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SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 22nd Lesson Women Protection Acts Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 22nd Women Protection Acts

9th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Women Protection Acts Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
What are the disadvantages of child marriage?
Answer:
Disadvantages of child marriage :

• Underage pregnancy.
• Provision for trafficking and sale of girls.
• Pushing the unmatured into family system.
• Increased abortions, premature births which results not only infant mortality but also the death of mothers.
• Handicapped child births or dead child births.
• Mental as well as physical health problems.
• Obstacle to education.
• Hurdle for physical growth (especially regarding female).
• Become child labourers for family maintenance.

Question 2.
Why has domestic violence become a common practice? In what forms domestic violence is seen? Find out the reasons.
Answer:
Reasons for the domestic violence which became common practice :

1. The family system in the society is on the edge of a blade.
2. No moral values are taught to the children.
3. Lack of understanding capacity in the people.
4. Changing cultures in the society.
5. Hurting manner.
6. Lack of adjustment between family members.
7. Lack of respect towards women.
8. Uncontrolled anger, i.e. mental imbalance.

Question 3.
You have read about various problems girls and women. Have you noticed any sort of problems in your village/town? Specify them and what is to be done.
Answer:
I observe the following in our area.

1. An estimated 85 to 90 percent of domestic violence victims are females.
2. Females are victims of intimate partner violence at a rate about five times that of males.
3. Females between the ages of 16 and 24 are most vulnerable to domestic violence.

To control this domestic violence –

1. Proper counselling should be given to them.
2. Value oriented education should be taught to the children.
3. The nature of thinking from others’ point of view’ should be developed from childhood.

Question 4.
Many acts are made by the government. What do you suggest for better implementation?
Answer:
The Acts cause changes physically. But there should be a change in the minds of the people. The government should take necessary steps for this change.

Question 5.
Write an essay on general problems, the women facing.
Answer:
A Thomson Reuters Foundation expert poll last year ranked India as the world’s fourth most dangerous country for a woman, behind only Afganisthan, Congo, and Pakisthan.

Even though the practice is outlawed 300,000 to 600,000 female foetuses are aborted every year in India because of the preference for boys.

From the time they are born or not born and continuing till late in life when they become wives or mothers, it’s a vicious cycle of discrimination and violence keeps on continuing.

Nearly half of Indian girls are married off before the age of 18. Girls are also seen as a financial liability. The practice of dowry is banned by the government, but it’s still as common as ever.

A 2012 of UNICEF study found more than half of Indian males think it is justifiable to beat a wife under certain circumstances.

Outside the household, crimes against women in India are also on the rise, and the evidence is shocking. According to government data, more than 24,000 cases of rape were reported in 2011.

Indian women in some ways, have also made some strides. Literacy rates have gone up, maternal mortality rates have gone down, and millions of women have joined the workforce.

Authorities acknowledge that action is needed and say they are taking steps to try to better protect women.

Helplines have been set up. A number of fast track courts have also been established because of the December 16 gang rape, exclusively for cases of sexual assault and rape. But women’s rights activists say that when discrimination begins even before birth, change will not come easily.

Question 6.
Imagine that you are Tehsildar. How would you prevent child marriages?
Answer:
As a Tehsildar –

1. I will raise the awareness in parents and their relatives.
2. If they don’t listen to me, I will request the police department to take them into custody. Thus I will prevent child marriages.

Question 7.
Prepare a pamphlet to understand the problems faced by the women.
Answer:

Women in India

Women in Independent India are comparitively in a respectable position. Some of the problems which had been haunting the community of women for centuries are not found now.
But still, for a woman, her life is a battle for survival and dignity from her birth to death. Female infanticide, eve-teasing, sexual exploitation, sexual harassment, rapes are still common. There are still many areas where women have not equal rights and are not encouraged to take up education. Dowry practice is still rampant, eventhough it termed illegal. Women still have to make a lot of sacrifices in every areas of their lives.

Question 8.
Read the paragraph under the title ‘Sexual Assault and Torturing’ of page 275 and comment on it.

Sexual Asssault an Torturing :
Recently, central government has appointed Justice J.S. Verma Committee asking suggestions to prevent sexual assault and abuse. Based on the suggestions, Hon. President of India issued an ordinance on 2nd February, 2013. Some important features of the ordinance, are;

• Minimum 20 years of imprisonment.
• Recruitment of women police to address the complaints from the victims.
• It is not necessary for the victim to attend before the police officers individually.
• There will be no punishment if the accused dies in struggle at the time of attack with acid on women.
• There is scope to short video at the time of complaining and trial on the request of the victims.

Answer:

1. Only legislation and law enforcement agencies cannot prevent the incident of crime against women.
2. There is a need of social awakening and change in the attitude of masses, so that due respect and equal status is given to women.

Question 9.
What facilities does the government provide to the poor for seeking judicial justice?
Consult a lawyer and get the information.
Answer:

• Lok Adalat is a relatively recent product in the justice for the poor.
• Next to that there are Legal Aid Committees, Legal Services Authority.

Services offered by the legal services authority :

1. Payment of court and other process fee,
2. Changes for preparing, drafting and filing of any legal proceedings.
3. Changes of a legal practitioner or legal advisor.
4. Costs of obtaining decrees, judgements, orders or any other documents in a legal proceeding.
5. Costs of paper work, including printing, translation, etc.

These are the facilities provided by the government to the poor for seeking judicial justice.

9th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Women Protection Acts InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Have you ever seen child marriages? (Text Book Page No. 269)
Answer:
No, I have never seen child marriages.

Question 2.
Have you ever observed harassment and violence made to women and girls? (Text Book Page No. 269)
Answer:
Yes, I have observed in many of my neighbouring houses.

Question 3.
Have you ever observed the various types of domestic violence threatening women in day to day life? (Text Book Page No. 269)
Answer:
I have observed the following,

1. Persisting denial of food,
2. Insisting on perverse sexual conduct
3. Constantly locking a woman out of the house.
4. Denying the woman access to children, thereby causing mental torture.
5. Physical violence.
6. Taunting, demoralising and putting down the woman with the intention of causing mental torture.
7. Abusing children in their mother’s presence with the intention of causing her mental torture.
8. Mental abuse (threaten to harm, stopping from jobs, force to marry whom she doesn’t like).
9. Threatening divorce unless dowry is given.

Question 4.
What shall we do to stop such violence caused to girls and women? (Text Book Page No. 269)
Answer:
We should take the following steps to stop such violence to girls and women.

1. Value oriented education should be given to the children in schools.
2. The persons, who caused violence, should be punished.

Question 5.
Have you ever seen or heard about women being tortured for dowry in your locality? How are they being tortured? What sort of suggestions do you make to prevent? Who will held responsible? (Text Book Page No. 273)
Answer:
Yes, I have seen such a case. My neighbour ‘Vasu’ is harassing his wife for dowry. He has his mothers support also. They usually beat her, abuse her. I suggest her to proceed women protection cell authorities. Then the project officer will hold responsible.

Question 6.
Domestic violence takes place now and then and gradually it becomes a bad habit pattern. More violence generates from violence. How do we stop this? Who will help? (Text Book Page No. 274)
Answer:
In order to put a stop to the domestic violence, there are various things which should be followed.
1) Awareness:
To make the people aware about the drawbacks and harms of the domestic violence, setthe rules againstthe practice and impose stringent punishments to the attacker.

2) Need for stringent laws:
It is very important that the law against domestic violence has to be imposed stringently.

3) Empowered non-government organizations:
Individuals can also seek the help of NGOs.

4) Seek police help:
In case of severe violence, individuals can seek legal help from the police and put an end to domestic violence.

5) Be aware of the domestic violence facts:
The facts of the domestic violence should be learnt by all.

6) Encourage and not threaten:
It is very important to organize a meeting and encourage people to come up with the solutions.

7) Counselling :
It is very important to have counselling in terms of danger.

Question 7.
Sometimes child marriages are performed for the under aged i.e., less than 15 years without their consent. How do we stop such marriages? Who will help us? (Text Book Page No. 271)
Answer:
We can approach the higher officials in the area – to stop the child marriages.

1. District Collector at district level.
2. R.D.O at division level
3. Tehsildar or Mandal level ICDS officer.
4. Gram Panchayat Secretary at village level are the incharges in stopping the child marriages. They will help us.

 

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 14th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 14th Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century

9th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Choose the correct options.
a) Democratic and nationalist movements assumed that a nation has a ___________ ; (shared history; shared culture; shared economy; all the above; none of the above)
b) Jacobin clubs were established in different countries by ___________ (peasants; royalty; middle class; army)
c) During the mid 18th century the land was owned by ___________ and cultivated by ___________ (middle class, army, aristocrats, tenants)
Answer:
a) All the above
b) army
c) aristocrats, tenants.

Question 2.
After readingabout mid-eighteenth century Europe, what similarities or differences amongst people existed in the context of: language, ethnicity, trade practices.
Answer:

• Within the territories of the empire there lived diverse people.
• In the Alpine regions the aristocracy were predominently German – speaking.
• In Lombardy and Venetia people spoke Italy.
• In Galicia people spoke Polish.
• Bohemians, Slovaks, Slovens, Croats and Roumans were certain ethnic groups.
• The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
• Vast estates were there and they were cultivated by serfs.
• Trade and industry developed, commercial classesemergedduetothesedevelopments.
• A group of new middle class emerged due to the access to education and new ideas.

Question 3.
Do you agree with the statement: “when the emergence of nation states, the dominance of Aristocracy declined and middle class increased”. Give reasons.
Answer:

• Europe witnessed growth of industrial production and trade.
• This led to the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the markets.
• In its wake, new social groups came into being, (a working-class population and middle classes.)
• They had access to education and new ideas.
• It was among them that ideas of national unity and the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
• There after the dominance of Aristocracy declined and middle class increased.

Question 4.
Write an imaginary dialogue between Mazzini and any of the Indian nationalist you have studied.
Answer:
Mazzini : We can’t form a nation state through talks, lectures, and discussions. We should do something.
Indian Nationalist : We can’t achieve freedom by revolutions and violent movements. We can’t achieve the unity of the nation. Time will decide it.
Mazzini : How long is this procrastination? We can achieve the unity through revolutionary organizations and secret fightings.
Indian Nationalist : It takes time for the people to get awareness. Nationality is strengthened when change comes in people.
Mazzine : We have to create the atmosphere of war. We should put an end to the monarchical and despotic rule.
Indian Nationalist : There is a way for that ………. We have to wait for some more time.
Mazzini : The situation will get worst if we still wait …………
Indian Nationalist : You know how French revolution was possible and what results it got.
Mazzini : The circumstances then were different.
Indian Nationalist : Agitations will not show solutions.
Mazzini : We have to decide soon. The flames of revolution should be lit in young people.

Question 5.
Mark sentences that describe conservatives and liberals. Try to identify examples in our contemporary context.
Answer:

Conservatives	Liberals
1. Conservatives are political philosophers who believe in preserving of traditional institutions like, church, monarchy etc.	1. Liberals are political philosophers who believe in the freedom of the individuals.
2. Conservatives stress on the streng­thening of the autocratic monarchies.	2. Liberals insist on a constitution and representative government through Parliament.
3. They believe in the preserving of the privileges of the church.	3. They stand for the end of privileges of the church.
4. They believe in a dynamic economy with certain restrictions.	4. They stand for the development of free trade and market and the abolishment of restrictions.
5. Ex : Vatican City in Rome ruled by Pope.	5. Ex: India.

Question 6.
Draw a table to show the differences and similarities in the nation building process of France, Germany and Italy.
Answer:

France	Germany	Italy
1. Revolutionswereledby liberal nationalists espe­cially middleclassesand commercial classes.	1. Prussia, under the chief ministership of Bismark, took on the leadership for national unfication.	1. Italian princely state of “Sardinia” took on the leadership.
2. Reform Party leader “Theirs”, and social­ist party leader “Louis Blanc” etc., are the leaders involved.	2. Germany unification was a one man ship i.e., Otto von Bismarck with his policy “Blood and Iron” achieved the unification.	2. Mazzini, a Philosopher, Gari-baldi, a sailor, Cavour, the chief minister and Victor Emmanuel II the ruler were involved in nation building process.
3. People and leaders revolted against the kings and overthrown them.	3. Bismark waged three wars, one with Denmark, second with Austria and finally with France, to achieve unification.	3. There were five stages in the unification of Italy. The Southern states were united with the support of the local people.
4. CharlesX was replaced by Louis Philippe in 1830. Louis Philippe was overthrown and a republic was estab­lished which was tem­porary.	4. In January 1871, the Prus­sian king, William I, was pro­claimed as German Em­peror.	4. Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

Question 7.
Explain what is meant by 1848 revolution of liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Answer:
1848 revolt occurred duringthe period of Louis Philippe. Ideas of Socialism, Liberalism and Nationalism were increasing and finally resulted as Revolution of 1848. This revolution was led by liberal nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class and members of the commercial middle classes.
The ideas supported by the liberals were –

1. All the parties opposed monarchy as the king grew more and more reactionary and conservative.
2. Liberals raised their voice against the corruption of the government’s officials.
3. Work to every citizen was the demand of the socialistic party.
4. Reform Party leader ‘Theirs’ demanded extension of the suffrage and limitation of royal power.
   Not finding any other alternative Louis Philippe abdicated the throne and fled away to England. In 1848, Liberals took control of France and abolished monarchy.

Question 8.
Briefly trace the process of Germany unification.
(OR)
Describe the unification of Germany.
Answer:

• Nationalist feeling wide spread among middle class Germans.
• They tried to unite the different regions of the Germany in 1848.
• But it was oppressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military.
• Later Prussia took on the leadership for national unification.
• Its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process.
• He carried out this with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
• He waged three wars in seven years.
  a) War with Denmark
  b) Austro – Prussian war
  c) Franco – Prussian war
• Unification of Germany was accomplished by 1871.
• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William -1, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Question 9.
Locate some changes on Europe map drawn up by the Vienna Congress.
Answer:

Question 10.
Read the last para of page 178 and comment on it.

The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent. This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised. In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

Answer:

• Increasing economic hardship during the 1830s.
• Widespread unemployment, urban congestion, competition flow, machine made goods from England, Feudal dues, rising food prices, failed crops.
• Popular revolt in France in 1848 resulted in Louis Philippe fleeing, France declared a republic with voting for all men above – 21 and national workshops for more employment.
• Very critical conditions were prevailed.

Question 11.
Compare the map of Europe of mid 18th century (1815) with that of the present map of Europe and note down the changes you find, in a note book.
Answer:

The Congress of Vienna was held in order to draw up a plan to alter Europe politically and territorially so as to prevent the extensive expansion of any one great power, such as that Napoleon had brought about. To main¬tain the balance of power and establish a old regimes and to pacify the situations Vienna congress divided the different regions of Europe were brought under the power of different strongholds of Europe.

Later on, when the nations like Italy and Germany took up the ideas of Nationalism and moved for unification, they defeated those powers, which were being ruled by the other European powers. As a result of this, the structure of Europe, established by the congress of Vienna, got redrawn, and the present day Europe is established.

9th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what ways do you think Napoleon’s conquests would have helped in the emergence of nationalism in those countries? (Text Book Page No. 174)
Answer:

• Napoleon formed a new political union under French patronage and called it “confederation of the Rhine”.
• He had abolished 112 small states and merged them into a bigger nation.
• As a result the complicated political map of Germany was made easy.
• These confederations raised the feeling of the nationalism in those countries.

Question 2.
How did nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerge? (Text Book Page No. 174)
Answer:

• A nation state was one in which the majority of its citizens came to develop a sense of common identity and shared common history.
• This commonness did not exist from time immemorial, it was forged through struggles, through the actions of leaders and the common man.
• The French revolution gave the term “nation” its modern meaning.
• A nation is not the territory but the people who make it.
• The French revolution gave the meaning of sovereignty that the people constituting the nation are the source of all power and authority.
• Government is answerable to its people.
  All these ideals led to the formation of the nation -states.

Question 3.
Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity. (Text Book Page No. 174)
Answer:

• Language and popular traditions are important in the creation of national identity.
• National identity means people feeling that they belong to a nation irrespective of their caste, religion, colour etc.
• The language makes people identify themselves as a one race or a nation.
• Also the popular traditions such as Roman culture and tradition etc., easily attracted the people and strengthened the national integrity.

Question 4.
Explain why Charles X and Louis Philippe fled from france. (Text Book Page No. 180)
Answer:

• Revolutions means transformation of ideas and thoughts.
• Sometimes this transformations became violent and may lead to the execution of the king and queen.
  Ex : Charles X and Louis X VI
• In orderto avoid such kind of situations Charles X and Louis Philippe fled from France.

Question 5.
Describe the caricature. How does it represent the relationship between Bismarck and the elected deputies of parliament? What interpretation of democratic processes is the artist trying to convey? (Text Book Page No. 181)

Answer:
Bismarck’s dominance over the elected deputies of the Parliament is shown in the caricature. He followed ‘Blood and iron’ policy. He firmly believed that this policy only could achieve the unification of Germany but not the songs, speeches and festivals.

Question 6.
In what ways do you think the old kingdoms prevented the growth of trade and industry? (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

• There was no free trade and there were lot of state-imposed restrictions.
• A merchant had to pass through so many customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5% at each customs officers.
• Due to these conditions, the growth of trade and industry was prevented in the old kingdom.

Question 7.
In what ways would liberal democracy have helped to develop trade and industry in those countries? (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

• Liberal democracy stood for the freedom of markets.
• It also insisted on the abolition of state-imposed restrictions.
• Through the above measures, the liberal democracy have helped to develop trade and industry in their countries.

Question 8.
Do you think our country has a liberal democratic political system ? Give your reasons. (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

• In India supreme power rests with the people.
• India is a republic country.
• Everyone is equal before law.
• Every citizen of 18 years and above has the right to vote.
• Any citizen is eligible to contest for any political office.
  Hence we can say India has liberal democratic political system.

Question 9.
Why do you think conservatism needs to curb freedom to express ones opinion and criticise? (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

• Conservatism is the dominance of society by an aristocracy. It is incompatible with democracy, prosperity and civilization in general.
• The conservatives did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.
• They imposed censorship laws to control the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution.

Question 10.
What is the caricaturist trying to depict? (Text Book Page No. 177)

Answer:
The caricaturist is trying to depict the thoughts of Jacobin clubs and the discontentment among people on the freedom of speech.

Question 11.
Indian nationalists also sought to revive and give importance to folk arts in India. Why do you think they thought this was important?
Answer:

• Our Indian nationalists sought to revive and give importance to folk arts in India.
• This was done to carry the message to large audience who were mostly illiterate.
• Another reason to use folk art was to revive our ancient national spirit.

Question 10.
Do you think Italy became a true nation state with its unification under King Emmanuel II? Give your reasons.
Answer:
No, because the unification of Italy was only made territorially. The much of the Italian population was illiterate. They had no idea of nationalist ideology. The peasant masses in Southern Italy had never heard of Italia. Hence, we can say that Italy did not become a true nation state.

Question 11.
Hold a debate in the class between those who agree with conservatism and those who agree with liberal democracy on what is best for the welfare and development of people in Europe or in India.
Answer:
Conservatism means supporting monarchy. The conservatives wanted to protect traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and family. They supported the modernisation initiated by Napoleon.

In monarchy, the king is the final. It he is good administrator, the people under him will be benefited. Otherwise they will suffer a lot.

Liberal democracy means the representative of the people rules the country for the will and wish of the people only. Without the concern of the people, he may not have whole right to take any action. The people have the power to remove him from the power when he goes wrong. Hence the government itself is people’s. Thus, democracy is the best form of government.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 3rd Lesson Hydrosphere Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 3rd Lesson Hydrosphere

9th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Hydrosphere Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Find the odd one out and give an explanation for your choice.
i) a) evaporation
b) condensation
c) salination
d) precipitation
Answer:
Odd one – (c)
Except salination, remaining all belong to the water cycle.

ii) a) tectonics
b) centrifugal force
c) solar energy
d) precipitation
Answer:
a) Tectonics is odd one : Remaining all are the factors that cause ocean currents.

Question 2.
Correct the false statements.
a) Oceans trenches can be located near the continents.
b) Relief features of the oceans are like plains.
c) Most salt in the seas is washed into it from the land over centuries.
d) Temperature of ocean water remains the same across the globe.
Answer:
a) Ocean trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean floor.
b) Relief features of the oceans are Trenches, Deep sea plains and Ridges.
c) True.
d) Temperature of ocean water varies from place to place across the globe.

Question 3.
Describe any one impact of ocean currents for the region you live.
Answer:
The Indian Monsoon current refers to the seasonally varying ocean current regime found in the tropical regions of the northern Indian ocean. The seasonally reversing open ocean currents that pass through south of India are referred to as the winter monsoon current and the summer monsoon current, alternately the north-east monsoon current and the southwest monsoon current.

India receives rainfall due to these currents.

Question 4.
Do you think that the description of blue planet is accurate? Describe any one way in which your activity impacts its oceans.
Answer:
Yes, I do think that the description of blue planet is accurate.

Humans are a part of the natural environment. But our activities lead to degradation of environment.

Oceans are suffering from our activities too, our land practices cause agricultural runoff, sewage, and litter to end up in the oceans daily. Today oceans have also fallen victim to our exploitation. Many large fishes like whales have been disappearing. Damage to oceans is damage to our livelihoods, well-being and nourishment.

Question 5.
Why differences are there in the salinity of oceans?
Answer:

• Salinity of ocean water depends upon many causes, but the main cause is continuous movement of ocean. Water from one place to other due to rotation of earth and winds which takes water here and there causing change in salinity of ocean water (ocean currents and thermohaline currents)
• Melting of ice causes an influx of fresh water, which dilutes ocean water.
• inflow of river water causes an influx of fresh water, which dilutes ocean water.
• Evaporation is only fresh water, which removes fresh water flow an area, causing salt to become more concentrated.
• Rain and snowfall opposite of evaporation, we are adding fresh water and diluting it.
• Wave and wind – various local mixing causes smaller – scale variation in surface salinity.

Question 6.
How is human life dependent upon oceans?
(OR)
How is human life depends on Oceans?
(OR)
How are oceans influencing human life?
Answer:

• Oceans stabilize climates over land.
• They are the storehouses of many chemicals, each of which are useful to humans.
• They disperse many plant & animal species from one continent to another, making biota available in various places. Many of these plants & animals are used as food, neutraceutically as medicines.
• Some people constantly live on boat, due to paucity of land in such areas.
• They are a source of various types of poly-metallic nodules.
• They are used for landing of certain debris of satellites & safely pad most of the meteors that come from outer space, as oceans cover more than 75% of earth’s surface.

Question 7.
Observe the map 1 on page 35 and write down the names of a few warm and cold currents.
Answer:
Some warm and cold currents :

1. Equatorial current (warm)
2. Gulf stream (warm)
3. Labrador current (cool)
4. Greenland current (cool)
5. North Pacific current (warm)
6. West wind drift (cool)
7. East wind drift (cool)
8. Bengula current (warm/cool)

Question 8.
Read the para ‘Ocean as a Resource’ on page 33 and comment on it.
Ocean as a ResourceMost life on earth is under the water. Human beings still have not finished identifying all the different forms of life in the oceans. Human beings have depended on oceans for their food and livelihood from the ancient times. Oceans provided abundant food resources like fish and salt. We also use the sand, gravel, etc. for our industries or housing. Humans extract minerals like chlorine, fluroine, iodine from it. Ocean waves are used for generating power. Ocean floor is mined for oils. Oceans also provide us with gems and pearls. For centuries, we have created our civilisations on its shores and traded across with each other travelling on them.
Answer:
The ocean is one of earth’s most valuable natural resources. It provides food in the form of fish and shell fish. It is used for transportation – both travelling and shipping. It provides a treasured source of recreation for humans. It is mined for minerals and drilled for crude oil.

Question 9.
Prepare a flow chart which shows different land forms.
Answer:

Question 10.
Prepare a list of currents which are found in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. Identify the cold and warm currents in different oceans.
Answer:

9th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Hydrosphere InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give the reasons for the Sow salinity of Baltic sea. (Text Book Page No. 32)
Answer:

1. Baltic sea is a brackish mediterranean sea located between Central and Northern Europe.
2. The Baltic sea’s salinity is much lower than that of ocean water.
3. Baltic is a small sea on a global scale.
4. The causes for the low salinity of the Baltic sea are
   a) The abundant fresh water run off from the surrounding land.
   b) The shallowness of the sea.
   c) The flow of fresh water into the sea from approximately two hundred rivers and the introduction of salt from the south builds up a gradient of salinity in the Baltic sea.
   d) The Baltic sea is only connected to the world’s oceans by the narrow and shallow waters of the Sound and Belt-sea.
   e) This limits the exchange of water with the North sea and means that the same water remains in the Baltic for a lot of years.

For all the above reasons the salinity of the Baltic sea is less than that of the salinity of the oceans.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 8th Lesson Service Activities in India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 8th Lesson Service Activities in India

9th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson Service Activities in India Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What is meant by the term “service activities”?
Answer:
1. Services rendered by different people in a specified activity are known as service activities.
E.g.: a) Teachers’ Services.
b) Health and Medical Services rendered by doctors and para-medical staff.
c) Services of people working in army, navy, and airforce.
d) Financial activities of banks and insurance companies.
e) Trading activities, etc.
All the above services can be termed as Service Activities.
2. Service activities do not produce any tangible commodity like paddy or cloth.
3. Service activities here refer to ‘the nature of work” done.
4. “Service activities” in this context of work does not mean something that is done “free of cost” or “out of love or devotion.”
5. All the above people earn money by rendering these “service activities.” This is their livelihood.
6. These service activities are required for agriculture and industrial activities.

Question 2.
List five service activities and give your reasons why they are not be considered as either agricultural or industrial activities.
Answer:
1. Health and Medical Services :
A doctor examines patients, prescribes medicines and monitors their progress. Other para-medical staff help doctors.

2. Trade :
Goods whether agriculture or manufacture goods are to be transported to distributors. Distributors in turn supply goods to wholesaler who in turn supplies them to retailers. And consumers purchase from the retailer. These are trading activities.

3) Financial Services :
Banks issue loans to all farmers and entrepreneurs and facilitate agriculture and industrial activities. Insurance companies insure goods against risk.

4) Defence :
Activities and people who work in all the armed forces like army, navy, and airforce.

5) Personal Services :
Workers who do domestic work, laundry, cleaning, dyeing, hair dressing, etc.

a) In all the above examples we can see that services are rendered.
b) Nothing new is produced here. In agriculture, we produce some crop and in industrial activity, we work upon raw materials and convert them into finished goods. Here in the above examples, nothing tangible is produced.
c) The above examples are special kind of activities that help agriculture and industry and also provide a lot of service that people require.
So we cannot consider the service activities as either agricultural or industrial activities.

Question 3.
How can service activities help in the overall development of a country?
Answer:

• Overall development of a country depends on developmental initiatives involving setting up of many establishments like educational institutions, hospitals, etc.
• Other developmental activities include provision of infrastructure facilities such as transportation, telecommunications, banks, insurance services, and other services like trading, book keeping, and public administration.
• All these activities are service activities that help agriculture and industry and facilitate overall development of our country.

Question 4.
How are agricultural and industrial activities related to services?
Answer:
Agricultural and industrial activities need the services of various sectors.

1. Transportation helps in assembling raw material from the mines to industrial spots and to carry finished goods from industry to markets.
2. Road and other services to transport finished products.
3. Marketing services.
4. Import and export services.
5. Storage services like godowns.
6. Financial services like banking loan and insurance services.
7. Health and education services.
8. Communication system, information technology.

Question 5.
‘The growth of service sector is sustainable and can make India as a rich country.’ Do you agree with this statement? Elaborate.
Answer:

• There is a lot of change in technology and by exporting our services i.e., “BPOs” or “Outsourcing” we are earning foreign exchange.
• Service Sector constitutes one-fourth of the jobs people do in India.
• 90.5 lakhs and 25.3 lakhs of people are involved in community, social, personal services, and transport and communications respectively.
• So many jobs are available for educated people in service sector.
• Due to the development of telecommunications and information technology, the world has become a global village.
• Due to the establishment of Multinational Companies, we are getting projects from foreign countries.
• The standard of living of the people has been increased for the last two decades. Hence the growth of service sector is sustainable and can make India a rich country.

Question 6.
Why are service sector activities becoming important?
Answer:

• Service sector activities include all the services like Banking and Finance, Trade and Commerce, Transport and Communications, Health, Education, Personal services, etc.
• Service sector activities do special kind of activities that help agriculture and industry and provide a lot of services that people require.
• Provision of education and health fulfils the aim of social welfare.
• Trade and commerce help in bringing buyers and sellers together.
• Transportation is necessary forthe movement of men and material from one place to another.
• The development of telecommunications has cut the geographical boundaries and helps in globalization.
• They provide information about new markets and products.
• They are considered as means of modernization.
• They provide employment opportunities and are very useful in rising the standard of living of the people.
  Due to the above reasons the service sector activities are becoming important.

Question 7.
Service activities cannot expand beyond a level unless agriculture and industries. Explain.
Answer:

• Development of a country is always measured on production of goods and services.
• Increase in production is possible only through the development of agriculture sector and industrial sector.
• Service activities are necessary to modernize agriculture and industrial sector.
• Development services without increase in production is a waste.
• Hence service activities cannot expand beyond a level unless agriculture and industries develop.
• In fact, all three sectors should go hand in hand.

Question 8.
How can service sector reduce educated unemployment in India?
Answer:

• There has been tremendous change in the communication technology which has opened a wide range of jobs for educated people.
• Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has brought in new kinds of employment opportunities.
• They provide services to people located across the globe using telecommunication links.
• The entertainment industry creates jobs to work in various print media firms, cable television channels.
• We see number of internet cafes and telephone booths in most of the cities and towns.
• The advertising industry has also brought new job opportunities.
• Many new jobs are available in Banking and insurance sectors.
  Hence service sector can reduce educated unemployment in our country.

Question 9.
Is there any migration of labourers from your area? Find out the reasons for the migration.
Answer:
Yes, there is migration of labourers from our village.

Reasons for migration :

1. People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient employment opportuni¬ties, inadequate income available in rural employment.
2. People also migrate with the expectation of higher incomes and more opportunities for family members and may be better services.
3. For some people from rural areas moving to cities and towns, to work in industry and other services activities have been recognised as a natural response to increase their income and for better family prospects.

Question 10.
Read the 9th paragraph of this chapter ‘Working people engaged’ and answer the following.

Working people engaged in service activities do not produce a commodity, like that in agriculture or in industry. They do special kind of activities that help agriculture and industry and also provide a lot of service that people require. Another example is the banking and finance related service activities required by people and business organisations. You have read about this in Class VIII chapter “Money and Banking”. Similarly there are the cell phone, internet and all other types of telecommunication service providers.

What are the service activities required for agriculture and industries?
Answer:

• Banks and other financial institutions finance the agriculture and industrial activities by lending of funds.
• Transportation services help in the development of the agriculture sector through effective distribution of food grains and perishable goods from the producing areas to the markets without interruption.
• Transportation helps in the distribution of raw material to the industrial units.
• Service sector activities provide information about new markets and products.
• A variety of trading activities like distributors, wholesalers and retailers also constitute a major segment of service activities.
• These activities help in bring buyers and sellers together.
• Proper power supply to various industrial units facilitates industrial growth.

Question 11.
Observe the map given in the (text) page 104. Locate the software technology parks of our country in the India outline map.
Answer:
Students Activity

Question 12.
Discuss with any seven people identify with sector they are employed in. Write a brief note or design a poster about their work. What relationship do you see between their employment and place of residence?

Name of the person	Nature of work done	Agriculture/Industry/Services

Explain your reason for the classification.
Answer:

Name of the person	Nature of work done	Agriculture/Industry/Services
“X”	Works in steel plant	Industry
“Y”	Carpenter	Services
“Z”	Landlord	Agriculture
“A”	Works in telephone exchange	Services
“B”	Teacher	Services
“C”	Goldsmith	Services
“D”	Works in the land of others	Agriculture
“E”	Match box making	Industry

1) Primary sector :
This includes those activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources, e.g.: Cultivation of paddy. This is known as primary sector because it forms the base of subsequent products that are made from it. This sector is also called Agriculture and Related sector.

2) Secondary sector :
This sector covers those activities in which natural and primary products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing.
e.g.: manufacturing paper from bamboo. This sector is also known as industrial sector.

3) Tertiary sector :
This sector includes those activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors, e.g.: railways. Since they provide services to help the production, this sector is also called service sector.

9th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson Service Activities in India InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
There are eight categories of service activities given below. Some details are filled in, others are left out. Fill in the blank ones after discussing with your teacher. (Text Book Page No. 97 & 98)
Answer:
1. Education:
Institutions – schools, colleges, universities, technical institutions come under this category. This means those who are working in these institutions such as teachers, all the administrative staff and their activities constitute services.

2. Health and Medical Services :
Primary health centres. General hospitals. Old aae homes, etc.

3. Trade :
A variety of selling activities both wholesale and retail that we see around. National and International business, etc.

4. Public Administration :
Public services under village and town panchayats, state and central governments come under this category. Examples: people who work in police stations, workers of various other government departments such as village administrative officers, revenue inspectors, tehsildars, Collectors, those who work in all kinds of courts, assistants, clerks, accountants, typists, peons, drivers etc.

5. Defence :
Activities and people who work in all the armed forces like army, navy and air force.

6. Financial activities :
Banks and different saving schemes, postal, life insurance, etc.

7. Personal Services :
Workers who do domestic work, laundry, cleaning, dyeing services, hair dressing, running beauty parlours, tailoring shops, photo, and video studios.

8. Activities such as:
People working in entertainment and information technology industry – production of films, TV serials, those working in media, newspapers, television channels, and advertisement agencies are also included in services.

Question 2.
What do you think about Foreign Direct investment {FDI} in Retailing Activities? Can government do anything to address this issue? (Text Book Page No. 101)

• In my opinion, there will be gainers and losers from FDI in retail.
• Overall gains will outweigh to losses.
• In course of time the losess too will benefit.
• It was opined that large and medium sized farmers will initially benefit the most, while the small farmers or landless labour will be the losers.
• However, the purchases by the big super markets will increase demand for agricultural products, which in turn will expand agricultural out put, and increase demand for labour.
• This will increase agricultural wages in the long run.

To set right this issue, the government has to take following steps.

1. Best storage facilities also should be provided by the govt.
2. Govt should take measures that market will not go in the hands of few people.
3. Govt must keep Foreign Direct Investment under its control.

Question 3.
Who, in your opinion should set up new medical institutions – privatesectoror government? Why? (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:
The following organizations shall be eligible to apply for permission to set up a medical college.

1. A state govt. / union territory.
2. A university
3. An autonomous body promoted by central and state governments.
4. A society registered under the Societies Registation Act, 1860.
5. A public religious or charitable trust registered under the Trust Act, 1882.
6. Companies registered under Company Act.

I think that the government should set up new medical institutions.

Reason:
Because it is not easy to any private sector persons to satisfy the norms of the Medical Counsil of India.

Question 4.
The following table shows the number of workers (in lakhs) employed in different service activities in large enterprises in 1991 and 2010. Read the table carefully and answer the questions that follow. (Text Book Page No. 100)

a) Which service activity gave maximum employment in 2010?
Answer:
Community, social and personal services gave maximum employment.

b) Has the number of government jobs increased or decreased over the years?
Answer:
The number of government jobs has been drecreased from 136 lakhs in 1991 to 131.6 lakhs in 2010.

c) What kind of jobs has government generated the most during this period?
Answer:
The jobs in finance, insurance, and real estate have been increased from 11.9 lakhs to 14.1 lakhs for the last 20 years.

d) What kind of jobs were people able to get in the private service activities?
Answer:
People were able to get private jobs in all service sector activities like trading, transportation, finance and personal services.

e) Are there any differences between jobs provided by the government and private employers? Discuss.
Answer:
a) The number of job opportunities in the private sector has been increased from 20.9 lakhs in 1991 to 43.7 lakhs in 2010.
b) The salaries of the private jobs are good but the employees are expected to work very long hours.
c) Government jobs have security whereas private jobs do not give any security to their employees.

Question 5.
Talk to some retail shop owners in your neighbourhood. Discuss their opinions on foreign retailing shops in your class. (Text Book Page No. 102)
Owner of shop – 1 : “Traders and kirana store owners are not fully prepared to face foreign retailers.”
Owne^sfiop – 2’/ “6ur shops are safe. Our customers will not visit those shops.”
Owner of shop – 3 : “The customer will get the knowledge of quality of the provisions. Those shops are maintaining least quality things.”
– We discussed all these points in the classroom.

Question 6.
What is your opinion on foreign companies setting up retail shops in India? How do you think that they generate employment in India? (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:

• Foreign direct investment will definetly help the farmers in long run.
• It is argued that there will be loss of jobs in traditional, smaller retail sector.
• However, the purchases by the big supermarkets will increase demand for agricultural products, which in turn will expand agricultural output, which in turn may increase demand for labour.
• This will increase wages in the long run.

Question 7.
Prepare a table with two columns and list out the advantages and disadvantages of allowing foreign company retail stores in India. (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:

Advantages	Disadvantages
1. Foreign direct investment will increase demand for farm products.	1. The small farmers and landless labour will be the losers.
2. Basing on demand the production of farm goods will be increased.	2. FDIs will influence the farmers and may buy produce at low costs.
3. Better storage facilities will be provided.	3. They will not invest much on storage facilities but charge high rates for storage.
4. Better storage facilities will minimise waste of farm produce.	4. There will be loss of jobs in traditional and small retail sectors.
5. Farmers will be saved from the traps of moneylenders.	5. The foreign companies will sooner or later misuse – their power to buy in large quantities.

Question 8.
Why is it necessary to establish more medical institutions in India? (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:

• The government of India recognizes ‘Health for all’ as a national goal.
• The medical education and health care in India are facing serious challenges in content and competencies.
• There is a need to balance for more medical colleges with the maintenance and improvement of quality standards.
• There are disparities between different states and rural/urban areas with regard to access to basic medical services and quality health care.
  To overcome all these problems, it is necessary to establish more medical institutions in India.

 

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 11th The Government Budget and Taxation

9th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Why does the government need a budget? Why does the budget talk of taxes?
Answer:

• In most modern societies, the government is responsible for a number of crucial functions.
• These include the more traditional functions like defending the country, maintaining law and order, the provision of public facilities, the establishment of factories, and other developmental and welfare activities.
• Revenues are necessary to finance the expenditures of the government.
• In order to steamline the income and expenditure, every government prepares a budget for each financial year.
• Deficit, between expenditure and revenue, will usually be filled by imposing additional taxes.
• Hence the budget always talks of taxes.

Question 2.
What is the difference between income tax and excise duty?
Answer:

Income Tax	Excise Duty
1. Income tax is levied on annual personal incomes of individuals.	1. Excise duty is levied on the production or manufacture of goods.
2. Income tax is a direct tax.	2. Excise duty is an indirect tax.
3. The tax burden will be on the same person on whom the tax is levied.	3. Excise duty is charged from the factory itself but the burden is shifted to those who buy the goods.
4. Income tax does not affect the prices of goods.	4. These taxes raise the overall prices of goods.

Question 3.
Match the following.

Group – A	Group – B
1. Excise duty	a) levied on the yearly incomes of the individuals
2. Sales tax	b) levied on the yearly profits of the companies and business establishments
3. Customs duty	c) levied on the production or manufacture of goods
4. Income tax	d) levied when goods are sold
5. Corporate tax	e) levied on goods brought from abroad

Answer:

Group – A	Group – B
1. Excise duty	c) levied on the production or manufacture of goods
2. Sales tax	d) levied when goods are sold
3. Customs duty	e) levied on goods brought from abroad
4. Income tax	a) levied on the yearly incomes of the individuals
5. Corporate tax	b) levied on the yearly profits of the companies and business establishments

Question 4.
You are expected to pay taxes on steel, matches, clocks, cloth, iron ; a tax increase on which of these would affect the prices of other commodities the most and why?
Answer:
The taxes on iron and steel increase or affect the cost of other goods because they are intermediate goods.

Question 5.
Ordinary food items, such as grain, pulses, oil are used by all. Then why is it said that imposing tax on them will have a greater effect on the poor?
Answer:

• Ordinary food items, such as grains, pulses, oil, etc., are goods that are essentials,
• The poor spend almost all of their income on these goods.
• Hence imposing tax on them will have a greater effect on the poor.

Question 6.
A group of four friends decided to stay together by contributing money towards the rent of a house. The rent was rupees 2000 per month.
• How could this be shared among them?
• We also know that two of them earned Rs. 3000 rupees per month and the other two Rs. 7000 per month. Is there some other way of sharing the cost so that each one of them feels the same pinch?
• Which way of sharing would you prefer and why?
Answer:
1. One method of sharing the rent is the distribution of the rent equally among all the four members. Then each one has to pay Rs. 500/- (i.e. 2000/4 = 500).

2. Another method of sharing is that everyone has to pay 10% of their earnings as rent. In that case –
a) Two of them whose income is Rs. 3000/-
have to pay 10% of 3000/- = 300/- each.
b) Two of them whose income is Rs. 7000/-
have to pay 10% of 7000/- = 700/- each.

In my opinion 2nd method of sharing is the best as low income people are paying the lower share whereas high income people are paying the higher share of rent.

Question 7.
Tax on income or tax on commodities. Which of the two affects the rich more and which affects the poor more? Explain with reasons.
Answer:

• Tax on income is a direct tax. According to the rules of income tax, those with higher incomes have to pay greater part in tax.
• Those who are less well-off pay not only lower taxes but a smaller proportion of their income as taxes.
• Hence tax on income affects the rich more.
• Tax on commodities is an indirect tax.
• Whether rich or poor, everyone has to pay the same amount of tax when they buy commodities.
• The tax on commodities does not distinguish between the rich and the poor.
• Hence tax on commodities affects the poor more.

Question 8.
How would VAT reduce the evasion of taxes on goods?
Answer:

• All producers and traders will have to keep genuine record of their sale and purchase.
• Everyone has to keep proper records and ask for bills for purchase.
• It is only on this basis they can show the tax already paid on cost of inputs.
• The tax inspectors will be able to match records of the seller and purchaser for verification.
• These records and verifications in VAT reduce the evasion of taxes on goods.

Question 9.
What is the difference between Excise duty and Customs duty?
Answer:

Excise Duty	Customs Duty
1. Excise duty is charged from the factory itself. It as levied on the production or manufacture of good.	1. Customs duty is levied on goods brought from abroad.
2. Taxing certain goods raise overall prices.	2. Only machines or raw materials which are imported and taxed raise the overall prices of that good.

Question 10.
Is there any hike in the bus fares recently? If so, try to know the reasons for it.
Answer:
1) It was directly related to the fact that there was a hike in the price of petroleum (product both petrol) and diesel. As price for petrol and diesel has increased nearly 45 times past 2 – 3 months it has come around with a difference of approximately 4 Rs. per liter.
2) So, as to balance this gap and the loss incurred by this the bus fare had been hiked by 40 paisa per kilometer.

Question 11.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Direct Taxes’ (Income Tax is charged only for…) and answer the following :

Income tax is charged on personal income of individuals. There can be a variety of sources of individual incomes like wages, salaries, and pensions. An Individual-can also earn interest income on money that is kept in banks. A person might, also get rent.on properties that he own like house rent. All these are considered as incomes on which taxes have to be paid. Income tax is charged only for those who earn above a certain amount. This is charged as a percentage of the income earned. Those who earn a higher income have to pay a greater proportion of their income as tax.

Why do high income earners pay more tax?
Answer:

• What kind of tax we follow depends on the values that the society as a whole holds.
• Many societies feel that it is not fair that a few people have lakhs of rupees, while others do not have enough to eat.
• The poor or the low income group cannot meet their daily expenses.
• Then why should tax be imposed on them?
• The poor should not feel the pinch of tax.
• Hence collection of more tax from the higher income group is justifiable.

Question 12.
What is the effect of black money on our economy?
Answer:

• Black money circulation in the parallel economy is a big menace to the economy.
• It is also a cause of big loss in the tax-revenues for the government. As such it needs to be curbed.
• Its elimination will benefit the economy in more than one way. It will also generate more revenues for the government.

Question 13.
Bring a few wrappers of soaps, toothpastes, tablet strips or any other things of daily use which contain MRP Discuss the rate mentioned and the rate at which they are so!d. Talk about the profit that the retailer gets.

Answer:
Please scan the some of the wrappers of Biscuits, toothpaste, soaps, etc. with MF The MRP that are printed on the wrappers are fixed by the manufactures. The Manufactures incude the cost of production, tax, VAT, commissions, transportation cost and profits etc. From them retailer bought the goods on wholesale and he mix up again transportation cost, tax, vat and his profit. In that retailer get more profits because he bought the good with low cost he sold more cost. Again he mix up the VAT & Tax also profit to him.

9th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Can you guess from where does the government get money for pubficfacilitiesand other activities? (Text Book Page No. 132)
Answer:
Government raises the revenue required to meet expenditure. The following are the types of revenue of government.

1. 1) Taxation –
   a) Direct taxation,
   b) Indirect taxation
2. Charging for services directly provided to the public.
3. Profits from state-owned enterprises.
4. Borrowings from domestic markets and international sources.

Question 2.

Cost of manufacturing including profit of the manufacturer	Rs.
	10,000
Excise Tax	1,200
Cost of Transport, Storage	1,000
Profit to the Retail Traders	1,000 1
Sales tax	1,650
Price for the consumer	14,850

In the example of the TV, what proportion of the cost of the TV did the consumer pay as tax? (Text Book Page No. 136)
Answer:
12% of the cost of the TV is charged as tax. The consumer pays Rs. 1,200 by way of tax.

Question 3.
Fill in: (Text Book Page No. 138)
The purchases by Tara, Sajida and Preeti show __________ tax rates across goods. (same/different)
Answer:
different (same/different)
Can you guess why this should be so?
In case of Tara VAT = 5% of 5,000 = Rs. 250
In case of Sajida VAT = 12.5% of 9,165 = Rs. 1,146
In case of Preeti VAT = 0 (No VAT on LPG) = Rs. 0

Question 4.
You might think it would be fair for everyone to pay the same amount of tax. Consider the following three prople : (Text Book Page No. 139)

Would it really be fair if each of the three people has to pay the same amount? If Jyoti cannot even afford to feed her children properly, is it fair for her to pay 50 rupees as tax?
Answer:

• According to the rules of income tax, those with higher incomes have to pay greater part in tax.
• Those with less well-off pay have to pay lower taxes.
• In the above example, Jyothi, Asif, and Nithesh are paying same tax of Rs. 50/- though their incomes vary a lot. Hence this type of taxation is not fair.

Question 5.
You might think it would be more fair to ask each person to pay a certain pecentage of what they earn as tax. Supposing everyone paid 10% in taxes, calculate how much each person would pay? (Text Book Page No. 139)

Person	Earning per month (in Rupees)	Tax as fixed amount per month (in Rupees)
Jyoti	1500
Asif	8000
Nithesh	30,000

Would this be fair? Still Jyoti may not have enough to live. Asif may not have enough for repairing of his house. But Nithesh would have plenty of money for all basic necessities even if he had to pay 20% of his income as taxes.
Answer:

• Tax rate is same for all people i.e. 10%.
• So Jyothi has to pay 10% of 1500 i.e., Rs. 150/-
• Asif has to pay 10% of 8000 i.e., Rs. 800/-
• Nithesh has to pay 10% of 30000 i.e., Rs. 3000/-
  This is not fair. This is against the progressive taxation which insists that the rate of tax has to be increased when income increases.
  Hence charging 20% of tax on Nithesh is quite fair.

Question 6.
To make taxes more fair you might then say only the people earning more than a certain amount say Rs. 7000 per month have to pay taxes. You might also say that the richest people should pay greater proportion of their earnings as taxes. For example

If you earn (in Rupees)	You will pay as tax
Less than 7000	0%
7001 to. 15000	10%
15,001 to 25,000	20%
More than 25,000	30%

Calculate how much each person will pay. (Text Book Page No. 139)

Person	Earning per month (in Rupees)	Tax as fixed amount per month (in Rupees)
Jyoti	1000
Asif	6000
Nithesh	20,000

Would this be fair?
Answer:

• As per the above rule, people below Rs. 7000/- income are exempted from taxation.
• Hence Jyothi and Asif need not have to pay taxes.
• Nithesh’s income is Rs. 20,000/-
• As per table he has to pay 20% of tax.
• Tax to be paid by Nithesh = 20,000 x 20/100 = 4000/-
  This type of taxation is called progressive taxation. The tax rate increases as income increases.

The above taxation satisfies the principle that the richest people should pay greater portion of their earnings as taxes.

Hence this method is the fair way of taxation.

Question 7.
With the help of this pie chart, answer the following questions.
Expenditure of the Government (Center and States), in 2011-12

In 2011-12 the government spent around Rs.23,00,000 crores.
1. Calculate the expenditure of the government on food subsidy. (Text Book Page No. 133 & 134)
Answer:
Total government expenditure = 23,00,000 crores
Share of food subsidy = 3%
Total food subsidy = 23,00,000 × 3/100 = 69,000 crores.

2. Discuss on what all was this money spent and the purpose for this?
Answer:

• The government has assumed responsibility for supply of essential commodities like wheat, rice, sugar, edible oils and kerosene etc.
• The prices of goods sold through Public Distribution System (PDS) are less than ‘ that of the market price and the difference in price – is borne by the government.
• So the government spends 69,000 crores on-food subsidy.

Question 8.
Relate some of the expenditure in the pie-chart to the roles played by the government. (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:
Roles of government and expenditure spent

1. Defence	7%
2. Railways, transport and communication	6%
3. Education, etc.	12%
4. Health and sanitation	4%
5. Housing and urban development	3%
6. Rural development (e.g. NREGA)	4%
7. Power, irrigation and flood control	6%
8. Fertilizer subsidy	2%
9. Administration	8%
10. Pensions	7%
11. Interest payment	17%
12. Food security	3%
13. Others	21%
Total expenditure	100%

Question 9.
Collect and list out some details of government expenditure from reading the newspapers of your region. (Text Book Page No. 132)
Answer:

• Government expenditure is also known as public expenditure.
• From the point of view of development, public expenditure is classified as
  1. Development expenditure
  2. Non-development expenditure.
• From the point of view of creation of capital assets, public expenditure is classified as
  1. Revenue expenditure
  2. Capital expenditure

Revenue Expenditure	Capital expenditure
1. General Administration	1. Construction of irrigation projects
2. Defence (Daily expences)	2. Establishment of basic industries, power projects
3. Maintenance of schools, hospitals, roads, pensions etc.	3. Construction of National highways etc.

Question 10.
If the tax on iron is increased, what other things will this affect? Give some examples. (Text Book Page No. 136)
(OR)
Explain the example given in below picture. Write the relationship between indirect taxes and consumers.

Answer:

• If the price of iron is increased it will directly affect the price of steel.
• Increase in the price of steel leads to increase in the prices of steel sheets and steel pipes.
• Increase in steel sheets will lead to increase in steel almirah and increase in price of steel pipes leads to increase in the prices of cycles and the chain goes on.

Question 11.
We read about some of the major taxes collected by the government. Fill the table from the information given below. Income Tax: 12%; Corporation Tax: 24%; Customs Duty: 10%; Excise Duties: 16%; Service Taxes: 5%; Sales Tax: 23%; Other Indirect Taxes: 10%. (Text Book Page No. 141)

Taxes	Percentage of Total Tax
Direct Taxes	36%
Indirect Taxes
Total taxes	100%

Answer:
Taxes Collected by the Government

Taxes	Percentage of Total Tax
Direct Taxes	36%
Income tax	12%
Corporate Tax	24%
Indirect Taxes	64%
Customs duty	10%
Excise duty	16%
Service taxes	05%
Sales taxes	23%
Other taxes	10%
Total taxes	100%

1) Which kind of taxes generate more revenues for the government?
Answer:

1. Indirect taxes generate more income. They contribute 64% of all the taxes.
2. Corporate tax contributes 24% of th? taxes and.sales tax contributes 23% of the taxes.

Question 12.
Kranti has an income of Rs. 1,75,000 per year and has to pay an income tax of Rs. 3000. Kamlesh’s annual income is Rs.3,00,000 and he has to pay an income tax of Rs.5,500.
a) Who pays more income tax? (Text Book Page No. 141)
b) Who has to pay a larger part of the income as tax?
c) In such a situation, the person with higher income is paying a _________
(smaller/greater/equai) part of the income as tax.
Answer:
a)

1. Kranti pays 3% of her income as tax.
2. Kamiesh’s pays 2.75% of her income as tax.
3. When we take rate of tax into consideration, Kanti is paying high rate.
4. When we consider the amount of tax paid Kamlesh pays more tax.

b) Kranti has to pay a larger part of the income as tax i.e. 3% when compared with Kamlesh who pays 2.75% as tax.

c) smaller

Question 12.
In your city/town/village, what are the roles that you have seen the government playing? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 132)
Answer:

1. Maintenance of law and order.
2. Provision of education facilities.
3. Looking after of health and sanitation.
4. Construction of roads,, highways, dams, irrigation projects.
5. Establishment of factories etc.

Question 13.
In the year 1947-48, the budget for independent India was only Rs. 197 crores. What could be the reasons for such an increase in the budget since then? (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:

1. Increase in the cost of different goods.
2. Increase of cost of exports.
3. Decrease in the value of money.
4. Change of roles played by government i.e., provision of subsidized fertilizers, food, development of infrastructure facilities etc.

Question 13.
Why do you think has the Parliament been given power over the government’s budget? (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:

• Our government is a representative form of government.
• All the Parliament members are people’s representatives.
• Hence they are given power, on behalf of the people, to talk on budget and to decide on budget. No tax is levied without Parliament’s approval.

Question 14.
Petrol, diesel, etc., are used to run vehicles, motor pumps, generator sets etc. What will happen if the tax on diesel and petrol goes up? (Text Book Page No. 135)
Answer:

• Increase in the prices of diesel and petrol leads to the increase in the cost of transportation.
• Which in turn rise the prices of important commodities.

Question 14.
What is your opinion about value added taxes? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 138)
Answer:

• The tax paid by the manufacturer under VAT system is smaller since she does not have to pay tax on inputs.
• Non-payment of tax is expected to be more difficult.
  Due to above advantages, the VAT tax is to be levied.

Question 15.
If there are two people manufacturing the same goods and one of them evades paying taxes, what advantages could he/she get over the other? (Text Book Page No. 136)
Answer:
The margin of his/her profit may go up.

Question 16.
There have been continuous attempts by the government to reduce fertiliser subsidy. This means that the government would no longer control the price of fertiliser. Farmers would have to buy fertilisers at higher market prices. At present, the government has to pay (compensate) the fertiliser producing companies for the losses that they make. Once fertiliser subsidy is removed, it is said this would make space for other important expenditures in the government budget. Some also argue that subsidised fertiliser does not benefit the small farmer but only encourages the large farmers to overuse it.
Imagine you are a farmer using fertilisers in farming, and you genuinely believe that the farmers need subsidized fertiliser. How would you argue your case? Write a
letter to the Finance Minister. (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:

Kankipadu 08-04-2020. To The Honourable Finance Minister, Government of India, New Delhi. Sir, My name is Parandhamaiah. I hail from a small village, near Vijayawada. I learnt from the newspaper that the government would no longer control the price of fertiliser. This news upset the small farmers like me. We, small farmers cannot afford the price of fertiliser without subsidy. Agriculture without fertiliser will not give a good yield. Fertiliser subsidies can be an instrument to increase productivity and thus help solve the food availability dimension of food security. Government has to give a helping hand to the small farmers like me. Awaiting an early positive response, Yours sincerely, Parandhamaiah, Kankipadu, Krishna District.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 15th Lesson Industrialisation and Social Change Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 15th Industrialisation and Social Change

9th Class Social Studies 15th Lesson Industrialisation and Social Change Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Fill in the blanks with correct options :
Question 1.
Britain did not depend on different parts of the world for ________ and ________ (labourers; raw material; capital; inventions)
Answer:
labourers, capital

Question 2.
Two important types of transport during the Industrial revolution were ________ and ________ (road, air, water, rail)
Answer:
water, rail

Question 3.
Write two sentences each on following aspects in the context of Industrial revolution:
a) Technology
b) Financing and money
c) Agriculture revolution
d) Transport systems
Answer:
a) Technology :
The commencement of industrial revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies, e.g. : Textiles, steam power and iron making.

b) Financing and money:
The whole industrial revolution got founded by a few people who held power to issue essentially infinite credit. Most new industries were financed by small investors, merchants, shopkeepers and farmers.

c) Agriculture Revolution :
The Agriculture Revolution was period of agriculture development between 18th and the end of 19th century, which saw a massive and rapid increase in agricultural productivity and vast improvement in farm technology. Many inventions were created and improved during this revolution.

d) Transport Systems :
The growth of industrial revolution developed on the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. These facilities were of three main types – Water ways, Roadways and Rail roads.
Out of these three, water transportation was the cheapest.

Question 4.
What do you think is special about inventions happening during the industrial revolution ?
Answer:

• Most inventions were more the product of determination, interest, curiosity, even luck, than the application of scientific knowledge.
• Some inventors in the cotton industry, like John Kay and James Hargreaves, were familiar with the skills of weaving and carpentry.
• Richard Arkwright, however, was a barber and wig-maker, Samuel Crompton was not technically skilled and Edmund Cartwright studied literature, medicine and agriculture, initially wished to become a clergyman and knew little of mechanics.
• By contrast, in the area of steam engines, Thomas Savery, an army officer, Thomas Newcomen, a blacksmith and locksmith, and James Watt, with a strong mechanical bent, all had some knowledge relevant to their inventions.
• The road-builder John Metcalf, who personally surveyed surfaces for roads and planned them, was blind.
• The canal builder James Brindley was almost illiterate, with such poor spelling that he could never spell the word ‘navigation’, but he had tremendous powers of memory, imagination and concentration.

Question 5.
How were the lives of different classes of British women affected by the Industrial revolution?
(OR)
“All classes of British women were affected by the industrial revolution” Write your comments.
Answer:

• The Industrial Revolution was a time of important changes in the way that women worked.
• The village women were actively involved in farm work, they reared livestock, gathered firewood and spun yarn on spinning wheels in their homes.
• Their earnings were necessary to supplement men’s meagre wages.
• Women were the main workers in the silk, lace making and knitting industries, as well as in the metal industries of Birmingham.
• Women may well have gained increased financial independence and self-esteem from their jobs; but this was more than offset by the humiliating terms of work they endured.
• Most classes eventually benfited in some way from the huge profits.
  Thus the lives of different classes of British women were affected by the industrial revolution.

Question 6.
What were the relative advantages of canal and railway transportation?
Answer:

• It is easy to shipping goods.
• Both are cheap means of transport when compared to roadways.
• Bulk quantity of goods can be transhipped.

Question 7.
Locate the places where iron and textile Industries are mainly concentrated in England during Industrial revolution.
Answer:

Question 8.
Prepare a table on invention during the time of Industrial Revolution.
Answer:

Inventions	Inventors
Cotton – textile
1. Flying shuttle – 1733	John Kay
2. Waterpowered loom – 1784	Edmud Cartwright
3. Spinning Jenny – 1764	James Hargreaves
4. Spinning mule – 1779	Samuel Crompton
5. Cotton gin – 1794	Eli Whitney
6. The Factory system – 18th Century	Richard Arkwright
7. Stem engine – 1712	James Watt
8. Steam boat – 1786	Robert Fulton
9. Rail roads – 1869	George Stephenson
10. Steel making – 1855	Henry Bessemer
11. Electricity and the light bulb – 1879	Thomas Edison
12. Road building – 1836	John Loudon Mc Adam
13. Photography – 1839	George Eastman
14. Telegraph – 1837	Samuel F B Morse
15. First electric lamp – 1809	Humphy Dally

Question 9.
Read the para under the title “The workers” of Page No. 192 and comment on it.

The Workers : A survey in 1842 revealed that the average lifespan of workers was lower than that of any other social group in cities: it was 15 years Birmingham, 17 in Manchester, 21 in Derby. More people died, and died at a younger age, in the new industrial cities, than in the villages they had come from. Half the childern failed to survive beyond the age of five. The increase in the population of cities was because of immigrants, rather than by an increase in the number of childern born to families who already lived there. Deaths were primarily caused by epidemics of disease that sprang from the pollution of water, like cholera and typhoid, or of the air, like tuberculosis. More than 31,000 people died from an outbreak of cholera in 1832. Until late in the nineteenth century, municipal authorities were negligent in attending to these dangerous of life. The medical knowledge to understand and cure these diseases was unknown.

(OR)

A survey in 1842 revealed that the average lifespan of workers was lower than of any other social group in cities

Q: “What were the problem faced by workers in those days”. Comment it.
Answer:

• The life of the workers was hard.
• Multiple families were living in one apartment.
• Very poor sanitary conditions in the factories and in houses.
• No enough earning to buy basic needs.
• Poor living standards.
• Short span of lives.
• Lack of medical facilities.
• Epidemic diseases.
  It was miserable to lead life.

Question 10.
Mention the consequences of the Industrial Revoltuion in the Economic field. Write a report and present in your class.
Answer:
Some 20th century historians argued that the process of economic change took place gradually.

1. GDP, per capita income was broadly stable before the industrial revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy.
2. The Industrial Revolution began an era of per capita economic growth in capitalist economies.
3. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the industrial revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity.
4. Rapid increase in technology which affects production.
5. Standardisation of production process and parts.
6. Substantially lower transportation costs and development of improved transportation systems.
7. Better and cheaper intermediate good production and
8. Vast increase in global trade.

9th Class Social Studies 15th Lesson Industrialisation and Social Change InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write two important inventions which revolutionised the textile industry. (Text Book Page No. 188)
Answer:

1. Water powered loom – Edmund Cartwright.
2. Spinning Jenney – James Hargreaves.

Question 2.
Mention two important industrialisation effects on women and children’s life. (Text Book Page No. 193)
Answer:

• Women lost their family life and children their childhood.
• Women had gained increased financial independence and self-esteem. Children worked in factories and stayed away from education.

Question 3.
Compare the industrialisation in Germany and France. Identify similarities and differences. (Text Book Page No. 195)
Answer:
Similarities :

• Germany and France lacked colonial resources.
• In both the countries industrialisation received a boost by the introduction of.railways in 1830s.
• Railways stimulated trade, communication and economic growth.

Differences :

Germany	France
1) German industrialisation was greatly facilitated by the German government.	1) France, in contrast, was slow in industrialising.
2) The needed heavy capital investment was received from large banks.	2) France did not develop banks which could mobilise large amount of capital and lend them to industrialists.
3) Market facilities were provided on large scale.	3) Market facilities were provided after 1860.
4) Germany gained back her coal mines.	4) France lost her coal mines to Germany.
5) The industrial units were very large.	5) The units were run at homes only.

Question 4.
Discuss the developments in Britain and in other parts of the world in 18th entury that encouraged British Industrialisation. (Text Book Page No. 187)
Answer:

• The Industrial Revolution took place in Great Britain almost a century before any other country.
• At that time Great Britain was a very powerful country that controlled many colonies.
• The country gained abundant useful resources from these colonies that aided its growth.
• The country had also just experienced an Agriculture Revolution.
• The country could support the demand for workers in factories. It has many natural resources.
• During the Industrial Revolution, the government of Britain was stable, wealthy and supportive of economy growth. So the Industrial Revolution was emerged first in Great Britain.
• The Industrial Revolution on continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain, this involved the application of technology developed in Great Britain in new places. Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved in search of new opportunities.
• The German, Russian and Belgian governments also provided state funding to the new industries.
• France’s economic growth industrialisation process was slow and steady along the 18^th and 19^th centuries.
• U.S. also supported Industrial Revolution and provided fuels for economic and industrial growth.
• Japan : There Industrial Revolution began about 1870 as Meiji period leaders decided to catch up with the west.

Question 5.
Discuss the effects of early industrialisation on British towns and villagesandcompare these with similar situation in India. (Text Book Page No. 194)
Answer:
New technology and techniques in agriculture paved the way for change. As surplus of cheap agriculture labour led to serve unemployment and rising poverty in many rural areas. As a result, many people left the countryside to find work in towns and cities. So the scene was set for a large scale labour intensive factory system. It led to urbanization.

In India during colonial rule, the British exported all the raw material to Britain. They did not establish or develop any industry here. They did not encourage the agriculture. They imported the finished goods. Both the agriculture and cottage industries were disturbed. As the agriculture is the backbone of India, the dependants suffered a lot. The dependants on agriculture became cheap labour.

Question 6.
What factors enabled Germany to outstrip England and France in industrialisation? (Text Book Page No. 195)
Answer:
The factors that enabled Germany to outstrip England and France in industrialisation:

1. Its government assistance.
2. Transport facilities.
3. The governments’s control over working class, movement with a heavy hand.
4. The government provided for many social benefits and insurance for the workers.
5. Benefit from the technical developments achieved by Britain and U.S.A.
6. Heavy capital investment facilities from large banks.
7. A great proportion of Germany’s industrial production was used to build up Germany’s military and naval power.

Question 7.
Why is high quality steel and iron necessary for industrialisation? Discuss in the class. (Text Book Page No. 188)
Answer:
Throughout the 18 and 19 centuries the English steel and iron makers produced blister and crucible steel and iron. In the 18th century innovations like steam boats, rail road and guns increased the demand for fine iron and steel.

Question 8.
Why do you think the mining of iron ore and coal received equal importance? (Text Book Page No. 188)
Answer:
I think coal is used for smelting iron. So the mining of iron ore and coal received equal importance.

Question 9.
Why do you think the early industrial centres were situated near the iron and coal mines? (Text Book Page No. 188)
Answer:
I think there were no proper transportation facilities to transport the coal and iron. And it is very difficult also to transport such heavy things from one place to another place. Later the canal and rail road transports were introduced and developed. So the early industrial centres were situated near the iron and coal mines.

Question 10.
Why do you think France lagged behind in industrial development? (Text Book Page No. 195)
Answer:
France was slow in industrialising. Even by the end of 19^th century she remained a rural country with a large majority of people cultivating small plots of land. Manufacturers found it more profitable to give out work to rural workers who worked at home rather than to set up factories in towns. Such rural domestic production began to decline after 1850 resulting in economic adversity for the people. Machines in towns began to take over much of the work and only delicate hand work was given out to rural workers. Much of French industrialisation was a result of the spread of railway and road networks after 1860 which created a wide market for its industrial goods.

France also did not develop Banks which could mobilise large amount of capital and lend them to industrialists. As a result most of French manufacturers depended upon family resources. They remained small companies as a result. It also made them slow in adopting new ideas and technologies.

Heavy industry based on iron and coal was slow to develop in France as she did not have good reserves of coal and depended upon expensive imports. Thus French industrialisation remained focused on consumer products like textiles, which were basically small scale enterprises. This was in contrast to the German and British Industrial situation where heavy industries predominated.

So France lagged behind industrial development.

Question 11.
What were the difficulties faced by women and children during industrial revolution? (Text Book Page No. 186)
(OR)
What are the difficulties faced by Women and Children during industrial revolution? What is your reaction towards this?
Answer:
The following selections are testimonies from England and Wales collected by Parliamentary Commission who began to investigate the industrial employment of women and children in the early 1840s.

1. Working conditions were unsanitary and the work was dangerous.
2. Education of the children suffered because of the demands of work.
3. Home life suffered as women were faced with the double burden of factory work formed by domestic chores and child care.
4. Men assumed supervisory roles over women and received higher wages.
5. Unsupervised young women away from home generated societal fears over their fate.
6. As a result of the need for wages in the growing cash economy, families became dependent on the wages of women and children.
7. There was some worker opposition to propagate that child and female labour should be abolished from certain jobs.
8. Children as young as 5 years old worked hard hours for little or no pay (sometimes 19 hours a day)
9. Large, heavy and dangerous equipment was very common for children to be using or working near.
10. Many accidents occurred injuring or killing children on the job.

My reaction :
This is very cruel and inhuman treatment. If it is there now-a-days the factory owners should be punished by govt severely.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 2nd Lesson The Natural Realms of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 2nd Lesson The Natural Realms of the Earth

9th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson The Natural Realms of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks.
a) Hydrosphere is related to ………………………
b) Lithosphere is related to ………………………
c) Atmosphere is related to ………………………
d) Biosphere is related to ………………………
Answer:
a) water mass
b) landmass
c) air mass
d) life

Question 2.
Find the odd one out in the context of lithosphere and give reasons for your choice.
Byson gorge; Grand Canyon; Ozone; Thar desert.
Answer:
Out of these four ozone is the odd one.
Reasons:

1. Byson gorge and Grand canyon are hilly areas.
2. Rivers flow through them.
3. Plants and trees are present there.
4. Thar desert is a vast sand desert, with no water. It has thorny bushes and some kinds of desert plantations.
5. Above three are landforms.
6. But Ozone is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula 03. It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. Ozone’s 03 formula was determined in 1865.

Question 3.
How is the Lithosphere formed?
Answer:

• The solid crust or the hard top part of the earth is called lithosphere.
• The crust is made up of rocks and minerals and covered with a thick layer of soil.
• It is uneven and has high mountains, plateaus, plains, and very deep basins.
• Many of these features are shaped by internal and external processes.
• The slow movements inside the earth lead to the formation of the crust.
• The sudden movements can damage and lead to changes in landforms.
• The processes originating from the depths of the earth like earthquakes and the volcanic eruptions play important role in shaping the surface of the earth.
• The external sources like wind, water, glaciers, and waves also play prominent role in shaping the lithosphere.

Question 4.
How are the continental plates formed and how are they eventually destroyed?
Answer:

• In the beginning, probably all continents were held together.
• Later the earth’s lithosphere is broken up into several pieces, just like the pieces of a large jigsaw puzzle and thus continental plates formed.
• These pieces, on which all the continents and oceans are actually situated, are called “Plates”.
• They float on soft layer of the mantle.
• There are about seven major plates and several minor plates on the earth.
• As the plates move, they push, pull, slide, rise, sink, bend and break.
• Sometimes one plate meets another, the incoming plate dips under the stable plate.
• In fact the incoming plate actually goes into the mantle of the earth and becomes molten due to the heat of the mantle.
• That is how some plates are eventually destroyed.

Question 5.
List out the landforms formed due to the river work. (AS1)
Answer:
Many landforms are formed due to the work of the river. They are
1. V – shaped valley:
The flow of a river is very swift as it descends the steep slopes and it exerts a great force in cutting the mountain vertically. As a result a deep valley develops, narrow at the bottom and wide at the top. This is called V – shaped valley.

2. Gorge:
Where the rocks are very hard, the river cuts a narrow valley with steep sides called Gorges.

3. Canyon:
A deep valley with steep like slopes and is wider at its top than at the bottom is called a Canyon.

4. A plunge pool:
The water falls with great force and dig out the rock beneath to form a plunge pool.

5. Plain:
When the river is in floods it cuts the soil and when it is not in flood it deposits silt and thus forms vast flood plains.

6. Meanders:
As a result of the deposition by floods the river bed becomes too high, the river constantly changes its course and cuts new path and forms gentle snake like meanders.

7. Ox-bow lakes:
Due to the deposition along the sides of the meanders, the ends of the meander loop comes closer and closer. In the course of time the meander loop cuts off from the river and forms a cut off lake which is called ox-bow lake.

8. Delta:
When a river reaches the sea, the fine material is deposited at its mouth forming a delta (∆).

9. Ozone:
Ozone is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula 03. It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. Ozone’s 03 formula was determined in 1865.

Question 6.
Create a table as given below and fill information. And write a small paragraph to explain the similarities and differences you can think of in the context of earth’s external changes, (if there is no information available in the text, leave those columns blank)

	Wind	Water	Glacier
Landform
Process

Answer:
Wind:
Wind takes many forms and carries away the surface of the land in the higher places.

Water :

1. Water reacts with the chemicals of the rocks and further weakens the rock.
   Water acts as moving agent of the earth.

Glacier :

1. The ice on these glaciers melt throughout the year and flows to low areas as rivers and streams.
2. They also erode, transport and deposit rock materials.

Two forces, weathering and erosion, are constantly at work building up and moving rocks making up the earth’s crust.

Weathering causes rocks to fragment, crack, crumble, or break down physically and chemically.

Erosion loosens and carries away the rock debris formed by weathering. Over time these two forces, working together, change the shape of the land.

Question 7.
Why are Glaciers not found in your surroundings?
Answer:
Glaciers are most commonly found above snow line i.e., regions of high snow fall in winter and cool temperatures in summer. These conditions allow more snow to accumulate on the glacier in the winter that will melt in the summer. This is why most glaciers are found either in mountainous areas or the polar regions.

We are in the state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a semi-arid area and has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summers start in March, and peak in May with average high temperatures in the 42°C range. A dry, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February with little humidity and average temperatures in the 22°C – 23°C range. In such hot and dry conditions glaciers are not formed. So we cannot find glaciers in our surroundings.

Question 8.
How are Beaches formed and name some Beaches?
Answer:
Formation of Beaches:

1. Sea water contains sediments like sand, pebbles, etc.
2. Beaches form as waves deposit these sediment on the shore.
3. The wind pushes these sediments on the shore and inland.
4. This creates an area of sand particles finally form a beach.

Names of some beaches :

1. Diu Beach
2. Manori Beach, Mumbai
3. Versova Beach, Mumbai
4. Mivamar Beach, Panaji
5. Karwar Beach, Karnataka
6. Fort Kochi, Cochin
7. Kovalam Beach, Trivandrum
8. Marina Beach, Chennai
9. R.K. Beach, Visakhapatnam
10. Chandipur Beach, Odisha.

Question 9.
How is the human lifestyle responsible for extension of deserts?
Answer:

• Desertification can be considered as a set of biological, chemical, and physical processes which converge to create desert-like conditions.
• Desertification is a social problem involving people at all stages as a cause and as victims.
• The anthropogenic (human) causes of desertification are over cultivation, over grazing, deforestation and poor irrigation practices.
• These factors are fuelled by local forces such as poverty and population pressure.
• Increase in temperature leads to drying out of water and it further causes to expansion of deserts.
• Mismanagement of dry land ecosystems by humans can cause desertification.
• Poor land use and overgrazing are significant factors for the expansion of deserts.
• Thus activities of human beings lead to the extension of deserts.

Question 10.
Find out the order of the landforms for the following.

Landform	Order of Landform
The Himalayan Mountains	II order Landform
The Pacific Ocean
Asia Continent
Byson Gorge
Jog waterfall
Rocky mountains
The Indian Ocean
The great rift valley

Answer:

Landform	Order of Landform
The Himalayan Mountains	II order Landform
The Pacific Ocean	1 order Landform
Asia Continent	1 order Landform
Byson Gorge	III order Landform
Jog waterfall	III order Landform
Rocky mountains	II order Landform
The Indian Ocean	1 order Landform
The great rift valley	III order Landform

Question 11.
Draw the map of world plates by observing map 2.
Answer:

Question 12.
Read the para under the title ‘Erosion’ on page 20 and comment on it.

Erosion : Flowing water and wind have great power and can slowly wear away or cut away the rocks and soil cover in higher places. Water acts in many ways, as rain, river, flowing ground water, sea waves, glaciers etc. Wind too takes many forms like storms, gusts, steady winds, etc. The active wearing away of the earth’s surface by these moving agents is called erosion.

Answer:
Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the earth’s surface by exogenic processes such as wind or water flow, and then transported andsdeposited on their locations while erosion is a natural process. Human activities have increased by 10 – 40 times the rate of which erosion is occuring globally.

Question 13.
Collect newspaper or magazine articles and news on earthquakes and volcanoes.
Prepare an illustrated file on these – how do they happen and how they affect human life.
Answer:
Student’s activity.
Ex: Earthquakes:
The earth’s surface is formed of massive slabs of rock called plates. These are called tectonic plates, are always moving. Sometimes they just slide past one another. At another time they actually collide with one another. Plate movements cause the build up of tremendous quantities of energy in the rock. When the energy is released, it produces vibrations that travel through the rock, leading to earthquakes. During earthquakes, faults, or giant cracks, are produced by the pressure of moving rocks.

Volcanoes:
Deep within the earth it is so hot that some rocks slowly melt and become a thick flowing substance called magma. Because it is lighter than the solid rock around it, magma rises and collects in magma chambers. Eventually some of the magma pushes through vents and fissures in the earth’s surface. Then a volcanic eruption occurs.

Their effect on human life :

1. Major earthquakes and volcano eruption can affect human life.
2. Roads can be damaged and delivery of food can be disrupted.
3. Clean, drinking water may not be available.
4. Sewer system may leave, causing diseases.
5. Gas line could leak, causing health issue.
6. All the surroundings can get covered with ash.
7. Communication system fails.
8. They destroy property and threaten human lives.

9th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson The Natural Realms of the Earth InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do you think the rock is harder inside than outside? (Text Book Page No. 20)
Answer:

• The gradual disintegration of rocks is caused by atmosphere forces.
• The rocks when exposed to heat expand and contract when cooled down.
• As surface rock contracts and expands and contracts again, it gradually becomes brittle and begins to break down.
• Water reacts with the chemicals in the rock and further weakens it.
• These processes by which the rocks are weakened and broken are called ‘weathering’.
• It is easier to chip small pieces of rock from the outer layer rather than from the core of the rock.
• Thus we can say the rocks are harder inside than outside.

Question 2.
Expalin how are the waterfalls are useful. (Text Book Page No. 22)
Answer:

• The most noted advantage of waterfalls is their ability to produce hydroelectric power.
• As it descends the steep slopes the waterfall exerts a great force and cuts mountains vertically and forms V-shaped valleys, gorges and canyons.
• These attract many tourists throughout the world and earn a lot of foreign exchange.
• Waterfalls put oxygen into the water which first helps the fish breathe well.

Question 3.
Can you discuss in the class how the following human actions impact the lithosphere?
i) Mining
ii) Building cities with bricks and cement
iii) Agriculture
iv) Dams (Text Book Page No. 25)
(OR)
‘Human actions like mining, building cities with bricks and cement, agriculture and dams are impacting the lithosphere’ – Comment on it. Mra
Answer:
i) Impact of mining on lithosphere :

• Mining disturbs and removes the rocks, ores and minerals in the geosphere.
• It leaves huge gaping holes in the earth.
• The mine tailings are pulled up in large mounds on the surface of the geosphere.
• Subsidence is an effect that occurs above a deep mine.
• The deep mines cause redistribution of the existing tectonic stress field disturbed by the excavation process.
• High stresses exist inside tectonic plates and they are sensitive to any perturbations.
• In case of mining the mass removal causes fault zones and eventually earthquakes.

ii) Impact of building cities with brick and cement on lithosphere:
Constructing buildings with cement and bricks has a lot of negative effects.

• Concrete used to create hard surfaces causes to surface turn off and it can cause heavy soil erosion.
• Constructing the buildings with cement, bricks and concrete have different thermal and hydrological properties. These cause the surface absorbs and stores heat and water.

iii) Impact of agriculture on lithosphere:
Man has been trying to manipulate more and more of nature and exploit this natural resource by the unscientific practice of agriculture.

• Agriculture causes the depletion of underground acquifiers through overdrafting.
• Under irrigation gives poor soil salinity control which leads to increase soil salinity with consequent build up of toxic salts on soil surface.
• Wide use of agricultural chemicals causes soil pollution.

iv) Impact of dams on lithosphere :

• As a result of dam construction and holding of sediments in reservoirs sediment feeding of down stream channel or shore beaches is prevented.
• Corrosions may occur.
• Rare archaeological and historical places with their exceptional beauties disppear after lying under the reservoir.
• Earthquakes and volcanic activity can be induced by the weight of the reservoir on nearby faulty lines.
• Soil erosion of silt deposited at the edges of reservoirs can seriously damage surrounding vegetation and farmland by sand blow.

Question 4.
Write an imaginary description of the damages that occur due to volcanic eruption in an area. (Text Book Page No. 19)
Answer:

• Volcanic eruption can cause earthquakes, fast floods, mudslides and rock falls.
• Lava can travel very far and burn, bury or damage anything in its path including people, houses and trees.
• The large amount of dust and ash can cause roofs to fall, makes it hard to breathe and is normally very smelly.
• The ground around volcano is not secure and can cause big earthquakes.
• Big volcanic eruptions can change the weather around the world.
• Ash clouds float very high in the air and can cause snow and frost in the summer in a lot of countries.

Question 5.
Compare the Loess Plains with a Delta. What similarities and differences do you see between them? (Text Book Page No. 25)
Answer:
Similarities between Loess Plains and Deltas :

1. Both are the deposits of erosional fine materials on plains.
2. Both loess plains and deltas are fertile lands.

Differences between Loess Plains and Deltas:

1. While loess plains are formed with fine dust blown beyond the deserts, the deltas are formed with fine alluvial material transported by the rivers.
2. While loess plains are formed in the neighbouring lands of the deserts, the deltas are formed at the mouths of the rivers.
3. While loess are fine loam, rich in lime, very coherent and extremely porous, the deltas consist of clayey alluvial soils with a mixture of organic material.
4. While deltas are formed by the action of rivers, the loess plains are formed by the action of winds.

Question 6.
Geologists have found fossils of sea animals on the Himalayas. Some of these are actually worshipped in many homes as ’Salagramas’. How do you think are these^ossil^here on the Himalayas? (Text Book Page No. 17)
Answer:

• The Himalayas are formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian land masses which were originally separate.
• This collision uplifts mountains.
• From around 200 million years ago the area between the two separate land masses was covered by the Tethys sea, which was filling with sediments and had sea creatures which left fossils in the sedimentary rocks formed there.
• So the fossils found in the Himalayas are those formed in the ancient sea bed of the Tethys sea, now exposed and pushed up to form mountains.
• Salagramas are usually black coloured spherical fossils found in the sacred river Gandaki.
• The name salagrama refers to the name of the village on the bank of the Gandaki, where the holy stones are picked up.
• Hindus consider these salagramas as an iconic representation of Vishnu and worship these salagramas.

Question 7.
Collect information about the waterfalls in Andhra Pradesh. (Text Book Page No. 22)
Answer:
Waterfalls of Telangana :

1. Ethipothala falls, near Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.
2. Katiki waterfalls – Visakhapatnam district
3. Kailasakona falls – Chittoor district
4. Mallelatheertham – Nallamala forest, Kurnool district
5. Penchalakona falls – Nellore district
6. Rampachodavaram – East Godavari district
7. Talakona falls – Chittoor district
8. Ubbalamadugu or Tada falls – Chittoor district

Question 8.
Collect some of the pictures of waterfalls. (Text Book Page No. 22)
Answer:
Pictures of famous waterfalls :

Question 9.
Gorges are suitable for construction of dams- can you tell why this is so? (Text Book Page No. 21)
Answer:

• Gorges are narrow valleys with steep sides.
• A gorge is almost equal in width at its top as well as its bottom.
• They are suitable for the construction of massive reservoirs.
• The natural valleys formed by the gorges are built up with hard rock.
• The valleys with its steep sides, extensive rocky floors form the natural reservoirs for the dams.
• Constructing the dams at gorges is less expensive because a little concrete work is needed to form the reservoirs.
• In these vast and massive reservoirs a lot of water can be stored.
• Gorges are flood proof. They prevent floods.
• The waterfalls that falls down from great heights into the gorges can rotate large turbines and generate hydroelectricity in large quantities.
• Thus gorges are suitable for the construction of dams.

Question 10.
You have read about mining of minerals like baryte or coal. In what ways do you think does mining affects the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere? (Text Book Page No. 14)
Answer:

• Mining disturbs and removes the rocks, ores and minerals in the lithosphere leaving huge gaping holes in the earth.
• The mine tailings are piled up in large mounds on the surface of the earth.
• Mining waste when washed into the water ways pollutes the hydrosphere.
• Mining causes air pollution to the atmosphere in several ways.
• The mine might also release poisonous gases that were trapped below the surface.
• Mining affects the biosphere by affecting the other three spheres in an indirect way.

Question 11.
Human beings consume a lot of medicines like anti-biotics to cure sickness. How do you think does it affect the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere? (Text Book Page No. 14)
Answer:

• More than 10,000 tonnes of anti biotics are consumed in Europe each year.
• 30%-60% of them passthrough animals and humans unchanged and reach the ocean.
• These antibiotics can affect the marine ecosystems over a long period, with detrimental effects on natural marine communities of bacteria.
• The presence of antibiotics in the marine environment is worrying as it can reach to humans through the consumption of sea food and fish.
• The marine sediments affected by the antibiotics metabolise both nitrogen and carbon which are linked to both eutrophication and climate problems.

Question 12.
What are the dangers of living on the flood plains? (Text Book Page No. 23)
Answer:

• Flood plains are flood prone areas.
• Massive damage can occur during floods in flood plains.
• Homes, automobiles, buildings, historical monuments, graves, sewer systems, bridges and countless other infrastructure can be destroyed.
• Road ways often suffer. High flooding often claims the lives of drowning victims.
• In flood plains during floods there will be lack of clean drinking water which causes illness and epidemics to spread.
• Thus there are a lot of dangers of living on the flood plains.

Question 13.
Locate the Himalayas, Andes and Rockies mountains. Why were they formed in those locations? Suggest reasons. (Text Book Page No. 17)
Answer:

1) Himalayas
2) Rockies mountains
3) Andes mountains

Reasons:

1. Fold mountains are mountains formed from the folding of the earth’s crust.
2. The Himalayas, the Andes and the Rockies are fold mountains.
3. These fold mountains are formed when two plates move together.
4. The Himalayan mountains were formed by the process of Indian plate pushing the Eurasian plate.
5. The forces of plate tectonics are responsible for the formation of Andes.
6. The Nazce plate and a part of the Antarctica plate have been subducting beneath the South American plate.
7. The Rockey mountains took shape during an intense period of plate tectonic activity that resulted in much of the rugged landscape of the Western North America.
8. The Laramide Orogeny was responsible for raising the Rocky mountains.

Question 14.
You may have noticed that many of the ‘scientific’ terms use Greek words. Why do you think do they use Greek words? Discuss with your teacher. (Text Book Page No. 14)
Answer:
In his communication a scientist is mainly concerned with exact and logical expression of that which he wishes to pass on to another. His purpose is to inform as clearly as possible. Each of his words must have a precise meaning and one meaning only so that there is no risk of confusion or ambiguity. The meanings of many ordinary words of our language are not single and precise. The use of words which are ‘set apart’ from everyday life also enables the scientist to avoid evoking irrelevant and distorting associations.

In addition to precision of meaning and freedom from associations most scientific words by their form and structure they reveal something of their meanings. Many scientific words are built from simpler word-elements usually of Greek origin. Some words are self-explanatory if the Greek roots are known.

Scientific language to be efficient must be universally intelligible. The classical language Greek is so fundamental to the civilised world. The words constructed from this language can easily be learnt to be translated.

So scientific terms use Greek words.

Question 14.
Are all rocks on the earth formed in the mid-ocean ridges? (Text Book Page No. 17)
Answer:
No. All the rocks on the earth are not formed in the mid-ocean ridges. Only ocean rocks or crust are formed of the mid-ocean ridges. These are formed by lava rising up from the mantle. The eruptions on the ridges create new ocean floor made of basalt rocks, which then spreads laterally from the ridge. The first order landforms such as oceans and continents are formed at the time when the hot earth was cooling. While the earth’s interior continued to cool, it contracted and the outer crust wrinkled forming ridges i.e., mountains and basins i.e., oceans. The second order landforms such as plains, plateaus and mountains are formed as a result of the internal processes of the earth. The third order landforms such as carved mountains, valleys, deltas, sand dunes are formed as a result of the shaping of the land forms by wind, water.

Question 15.
Why do you think we don’t feel any of these mighty changes taking place on the earth? Is it because they don’t affect us? Do you think these changes affect us at all? (Text Book Page No. 17)
Answer:

• Two kinds of changes take place in the Lithosphere – first the very slow movements leading to the formation of the crust, movement of the continental plates and their eventual return to the mantle.
• Since these geophysical changes occur over thousands and even millions of years we don’t feel any of these changes.
• Secondly the sudden and dramatic eruption of volcanoes and earthquakes.
• The sudden movements can be destructive and cause much damage. At the same time they also lead to changes in landforms.

Question 16.
Compare the action of the river in the mountains and in the plains. In what ways are they similar and different?
Answer:
Similarities :

1. They carry something when they flow across the two landforms.
2. They have streams in both the areas.
3. They change the surface of the earth.

Differences

In the mountains	In the plains
1. Rivers originate in mountains.	1. Rivers run and flow across the plains.
2. They flow very fast.	2. They flow slowly.
3. They carry the rocks.	3. They deposit the sediments here.
4. They form gorges and canyons here.	4. They form deltas here.

From the mountains to delta, a river does not just flow – it changes the surface of the earth.

It cuts rocks, moves boulders, and deposits sediments.
It constantly attempts to carve away all the mountains in its path.

The goal of the river is to create a wide, flat valley which it can flow smoothly towards the ocean.

That is the relation between the mountains and plains.

Question 17.
Why is a flood plain more suited to human habitation compared to mountains? (Text Book Page No. 23)
Answer:
Disadvantages of mountains :

1. High elevation on mountains produces colder climates than at sea level.
2. These colder climates strongly affect the human habitation.
3. Climate of mountains to be used less for agriculture.
4. Abundant water supply.
5. Fertile land – rich for farming and agriculture.
6. Easy to develop than hilly regions.
7. Flood water can be stored temporarily.
8. Many civilizations are flourished on the banks of the rivers.
   These are all more suited to human habitation compared to mountains.

Question 18.
Recall the life of people living in the hills or flood plains that you may have read of. (Text Book Page No. 23)
Answer:
Bison hills are spread in both Bhadradri Kothagudem and W. Godavari districts along either banks of the river Godavari. Many tribal communities live in the hill tracts of this region with their own special life.

These tribals live in small habitations – about 5 to 10 hutments in one place. The habitations are far from each other.

Konda Reddys grow crops in a distinct way called Podu. When rains arrive in June they dibble seeds with the help of digging seeds.

Except for a few months during and after harvest, Konda Reddy women and children are engaged in collection of edible forest produce for subsistence.

There are no rivers or wells in this area. They fetch water from natural springs.

These hill tribes are very few in number but they follow a pattern of life which is very ancient.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 7th Lesson Industries in India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 7th Lesson Industries in India

9th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson Industries in India Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Why government took up the responsibility to set up basic goods industries?
Answer:

• Basic industries produce essential goods that can form a base to support a large variety of factories.
• A huge amount of capital is required to set up basic goods industries.
• Moreover, it takes a long time to set up basic industries.
  E.g.: For setting up a power plant for the production of electricity, it would require five to ten years.
• Private industrial groups were not willing to invest in such industries.
• Hence the Government took up the responsibility to set up basic goods industries.

Question 2.
Why are industries located in specific areas?
Answer:

• All factories need raw materials from which goods can be produced.
• Transportation is needed to bring raw materials to factories and transfer finished goods from them.
• So industries are located in specific areas where raw materials like minerals are available.
• Industries are also concentrated where infrastructural facilities like transportation electricity, banking services, etc. are available.

Question 3.
What are the basic goods industries? How they are different from consumer goods industries?
Answer:

Basic Goods Industries	Consumer Goods Industries
1. Factories producing essential goods necessary for industries are called basic goods industries. E.g.: Machines, electricity, etc.	1. Factories producing goods which for direct consumption are called consumer goods. E.g.: Soaps, Furniture, TVs, etc.
2. These goods are not for direct consumption.	2. These goods are directly consumed by consumers.
3. Basic industries produce essential goods that can farm a base to support a large variety of factories.	3. Consumer goods industries did not support any other industries.

Question 4.
Give a list of towns/areas in which some conventional mineral resources are found and ask students to identify then possible industries which can be set up.

Minerals/ Resources	Towns/areas in which these resources are available	List the kind of industries that can be set up in this area
1. Iron ore
2. Coal
3. Jute
4. Oil
5. Natural Gas
6. Forests
7. Manganese
8. Bauxite

Answer:

Minerals/ Resources	Towns/areas in which these resources are available	List the kind of industries that can be set up in this area
1. Iron ore	1. Singhbhum in Jarkhand 2. Mayurbhanj, Koenjhar in Odisha 3. Raipur and Bastar in Chattisgarh. 4. Bellary and Chikmaglur in Karnataka. 5. Salem in Tamilnadu 6. Khammam in Telangana and Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh. 7. Ratnagiri and Chanda in Maharashtra.	1. Iron and steel industry 2. Heavy machines 3. Tools 4. Weapons 5. Constructions and transport vehicles, etc. 6. Railway coaches, etc.
2. Coal	Important coal fields are 1. Jharia, Chandrapura, Bokaro and Giridhi in Jarkhand. 2. Ranigunj and Asansal in West Bengal. 3. Singrauli and Korba in Madhya Pradesh. 4. Singareni in Telangana	1. Iron and steel industry 2. Thermal power industry 3. Used as fuel in so many other industries. 4. Largely used in railways.
3. Jute	West Bengal, Assom, Bihar and Odisha.	Jute industry is concentrated in West Bengal. 1. Jute textiles 2. Bag making 3. Carpet making 4. Door mats, etc.
4. Oil	Gujarat, Assom, Bombay High	Different types of industries.
5. Natural Gas	1. Cambay and Ankleshwar fields in Gujarat 2. Bombay High in Maharashtra.	Power industry Fertilizer industry Used as fuel
6. Forests	Forests are found in Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.	Forests yield both softwood and hard wood. Forest based industries are- 1. Paper (softwood trees) 2. Furniture 3. Timber 4. Soaps 5. Match boxes 6. Handicraft 7. Turpentine and 8. Railway sleepers
7. Manganese	1. Koenjhar, kalahandi, Mayurbhanj Sundarghar and Thalcher in Odisha. 2. Chitradurg, Shimoga, Chikmanglore, Bellary and Dharwad in Karnataka. 3. Bhalghat, Seori, Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh. 4. Singhbum in Jarkhand. 5. Panchamahal in Gujarat. 6. Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts in Andhra Pradesh.	1. Iron and steel industry 2. Chemical industry 3. Bleaching powder 4. Electrical 5. Glass 6. Leather 7. Photography and 8. Metal industry
8. Bauxite	1. Palmau, Ranchi, Monghyr and Shahabad in Jarkhand. 2. Balaghat, Jabalpur, Bilaspur and Rajgarh in Madhya Pradesh. 3. Amreli and Kutch in Gujarat. 4. Belgaum in Karnataka. 5. Madurai, Nilgiris and Coimbatore in Tamilnadu. 6. Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh	Used in Aluminium making which in turn used in aircraft, automobiles, ships, utensils, railways, photographic material and electrical goods industry.

Question 5.
Why government in 1990s allowed private industries in many areas which were earlier restricted only to government?
Answer:

• Indian industry as a result of government’s control was not modernizing fast and was producing goods at high cost and not making technological improvement.
• Government used to allocate a specifc amount every year to operate these industries.
• It was expected that these industries become independent, generate revenue for the government.
• But these government run factories continually require government assistance.
• Their functioning was much below that was expected.
• So, in the 1990s a new industrial policy was announced. Many activities which were earlier restricted only for the government are now allowed for the private industries.

Question 6.
What is the impact of industrial development on employment generation?
Answer:

• An important goal of industrial policies in India was to generate employment opportunities in industrial activities.
• Raising the proportion of people employed in factories is also generally seen as an important indicator of economic development of a country.
• Today nearly 2 lakh large factories and 3 crore small manufacturing units are operating in India.
• These units employ nearly about one-fifth of India’s 460 million workers.
• Number of employees generated in industrial section has increased from 11% in 1972-73 to 22 % in 2009-10.
• But large industries began to replace workers with technology. More and more automation has taken place.
• This has led to almost zero additional employment in large factrories.

Question 7.
What is the impact of industrial development on revenue?
Answer:

• When goods made in factories and exported to other countries, we get revenue.
• A few decades before, three-fourths of income from goods exported from manufacturing industries alone.
• Even today, nearly two-third of goods exports is contributed by industries and particularly small industries.
• Factory goods exported range from gems, jewellery, chemicals, cars, machinery, cashewnuts, etc.
• The money or foreign exchange earned in this process enable us to import from other countries a large number of goods that we want from other countries.

Question 8.
“Industrial activities increase environmental problems” Discuss.
Answer:

• The production process in industries involves the use of electricity and application of different chemicals.
• In the course of production, these industries release a lot of other materials. They are causing pollution in the industrial locations.
• The industrialization led to the indiscriminate exploitation of minerals, forests, soils, air, etc.
• It leads to deforestation and damages the natural habitat of animals.
• Underground water is being contaminated due to the release of wastes by the industries.
• Some animals are endangered and some creatures have become extinct.
• The depletion of ozone layer, pollution of water, air, soil has increased ecological problems.

Question 9.
Write a few slogans on the prevention of environment pollution.
Answer:

• We were born to help the world, not to destroy it.
• Only when the last tree has died, the last river has been poisoned and the last fish has been caught, will we realize that we cannot eat money?
• Save the environment and you will save the life and future.
• Hungry and the Earth will serve, Thirst and the seas will water I Do you still want to cut that all?
• Man made global warming, the biggest scan in the history of mankind to fulfil his greediness? Understood this or nature will teach you.
• Stop pollution – Stop global warming.

Question 10.
Read the para 3 of page 83 and comment on it.

The electronics industrys covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry. Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. 18 software technology parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. Upto 31 March 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number is expected to increase eight-fold in the next 3 to 4 years. It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent of the people employed in this sector are women. This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years ‘ because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector. The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.

Answer:
IT and electronics are the fast growing segments of Indian industry both in terms of production and exports. This sector is attracting considerable interest not only as a vast market but also as potential production base international companies.

In recent times, software development and IT enabled services have emerged as a niche opportunity for India in the global context.

The Government is taking all necessary steps to make India, a Global IT super power and a front runner in the age of information revolution. It earns a major share of foreign exchange.

Question 11.
Observe the map given on page 95 and locate the iron and steel plants in the India outline map.

Answer:

Question 12.
Select one agro-based and one mineral-based industry in your area.
i) What are the raw materials they use?
ii) What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve transportation costs?
iii) Are these factories following environmental norms?
Answer:
1. Agro-Based :
Nandini Foods.

2. Mineral Based :
Ramagundam Thermal Power Station

Agro-Based	Mineral Based
1. Raw material: Sugar, powders, chillies, tamarind, oil, etc.	Coal, etc.
2. Inputs that involve transportation lost: raw materials, staff and finished goods to market.	Raw materials, staff
3. Environmental Norms : Yes, upto some extent	Yes, but the wastage is sent out into a canal.

9th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson Industries in India InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Can you make a list of products produced by factories for other factories? (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:

1. Moulds
2. Speakers
3. Spare parts
4. Tyres, Tubes, etc.

Question 2.
Have you seen machines used in a factory? Make a collage of different kinds of machines that are used. (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:
I have seen a welding factory.
Machines in the factory are :

1. arc welding
2. resistance welding
3. laser welding
4. electron bean welding
5. stud welding
6. orbital welding
7. wave soldering
8. hot dip brazing
9. torch brazing
10. indution brazing
11. ultrasonic
12. friction welding

Question 3.
Discuss what is meant by the word “basic”. What are the basic necessities for industries? (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:

• “Basic” means the things that are basically necessary.
• The basic necessities for setting up any industries are machines, electricity, minerals and ores and infrastructural facilities like transport, telephones, etc.

Question 4.
At the time of independence what were the objectives that were desired to be achieved through industrialization? (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:

• After 1947, India began many initiatives to promote industrial activities in the country.
• Major objectives were – to become self-sufficient in meeting our needs and to make the country an industrially developed nation.

Question 5.
Where should the sugar and jaggery mills be ideally located? (Text Book Page No. 80)
Answer:
The sugar and jaggery mills should be ideally located near the crop grown areas.

Question 6.
Where would it be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units? (Text Book Page No. 82)
Answer:
Cement manufacturing units can be established near the areas where the raw materials are available in bulk.
Raw materials : Limestone, silica, alumina, gypsum, coal and electric power and transportation facilities.

Question 7.
Can you point out some examples of increase in production of goods that are used in the production of many products by different factories? (Text Book Page No. 90)
Answer:

1. Steel
2. Engines
3. Cement
4. Bricks
5. Wood
6. Glass
7. Vegetables
8. Cotton, etc.

Question 8.
The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries. Find out where the plants are located in other states of India. Find their names. (Text Book Page No. 82)
Answer:

1. Nirman Cements Ltd – Bihar.
2. Grasim Cements Ltd – Madhya Pradesh
3. Sagar Cements – Telangana
4. The India Cements Ltd – Tamilnadu

Question 9.
Fill in the following table. For some industries, you may need to discuss with the teacher. (Text Book Page No. 84)

Industry	States in which they are currently concentrated	Why they are concentrated in those states?
Chemical Industry
Fertiliser Industry
Cement Industry
Automobiles Industry

Answer:

Industry	States in which they are currently concentrated	Why they are concentrated in those states?
Chemical Industry	Gujarat	Availability of raw material, skilled and unskilled labourers, electricity, water, financial assistance, transport facilities, etc.
Fertiliser Industry	Maharashtra
Cement Industry	Rajasthan, Telangana, A.P., M.P, Gujarat
Automobiles Industry	Tamilnadu

Question 10.
Observe the following pie charts. (Text Book Page No. 87, 88)

a) What are the differences in employment in the three kinds of economic activities that you notice from these pie charts?
Answer:

• The employment generation in agricultural sector has been decreased from 74% in 1972-73 to 53% in 2009-10.
• The employment generation in industrial sector has been increased from 11% in 1972-73 to 22% in 2009-10.
• The employment generation in service sector has shown an increase of 10%.

b) What is the percentage of change in employment by industry?
Answer:
There is a 11% increase in employment generated by industry.

c) Did we expect to see a greater change in employment by industry that did not happen?
Answer:
1) Yes, we expected a greater change in employment by industry. But it did not happen.
2) Large industries began to replace workers with technology. More and more automation has taken place.
3) Hence it did not happen.

Question 11.
Look at the following Graph and answer the following question. (Text Book Page No. 89)

What has been the increase in production of cloth over the past 30 years? What would be the impact of this? Discuss in your class. (Text Book Page No. 90)
Answer:
1. The production of cotton cloth was 8000 million square metres approximately in 1980-81. The production went up to 15000 million square metres by 1990-91, to 19000 million square metres by 2000-01. The production has been increased to 31000 million square metres approximately by 2010-11.

2. The production of other cloth material was approximately 2500 million square metres in 1980-81 and that went up to 7000 million square metres by 1990-91, to 20000 million square metres by 2000-01 and to 30000 million square metres approximately
by 2010-11.

Question 12.
Refer the chart that shows the production of cement and steel construct a table to show the increase from 80-81 to present times. Discuss some positive and negative effect of this increase in production. (Text Book Page No. 90)

Answer:

The positive and negative effects of the increase in production :
1. The increase in the production of cement has positive impact on the development of our country. The infrastructural facilities like buildings, dams, roads etc., are increased due to the increase of production of cement.

2. Negative impact of cement production: The heating of limestone and clay may release mercury into the air which affects the health of the people and pollutes the ground water too.

Steel Production:
1. The increase in the production of steei has impact on the production of other goods, iike heavy tools and machines etc.

2. The steel factories release poisonous gases into the atmosphere and release waste into the streams causing air and water pollution.

Question 13.
Iron is the basic requirement for a large number of goods produced by various factories. Explain this with examples that you see around. (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:

• Iron is used in making steel, machinery, tools and weapons.
• Iron is also used in shipbuilding industry.
• Iron is also used for many other purposes in constructions and transport.

Question 14.
Make a chart to show how petroleum is the basic requirement for a large number of products. (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid found in the earth. It is refined and used to make so many products. The byproducts are Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, etc.
It is used in:

1. Petrochemical industry
2. Plastic making
3. Lubricating oils
4. Fertilizers
5. Asphalt – which is used in road construction
6. Pesticides
7. Detergents
8. Photographic film
9. Artificial fibres, etc.

Question 15.
Why is the per capita consumption of steel so low in India? (Text Book Page No. 81)
Answer:

• India is the developing country, the process of development is a little bit slow than other developed countries.
• Economy plays a vital role in the development of India economy is good but not best.
• The steel industry has limited factories in our country.
• The production is also limited. So the per capita consumption of steel is low in India.

Question 16.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi? (Text Book Page No. 79)
Answer:

• To spend time usefully with some other work,
• To fight against foreign cloths imported,
• To encourage village industries,
• To insist that everyone learn to do his own work like making the yarn for his cloth and
• To lead a simple life and minimising the needs for living.

9th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson Industries in India Activity

Collect the wrappers of a tea packets and tooth paste. Read the wrappers carefully and try to relate to the question below. (Text Book Page No. 77)
Answer:
Student’s Activity

…………..(1)………….. can be considered as a product of agro based industry. …………..(2)………….. can be considered a product of mineral based industry.
Answer:
1) Tea,
2) Toothpaste

Raw material for the tooth paste…………..(1)………….. and …………..(2)…………..
industry. That industry is called key or basic industry. Whereas the tooth paste is a consumer goods and the industry producing such goods is called consumer goods industry.
Answer:
1) Flouride,
2) Calcium

The ownership of industries could be lying with individuals or groups of individuals such as …………..(1)………….. (for the tea packets) and …………..(2)………….. (tooth paste). Such an industry is called a private sector industry whereas if the ownership belongs to the government, it will be called as public sector industry. Two examples of public sector industries are …………..(3)………….. and …………..(4)…………..
Answer:
1) Brookebond,
2) Dabur (Red),
3) Bharat Dynamics Ltd,
4) BHEL Ltd.

Some industries are also owned by large number of people who supply raw materials (milk/sugarcane) or supply their labour (coir) pool their resources to run them. Such industries are called cooperative industries.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 20th Lesson Democracy: An Evolving Idea Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 20th Democracy: An Evolving Idea

9th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Democracy: An Evolving Idea Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive, and legitimate government?
Answer:
1. Accountable :
Democracy produces a government that is accountable to all people, it is the basic outcome of democracy. It will produce a government that responds to the people.

2. Legitimate :
In a democracy, elections are conducted through which people select their representatives. If they do not react to their demands, they choose another representative in the next elections.

3. Responsive :
Democracy produces a government which responds to all the demands and needs of different people.

Question 2.
What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversity?
Answer:

• In every society, there are people belonging to different religions, income groups, and using different languages.
• Democracy means that equal treatment is given to all the individual and that there should not be any discrimination on the basis of caste, gender, race, religion, or region.
• It accommodates all the social diversity by giving equal rights and freedoms to the people.
• In a democratic set up, people from socially weaker sections of the society are allowed to vote and choose their representatives in the government, and no particular religion or language is given any special preference.
• Also, women are given equal rights as men in the society.
• It also ensured that the rule of the majority is not by those who are in majority just in number. The majority group needs to work in harmony with the minority group such that interests and concerns of every group are respected.

Question 3.
Give arguments to support or oppose the following assertions :
A) Industrialised countries can afford democracy but poor countries need dictatorship to become rich.
Answer:
No, we do not agree with the statement, because the nature and scope of democracy is not confined or limited to rich or industrialised countries only. Democracy is the government of modern era which provides accountable, representative, responsible and legitimate government to the people. It also tries to accommodate social differences and promote economic growth which a dictatorship cannot. Hence, a poor country can also afford democracy for popular government and economic growth.

B) Democracy can’t reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens.
Answer:
We do not agree with the statement. Democracy can’t reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens. But democracy can reduce the economic inequality by providing equal distribution of wealth and equal opportunities to all.

C) Government in poor countries should spend less on poverty reduction, health, education, and spend more on industries and infrastructure.
Answer:
We do not agree with this statement. Poverty is one of the social challenges which democracy has to accommodate, so poor countries should spend more to check poverty.

Besides food, clothing, health and education are the basic needs of the people and it is the duty of the government to provide these facilities to the people.

D) In democracy, all citizens have one vote, which means that there is absence of any domination and conflict.
Answer:
Yes, we do agree with the statement. Democracy stands for political equality and guarantees Universal Adult Franschise. Universal Adult Franchise gives right to vote to every adult citizen of the country. Hence there is no chance of political domination and conflict.

Question 4.
In the context of assessing democracy, which among the following is odd one out? Democracies need to ensure :
A) free and fair elections
B) dignity of the individual
C) majority rule
D) equal treatment before law
Answer:
(C) Reason : Majority rule is odd one out because democracy ensures people’s rule based on popular consensus.

Question 5.
Studies on political and social inequalities in democracy show that:
A) democracy and development go together.
B) inequalities exist in democracies.
C) inequalities do not exist under dictatorship.
D) dictatorship is better than democracy.
Answer:
(B) Inequalities exist in democracies

Question 6.
Here is some information about six countries. Based on this information, how would you classify each of these countries? Write ‘democratic’, ‘undemocratic’ or ‘not sure’ against each of these.
i) Country A : People who do not accept the country’s official religion do not have a right to vote
ii) Country B : The same party has been winning elections for the last twenty years
iii) Country C : Ruling party has lost in the last elections
iv) Country D : The parliament cannot pass a law about the army without the consent of the Chief of Army
v) Country E : The parliament cannot pass a law reducing the powers of the judiciary
vi) Country F : All the major economic decisions about the country are taken by officials of the central bank which the ministers cannot change,
Answer:

i) Undemocratic
ii) Not sure (More details are needed)
iii) Democratic
iv) Undemocratic
v) Democratic
vi) Undemocratic

Question 7.
Each of these statements contains a democratic and an undemocratic element. Write out the two separately for each statement.
A) A minister said that some laws have to be passed by the parliament in order to confirm to the regulations decided by the World Trade Organisation.
Answer:
Passing laws by the parliament is democratic whereas passing it in confirmity to the regulations decided by WTO is undemocratic.

B) The Election Commission ordered re-polling in a constituency where large scale rigging was reported.
Answer:
To order repoll in a constituency by the Election Commission is democratic whereas rigging is undemocratic.

C) Women’s representation in the parliament has never reached 10 per cent. This led women’s organisations to demand one-third seats for women.
Answer:
Demand by women’s organisation to reserve 1/3 seats for women is democratic whereas less 10% women’s representation in the parliament is undemocratic.

Question 8.
Write a response to the following arguments against democracy :
A) Army is the most disciplined and corruption-free organisation in the country. Therefore army should rule the country.
Answer:
Army rule is always undemocratic. Under this system, people do not enjoy freedom of speech and expression and are not allowed to criticise the government. Military rule is another name for dictatorship. Moreover, many army men are not disciplined and are corrupt.

B) Rule of the majority means the rule of ignorant people. What we need is the rule of the wise, even if they are in small numbers.
Answer:
Rule of majority is democratic as it represents the views of all sections of the people.

C) If we want religious leaders to guide us in spiritual matters, why not invite them to guide us in politics as well. The country should be ruled by religious leaders.
Answer:
Rule by religious leaders is not democractic. It arouses communal feeling among the people which sometimes lead to communal riots. Besides many religious leaders do not have any experience of administration.

Question 9.
Locate the following countries in the world map.
1. Sri Lanka
2. Belgium
3. Russia
4. America (USA)
Answer:

Question 10.
Read the first two paragraphs under the subheading ‘Dignity and freedom of the citizens’ and answer the following question.

Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual. Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings. Often conflicts arise among individuals because some feel that they are not treated with due respect. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. Democracies throughout the world have recognised this, at least in principle. This has been achieved in various degrees in various democracies. For societies which have been built for long on the basis of subordination and domination, it is not a simple matter to recognise that all individuals are equal.

Take the case of dignity of women. Most societies across the world were historically male dominated societies. Long struggles by women have created some sensitivity today that respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society. That does not mean that women are actually always treated with respect. But once the principle is recognised, it becomes easier for women to wage a struggle against what is now unacceptable legally and morally. In a non-democratic set up, this unacceptability would not have legal basis because the principle of individual freedom . and dignity would not have the legal and moral force there. The same is true of caste inequalities. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity. There are instances still of caste-based inequalities and atrocities, but these lack the moral and legal foundations. Perhaps it is this recognition that makes ordinary citizens value their democratic rights.

Write about the dignity and freedom of the citizens in a democratic country in your own words.
Answer:

• In a democratic country people have freedom to choose their representatives on the basis of universal adult franchise.
• Most societies across the world are male dominated. Equal treatment of women became the necessary requirement of a democratic society. Thus their status in democratic countries improved.
• In a non-democratic set up, there is no legal basis for freedom and dignity of individuals.
• Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.
• Democracy transforms people from the status of subjects under a king or a dictator to the status of citizens with rights and duties.
• Many fundamental rights are granted to citizens in a democratic country. One such right is to travel anywhere, freedom to any profession, to choose any religion, etc.

Question 11.
What are the reasons for the people to fight for democracy?
Answer:
Reasons:

1. A democracy is the best form of government.
2. Democracy promotes equality.
3. It promotes dignity and freedom of the individual.
4. It improves the quality of decision making.
5. People can elect the leaders of their choice.
6. People have the right to get the information about the public administration.

Question 12.
Give some examples which prove that democracy is practised in our schools.
Answer:

1. Admissions to the students without any differences of caste/creed / religion.
2. Elections to elect SPL / CPL
3. Parents, teachers, associations
4. Social clubs
5. Community participation
6. Equality in teaching etc.

Question 13.
Conduct elections in your class to elect class representative with the help of your teacher.
Answer:
Note : ‘Mock poll’ should be conducted in the class with the help of the teacher.

9th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Democracy: An Evolving Idea InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the solutions given in both the countries to accomodate social, religious, and linguistics diversity in them. (Text Book Page No. 254)
Answer:
Both are democracies. Yet, they dealt with the question of power sharing differently. In Belgium, the leaders have realised that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions. Such a realisation resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power. Sri Lanka shows us a contrasting example. It shows us that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country and force the country back several hundred years with internal conflicts and civil wars.

Question 2.
How will this chess board change? (Text Book Page No. 247)

Answer:
If the inequalities are vanished, the chess board will change.

Question 3.
If a party is repeatedly voted to power, does it mean that people really want it to come to power, or that there is no alternative or that people are not allowed to vote for any alternative? Answer on the basis of the following three case studies: (Text Book Page No. 249)
a. Since its independence in 1930, Mexico holds elections after every six years to elect its President. The country has never been under a military or dictator’s rule.But, until 2000, every election was won by a party called PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party). Opposition parties did contest elections, but never managed to win. The PRI was known to use many unfair means to win elections. Teachers of government schools used to force parents to vote for the PRI.

b. Zimbabwe attained independence from White minority rule in 1980. Since then, the country has been ruled by ZANU-PF, the party that led the freedom struggle.Its leader, Robert Mugabe, has been ruling the country since independence. Elections have been held regularly and always won by ZANU-PF. President Mugabe is popular but also uses unfair practices in elections. His government has changed the Constitution several times to increase the powers of the President and make him less accountable. Opposition party workers are harassed and their meetings disrupted. There is a law that limits the right to criticise the President. Television and radio are controlled by the government and give only the ruling party’s version.

c. In China, elections are regularly held after every five years for electing the country’s parliament, called Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Oahui (National People’s Congress). The National People’s Congress has the power to appoint the President of the country. It has nearly 3,000 members elected from all over China. Some members are elected by the army. Before contesting elections, a candidate needs the approval of the Chinese Communist Party. Only those who are members of the Chinese Communist Party or eight smaller parties allied to it were allowed to contest elections held in 2002-03. The government is always formed by the Communist Party.
Answer:

1. Democracy requires free and fair elections.
2. People should have choice to vote.
3. People should not be forced by the government.
4. Electoral rolls should maintained in a right way.

In these 3 cases, these conditions are not fulfilled. So we can say that the elections are conducted in an undemocratic way.

Question 4.
Let us take the example of an election in India. Of all the residents in a region, let us assume that 1000 have right to vote. In any typical election about 60% people go to cast their votes. Thus, we have 600 people voting in an election. Let us assume that there are ten candidates in the election and of these the winning candidate gets about 250 votes, the second candidate gets 200 votes and the other candidates between them get about 150 votes. We declare the one with 250 votes the winner. Does he or she really represent the views and interests of the residents of the locality? Actually, he or she only represents one fourth of the voters. Is this a fair democratic arrangement ? Can there be better ways of representing the people in decision making bodies? (Text Book Page No. 250)
Answer:
He or she really represents the views and interests of the majority people of the locality. This may not be a fair democratic arrangement.

This controversial new look at democracy in a multicultural society considers the ideas of political inclusion and exclusion and recommends ways to engage in democratic politics in a more inclusive way. Processes of debate and decision making often marginalize individuals and groups because the norms of political discussion are biased against some forces of expression. Inclusion and democracy broadens our understanding of democratic communication by reflecting on the positive political function. It reconstructs concepts of civil society and public sphere.

Question 5.
Do the millions of poor people really have any control over the functioning of the elected functionaries? (Text Book Page No. 246)
Answer:
In a democracy, every citizen has certain basic rights that anyone cannot take away from them. I think people are using this during the time of elections.

Question 6.
Does democracy mean rule by people or merely rule by elected persons? (Text Book Page No. 246)
Answer:
Literally, democracy means rule by people only. But in practice, it is rule by elected persons.

Question 7.
How can people really participate in government on a day to day basis? (Text Book Page No. 246)
Answer:
This is possible when all policies and laws are made after extensive public discussions, in which people participate and openly state their needs and views. It also requires that people be involved in effective implementation of the policies and laws – by forming independent citizens committees.

Question 8.
Why do people not want to participate in governance? Is it because of poor knowledge or lack of interest or a feeling that they don’t have a real say in things? (Text Book Page No. 247)
Answer:
The people remain apathetic and they lose their interest in politics. Fore.g. : whoever may be the elected representative, he tries to save his position and wealth, etc.
So they do not want to participate in governance.

Question 9.
Why do you think does such high level of inequality persist even where the countries are democratic and government works in the interest of all people? (Text Book Page No. 248)
Answer:
In many countries like the USA, most of the media are owned by very rich corporate houses or media barons. They effectively manipulate and influence public opinion by what they high light and what they black out. The rich and powerful also have immediate access to members of the legislature and the ministers, and are in a position to influence their policies and programmes.

On the other hand, the poor and illiterate people have no such access to the government circles. Thus the government of many of these countries follow policies which seem to be contradictory to the interests of the poor and in favour of the rich.

So the high level of inequality persists even where the countries are democratic and government works in the interest of all people.

Question 10.
Even today, most countries do not give voting powers to people who have migrated from other countries. Actually, millions of people across the world live without these democratic rights simply because the countries they live in treat them as illegal immigrants. This is the plight of South American immigrants in the US or Turkish immigrants in France or Germany. Such immigrants and refugees are found all over the world including India. Should they not be part of democratic governance? (Text Book Page No. 247)
Think of some reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Democracy is based on the fundamental principle of political equality and inclusiveness. In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value. So they should also be a part of democratic governance.

Question 11.
Many governments give people the civil liberties. But they keep a careful watch on the activities of the citizens by tapping their telephones and letters, spying on them etc. Do you think this is justified? (Text Book Page No. 248)
Answer:
Today the conditions in the world are so. All the countries are in the shadow of terrorism. So the governments are supposed to do like that. But the government should not disclose the secrecy of the individuals. Then only I think this is justified.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 1st Lesson Our Earth Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 1st Lesson Our Earth

9th Class Social Studies 1st Lesson Our Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Look at the map of India in an Atlas and identify latitude and longitude for the following places.
a) Kanyakumari ………………. and ………………. .
b) Imohal ………………. and ………………. .
c) Jaisalmer ………………. and ………………. .
d) Pune ………………. and ………………. .
e) Patna ………………. and ………………. .
Answer:
a) Kanyakumari : 77°36′ E longitude and 8°35′ N latitude
b) Imphal : 93°58′ E longitude and 24°44′ N latitude
c) Jaisalmer : 26°55′ N latitude and 70°54′ E longitude
d) Pune : 18°32′ N latitude and 73°52’E longitude
e) Patna : 27°34′ N latitude and 81°46′ E longitude

Question 2.
Identify the words that match with Latitude and Longitude (parallel lines, vertical lines, horizontal lines)
Answer:
Latitudes are horizontal and parallel lines. Longitudes are vertical lines.

Question 3.
Look at the world map of time zones in the Text page 13.
a) If you travel from Vijayawada to Paris to which time zone are you moving?
b) If you are travelling from Hyderabad to Tokyo which time zone are you moving? ……………………… .
Answer:
a) – 5.30 hrs time zone
b) – 3.30 hrs time zone.

Question 4.
Why is it difficult to study the formation of the earth and its structure?
Answer:
Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago by accretion from the solar nebula. Nearly all branches of natural science have contributed to the understanding of the main events of the earth’s past. The age of the earth is approximately one-third of the age of the universe. Biological and geographical change has been constantly occurring on our planet since the time of its formation. The process of plate tectonics has played a major role in the shaping of earth’s oceans and continents as well as the life on it.

It took us years of scientific investigation and analysis of data to form an understanding of the interiors of the earth. The main reason for this is that even the deepest mines we have dug do not go beyond a few kilometers under the surface while the radius or the distance to the centre of the earth is over 6000 kilometers.

Thus it is very difficult to study the formation of the earth and its structure.

Question 5.
Read the paragraph under the heading of “Internal structure of the earth” and answer the question.

Internal Structure of the Earth : Let us look at the internal structure of the Earth we live on. We can see the continuity from the early days of the formation of the earth as we try to look deep inside the Earth! It took us years of scientific investigation and analysis of data to form an understanding of the interior of the Earth. The main reason for this is that even the deepest mines we have dug do not go beyond a few kilometres under the surface while the radius or the distance to the centre of the earth is over 6000 kilometres!

How can you say the earth is still very active?
Answer:

• The matter deep inside the mantle shoots up through volcanoes and fissures on ocean floors.
• In many regions on the earth part of the earth’s crust enters into the mantle and once again becomes molten.
• The crust is still being changed by earthquakes, volcanoes, subduction of land and rise of mountains due to the processes happening deep down the earth.
• This constant process of formation and destruction of the earth’s crust explains the fact that the earth is still very active.

Question 6.
What is a grid and how does it help us?
(OR)
Write any two uses of the ‘Grid system’ located on the globe.
Answer:
Grid : A grid is a sqaure or a rectangle that is formed between when two latitudes and longitudes out across each other. In other words the network of latitudes and longitudes drawn on the globe is called a ‘grid’.

Uses of grid:
1. Network of latitudes and longitudes is called a Grid.

2. Uses of a grid :
a) To locate a place
b) How hot or cold it would be there,
c) To know the time.

Question 7.
Differentiate between
a) Local and Standard time
b) Equator and Prime meridian.
Answer:
a) Difference between Local and Standard time :

Local Time	Standard Time
1) The time of a place when the mid day sun is over head is called local time.	1) The local time of the standard meridian of a country is called a standard time.
2) It changes from place to place.	2) It remains same for that particular country.
3) The place on the same longitude has the same local time.	3) The place on the same longitude has the different standard time.

Example: If the 1ST is 12.00 noon, the local of Mumbai is 39 minutes – 1ST = 11.21 minutes a.m.
Since Mumbai is on 72°82′ east longitudes, it is 9°45′ behind the 82°30′. Thus the local time of Mumbai is 9.45 x 4 = 38 minutes.

b) Differences between Equator and Prime meridian :

Equator	Prime meridian
1) Equator is 0° latitude.	1) Prime meridian is 0° longitude.
2) Equator divides the earth into parts, i.e. Northern hemisphere and Southern hemisphere.	2) The Prime meridian divides the earth into two equal parts i.e., Eastern hemisphere and the Western hemisphere.
3) Equator is a circle.	3) Prime meridian is a semi-circle.
4) It is an imaginary line that runs east and west around the exact middle of the globe. (A horizontal line)	4) It is an imaginary line running from pole to pole and passing through Greenwich, England. (A vertical line)

Question 8.
If every state follows its local time then what problems will rise?
Answer:
If every state follows4ts local time, a lot of serious problems would rise. Some of them are being discussed hereunder.

1. At the time of national calamities and disasters, it is very difficult for the national government to make necessary emergency announcement.
2. At the time of wars and national emergency, it is very difficult for the national government to alert all the defensive forces stationed in all the state capitals and the naval forces of all the coastal states.
3. It is very difficult for Televisions and Radios to follow a single schedule to broadcast their programmes.
4. Railways faces a difficult problem in preparing a timetable for its trains that travel through many states.

Question 9.
With the help of your teachers find out the standard meridian of given countries.
1. Nepal
2. Pakistan
3. Bangladesh
4. England
5. Malasiya
6. Japan
Answer:
1. Nepal : 88°45’East is the Standard Time Meridian of Nepal
2. Pakistan : 74°22′ East .
3. Bangladesh : 90°24′ East
4. England : 0°07′ West
5. Malaysia : 100° East
6. Japan : 90° East

Question 10.
Make a thought provoking poster on the earth’s protection.
Answer:

9th Class Social Studies 1st Lesson Our Earth InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Tick the factors which cause the formation of seasons on the earth : (Text Book Page No. 3)
a) Daily rotation of the earth on its axis.
b) Monthly movement of the Moon around the Earth.
c) Rotation of the Sun on its axis.
d) Revolution of the Earth around the Sun.
e) Tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation to its orbital plane.
f) Spherical shape of the Earth.
g) Earth’s distance from Sun during the annual revolution.
Answer:
d) (✓)
e) (✓)
g) (✓)

Question 2.
We cannot hope to travel to the mantle to study it. But we can study substances from the mantle. Can you tell what these substances would be and how we can get them? (Text Book Page No. 5)
Answer:
1) The thickness of the mantle is 100 – 2900 kms. So we cannot hope to travel to the mantle to study it.
2) Interestingly the matter from the deep inside the mantle shoots up through volcanoes and fissures on ocean floors and cools down to form the earth’s crust.
3) Thus by studying the lava or magma or the substances brought up through the fissures, we can study the substances from the mantle.

Question 3.
When it is 12 noon in Greenwich (0°), what is the local time at: (Text Book Page No. 12)
a) Mumbai (73° E)
b) Chicago (87°30′ W)
c) Sydney (151° E)
Answer:
a) Mumbai (73° E) :
Local time at Mumbai is : 73 × 4 = 292 minutes, i.e. 4 hours 52 minutes. That means the local time at Mumbai is 4 hours 52 minutes after 12 noon i.e., 12.00 + 4.52 = 4.52 p.m.

b) Chicago (87°30′ W):
Local time at Chicago is : 87°30′ × 4 = 350 minutes, i.e. 6 hours 50 minutes. That means the local time at Chicago is 6 hours 50 minutes less than 12.00 noon at Greenwich. i.e. 12.00 – 6.50 = 5.10 a.m.

c) Sydney (151° E): Local time at Sydney is 151° × 4 = 604 minutes, i.e. 10 hours 4 minutes before Greenwich time.
That means the local time at Sydney is 12.00 + 10.04 = 10.04 p.m

Question 4.
Why do you think people today are curious to know about the secrets of distant stars and galaxies and the beginning of the universe? (Text Book Page No. 2)
Answer:
Today people are curious to know about the secrets of the distant stars and galaxies and the beginning of the universe
a) to understand the stars that shine there.
b) to understand the sun, the moon and the planets which keep moving across the sky.
c) to understand what are these and in what way they are related to us and how they affect us.
d) to know how they move and work.
e) to know whether there is any life on any other planet.

Question 5.
Swathi works for a call centre in Hyderabad. Her clients are in the U.S.A. She answers clients’ questions about the computer problems. She always works during the night. Why is this? Use geography to find out! (Text Book Page No. 12)
Answer:
Indian Standard Time is the time observed in India. Its time offset is UTC + 5.30.
United Standard Time is the Central Standard Time. Its time is GMT – 6.00. Thus there is a difference of 11½ hours between Indian Standard Time and American Standard Time. Thus if it is day time in America, in India it is night time. If an American client asks Swathi a question at 11 am in America, Swathi has to answer the same at 10.30 p.m the same day. Thus Swathi should always work at night to answer his clients from the U.S.A.

Question 6.
In earlier classes we have studied about hemisphere. Let us revise it in the image below. (Text Book Page No. 8)

With the help of the above maps complete the following table.

Hemisphere	Continents
Northern hemisphere
Western hemisphere
Southern hemisphere
Eastern hemisphere

Answer:

Hemisphere	Continents
Northern hemisphere	Asia, Europe, North America
Western hemisphere	North America, South America, Antarctica
Southern hemisphere	South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia
Eastern hemisphere	Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, Europe

Question 7.
Look at the following pictures. (Text Book Page No. 6)

Now answer the following questions.
1. Look carefully at the map of the world, do you find some continents looking as if they are two pieces of a jigsaw puzzle? Name those continents. (Text Book Page No. 7)
Answer:
By observing the maps of the world from 220 million years ago up to the present world, we can find the following continents look as if they are two pieces of jigsaw puzzle. They are :
1) North America and North West Africa.
2) South America and Western Africa.
3) Nothern Africa and Eurasia.
4) Eastern Africa and India.
5) South Eastern Africa and Antarctica.
6) Antarctica and Australia.

2. In which direction Australia is moving?
Answer:
Australia is moving in eastern direction.

3. In which direction India is moving?
Answer:
India is moving in northern direction.

Question 8.
Look at the following map. (Text Book Page No. 12)

Using your Atlas, find out how many standard time zones these countries have :
a) U.S.A
b) Australia
c) Russia
d) Japan
e) Zimbabwe and
f) Chile.
Answer:
a) U.S.A :
The United States uses nine standard time zones. From east to west they are Atlantic Standard Time, Eastern Standard Time, Central Standard Time, Mountain Standard Time, Pacific Standard Time, Alaskan Standard Time, Hawai – Aleutian Standard time, Samoa Standard Time and Chamorro Standard Time.

b) Australia :
Australia uses three standard time zones.
a) Australia Eastern Standard Time (GMT + 10)
b) Australia Central Standard Time (GMT + 9½)
a) Australia Western Standard Time (GMT + 8)

c) Russia :
There are 9 time zones in Russia.
a) Kaliningrad Time – UTC + 3
b) Moscow Time – UTC + 4
c) Yaketerinburg Time – UTC + 6
d) Omsk Time – UTC + 7
e) Krasnoyarsk Time – UTC + 8
f) Irkutsk Time – UTC + 9
g) Yakutsk Time – UTC + 10
h) Vladivostok Time – UTC + 11
i) Magadan Time – UTC + 12

d) Japan :
Japan Standard Time – UTC + 9

e) Zimbabwe :
Zimbabwe uses Central Africa Time zone : UTC + 2h standard time

f) Chile :
Since Chile uses daylight saving time, in total 4 time zones are used.

Question 9.
Initially people thought that the earth was in the centre of the universe and human beings the most important creation. What difference does it make to us to know that we are a small insignificant speck in this vast universe? (Text Book Page No. 2)
Answer:
The earth we live on seems big and very important to us. But in the universe as a whole, it is tiny and very insignificant speck of rock. To put things into perspective earth is just a small planet in the solar system, part of a family of bodies that circle round the sun. The sun is just one of billions of stars that makes up our galaxy, and this galaxy is just one of billions that make up a universe bigger than most of us can imagine.

Question 10.
Do you think the Earth was created suddenly or do you think it was formed by long drawn and complex processes? (Text Book Page No. 4)
Answer:
The Earth began to form around four and a half billion years ago. The earth has reached its present form through several phases but not created suddenly.

• It began as a ball of swirling dust and clouds and passed through a molten stage.
• The molten Earth was very hot and was constantly bombarded by massive rocks and other materials from the space. In this way the size of the earth grew.
• When the earth was so hot and in liquid form the heavier particles went to the bottom and formed core and the mantle.
• The lighter particles cooled at the top and formed the crust.
• While the earth’s interior was cooling, it contracted and outer crust wrinkled forming ridges (i.e., mountains) and basins (i.e., oceans)
• It took a long time for the air we breathe to develop.
  Thus we can say that the earth was not created suddenly but formed through several phases.

Question 11.
Some people believe that our being on this earth is the result of a series of fortuitous accidents – it is quite possible that there may not have been any life on the earth. Do you agree? Give your reasons. (Text Book Page No 4)
Answer:
Yes, the earth’s creatures have evolved through a series of contingent and fortuitous events.
1. Our earth is just the right distance from the sun to have a stable orbit. Our orbit keeps us from getting too hot or too cold to survive. Any closer we’d burn up, any farther away we’d freeze to death.

2. Our earth is perfect in both size and mass. Mass is critically important to the formation of an atmosphere. If the earth’s mass were less dense, an atmosphere could not have formed and remained. If it were more dense, the atmosphere would have been uninhabitable.

3. Our earth has just the right mix of the 27 elements needed for life, including carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, iron, sodium, and copper.

4. Our earth has just right amount of water in the proper ratios of liquid, solid, and gas.

A little more and the continents would probably be totally overrun with water and literally, drown. Any less and the temperature of the earth would probably be too hot making life unbearable here.

Thus we can say that our being on this earth is the result of fortuitous accidents.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 19th Lesson Expansion of Democracy Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 19th Expansion of Democracy

9th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson Expansion of Democracy Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Map 1: Democratic Governments in 1900 – 1950

Map 2 : Democratic Governments in 2011

a) On the basis of these maps, identify up to three countries (in some cases you won’t find three countries) that were democratic in these continents for the given years and make a table as given.

Answer:

b) identify some African countries with democracy in 2011.
Answer:
Egypt, Libya, Tunisia are countries which got independence in and around 2011.

c) Make a list of big countries that were not democratic in 2011.
Answer:
1) Asian countries :
China, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Saudi Arabia, etc.

2) African countries :
Algeria, Ethiopia, Chad, Zaire, Morocco, Mauritania, Angola, etc.

The above countries were not democratic in 2011.

Question 2.
Read the maps again and think about the following points.
a) Based on the maps, can we say that the Twentieth century was a significant era for the spread of democracy?
Answer:

1. At the beginning of the 20th century only few countries of Europe and America were independent, e.g.: Spain, France, England, Norway, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia and Peru, the USA, Canada, Alasca.
2. After World War II almost all countries fought against colonial powers and got independence.
3. Though there are still some non-democratic countries, we can call 20th century as an era of democracy.

b) During the early 20 century, democracy was mostly in the continents like Europe and Americas. While in certain continents like Africa and Asia there were almost no democratic countries.

c) Even today there are certain areas that have not established democratic governments such as Saudi Arabia and Ethiopia.

Question 3.
Most countries often claim themselves to be democratic by conducting elections. How did this occur in the context of Myanmar and Libya?
Answer:

1. Both the countries Myanmar and Libya claim themselves as independent and democratic.
2. But in practical view, they are not democratic countries.
3. Unlike democratic countries –
   a) They did not allow multi-party elections and one party usually ruled for several years.
   b) Even they did not allow free elections.
   c) Sometimes they did not allow the elected representatives to form governments.
   Ex : NLD, led by Suu Kyi got 80% seats, was not allowed to form government.
   d) They did not allow freedom of expression or freedom to form organizations, or freedom to protest against government.

Both the countries did not have any conditions for a democracy to flourish. Hence they cannot claim themselves to be democratic by conducting elections.

Question 4.
Why do you think the rulers try to control the media? Do you know how is media controlled in your area?
Answer:

• Mass Media is powerful weapon which can make or break any governments.
• Restrictions on media helps them to remain in power.
• Hence the rulers always try to control the media.
• So many times in India too government censors certain news. This generally happens without the notice of common man.

Question 5.
Write an imaginary dialogue between a person from Libya and Myanmar comparing the events and struggle for democracy in their respective countries.
Answer:
Person from Libya : Hai, I am xxxx, as I have already told you the monarchy is over thrown in our country.
Person from Myanmar : Yes, I came to know about that who is ruling your country now.
Libya : Gaddafi has taken control of our country. What about your country.
Myanmar : In 1962, the government was overthrown and ‘Ne Win’ military rule is going on.
Libya : First of all we thought he could rule us. He laid foundation for development. What is your country’s position?
Myanmar : Under military rule, our country did not make any progress.
Libya : UNO is supporting our people’s to demands.
Myanmar : Other countries are also showing sympathy us.
Libya : We protested against.
Myanmar : Suu Kyi is in house arrest she played good role.
Libya : Gaddafi is overthrown in 2012. O.K. Bye.
Myanmar : We got new government in 2012. Bye.

Question 6.
How do literacy and mass education help for the functioning of democracy?
(OR)
How do the literacy help for the effective functioning of democracy?
Answer:

• Literacy and education play an important role in the development of individual and society.
• Knowledge liberates citizens from ignorance.
• Any society needs a vigilant, conscious, and informed public for the successful functioning of the democracy.
• Education enables people to think critically, rationally, and scientifically.
• The right to vote can be properly exercised when voter can read newspapers, follow national and international developments, and participate in democratic process effectively.
  Hence the proper functioning of democracy always depends on the literacy and mass education.

Question 7.
What is the difference between democracy and dictatorship?
Answer:
Differences between democracy and dictatorship :

Democracy	Dictatorship
1. Democracy is a political system in which sovereignty vests with people.	1. Dictatorship is a political system in which sovereignty vests in one single person’s hands.
2. Free and fair elections are necessary for the successful running of the democracy.	2. Dictatorship does not require elections.
3. Democracy operates on the recognition of dissent.	3. Right of disagreement is not recognized.
4. Public opinion has important place in democracy.	4. Pubic opinion is not taken into consideration.
5. A high degree of social and economic equality is also essential for true democracy.	5. Dictatorship leads to concentration of power and wealth in few hands.

Question 8.
What is the role played by Aung San Suu Kyi in fighting for democracy in Myanmar?
Answer:

• Aung San Suu Kyi, daughter of Aung San who took the lead in staging protest against the military rule.
• Suu kyi fought for reforms in Burma.
• She established a new political party “National League for Democracy (NLD) and won majority (80%) of the seats even though she was in prison.
• Suu Kyi was released from house arrest after the elections of 2010.
• She questioned on the malpractices of elections.
• In 2011 Suu Kyi’s ‘NLD’ contested in the elections and have won 43 out of 45 parliamentary seats that were vacant.
• The freeing of Suu Kyi and the successful participation of NLD in elections are considered the beginning of democracy in Burma.

Question 9.
Read the last paragraph of this chapter and answer the question.

Today, it is increasingly becoming clear to the people that democracy which respects the freedom and rights of all people may be the best way to solve some of the complex problems the countries face. Today, a new kind of democracy is being forged across the world in which even the poorest and the most vulnerable people will have a voice and will be able to influence policies and ensure justice and peace for all.

What is a new kind of democracy?
Answer:

1. The poorest and the most vulnerable people will have a voice.
2. The poorest will be able to influence the policies.
3. The new kind of democracy will ensure justice and peace for ail.

Question 10.
Read the newspapers and note down any news regarding struggle for democracy in Libya or Egypt or any other country. Prepare a file of such news clippings and display in the classroom.
Answer:
Struggle for democracy in Libya :
A few months ago the National Transitional Council (NTC), which has governed Libya since the first few weeks of the revolt in 2011, announced that the assembly would not draft the constitution itself but instead appoint a 60-member committee to draft it. The members of this committee were supposed to be chosen from outside the assembly and represent the country’s three geographic regions of Libya – Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan — in equal numbers. Yet, a few weeks ago, the NTC changed policy again at the last moment, declaring that the members of the constitutional committee would not be appointed by the assembly but directly elected by the people, though it’s not clear when. Confused? So are Libyans.

There are rumors in Libya that most members of the NTC are not happy about the idea of dissolving the institution and going back home. It’s just a rumor, but the group’s decision to revoke constitution-writing powers from the new assembly is making people suspicious, and that’s the point. The NTC likely fears too much power going to Islamists, who are notoriously less friendly toward the NTC than are other groups. We can’t know the NTC’s motivations for sure, but their recent moves diminished the power of the new assembly, which they may have feared would be dominated by Islamists, who swept national elections in neighboring Tunisia and Egypt. A more democratic Libya would re¬ject the NTC’s odd rule-changing and reinstate the elected assembly’s power to write the constitution. After all, this is what Libyans voted for. So should the same Western powers that supported the Libyan revolt.

Libya has come a long way since Gaddafi’s fall, but it still hasn’t been able to solve two major security problems: the armed militias that still roam the country and the state’s deteriorating control of its national borders. Fortunately, this is where new assembly can step in, finding agreement among the various parties and militias and forming a govern-ment, one that is as inclusive as possible, to administer and rebuild Libya. The interna-tional community can help, including by training and equipping the police and security forces, both of which were devastated by the recent conflict.

A successful election is just the start of dealing with one of Libya’s most important challenges right now: national unity. Regional and local claims and jockeying for power threaten to undermine the legitimacy of and support for the national government. A few thousand inhabitants of the eastern provinces care calling for a federalist state, if not of outward secession. While this is definitely a minority position, it is a very dangerous one because it could easily, at the administration’s first real difficulty, split the government and the people, thus slowing or even reversing Libya’s progress toward stability. Most Libyans, as well as the interested Western nations, are rightly happy with Libya’s progress toward becoming a stable, unified, democratic state. But if they want that progress to continue, they’ll all have to work together.

9th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson Expansion of Democracy InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What kind of problems do you think these pose for establishing democratic government? (Text Book Page No. 235)
Answer:

• Bringing democratic participation of all the people under conditions of tribalism, normalism, illiteracy, and restrictions on women was difficult.
• Encouraging participation of common people in public affairs through peoples councils and elected Peoples Assembly in the centre in also difficult.

Question 2.
Even though the people had benefited much from the Gaddafi government, why do you think they rose in rebellion against it? (Text Book Page No. 237)
Answer:

• The government of Gaddafi was not ready to trust these democratic bodies.
• “Revolutionary Councils” were appointed.
• The democratic bodies had to implement the decisions of these non-elected leaders.
• The RCC used brute armed force to arrest, torture, and kill political opponents.
• There was no freedom of press and no one could start any trade union or other associations.
• The civic amenities were deplorable.
  Hence rebellions rose against the government of Gaddafi.

Question 3.
Even though the Gaddafi government claimed to be a democratic government, what aspects of democracy were absent? What aspects of democratic government were present in it? (Text Book Page No. 237)
Answer:
Aspects of democracy absent in the government of Gaddafi:

1. Democratic bodies had to implement the decisions of non-elected leaders.
2. Freedom of press, freedom to form trade unions and associations were prohibited.
3. No political parties were allowed to function in Libya.
4. This led to concentration of power and wealth in the hands of few.

Aspects of democracy present in the government of Gaddafi :

1. Free universal education was provided.
2. Free medical care for all was also provided.
3. Oil profits were distributed to all the citizens.
4. Subsidised housing schemes were introduced.
5. Women were given with equal opportunities and status in the society.

Question 4.
Why are civil liberties important for democracy? Explain in the context of Libyan experience. (Text Book Page No. 237)
Answer:

• “Liberty” is one of the aspects of democracy.
• Civil liberties include liberty of thought, speech, expression, faith, belief and worship.
• These “liberties” were missing in Libya.
• Liberty of expression was brutally crushed.
• The RCC was also very intolerant of criticism and opposition.
• People were not at liberty to express their discontent.
  Thus lack of civil liberties led to the downfall of the government of Gaddafi in Libya.

Question 5.
Why do you think democracy was not able to establish itself in Burma after its independence? (Text Book Page No. 240)
Answer:

• Burma became independent just 5 months after Indian independence.
• It appeared that Burma too would emerge as a democratic republic.
• However, the Burmese did not have a united political party to lead them at the time.
• Burma consisted of a large number of small states and ethnic linguistic regions.
• Aung San, the leader of the nationalist movement and the leader of the ethnic group was assassinated.
• Burmese military began its slow advance into the ethnic states to rule by force.
• They were illiterate, no able leader, no power to fight with military, etc., were the reasons for the failure to establish democracy in Burma.
• Finally, in 1962, the elected government was overthrown by a coup, and army “General Ne Win” took over the charge of the country.

Question 6.
Why do you think democracy was not able to establish itself in Libya after its independence? (Text Book Page No. 240)
Answer:

• Libya got its independence in 1951 and the power was transferred to king Idris.
• In the year 1969 under the leadership of Gaddafi monarchy was abolished and the country was declared as the “Socialist Libyan Arab Republic”.
• But the people were concerned about their own tribe and its honour than about the welfare of the people.
• Most of the people were poor nomadic animal herders who were also illiterates.
• Women were confined to purdah and were not allowed to participate in public activities.
• On top of this the government of Gaddafi was not ready to trust the bodies of democracy. Hence the democratic participation of all people under these conditions was difficult.

Question 7.
How did students and youth play an important role in bringing democracy to both Libya and Burma? (Text Book Page No. 240)
Answer:

• People from across the country began to interact through internet and mobile phones to share their misery.
• Use of internet and Facebook helped them to get the support of the people all over the world.
• The youth and people started protesting against delay in the building of houses and political corruption.
• In Burma, the students took the lead in staging protest against the military rule. Finally military power was overthrown in both the countries and democracies are established.

Question 8.
What similarities of events do you find in the description of events in Libya and Burma? (Text Book Page No. 240)
Answer:

• In both the countries, students, youth and people participated in the protest movements.
• Use of mobiles and internet and social networking sites like Facebooks were common.
• “UNO” supported both the countries and declared Libya as “No fly zone” and ordered for a referendum in Burma.
• Economic sanctions were imposed on both the countries.
• In both the countries the protest was to overthrow the military regime and establish a democratic form of government.
• Lastly both the countries successfully conducted elections in a fair way and elected their new leader.

Question 9.
Underline the statements that are related to political party and voting in both Libya and Burma. (Text Book Page No. 240)
Answer:
a) Libya

1. RCC – Revolutionary Command Council.
2. Election – 2012 new government sworn in on Nov. 2012. Over 100 political parties participated and 200 representatives were elected.

b) Burma

1. 1951, 56 and 60 elections were held.
2. 1990 elections – NLD party established by Suu Kyi.
3. 2010 elections were held.
4. In 2011 ‘NLD’ won 43 out of 45 seats.

Question 10.
Track the changes that you may have heard about Libya and Burma during the year 2012 and write it. (Text Book Page No. 240)
Changes in Libya :

1. In 2012 the National Transitional Council (NTC) handed overthe powerto Libya’s newly elected Parliament the General National Congress (GNC).
   The Congress appointed a Prime Minister Ali Zidan, who formed an interim government.

Changes in Burma :
Burma’s Pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi greeted supporters from her vehicle during her election campaign in Aung Pan in the southern Shan State of Burma (Myanmar) on March 1, 2012.

Question 11.
Dictators try to control press and TV media. Do you know other ways of sharing information and ideas between people? (Text Book Page No. 237)
Answer:

• Mobile phone occupies the first place in sharing information and ideas.
• ‘Fax’ is one of the ways of sending message from one place to another.
• Today internets are available everywhere.
• We can send e-mails to exchange information and ideas.
• Social networking sites play important role in sharing informations.
  Ex : Facebook, Twitter, etc.

Question 12.
The Tunisian struggle began with the death of one trader. The struggle gained strength largely through the use of social networking websites like Facebook. Why do you think it is not easy for governments to control them? (Text Book Page No. 237)
Answer:

• Technology has changed much.
• For development, every country has to work on internet.
• Computer have become a part of our life.
• Hence it is difficult to control social networking websites.

Question 13.
Locate “Libya” and “Myanmar” in the world map. Which continents are they located on? (Text Book Page No. 234)
Answer:
Libya is in Africa continent.
Myanmar is in Asia continent.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 1 Our Earth.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Important Questions 1st Lesson Our Earth

9th Class Social 1st Lesson Our Earth 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which continent is extended in four hemispheres In the given map. (SA-III : 2015 – 16)
Answer:

Africa continent.

Question 2.
What do you mean by anti meridian? (SA-III : 2016 – 17)
Answer:
The anti meridian is the meridian of longitude opposite the Prime-Meridian.

9th Class Social 1st Lesson Our Earth 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Draw the picture of the Globe and point out all the latitudes that are given special names on it. (SA-III : 2016 – 17)
Answer:

Question 2.
Why is it important to know the latitude and longitude of a place on map? How can it be useful? (SA-II : 2018 – 19)
Answer:
It is very important to know about latitudes and longitudes of a place by the following reasons.

• The particular location of a place on the earth can only be traced precisely with the help of latitude and longitude of that place.
• Latitude also help us in understanding the pattern of wind circulation on the global surface.
• Longitudes are useful to us to define the east-west position of a location on the planet.
• Longitudes are useful to us to know the time of the place.

Question 3.
Wegener hypothesised that the super continents of pangea broke up into two blocks –
1) Laurensia
2) Gondwana. It took millions of years for the continents to reach the present shapes and positions on the globe. (SA-I : 2018 – 19)
1) Laurensia : North America, Greenland, and all of the Eurasia north of Indian sub continent.
2) Gondwana : South America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Arabia, Malaysia, East Indies, Australia and Antartica.
Based on the above information given – answer the following questions.
a) Write any two land masses of present Asian continent which were formed from Gondwana?
b) From which block was the present Europe continent formed?
Answer:
a) India, Arabia, Malaysia, East Indies.
b) The present Europe continent was formed from Laurensia block.

Question 4.
If every state in India follows its local time then what problems will arise? (SA-I : 2019 – 20)
Answer:
If every state follows its local time, the following problems will arise :

• People travelling to different states would have to change their clocks too often.
• There would be confusion and chaos in the timings of railways, airlines, buses etc.
• The schedules of television shows, live shows and games, news etc. would be disrupted.

9th Class Social 1st Lesson Our Earth 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the difference between local time and standard time ? If every state follows its local time then what problems will rise in India? (SA-III : 2015 – 16)
Answer:
Difference between Local and Standard time:

Local Time	Standard Time
1) The time of a place when the mid day sun is over head is called local time.	1) The local time of the standard meridian of a country is called a standard time.
2) It changes from place to place.	2) It remains same for that particular country.
3) The place on the same longitude has the same local time.	3) The place on the same longitude has the different standard time.

Example:
If the IST is 12.00 noon, the local of Mumbai is 39 minutes – IST = 11.21 minutes a.m. Since Mumbai is on 72°82′ east longitudes, it is 9°45′ behind the 82°30′. Thus the local time of Mumbai is 9.45 x 4 = 38 minutes.

If every state follows its local time, a lot of serious problems would rise. Some of them are being discussed hereunder.

• At the time of national calamities and disasters, it is very difficult for the national government to make necessary emergency announcement.
• At the time of wars and national emergency it is very difficult for the national government to alert all the defensive forces stationed in all the state capitals and the naval forces of all the coastal states.
• It is very difficult for Televisions and Radios to follow a single schedule to broadcast their programmes.
• Railways faces a difficult problem in preparing a timetable for its trains that travel through many states.

Question 2.
Describe the internal structure of the earth. (SA-III : 2016 – 17) (SA-I : 2018 – 19)
Answer:
The earth is made up of three main layers.
A) Crust:

1. The outer part of the earth on which we live is called the crust.
2. While the earth was boiling in a molten form the lighter particles cooled at the top and formed the layer of crust.
3. The curst mostly consists of various kinds of rocks.
4. This layer goes up to a depth of 30 to 100 kms.

B) Mantle:

1. While the earth was boiling in a molten form the less heavier particles settled in the middle and formed the mantle.
2. The upper part of the mantle is a pliable layer over which the crust floats.
3. This layer consists mainly of chemicals called silicates.
4. It exists at the depths from 100 kms to 2900 kms.

C) Core:

1. While the earth was boiling in a molten form the heaviest substances formed core.
2. It is composed of dense and heavy substances like Iron and Nickel.
3. It exists at the depths from 2,900 kms to 6,376 kms.
4. It can be divided into two sub-layers.

a) Outer core :
This layer is composed of liquid metallic material like nickel and iron. It is 2,900 – 5,100 kms in thickness.

b) Inner core :
The solid inner core is made up of iron compounds and heavy substances like gold. It is 5,100 – 6,376 kms in thickness.

9th Class Social 1st Lesson Our Earth Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How can you say the man himself is responsible for environmental crises?
Answer:

• More than any other animal human beings have been trying to make the earth a better place to live in.
• Trying to change ourselves and our surroundings we have entered into conflict with other inhabitants of the earth.
• For long we’ve been exploiting the earth for its resources.
• The reckless exploitation of the earth resulted in environmental crises such as global warming and poisoning of our soils, water and air.
• Thus we can say man himself is responsible for environmental crises.

Question 2.
What were the initial ideas of people about the earth, the sun the moon and other astronomical bodies?
Answer:

• For thousands of years humans have been looking into the sky trying to understand objects that shine there.
• Initially, people thought that earth was firm and stationary and all others went round it.
• They also thought that the earth, the stars and the sun have been like this forever and will be like this forever without any change.

Question 3.
Write about the phases of evolution of facts, about the astronomical bodies their birth and growth.
Answer:

• Initially, people were of the view that the earth was firm and stationary and all the other bodies went round it.
• About five hundred years ago scientists concluded that the earth is not in the middle of everything.
• The earth actually moves round the sun and that the sun itself is also moving.
• The countless stars in the sky are actually so many suns.
• During the last hundred years or so people learnt the stars are born, they grow old and even die.
• Scientists even came to know that the stars are actually part of larger groups called galaxies.
• There are millions of galaxies in the universe.
• Now scientists are of the view that the universe itself started some 13.7 billion years ago with a Big Bang and it may end several billion years later.

Question 4.
How dkl the universe come into existence?
Answer:

1. The universe itself started some 13.7 billion years ago with a Big Bang.
2. From this Big Bang, several galaxies were formed.
3. Within these galaxies, stars were formed.
4. Planets were formed around stars and went around them.

However these astronomical changes take place over thousands and even millions of years.

Question 5.
Describe the process of evolution of the Earth.
(OR)
How did the earth come into existence and get its present form?
Answer:

• The earth began to form around four and a half billion years ago.
• It began as a ball of swirling dust and clouds and passed through a molten age.
• Gradually it grew in size.
• It was very hot and was in molten stage.
• The lighter particles cooled at the top and formed a layer of crust.
• Heavier particles formed the part of the molten core.
• As the earth’s interior cooled and contracted, the outer crust wrinkled, forming ridges and basins.
• The rain filled the basins and thus oceans formed.
• Slowly atmosphere developed and slowly life appeared on the earth.

Question 6.
How and when did the life appear on earth?
Answer:

• Different kinds of gases including water vapour formed the atmosphere on earth.
• Most of these gases were such that life as we know it today could not survive on it.
• Because it did not have oxygen necessary for life to survive.
• It took a long time for the air to develop.
• Then life appeared on oceans first.

It slowly evolved into diverse forms – plants, animals and human beings.

Question 7.
Are the shapes and positions of the continents fixed and permanent as they appear on the globe?
Answer:
The shapes and positions of the continents may seem fixed at the time scale of human experience. But on old earth continents have moved, collided, merged and then been torn apart again.

Mountains have risen and been razed to the ground, oceans have formed and dried up. Valleys have been carved and so during the course of earth’s eventful history. Alfred Wegener’s theory of Continental drift proves the same idea.

Thus the shapes and positions of the continents are not fixed and permanent.

Question 8.
Describe the theory of continental drift.
Answer:

• In 1912 Alfred Wegener propounded the theory of continental drift to describe the present arrangement of continents and ocean basins.
• He postulated a massive super continent Pangaea that existed 220 million years ago.
• Pangaea, the hypothetical continent, from which present continents originated by the drift from Mesozoic era to the present.
• Wegener hypothesized that the super continent of Pangaea broke up to from :
  a) Laurensia – consisting of present North America, Greenland and all of Eurasia north of Indian subcontinent and
  b) Gondwana land – consisting of present South America, Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India, Malaysia, East Indies, Australia and Antarctica.
• These two blocks were separated by a long shallow inland sea called Tethys sea.
• It took millions of years for the continents to reach the present shapes and positions on the globe.
• Even today many of the continents are moving very slowly pushing each other.

Question 9.
What do you know about latitudes?
Answer:

• Latitudes are imaginary lines drawn around the earth.
• The word ‘latitude’ comes to us from the Latin word ‘iatitudo’ meaning width.
• Latitudes are also called parallels because they are parallel to each other.
• Latitudes are circles.
• Latitudes are expressed in degrees (°), minutes (‘) and seconds (“).
• Latitude values range from 0° t* 90° North (the North Pole) and 90° South (the South Pole).
• Thus there are 180° main latitudes (not counting the equator)
• Equator, the 0° latitude is the largest among all the latitudes.
• Latitudes are used together with the longitudes to locate a place on the earth.
• Latitudes are used to locate the climatic zones on the earth.

Question 10.
What do you know about longitudes?
Answer:

• Longitudes are imaginary lines connecting North and South’Poles.
• Longitudes are semi-circles.
• Longitudes are also called meridians because when the sun is overhead on a longitude at the time on that longitude it is noon (meridianus).
• There are 360 longitudes in total.
• The longitudes from 0° to 180° to the east are called eastern longitudes.
• The longitudes from 0° to 180° to the west are called western longitudes.
• 0° meridian is called the Prime meridian or Greenwich meridian.
• Longitudes are also expressed in degrees (°), minutes (‘) and seconds (“).

Question 11.
How are the time zones formed and why are they formed?
Answer:

• It takes 4 minutes for the sun’s position to move 1° of longitude.
• This means that the time is different for each degree of longitude.
• This can cause a lot of confusion.
• Therefore to end up this confusion the world is divided into 24 time zones.
• The width of each time zone is 15° of longitude.
• This means the difference between one time zone and the next is 1 hour.
• As you go from Greenwich meridian, you add time; as you go west of the Greenwich meridian you subtract time.

Question 12.
Why does every country have its own standard time?
Answer:

• The world is divided into 24 time zones.
• The width of each time zone is 15° of longitude.
• This means that the difference between one time zone and the next is one hour.
• Some countries would have more than one time zone with less than one hour division.
• This is considered too complicated to be useful.
• That is why some countries choose the time along one of the meridians that pass throught their territory and follow the time of that meridian for the whole country.
• This time is called standard time.

Question 13.
What is a Grid?
Answer:
A grid is a square or a rectangle that is formed between when two latitudes and longitudes out across each other. In other words, the network of latitudes and longitudes drawn on the globe is called a ‘grid’.

Question 14.
When it is 12 noon in Greenwich (0°), what is the local time at Mumbai (73° E)?
Answer:
Mumbai (73° E) : Local time at Mumbai is : 73 x 4 = 292 minutes, i.e. 4 hours 52 minutes. That means the local time at Mumbai is 4 hours 52 minutes after 12 noon i.e., 12.00 + 4.52 = 4.52 p.m.

Question 15.
When it is 12 noon in Greenwich (0°), what is the local time at Chicago (87°30′ W) ? Chicago (87°30‘ W) : Local time at Chicago is : 87°30‘ x 4 = 350 minutes, i.e. 6 hours 50 minutes. That means the local time at Chicago is 6 hours 50 minutes less than 12.00 noon at Greenwich.
i.e. 12.00-6.50 = 5.10 a.m.

Question 16.
When it is 12 noon in Greenwich (0°), what is the local time at Sydney (151° E)?
Answer:
Sydney (151° E): Local time at Sydney is 151° x4 = 604 minutes, i.e. 10 hours 4 minutes before Greenwich time.
That means the local time at Sydney is 12.00 + 10.04 = 10.04 p.m

Question 17.
a) What are called ‘parallels’?
b) What are called ‘meridians’?
Answer:
а) Latitudes are called ‘parallels’,
b) Longitudes are called ‘meridians’.

Question 18.
What is the standard meridian of India?
Answer:
82°30′ Eastern longitude is the standard meridian of India.

Question 19.
If you were to travel from India to Japan. How would be the change in time?
Answer:

1. Japan is located in East to India.
2. If we travel to East, then we gain time as per East Gain Add (EGA).
3. India is in 5Vi hours time zone and Japan in 9 hours time zone.
4. Both are in eastern hemisphere. Thus we gain nearly 3% hours time.

Question 20.
How do you think human greed led to exploitation of the earth?
Answer:

• Human life on earth dates back to one lakh years, whereas formation of the earth was four and a half billion years ago.
• Man has constantly trying to change our surrounding to make it a better place to live in.
• He looked on earth as a storehouse of resources and making use of it, at will.
• Thus his greed led to exploitation of the earth.

Question 21.
Why do you think, it took so long time to understand the interior of the earth?
Answer:

• It is difficult for man to know directly about the Earth’s interior.
• So far man could dig a 3 km interior of the earth.
• He could send pipes upto a depth of 6K km.
• But, the radius of the earth is 6,440 km.
• Apart from this, if we go deep the earth-temperature raises at a rate of 1°C for every 32 meters.
• An estimated temperature at the centre of the interior of the earth is 6000°C.
• Thus man was unable to get direct information.
• So he need to rely on indirect sources like seismic waves etc.
• Thus it took so long time to understand the interior of the earth.

Question 22.
Describe the earth’s interior.
Answer:

1. The earth has a radius of 6440 km.
2. The temperature increases at a rate of 1°C for every 32 mts. of depth.
3. The temperature at the centre of the earth would be 6000° C.
4. As such the rocks will be in molten stage.
5. Pressure also increases when one goes deeper into the earth.
6. The earth is made up of three layers. They are : 1) Crust, 2) Mantle, 3) Core.
7. These layers differ from one another in thickness and also in their physical and chemical compositions.

Question 23.
What is “continental drift theory”? Explain.
(OR)
What is the “theory of continental drift”?
Answer:

• Alfred Wagener postulated the theory of continental drift.
• It explains the present arrangement of continents and ocean basins.
• He postulated a massive super continent called “Pangaea” which existed 220 million years ago.
• Present continents originated, by the drift from this “Pangaea”.
• Wagener hypothesised that the supercontinent of Pangaea broke up into two blocks
  1) Laurensia,
  2) Gondwana land.
• The two blocks were separated by a long shallow inland ocean called “Tethys”.
• It took millions of years for the continents to reach the present shape and position.

Question 24.
Differenciate between latitudes and longitudes.
Answer:

Latitudes	Longitudes
1. Latitude comes from a Latin word “Latitudo”, meaning width.	1. Longitude is derived from a Latin word “Longitudo”, meaning height.
2. The circles drawn parallel to the equator at 1° interval are known as latitudes.	2. The semicircles drawn connecting pole to pole are known as longitudes.
3. There are 180 latitudes excluding the equator.	3. There are 360 longitudes.
4. Every latitude must be designated with either “N” or “S” direction.	4. Every longitude must be designated with either “E” or “W” direction.
5. They are also known as “Parallels”.	5. They are also known as “Meridians”.
6. The climate of a place can be identified with the help of latitudes.	6. The differences in time can be calculated with the help of longitudes.

Question 25.
How many blocks did the Pangaea brake up into? What are they?
Answer:
The super continent of Pangaea was broke up into two blocks.
1) Laurensia:
Present N.America, Greenland and all of Eurasia, north of Indian subcontinent formed from it.

2) Gondwana land :
Present S.America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Arabia, Malaysia, East Indies, Australia and Antarctica formed from it.

Question 26.
How do you find a place in an atlas?
Answer:

1. We can find the information about a place in an atlas with the help of latitudes and longitudes.
2. Places are listed alphabetically at the back of the atlas.
   Ex : To locate “Visakhapatnam”.

Question 27.
What are longitudes? How many are there? Name some important longitudes.
Answer:

1. The semicircles connecting pole to pole are called longitudes.
2. They are 360 in number.
3. Some important longitudes are :
   a) Prime Meridian – 0° longitude
   b) International Date Line – 180° longitude

Question 28.
“For long we have looked at the Earth as a store house of resources, which we can exploit and use at will. Gradually we are realizing the fallacy of this view point” – Interpret the above statement.
Answer:
For long we have looked at the earth as a store house of resources. With this view we recklessly exploited the earth and are responsible to the destruction of forests, rivers, hills, fellow animals and even fellow humans. This resulted in the environmental crises such as global warming and poisoning of our soils, water and air.

But gradually we understand that the earthly resources are not infinite but finite and the environmental system is a closed one. So we should not use the natural resources indiscriminately.

If a man has to survive, he must derive something from the nature. The exploitation of minimum resources from the natural environment to fulfil the basic needs of human society would cause disequilibrium of some sort in the ecological balance resulting into environmental degradation and pollution. We should always use the natural resources in such a way that they are always at available in a desired quantity and quality.

Question 29.
“Today more than any other time we need to build a new understanding of the Earth, how it works and what we do on it and what we do with each other” – Interpret the above statement.
Answer:
In the decades of 1970s there emerged a concern about the fear of depletion of natural resources because of irrational and rapacious utilization of natural resources. This serious concern arises from the fact-rapid rate of rapacious exploitation of natural resources and modern production processes and advanced technologies. Thus the exploitation of natural resources has threatened the stability and survival of natural ecosystems and existence of several plant and animal species.

Hence today more than any other time we need to build a new understanding of the earth, how it works and what we do on it and what we do with each other.

Question 30.
Read the following para and answer the questions.
Scientists have figured out that the stars are actually part of larger groups called galaxies and that there are millions of such galaxies in the universe. Now, they are of the view that the universe itself started some 13.7 billion years ago with a ‘Big Bang’ and that it may end several billion years later.
1) What is a galaxy?
Answer:
A larger group of stars is called a galaxy.

2) When was the ‘Big Bang’ happened?
Answer:
‘Big bang’ was happened some IB.7 billion years ago.

3) How many galaxies are contemplated by scientists?
Answer:
Scientists contemplated that there are millions of galaxies in the universe.

4) When would be the end of the universe?
Answer:
The end of the universe would be after several billions of years.

Question 31.
What factors determine the number of standard times of countries?
Answer:
Countries which have much east-west extension will have a number of standard times.
Ex: Russia.

Question 32.
Identify other names of “Earth”.
Answer:
Bhoomi, Prudhvi, Dharithri, Dharani, Pudami, etc.

Question 33.

Layer of Earth	Depth	Composition
1. Crust	30 – 100 km	Various kinds of rocks
2. Mantle	100 – 2900 kms	Chemicals & Silicates
3. Outer core	2900-5100 kms	Nickel & Iron
4. Inner core	5100 – 6376 kms	Iron compounds & Gold

Observe the table and answer the following questions.
1) Which is uppermost layer of the interior of the earth?
Answer:
Crust is the uppermost layer of the interior of the earth.

2) What is the thickness of the core?
Answer:
The thickness of the core is 3476 kms.

3) Which layer is supposed to have more gold?
Answer:
The inner core is supposed to have more gold.

4) What is the radius of the earth?
Answer:
The radius of the earth is 6376 km.

Question 34.
Observe the following table and answer the questions given below.

What is the latitudinal value of “Equator”?
Answer:
The latitudinal value of Equator is “0°”.

2) What is the name given to 90° N and 90° S latitudes?
Answer:
90° N is called North pole and 90° S is called South pole.

3) What are the values of Arctic and Antarctic circles ?
Answer:
The value of Arctic circle is 6634° N.
The value of Antarctic circle is 6634° S.

4) In which hemisphere is the Arctic circle situated ?
Answer:
Arctic circle is in Northern hemisphere.

5) Which latitude does not have any direction?
Answer:
The Equator does not possess any direction.

Question 35.
One among our ‘environment crises’ is the poisoning of air. in light of this, how would you assess the Government of Delhi, deciding to allow vehicles with odd and even number plates on alternate days?
Answer:

• Air pollution is one among the environmental crises we face.
• Government of Delhi decided to allow the odd number plate vehicles to ply on the Delhi roads the other day.
• This alternate day journey provision definitely reduces the traffic congestion.
• It also promises in reduction of pollution.
• Already petrol vehicles ply on Delhi roads was banned.
• Compressed Natural Gas is the need of the hour.
• However, care must be taken to disallow everyone to have a vehicle with odd number and another with even.

Question 36.
Observe the following pictures.

a) What do the above pictures represent?
Answer:
The above pictures represent the stages of continental drift.

b) Look at the above picture “2” and identify the following.
1) India,
2) Africa,
3) Tethys sea

c) Identify.
i) South America in picture “3”.
ii) Antarctica in picture “4”.
Answer:

Question 37.
How can you say the Earth’s orbit is nearly circular but not exactly circular or an elongated oval path?
Answer:

• The orbit is the path of the Earth around the sun.
• The difference between earth’s farthest point (about 152 million km from the sun and the closest point 147 million km) is very small.
• Thus we can say the earth’s orbit is nearly circular but not exactly circular or an elongated oval path.

Question 38.
Prepare a palmphet on environmental crises.
Environment Crises
Answer:
For longtime man looked on earth as a store house of resources and tried to exploit at will. His reckless exploitation of earth has meant distruction of forests, rivers, hills, fellow animals and even fellow human beings.

Global warming, which is caused by the increased presence of green house gases like carbon dioxide, methane etc. It is resulting in melting of ice and submerging of low lands and coasts.

Soil pollution is caused by excessive use of chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture and industrial waste deposition. Soil erosion is caused by excessive falling of trees and lack of pastures.

Water pollution is caused by routing of industrial wastes into water, usage of chemicals and pesticides etc. Air pollution is caused by the emissions from vehicles, air conditions etc.

Question 39.
Create visual representation to understand the time as described in the earth’s origin to your birth.
Answer: