need the services of various sectors.

1. Transportation helps in assembling raw material from the mines to industrial spots and to carry finished goods from industry to markets.
2. Road and other services to transport finished products.
3. Marketing services.
4. Import and export services.
5. Storage services like godowns.
6. Financial services like banking loan and insurance services.
7. Health and education services.
8. Communication system, information technology.

Question 5.
‘The growth of service sector is sustainable and can make India as a rich country.’ Do you agree with this statement? Elaborate.
Answer:

• There is a lot of change in technology and by exporting our services i.e., “BPOs” or “Outsourcing” we are earning foreign exchange.
• Service Sector constitutes one-fourth of the jobs people do in India.
• 90.5 lakhs and 25.3 lakhs of people are involved in community, social, personal services, and transport and communications respectively.
• So many jobs are available for educated people in service sector.
• Due to the development of telecommunications and information technology, the world has become a global village.
• Due to the establishment of Multinational Companies, we are getting projects from foreign countries.
• The standard of living of the people has been increased for the last two decades. Hence the growth of service sector is sustainable and can make India a rich country.

Question 6.
Why are service sector activities becoming important?
Answer:

• Service sector activities include all the services like Banking and Finance, Trade and Commerce, Transport and Communications, Health, Education, Personal services, etc.
• Service sector activities do special kind of activities that help agriculture and industry and provide a lot of services that people require.
• Provision of education and health fulfils the aim of social welfare.
• Trade and commerce help in bringing buyers and sellers together.
• Transportation is necessary forthe movement of men and material from one place to another.
• The development of telecommunications has cut the geographical boundaries and helps in globalization.
• They provide information about new markets and products.
• They are considered as means of modernization.
• They provide employment opportunities and are very useful in rising the standard of living of the people.
  Due to the above reasons the service sector activities are becoming important.

Question 7.
Service activities cannot expand beyond a level unless agriculture and industries. Explain.
Answer:

• Development of a country is always measured on production of goods and services.
• Increase in production is possible only through the development of agriculture sector and industrial sector.
• Service activities are necessary to modernize agriculture and industrial sector.
• Development services without increase in production is a waste.
• Hence service activities cannot expand beyond a level unless agriculture and industries develop.
• In fact, all three sectors should go hand in hand.

Question 8.
How can service sector reduce educated unemployment in India?
Answer:

• There has been tremendous change in the communication technology which has opened a wide range of jobs for educated people.
• Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has brought in new kinds of employment opportunities.
• They provide services to people located across the globe using telecommunication links.
• The entertainment industry creates jobs to work in various print media firms, cable television channels.
• We see number of internet cafes and telephone booths in most of the cities and towns.
• The advertising industry has also brought new job opportunities.
• Many new jobs are available in Banking and insurance sectors.
  Hence service sector can reduce educated unemployment in our country.

Question 9.
Is there any migration of labourers from your area? Find out the reasons for the migration.
Answer:
Yes, there is migration of labourers from our village.

Reasons for migration :

1. People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient employment opportuni¬ties, inadequate income available in rural employment.
2. People also migrate with the expectation of higher incomes and more opportunities for family members and may be better services.
3. For some people from rural areas moving to cities and towns, to work in industry and other services activities have been recognised as a natural response to increase their income and for better family prospects.

Question 10.
Read the 9th paragraph of this chapter ‘Working people engaged’ and answer the following.

What are the service activities required for agriculture and industries?
Answer:

• Banks and other financial institutions finance the agriculture and industrial activities by lending of funds.
• Transportation services help in the development of the agriculture sector through effective distribution of food grains and perishable goods from the producing areas to the markets without interruption.
• Transportation helps in the distribution of raw material to the industrial units.
• Service sector activities provide information about new markets and products.
• A variety of trading activities like distributors, wholesalers and retailers also constitute a major segment of service activities.
• These activities help in bring buyers and sellers together.
• Proper power supply to various industrial units facilitates industrial growth.

Question 11.
Observe the map given in the (text) page 104. Locate the software technology parks of our country in the India outline map.
Answer:
Students Activity

Question 12.
Discuss with any seven people identify with sector they are employed in. Write a brief note or design a poster about their work. What relationship do you see between their employment and place of residence?

Explain your reason for the classification.
Answer:

1) Primary sector :
This includes those activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources, e.g.: Cultivation of paddy. This is known as primary sector because it forms the base of subsequent products that are made from it. This sector is also called Agriculture and Related sector.

2) Secondary sector :
This sector covers those activities in which natural and primary products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing.
e.g.: manufacturing paper from bamboo. This sector is also known as industrial sector.

3) Tertiary sector :
This sector includes those activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors, e.g.: railways. Since they provide services to help the production, this sector is also called service sector.

9th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson Service Activities in India InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
There are eight categories of service activities given below. Some details are filled in, others are left out. Fill in the blank ones after discussing with your teacher. (Text Book Page No. 97 & 98)
Answer:
1. Education:
Institutions – schools, colleges, universities, technical institutions come under this category. This means those who are working in these institutions such as teachers, all the administrative staff and their activities constitute services.

2. Health and Medical Services :
Primary health centres. General hospitals. Old aae homes, etc.

3. Trade :
A variety of selling activities both wholesale and retail that we see around. National and International business, etc.

4. Public Administration :
Public services under village and town panchayats, state and central governments come under this category. Examples: people who work in police stations, workers of various other government departments such as village administrative officers, revenue inspectors, tehsildars, Collectors, those who work in all kinds of courts, assistants, clerks, accountants, typists, peons, drivers etc.

5. Defence :
Activities and people who work in all the armed forces like army, navy and air force.

6. Financial activities :
Banks and different saving schemes, postal, life insurance, etc.

7. Personal Services :
Workers who do domestic work, laundry, cleaning, dyeing services, hair dressing, running beauty parlours, tailoring shops, photo, and video studios.

8. Activities such as:
People working in entertainment and information technology industry – production of films, TV serials, those working in media, newspapers, television channels, and advertisement agencies are also included in services.

Question 2.
What do you think about Foreign Direct investment {FDI} in Retailing Activities? Can government do anything to address this issue? (Text Book Page No. 101)

• In my opinion, there will be gainers and losers from FDI in retail.
• Overall gains will outweigh to losses.
• In course of time the losess too will benefit.
• It was opined that large and medium sized farmers will initially benefit the most, while the small farmers or landless labour will be the losers.
• However, the purchases by the big super markets will increase demand for agricultural products, which in turn will expand agricultural out put, and increase demand for labour.
• This will increase agricultural wages in the long run.

To set right this issue, the government has to take following steps.

1. Best storage facilities also should be provided by the govt.
2. Govt should take measures that market will not go in the hands of few people.
3. Govt must keep Foreign Direct Investment under its control.

Question 3.
Who, in your opinion should set up new medical institutions – privatesectoror government? Why? (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:
The following organizations shall be eligible to apply for permission to set up a medical college.

1. A state govt. / union territory.
2. A university
3. An autonomous body promoted by central and state governments.
4. A society registered under the Societies Registation Act, 1860.
5. A public religious or charitable trust registered under the Trust Act, 1882.
6. Companies registered under Company Act.

I think that the government should set up new medical institutions.

Reason:
Because it is not easy to any private sector persons to satisfy the norms of the Medical Counsil of India.

Question 4.
The following table shows the number of workers (in lakhs) employed in different service activities in large enterprises in 1991 and 2010. Read the table carefully and answer the questions that follow. (Text Book Page No. 100)

a) Which service activity gave maximum employment in 2010?
Answer:
Community, social and personal services gave maximum employment.

b) Has the number of government jobs increased or decreased over the years?
Answer:
The number of government jobs has been drecreased from 136 lakhs in 1991 to 131.6 lakhs in 2010.

c) What kind of jobs has government generated the most during this period?
Answer:
The jobs in finance, insurance, and real estate have been increased from 11.9 lakhs to 14.1 lakhs for the last 20 years.

d) What kind of jobs were people able to get in the private service activities?
Answer:
People were able to get private jobs in all service sector activities like trading, transportation, finance and personal services.

e) Are there any differences between jobs provided by the government and private employers? Discuss.
Answer:
a) The number of job opportunities in the private sector has been increased from 20.9 lakhs in 1991 to 43.7 lakhs in 2010.
b) The salaries of the private jobs are good but the employees are expected to work very long hours.
c) Government jobs have security whereas private jobs do not give any security to their employees.

Question 5.
Talk to some retail shop owners in your neighbourhood. Discuss their opinions on foreign retailing shops in your class. (Text Book Page No. 102)
Owner of shop – 1 : “Traders and kirana store owners are not fully prepared to face foreign retailers.”
Owne^sfiop – 2’/ “6ur shops are safe. Our customers will not visit those shops.”
Owner of shop – 3 : “The customer will get the knowledge of quality of the provisions. Those shops are maintaining least quality things.”
– We discussed all these points in the classroom.

Question 6.
What is your opinion on foreign companies setting up retail shops in India? How do you think that they generate employment in India? (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:

• Foreign direct investment will definetly help the farmers in long run.
• It is argued that there will be loss of jobs in traditional, smaller retail sector.
• However, the purchases by the big supermarkets will increase demand for agricultural products, which in turn will expand agricultural output, which in turn may increase demand for labour.
• This will increase wages in the long run.

Question 7.
Prepare a table with two columns and list out the advantages and disadvantages of allowing foreign company retail stores in India. (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:

Question 8.
Why is it necessary to establish more medical institutions in India? (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:

• The government of India recognizes ‘Health for all’ as a national goal.
• The medical education and health care in India are facing serious challenges in content and competencies.
• There is a need to balance for more medical colleges with the maintenance and improvement of quality standards.
• There are disparities between different states and rural/urban areas with regard to access to basic medical services and quality health care.
  To overcome all these problems, it is necessary to establish more medical institutions in India.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 11th The Government Budget and Taxation

9th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Why does the government need a budget? Why does the budget talk of taxes?
Answer:

• In most modern societies, the government is responsible for a number of crucial functions.
• These include the more traditional functions like defending the country, maintaining law and order, the provision of public facilities, the establishment of factories, and other developmental and welfare activities.
• Revenues are necessary to finance the expenditures of the government.
• In order to steamline the income and expenditure, every government prepares a budget for each financial year.
• Deficit, between expenditure and revenue, will usually be filled by imposing additional taxes.
• Hence the budget always talks of taxes.

Question 2.
What is the difference between income tax and excise duty?
Answer:

Question 3.
Match the following.

Answer:

Question 4.
You are expected to pay taxes on steel, matches, clocks, cloth, iron ; a tax increase on which of these would affect the prices of other commodities the most and why?
Answer:
The taxes on iron and steel increase or affect the cost of other goods because they are intermediate goods.

Question 5.
Ordinary food items, such as grain, pulses, oil are used by all. Then why is it said that imposing tax on them will have a greater effect on the poor?
Answer:

• Ordinary food items, such as grains, pulses, oil, etc., are goods that are essentials,
• The poor spend almost all of their income on these goods.
• Hence imposing tax on them will have a greater effect on the poor.

Question 6.
A group of four friends decided to stay together by contributing money towards the rent of a house. The rent was rupees 2000 per month.
• How could this be shared among them?
• We also know that two of them earned Rs. 3000 rupees per month and the other two Rs. 7000 per month. Is there some other way of sharing the cost so that each one of them feels the same pinch?
• Which way of sharing would you prefer and why?
Answer:
1. One method of sharing the rent is the distribution of the rent equally among all the four members. Then each one has to pay Rs. 500/- (i.e. 2000/4 = 500).

2. Another method of sharing is that everyone has to pay 10% of their earnings as rent. In that case –
a) Two of them whose income is Rs. 3000/-
have to pay 10% of 3000/- = 300/- each.
b) Two of them whose income is Rs. 7000/-
have to pay 10% of 7000/- = 700/- each.

In my opinion 2nd method of sharing is the best as low income people are paying the lower share whereas high income people are paying the higher share of rent.

Question 7.
Tax on income or tax on commodities. Which of the two affects the rich more and which affects the poor more? Explain with reasons.
Answer:

• Tax on income is a direct tax. According to the rules of income tax, those with higher incomes have to pay greater part in tax.
• Those who are less well-off pay not only lower taxes but a smaller proportion of their income as taxes.
• Hence tax on income affects the rich more.
• Tax on commodities is an indirect tax.
• Whether rich or poor, everyone has to pay the same amount of tax when they buy commodities.
• The tax on commodities does not distinguish between the rich and the poor.
• Hence tax on commodities affects the poor more.

Question 8.
How would VAT reduce the evasion of taxes on goods?
Answer:

• All producers and traders will have to keep genuine record of their sale and purchase.
• Everyone has to keep proper records and ask for bills for purchase.
• It is only on this basis they can show the tax already paid on cost of inputs.
• The tax inspectors will be able to match records of the seller and purchaser for verification.
• These records and verifications in VAT reduce the evasion of taxes on goods.

Question 9.
What is the difference between Excise duty and Customs duty?
Answer:

Question 10.
Is there any hike in the bus fares recently? If so, try to know the reasons for it.
Answer:
1) It was directly related to the fact that there was a hike in the price of petroleum (product both petrol) and diesel. As price for petrol and diesel has increased nearly 45 times past 2 – 3 months it has come around with a difference of approximately 4 Rs. per liter.
2) So, as to balance this gap and the loss incurred by this the bus fare had been hiked by 40 paisa per kilometer.

Question 11.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Direct Taxes’ (Income Tax is charged only for…) and answer the following :

Why do high income earners pay more tax?
Answer:

• What kind of tax we follow depends on the values that the society as a whole holds.
• Many societies feel that it is not fair that a few people have lakhs of rupees, while others do not have enough to eat.
• The poor or the low income group cannot meet their daily expenses.
• Then why should tax be imposed on them?
• The poor should not feel the pinch of tax.
• Hence collection of more tax from the higher income group is justifiable.

Question 12.
What is the effect of black money on our economy?
Answer:

• Black money circulation in the parallel economy is a big menace to the economy.
• It is also a cause of big loss in the tax-revenues for the government. As such it needs to be curbed.
• Its elimination will benefit the economy in more than one way. It will also generate more revenues for the government.

Question 13.
Bring a few wrappers of soaps, toothpastes, tablet strips or any other things of daily use which contain MRP Discuss the rate mentioned and the rate at which they are so!d. Talk about the profit that the retailer gets.

Answer:
Please scan the some of the wrappers of Biscuits, toothpaste, soaps, etc. with MF The MRP that are printed on the wrappers are fixed by the manufactures. The Manufactures incude the cost of production, tax, VAT, commissions, transportation cost and profits etc. From them retailer bought the goods on wholesale and he mix up again transportation cost, tax, vat and his profit. In that retailer get more profits because he bought the good with low cost he sold more cost. Again he mix up the VAT & Tax also profit to him.

9th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Can you guess from where does the government get money for pubficfacilitiesand other activities? (Text Book Page No. 132)
Answer:
Government raises the revenue required to meet expenditure. The following are the types of revenue of government.

1. 1) Taxation –
   a) Direct taxation,
   b) Indirect taxation
2. Charging for services directly provided to the public.
3. Profits from state-owned enterprises.
4. Borrowings from domestic markets and international sources.

Question 2.

In the example of the TV, what proportion of the cost of the TV did the consumer pay as tax? (Text Book Page No. 136)
Answer:
12% of the cost of the TV is charged as tax. The consumer pays Rs. 1,200 by way of tax.

Question 3.
Fill in: (Text Book Page No. 138)
The purchases by Tara, Sajida and Preeti show __________ tax rates across goods. (same/different)
Answer:
different (same/different)
Can you guess why this should be so?
In case of Tara VAT = 5% of 5,000 = Rs. 250
In case of Sajida VAT = 12.5% of 9,165 = Rs. 1,146
In case of Preeti VAT = 0 (No VAT on LPG) = Rs. 0

Question 4.
You might think it would be fair for everyone to pay the same amount of tax. Consider the following three prople : (Text Book Page No. 139)

Would it really be fair if each of the three people has to pay the same amount? If Jyoti cannot even afford to feed her children properly, is it fair for her to pay 50 rupees as tax?
Answer:

• According to the rules of income tax, those with higher incomes have to pay greater part in tax.
• Those with less well-off pay have to pay lower taxes.
• In the above example, Jyothi, Asif, and Nithesh are paying same tax of Rs. 50/- though their incomes vary a lot. Hence this type of taxation is not fair.

Question 5.
You might think it would be more fair to ask each person to pay a certain pecentage of what they earn as tax. Supposing everyone paid 10% in taxes, calculate how much each person would pay? (Text Book Page No. 139)

Would this be fair? Still Jyoti may not have enough to live. Asif may not have enough for repairing of his house. But Nithesh would have plenty of money for all basic necessities even if he had to pay 20% of his income as taxes.
Answer:

• Tax rate is same for all people i.e. 10%.
• So Jyothi has to pay 10% of 1500 i.e., Rs. 150/-
• Asif has to pay 10% of 8000 i.e., Rs. 800/-
• Nithesh has to pay 10% of 30000 i.e., Rs. 3000/-
  This is not fair. This is against the progressive taxation which insists that the rate of tax has to be increased when income increases.
  Hence charging 20% of tax on Nithesh is quite fair.

Question 6.
To make taxes more fair you might then say only the people earning more than a certain amount say Rs. 7000 per month have to pay taxes. You might also say that the richest people should pay greater proportion of their earnings as taxes. For example

Calculate how much each person will pay. (Text Book Page No. 139)

Would this be fair?
Answer:

• As per the above rule, people below Rs. 7000/- income are exempted from taxation.
• Hence Jyothi and Asif need not have to pay taxes.
• Nithesh’s income is Rs. 20,000/-
• As per table he has to pay 20% of tax.
• Tax to be paid by Nithesh = 20,000 x 20/100 = 4000/-
  This type of taxation is called progressive taxation. The tax rate increases as income increases.

The above taxation satisfies the principle that the richest people should pay greater portion of their earnings as taxes.

Hence this method is the fair way of taxation.

Question 7.
With the help of this pie chart, answer the following questions.
Expenditure of the Government (Center and States), in 2011-12

In 2011-12 the government spent around Rs.23,00,000 crores.
1. Calculate the expenditure of the government on food subsidy. (Text Book Page No. 133 & 134)
Answer:
Total government expenditure = 23,00,000 crores
Share of food subsidy = 3%
Total food subsidy = 23,00,000 × 3/100 = 69,000 crores.

2. Discuss on what all was this money spent and the purpose for this?
Answer:

• The government has assumed responsibility for supply of essential commodities like wheat, rice, sugar, edible oils and kerosene etc.
• The prices of goods sold through Public Distribution System (PDS) are less than ‘ that of the market price and the difference in price – is borne by the government.
• So the government spends 69,000 crores on-food subsidy.

Question 8.
Relate some of the expenditure in the pie-chart to the roles played by the government. (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:
Roles of government and expenditure spent

Question 9.
Collect and list out some details of government expenditure from reading the newspapers of your region. (Text Book Page No. 132)
Answer:

• Government expenditure is also known as public expenditure.
• From the point of view of development, public expenditure is classified as
  1. Development expenditure
  2. Non-development expenditure.
• From the point of view of creation of capital assets, public expenditure is classified as
  1. Revenue expenditure
  2. Capital expenditure

Question 10.
If the tax on iron is increased, what other things will this affect? Give some examples. (Text Book Page No. 136)
(OR)
Explain the example given in below picture. Write the relationship between indirect taxes and consumers.

Answer:

• If the price of iron is increased it will directly affect the price of steel.
• Increase in the price of steel leads to increase in the prices of steel sheets and steel pipes.
• Increase in steel sheets will lead to increase in steel almirah and increase in price of steel pipes leads to increase in the prices of cycles and the chain goes on.

Question 11.
We read about some of the major taxes collected by the government. Fill the table from the information given below. Income Tax: 12%; Corporation Tax: 24%; Customs Duty: 10%; Excise Duties: 16%; Service Taxes: 5%; Sales Tax: 23%; Other Indirect Taxes: 10%. (Text Book Page No. 141)

Answer:
Taxes Collected by the Government

1) Which kind of taxes generate more revenues for the government?
Answer:

1. Indirect taxes generate more income. They contribute 64% of all the taxes.
2. Corporate tax contributes 24% of th? taxes and.sales tax contributes 23% of the taxes.

Question 12.
Kranti has an income of Rs. 1,75,000 per year and has to pay an income tax of Rs. 3000. Kamlesh’s annual income is Rs.3,00,000 and he has to pay an income tax of Rs.5,500.
a) Who pays more income tax? (Text Book Page No. 141)
b) Who has to pay a larger part of the income as tax?
c) In such a situation, the person with higher income is paying a _________
(smaller/greater/equai) part of the income as tax.
Answer:
a)

1. Kranti pays 3% of her income as tax.
2. Kamiesh’s pays 2.75% of her income as tax.
3. When we take rate of tax into consideration, Kanti is paying high rate.
4. When we consider the amount of tax paid Kamlesh pays more tax.

b) Kranti has to pay a larger part of the income as tax i.e. 3% when compared with Kamlesh who pays 2.75% as tax.

c) smaller

Question 12.
In your city/town/village, what are the roles that you have seen the government playing? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 132)
Answer:

1. Maintenance of law and order.
2. Provision of education facilities.
3. Looking after of health and sanitation.
4. Construction of roads,, highways, dams, irrigation projects.
5. Establishment of factories etc.

Question 13.
In the year 1947-48, the budget for independent India was only Rs. 197 crores. What could be the reasons for such an increase in the budget since then? (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:

1. Increase in the cost of different goods.
2. Increase of cost of exports.
3. Decrease in the value of money.
4. Change of roles played by government i.e., provision of subsidized fertilizers, food, development of infrastructure facilities etc.

Question 13.
Why do you think has the Parliament been given power over the government’s budget? (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:

• Our government is a representative form of government.
• All the Parliament members are people’s representatives.
• Hence they are given power, on behalf of the people, to talk on budget and to decide on budget. No tax is levied without Parliament’s approval.

Question 14.
Petrol, diesel, etc., are used to run vehicles, motor pumps, generator sets etc. What will happen if the tax on diesel and petrol goes up? (Text Book Page No. 135)
Answer:

• Increase in the prices of diesel and petrol leads to the increase in the cost of transportation.
• Which in turn rise the prices of important commodities.

Question 14.
What is your opinion about value added taxes? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 138)
Answer:

• The tax paid by the manufacturer under VAT system is smaller since she does not have to pay tax on inputs.
• Non-payment of tax is expected to be more difficult.
  Due to above advantages, the VAT tax is to be levied.

Question 15.
If there are two people manufacturing the same goods and one of them evades paying taxes, what advantages could he/she get over the other? (Text Book Page No. 136)
Answer:
The margin of his/her profit may go up.

Question 16.
There have been continuous attempts by the government to reduce fertiliser subsidy. This means that the government would no longer control the price of fertiliser. Farmers would have to buy fertilisers at higher market prices. At present, the government has to pay (compensate) the fertiliser producing companies for the losses that they make. Once fertiliser subsidy is removed, it is said this would make space for other important expenditures in the government budget. Some also argue that subsidised fertiliser does not benefit the small farmer but only encourages the large farmers to overuse it.
Imagine you are a farmer using fertilisers in farming, and you genuinely believe that the farmers need subsidized fertiliser. How would you argue your case? Write a
letter to the Finance Minister. (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 15th Lesson Industrialisation and Social Change Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 15th Industrialisation and Social Change

9th Class Social Studies 15th Lesson Industrialisation and Social Change Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Fill in the blanks with correct options :
Question 1.
Britain did not depend on different parts of the world for ________ and ________ (labourers; raw material; capital; inventions)
Answer:
labourers, capital

Question 2.
Two important types of transport during the Industrial revolution were ________ and ________ (road, air, water, rail)
Answer:
water, rail

Question 3.
Write two sentences each on following aspects in the context of Industrial revolution:
a) Technology
b) Financing and money
c) Agriculture revolution
d) Transport systems
Answer:
a) Technology :
The commencement of industrial revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies, e.g. : Textiles, steam power and iron making.

b) Financing and money:
The whole industrial revolution got founded by a few people who held power to issue essentially infinite credit. Most new industries were financed by small investors, merchants, shopkeepers and farmers.

c) Agriculture Revolution :
The Agriculture Revolution was period of agriculture development between 18th and the end of 19th century, which saw a massive and rapid increase in agricultural productivity and vast improvement in farm technology. Many inventions were created and improved during this revolution.

d) Transport Systems :
The growth of industrial revolution developed on the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. These facilities were of three main types – Water ways, Roadways and Rail roads.
Out of these three, water transportation was the cheapest.

Question 4.
What do you think is special about inventions happening during the industrial revolution ?
Answer:

• Most inventions were more the product of determination, interest, curiosity, even luck, than the application of scientific knowledge.
• Some inventors in the cotton industry, like John Kay and James Hargreaves, were familiar with the skills of weaving and carpentry.
• Richard Arkwright, however, was a barber and wig-maker, Samuel Crompton was not technically skilled and Edmund Cartwright studied literature, medicine and agriculture, initially wished to become a clergyman and knew little of mechanics.
• By contrast, in the area of steam engines, Thomas Savery, an army officer, Thomas Newcomen, a blacksmith and locksmith, and James Watt, with a strong mechanical bent, all had some knowledge relevant to their inventions.
• The road-builder John Metcalf, who personally surveyed surfaces for roads and planned them, was blind.
• The canal builder James Brindley was almost illiterate, with such poor spelling that he could never spell the word ‘navigation’, but he had tremendous powers of memory, imagination and concentration.

Question 5.
How were the lives of different classes of British women affected by the Industrial revolution?
(OR)
“All classes of British women were affected by the industrial revolution” Write your comments.
Answer:

• The Industrial Revolution was a time of important changes in the way that women worked.
• The village women were actively involved in farm work, they reared livestock, gathered firewood and spun yarn on spinning wheels in their homes.
• Their earnings were necessary to supplement men’s meagre wages.
• Women were the main workers in the silk, lace making and knitting industries, as well as in the metal industries of Birmingham.
• Women may well have gained increased financial independence and self-esteem from their jobs; but this was more than offset by the humiliating terms of work they endured.
• Most classes eventually benfited in some way from the huge profits.
  Thus the lives of different classes of British women were affected by the industrial revolution.

Question 6.
What were the relative advantages of canal and railway transportation?
Answer:

• It is easy to shipping goods.
• Both are cheap means of transport when compared to roadways.
• Bulk quantity of goods can be transhipped.

Question 7.
Locate the places where iron and textile Industries are mainly concentrated in England during Industrial revolution.
Answer:

Question 8.
Prepare a table on invention during the time of Industrial Revolution.
Answer:

Question 9.
Read the para under the title “The workers” of Page No. 192 and comment on it.

(OR)

Q: “What were the problem faced by workers in those days”. Comment it.
Answer:

• The life of the workers was hard.
• Multiple families were living in one apartment.
• Very poor sanitary conditions in the factories and in houses.
• No enough earning to buy basic needs.
• Poor living standards.
• Short span of lives.
• Lack of medical facilities.
• Epidemic diseases.
  It was miserable to lead life.

Question 10.
Mention the consequences of the Industrial Revoltuion in the Economic field. Write a report and present in your class.
Answer:
Some 20th century historians argued that the process of economic change took place gradually.

1. GDP, per capita income was broadly stable before the industrial revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy.
2. The Industrial Revolution began an era of per capita economic growth in capitalist economies.
3. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the industrial revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity.
4. Rapid increase in technology which affects production.
5. Standardisation of production process and parts.
6. Substantially lower transportation costs and development of improved transportation systems.
7. Better and cheaper intermediate good production and
8. Vast increase in global trade.

9th Class Social Studies 15th Lesson Industrialisation and Social Change InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write two important inventions which revolutionised the textile industry. (Text Book Page No. 188)
Answer:

1. Water powered loom – Edmund Cartwright.
2. Spinning Jenney – James Hargreaves.

Question 2.
Mention two important industrialisation effects on women and children’s life. (Text Book Page No. 193)
Answer:

• Women lost their family life and children their childhood.
• Women had gained increased financial independence and self-esteem. Children worked in factories and stayed away from education.

Question 3.
Compare the industrialisation in Germany and France. Identify similarities and differences. (Text Book Page No. 195)
Answer:
Similarities :

• Germany and France lacked colonial resources.
• In both the countries industrialisation received a boost by the introduction of.railways in 1830s.
• Railways stimulated trade, communication and economic growth.

Differences :

Question 4.
Discuss the developments in Britain and in other parts of the world in 18th entury that encouraged British Industrialisation. (Text Book Page No. 187)
Answer:

• The Industrial Revolution took place in Great Britain almost a century before any other country.
• At that time Great Britain was a very powerful country that controlled many colonies.
• The country gained abundant useful resources from these colonies that aided its growth.
• The country had also just experienced an Agriculture Revolution.
• The country could support the demand for workers in factories. It has many natural resources.
• During the Industrial Revolution, the government of Britain was stable, wealthy and supportive of economy growth. So the Industrial Revolution was emerged first in Great Britain.
• The Industrial Revolution on continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain, this involved the application of technology developed in Great Britain in new places. Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved in search of new opportunities.
• The German, Russian and Belgian governments also provided state funding to the new industries.
• France’s economic growth industrialisation process was slow and steady along the 18^th and 19^th centuries.
• U.S. also supported Industrial Revolution and provided fuels for economic and industrial growth.
• Japan : There Industrial Revolution began about 1870 as Meiji period leaders decided to catch up with the west.

Question 5.
Discuss the effects of early industrialisation on British towns and villagesandcompare these with similar situation in India. (Text Book Page No. 194)
Answer:
New technology and techniques in agriculture paved the way for change. As surplus of cheap agriculture labour led to serve unemployment and rising poverty in many rural areas. As a result, many people left the countryside to find work in towns and cities. So the scene was set for a large scale labour intensive factory system. It led to urbanization.

In India during colonial rule, the British exported all the raw material to Britain. They did not establish or develop any industry here. They did not encourage the agriculture. They imported the finished goods. Both the agriculture and cottage industries were disturbed. As the agriculture is the backbone of India, the dependants suffered a lot. The dependants on agriculture became cheap labour.

Question 6.
What factors enabled Germany to outstrip England and France in industrialisation? (Text Book Page No. 195)
Answer:
The factors that enabled Germany to outstrip England and France in industrialisation:

1. Its government assistance.
2. Transport facilities.
3. The governments’s control over working class, movement with a heavy hand.
4. The government provided for many social benefits and insurance for the workers.
5. Benefit from the technical developments achieved by Britain and U.S.A.
6. Heavy capital investment facilities from large banks.
7. A great proportion of Germany’s industrial production was used to build up Germany’s military and naval power.

Question 7.
Why is high quality steel and iron necessary for industrialisation? Discuss in the class. (Text Book Page No. 188)
Answer:
Throughout the 18 and 19 centuries the English steel and iron makers produced blister and crucible steel and iron. In the 18th century innovations like steam boats, rail road and guns increased the demand for fine iron and steel.

Question 8.
Why do you think the mining of iron ore and coal received equal importance? (Text Book Page No. 188)
Answer:
I think coal is used for smelting iron. So the mining of iron ore and coal received equal importance.

Question 9.
Why do you think the early industrial centres were situated near the iron and coal mines? (Text Book Page No. 188)
Answer:
I think there were no proper transportation facilities to transport the coal and iron. And it is very difficult also to transport such heavy things from one place to another place. Later the canal and rail road transports were introduced and developed. So the early industrial centres were situated near the iron and coal mines.

Question 10.
Why do you think France lagged behind in industrial development? (Text Book Page No. 195)
Answer:
France was slow in industrialising. Even by the end of 19^th century she remained a rural country with a large majority of people cultivating small plots of land. Manufacturers found it more profitable to give out work to rural workers who worked at home rather than to set up factories in towns. Such rural domestic production began to decline after 1850 resulting in economic adversity for the people. Machines in towns began to take over much of the work and only delicate hand work was given out to rural workers. Much of French industrialisation was a result of the spread of railway and road networks after 1860 which created a wide market for its industrial goods.

France also did not develop Banks which could mobilise large amount of capital and lend them to industrialists. As a result most of French manufacturers depended upon family resources. They remained small companies as a result. It also made them slow in adopting new ideas and technologies.

Heavy industry based on iron and coal was slow to develop in France as she did not have good reserves of coal and depended upon expensive imports. Thus French industrialisation remained focused on consumer products like textiles, which were basically small scale enterprises. This was in contrast to the German and British Industrial situation where heavy industries predominated.

So France lagged behind industrial development.

Question 11.
What were the difficulties faced by women and children during industrial revolution? (Text Book Page No. 186)
(OR)
What are the difficulties faced by Women and Children during industrial revolution? What is your reaction towards this?
Answer:
The following selections are testimonies from England and Wales collected by Parliamentary Commission who began to investigate the industrial employment of women and children in the early 1840s.

1. Working conditions were unsanitary and the work was dangerous.
2. Education of the children suffered because of the demands of work.
3. Home life suffered as women were faced with the double burden of factory work formed by domestic chores and child care.
4. Men assumed supervisory roles over women and received higher wages.
5. Unsupervised young women away from home generated societal fears over their fate.
6. As a result of the need for wages in the growing cash economy, families became dependent on the wages of women and children.
7. There was some worker opposition to propagate that child and female labour should be abolished from certain jobs.
8. Children as young as 5 years old worked hard hours for little or no pay (sometimes 19 hours a day)
9. Large, heavy and dangerous equipment was very common for children to be using or working near.
10. Many accidents occurred injuring or killing children on the job.

My reaction :
This is very cruel and inhuman treatment. If it is there now-a-days the factory owners should be punished by govt severely.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 2nd Lesson The Natural Realms of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 2nd Lesson The Natural Realms of the Earth

9th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson The Natural Realms of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks.
a) Hydrosphere is related to ………………………
b) Lithosphere is related to ………………………
c) Atmosphere is related to ………………………
d) Biosphere is related to ………………………
Answer:
a) water mass
b) landmass
c) air mass
d) life

Question 2.
Find the odd one out in the context of lithosphere and give reasons for your choice.
Byson gorge; Grand Canyon; Ozone; Thar desert.
Answer:
Out of these four ozone is the odd one.
Reasons:

1. Byson gorge and Grand canyon are hilly areas.
2. Rivers flow through them.
3. Plants and trees are present there.
4. Thar desert is a vast sand desert, with no water. It has thorny bushes and some kinds of desert plantations.
5. Above three are landforms.
6. But Ozone is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula 03. It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. Ozone’s 03 formula was determined in 1865.

Question 3.
How is the Lithosphere formed?
Answer:

• The solid crust or the hard top part of the earth is called lithosphere.
• The crust is made up of rocks and minerals and covered with a thick layer of soil.
• It is uneven and has high mountains, plateaus, plains, and very deep basins.
• Many of these features are shaped by internal and external processes.
• The slow movements inside the earth lead to the formation of the crust.
• The sudden movements can damage and lead to changes in landforms.
• The processes originating from the depths of the earth like earthquakes and the volcanic eruptions play important role in shaping the surface of the earth.
• The external sources like wind, water, glaciers, and waves also play prominent role in shaping the lithosphere.

Question 4.
How are the continental plates formed and how are they eventually destroyed?
Answer:

• In the beginning, probably all continents were held together.
• Later the earth’s lithosphere is broken up into several pieces, just like the pieces of a large jigsaw puzzle and thus continental plates formed.
• These pieces, on which all the continents and oceans are actually situated, are called “Plates”.
• They float on soft layer of the mantle.
• There are about seven major plates and several minor plates on the earth.
• As the plates move, they push, pull, slide, rise, sink, bend and break.
• Sometimes one plate meets another, the incoming plate dips under the stable plate.
• In fact the incoming plate actually goes into the mantle of the earth and becomes molten due to the heat of the mantle.
• That is how some plates are eventually destroyed.

Question 5.
List out the landforms formed due to the river work. (AS1)
Answer:
Many landforms are formed due to the work of the river. They are
1. V – shaped valley:
The flow of a river is very swift as it descends the steep slopes and it exerts a great force in cutting the mountain vertically. As a result a deep valley develops, narrow at the bottom and wide at the top. This is called V – shaped valley.

2. Gorge:
Where the rocks are very hard, the river cuts a narrow valley with steep sides called Gorges.

3. Canyon:
A deep valley with steep like slopes and is wider at its top than at the bottom is called a Canyon.

4. A plunge pool:
The water falls with great force and dig out the rock beneath to form a plunge pool.

5. Plain:
When the river is in floods it cuts the soil and when it is not in flood it deposits silt and thus forms vast flood plains.

6. Meanders:
As a result of the deposition by floods the river bed becomes too high, the river constantly changes its course and cuts new path and forms gentle snake like meanders.

7. Ox-bow lakes:
Due to the deposition along the sides of the meanders, the ends of the meander loop comes closer and closer. In the course of time the meander loop cuts off from the river and forms a cut off lake which is called ox-bow lake.

8. Delta:
When a river reaches the sea, the fine material is deposited at its mouth forming a delta (∆).

9. Ozone:
Ozone is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula 03. It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. Ozone’s 03 formula was determined in 1865.

Question 6.
Create a table as given below and fill information. And write a small paragraph to explain the similarities and differences you can think of in the context of earth’s external changes, (if there is no information available in the text, leave those columns blank)

Answer:
Wind:
Wind takes many forms and carries away the surface of the land in the higher places.

Water :

1. Water reacts with the chemicals of the rocks and further weakens the rock.
   Water acts as moving agent of the earth.

Glacier :

1. The ice on these glaciers melt throughout the year and flows to low areas as rivers and streams.
2. They also erode, transport and deposit rock materials.

Two forces, weathering and erosion, are constantly at work building up and moving rocks making up the earth’s crust.

Weathering causes rocks to fragment, crack, crumble, or break down physically and chemically.

Erosion loosens and carries away the rock debris formed by weathering. Over time these two forces, working together, change the shape of the land.

Question 7.
Why are Glaciers not found in your surroundings?
Answer:
Glaciers are most commonly found above snow line i.e., regions of high snow fall in winter and cool temperatures in summer. These conditions allow more snow to accumulate on the glacier in the winter that will melt in the summer. This is why most glaciers are found either in mountainous areas or the polar regions.

We are in the state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a semi-arid area and has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summers start in March, and peak in May with average high temperatures in the 42°C range. A dry, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February with little humidity and average temperatures in the 22°C – 23°C range. In such hot and dry conditions glaciers are not formed. So we cannot find glaciers in our surroundings.

Question 8.
How are Beaches formed and name some Beaches?
Answer:
Formation of Beaches:

1. Sea water contains sediments like sand, pebbles, etc.
2. Beaches form as waves deposit these sediment on the shore.
3. The wind pushes these sediments on the shore and inland.
4. This creates an area of sand particles finally form a beach.

Names of some beaches :

1. Diu Beach
2. Manori Beach, Mumbai
3. Versova Beach, Mumbai
4. Mivamar Beach, Panaji
5. Karwar Beach, Karnataka
6. Fort Kochi, Cochin
7. Kovalam Beach, Trivandrum
8. Marina Beach, Chennai
9. R.K. Beach, Visakhapatnam
10. Chandipur Beach, Odisha.

Question 9.
How is the human lifestyle responsible for extension of deserts?
Answer:

• Desertification can be considered as a set of biological, chemical, and physical processes which converge to create desert-like conditions.
• Desertification is a social problem involving people at all stages as a cause and as victims.
• The anthropogenic (human) causes of desertification are over cultivation, over grazing, deforestation and poor irrigation practices.
• These factors are fuelled by local forces such as poverty and population pressure.
• Increase in temperature leads to drying out of water and it further causes to expansion of deserts.
• Mismanagement of dry land ecosystems by humans can cause desertification.
• Poor land use and overgrazing are significant factors for the expansion of deserts.
• Thus activities of human beings lead to the extension of deserts.

Question 10.
Find out the order of the landforms for the following.

Answer:

Question 11.
Draw the map of world plates by observing map 2.
Answer:

Question 12.
Read the para under the title ‘Erosion’ on page 20 and comment on it.

Answer:
Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the earth’s surface by exogenic processes such as wind or water flow, and then transported andsdeposited on their locations while erosion is a natural process. Human activities have increased by 10 – 40 times the rate of which erosion is occuring globally.

Question 13.
Collect newspaper or magazine articles and news on earthquakes and volcanoes.
Prepare an illustrated file on these – how do they happen and how they affect human life.
Answer:
Student’s activity.
Ex: Earthquakes:
The earth’s surface is formed of massive slabs of rock called plates. These are called tectonic plates, are always moving. Sometimes they just slide past one another. At another time they actually collide with one another. Plate movements cause the build up of tremendous quantities of energy in the rock. When the energy is released, it produces vibrations that travel through the rock, leading to earthquakes. During earthquakes, faults, or giant cracks, are produced by the pressure of moving rocks.

Volcanoes:
Deep within the earth it is so hot that some rocks slowly melt and become a thick flowing substance called magma. Because it is lighter than the solid rock around it, magma rises and collects in magma chambers. Eventually some of the magma pushes through vents and fissures in the earth’s surface. Then a volcanic eruption occurs.

Their effect on human life :

1. Major earthquakes and volcano eruption can affect human life.
2. Roads can be damaged and delivery of food can be disrupted.
3. Clean, drinking water may not be available.
4. Sewer system may leave, causing diseases.
5. Gas line could leak, causing health issue.
6. All the surroundings can get covered with ash.
7. Communication system fails.
8. They destroy property and threaten human lives.

9th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson The Natural Realms of the Earth InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do you think the rock is harder inside than outside? (Text Book Page No. 20)
Answer:

• The gradual disintegration of rocks is caused by atmosphere forces.
• The rocks when exposed to heat expand and contract when cooled down.
• As surface rock contracts and expands and contracts again, it gradually becomes brittle and begins to break down.
• Water reacts with the chemicals in the rock and further weakens it.
• These processes by which the rocks are weakened and broken are called ‘weathering’.
• It is easier to chip small pieces of rock from the outer layer rather than from the core of the rock.
• Thus we can say the rocks are harder inside than outside.

Question 2.
Expalin how are the waterfalls are useful. (Text Book Page No. 22)
Answer:

• The most noted advantage of waterfalls is their ability to produce hydroelectric power.
• As it descends the steep slopes the waterfall exerts a great force and cuts mountains vertically and forms V-shaped valleys, gorges and canyons.
• These attract many tourists throughout the world and earn a lot of foreign exchange.
• Waterfalls put oxygen into the water which first helps the fish breathe well.

Question 3.
Can you discuss in the class how the following human actions impact the lithosphere?
i) Mining
ii) Building cities with bricks and cement
iii) Agriculture
iv) Dams (Text Book Page No. 25)
(OR)
‘Human actions like mining, building cities with bricks and cement, agriculture and dams are impacting the lithosphere’ – Comment on it. Mra
Answer:
i) Impact of mining on lithosphere :

• Mining disturbs and removes the rocks, ores and minerals in the geosphere.
• It leaves huge gaping holes in the earth.
• The mine tailings are pulled up in large mounds on the surface of the geosphere.
• Subsidence is an effect that occurs above a deep mine.
• The deep mines cause redistribution of the existing tectonic stress field disturbed by the excavation process.
• High stresses exist inside tectonic plates and they are sensitive to any perturbations.
• In case of mining the mass removal causes fault zones and eventually earthquakes.

ii) Impact of building cities with brick and cement on lithosphere:
Constructing buildings with cement and bricks has a lot of negative effects.

• Concrete used to create hard surfaces causes to surface turn off and it can cause heavy soil erosion.
• Constructing the buildings with cement, bricks and concrete have different thermal and hydrological properties. These cause the surface absorbs and stores heat and water.

iii) Impact of agriculture on lithosphere:
Man has been trying to manipulate more and more of nature and exploit this natural resource by the unscientific practice of agriculture.

• Agriculture causes the depletion of underground acquifiers through overdrafting.
• Under irrigation gives poor soil salinity control which leads to increase soil salinity with consequent build up of toxic salts on soil surface.
• Wide use of agricultural chemicals causes soil pollution.

iv) Impact of dams on lithosphere :

• As a result of dam construction and holding of sediments in reservoirs sediment feeding of down stream channel or shore beaches is prevented.
• Corrosions may occur.
• Rare archaeological and historical places with their exceptional beauties disppear after lying under the reservoir.
• Earthquakes and volcanic activity can be induced by the weight of the reservoir on nearby faulty lines.
• Soil erosion of silt deposited at the edges of reservoirs can seriously damage surrounding vegetation and farmland by sand blow.

Question 4.
Write an imaginary description of the damages that occur due to volcanic eruption in an area. (Text Book Page No. 19)
Answer:

• Volcanic eruption can cause earthquakes, fast floods, mudslides and rock falls.
• Lava can travel very far and burn, bury or damage anything in its path including people, houses and trees.
• The large amount of dust and ash can cause roofs to fall, makes it hard to breathe and is normally very smelly.
• The ground around volcano is not secure and can cause big earthquakes.
• Big volcanic eruptions can change the weather around the world.
• Ash clouds float very high in the air and can cause snow and frost in the summer in a lot of countries.

Question 5.
Compare the Loess Plains with a Delta. What similarities and differences do you see between them? (Text Book Page No. 25)
Answer:
Similarities between Loess Plains and Deltas :

1. Both are the deposits of erosional fine materials on plains.
2. Both loess plains and deltas are fertile lands.

Differences between Loess Plains and Deltas:

1. While loess plains are formed with fine dust blown beyond the deserts, the deltas are formed with fine alluvial material transported by the rivers.
2. While loess plains are formed in the neighbouring lands of the deserts, the deltas are formed at the mouths of the rivers.
3. While loess are fine loam, rich in lime, very coherent and extremely porous, the deltas consist of clayey alluvial soils with a mixture of organic material.
4. While deltas are formed by the action of rivers, the loess plains are formed by the action of winds.

Question 6.
Geologists have found fossils of sea animals on the Himalayas. Some of these are actually worshipped in many homes as ’Salagramas’. How do you think are these^ossil^here on the Himalayas? (Text Book Page No. 17)
Answer:

• The Himalayas are formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian land masses which were originally separate.
• This collision uplifts mountains.
• From around 200 million years ago the area between the two separate land masses was covered by the Tethys sea, which was filling with sediments and had sea creatures which left fossils in the sedimentary rocks formed there.
• So the fossils found in the Himalayas are those formed in the ancient sea bed of the Tethys sea, now exposed and pushed up to form mountains.
• Salagramas are usually black coloured spherical fossils found in the sacred river Gandaki.
• The name salagrama refers to the name of the village on the bank of the Gandaki, where the holy stones are picked up.
• Hindus consider these salagramas as an iconic representation of Vishnu and worship these salagramas.

Question 7.
Collect information about the waterfalls in Andhra Pradesh. (Text Book Page No. 22)
Answer:
Waterfalls of Telangana :

1. Ethipothala falls, near Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.
2. Katiki waterfalls – Visakhapatnam district
3. Kailasakona falls – Chittoor district
4. Mallelatheertham – Nallamala forest, Kurnool district
5. Penchalakona falls – Nellore district
6. Rampachodavaram – East Godavari district
7. Talakona falls – Chittoor district
8. Ubbalamadugu or Tada falls – Chittoor district

Question 8.
Collect some of the pictures of waterfalls. (Text Book Page No. 22)
Answer:
Pictures of famous waterfalls :

Question 9.
Gorges are suitable for construction of dams- can you tell why this is so? (Text Book Page No. 21)
Answer:

• Gorges are narrow valleys with steep sides.
• A gorge is almost equal in width at its top as well as its bottom.
• They are suitable for the construction of massive reservoirs.
• The natural valleys formed by the gorges are built up with hard rock.
• The valleys with its steep sides, extensive rocky floors form the natural reservoirs for the dams.
• Constructing the dams at gorges is less expensive because a little concrete work is needed to form the reservoirs.
• In these vast and massive reservoirs a lot of water can be stored.
• Gorges are flood proof. They prevent floods.
• The waterfalls that falls down from great heights into the gorges can rotate large turbines and generate hydroelectricity in large quantities.
• Thus gorges are suitable for the construction of dams.

Question 10.
You have read about mining of minerals like baryte or coal. In what ways do you think does mining affects the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere? (Text Book Page No. 14)
Answer:

• Mining disturbs and removes the rocks, ores and minerals in the lithosphere leaving huge gaping holes in the earth.
• The mine tailings are piled up in large mounds on the surface of the earth.
• Mining waste when washed into the water ways pollutes the hydrosphere.
• Mining causes air pollution to the atmosphere in several ways.
• The mine might also release poisonous gases that were trapped below the surface.
• Mining affects the biosphere by affecting the other three spheres in an indirect way.

Question 11.
Human beings consume a lot of medicines like anti-biotics to cure sickness. How do you think does it affect the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere? (Text Book Page No. 14)
Answer:

• More than 10,000 tonnes of anti biotics are consumed in Europe each year.
• 30%-60% of them passthrough animals and humans unchanged and reach the ocean.
• These antibiotics can affect the marine ecosystems over a long period, with detrimental effects on natural marine communities of bacteria.
• The presence of antibiotics in the marine environment is worrying as it can reach to humans through the consumption of sea food and fish.
• The marine sediments affected by the antibiotics metabolise both nitrogen and carbon which are linked to both eutrophication and climate problems.

Question 12.
What are the dangers of living on the flood plains? (Text Book Page No. 23)
Answer:

• Flood plains are flood prone areas.
• Massive damage can occur during floods in flood plains.
• Homes, automobiles, buildings, historical monuments, graves, sewer systems, bridges and countless other infrastructure can be destroyed.
• Road ways often suffer. High flooding often claims the lives of drowning victims.
• In flood plains during floods there will be lack of clean drinking water which causes illness and epidemics to spread.
• Thus there are a lot of dangers of living on the flood plains.

Question 13.
Locate the Himalayas, Andes and Rockies mountains. Why were they formed in those locations? Suggest reasons. (Text Book Page No. 17)
Answer:

1) Himalayas
2) Rockies mountains
3) Andes mountains

Reasons:

1. Fold mountains are mountains formed from the folding of the earth’s crust.
2. The Himalayas, the Andes and the Rockies are fold mountains.
3. These fold mountains are formed when two plates move together.
4. The Himalayan mountains were formed by the process of Indian plate pushing the Eurasian plate.
5. The forces of plate tectonics are responsible for the formation of Andes.
6. The Nazce plate and a part of the Antarctica plate have been subducting beneath the South American plate.
7. The Rockey mountains took shape during an intense period of plate tectonic activity that resulted in much of the rugged landscape of the Western North America.
8. The Laramide Orogeny was responsible for raising the Rocky mountains.

Question 14.
You may have noticed that many of the ‘scientific’ terms use Greek words. Why do you think do they use Greek words? Discuss with your teacher. (Text Book Page No. 14)
Answer:
In his communication a scientist is mainly concerned with exact and logical expression of that which he wishes to pass on to another. His purpose is to inform as clearly as possible. Each of his words must have a precise meaning and one meaning only so that there is no risk of confusion or ambiguity. The meanings of many ordinary words of our language are not single and precise. The use of words which are ‘set apart’ from everyday life also enables the scientist to avoid evoking irrelevant and distorting associations.

In addition to precision of meaning and freedom from associations most scientific words by their form and structure they reveal something of their meanings. Many scientific words are built from simpler word-elements usually of Greek origin. Some words are self-explanatory if the Greek roots are known.

Scientific language to be efficient must be universally intelligible. The classical language Greek is so fundamental to the civilised world. The words constructed from this language can easily be learnt to be translated.

So scientific terms use Greek words.

Question 14.
Are all rocks on the earth formed in the mid-ocean ridges? (Text Book Page No. 17)
Answer:
No. All the rocks on the earth are not formed in the mid-ocean ridges. Only ocean rocks or crust are formed of the mid-ocean ridges. These are formed by lava rising up from the mantle. The eruptions on the ridges create new ocean floor made of basalt rocks, which then spreads laterally from the ridge. The first order landforms such as oceans and continents are formed at the time when the hot earth was cooling. While the earth’s interior continued to cool, it contracted and the outer crust wrinkled forming ridges i.e., mountains and basins i.e., oceans. The second order landforms such as plains, plateaus and mountains are formed as a result of the internal processes of the earth. The third order landforms such as carved mountains, valleys, deltas, sand dunes are formed as a result of the shaping of the land forms by wind, water.

Question 15.
Why do you think we don’t feel any of these mighty changes taking place on the earth? Is it because they don’t affect us? Do you think these changes affect us at all? (Text Book Page No. 17)
Answer:

• Two kinds of changes take place in the Lithosphere – first the very slow movements leading to the formation of the crust, movement of the continental plates and their eventual return to the mantle.
• Since these geophysical changes occur over thousands and even millions of years we don’t feel any of these changes.
• Secondly the sudden and dramatic eruption of volcanoes and earthquakes.
• The sudden movements can be destructive and cause much damage. At the same time they also lead to changes in landforms.

Question 16.
Compare the action of the river in the mountains and in the plains. In what ways are they similar and different?
Answer:
Similarities :

1. They carry something when they flow across the two landforms.
2. They have streams in both the areas.
3. They change the surface of the earth.

Differences

From the mountains to delta, a river does not just flow – it changes the surface of the earth.

It cuts rocks, moves boulders, and deposits sediments.
It constantly attempts to carve away all the mountains in its path.

The goal of the river is to create a wide, flat valley which it can flow smoothly towards the ocean.

That is the relation between the mountains and plains.

Question 17.
Why is a flood plain more suited to human habitation compared to mountains? (Text Book Page No. 23)
Answer:
Disadvantages of mountains :

1. High elevation on mountains produces colder climates than at sea level.
2. These colder climates strongly affect the human habitation.
3. Climate of mountains to be used less for agriculture.
4. Abundant water supply.
5. Fertile land – rich for farming and agriculture.
6. Easy to develop than hilly regions.
7. Flood water can be stored temporarily.
8. Many civilizations are flourished on the banks of the rivers.
   These are all more suited to human habitation compared to mountains.

Question 18.
Recall the life of people living in the hills or flood plains that you may have read of. (Text Book Page No. 23)
Answer:
Bison hills are spread in both Bhadradri Kothagudem and W. Godavari districts along either banks of the river Godavari. Many tribal communities live in the hill tracts of this region with their own special life.

These tribals live in small habitations – about 5 to 10 hutments in one place. The habitations are far from each other.

Konda Reddys grow crops in a distinct way called Podu. When rains arrive in June they dibble seeds with the help of digging seeds.

Except for a few months during and after harvest, Konda Reddy women and children are engaged in collection of edible forest produce for subsistence.

There are no rivers or wells in this area. They fetch water from natural springs.

These hill tribes are very few in number but they follow a pattern of life which is very ancient.