AP State Board Notes

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 21 Devotional Paths to the Divine to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 21 Devotional Paths to the Divine

→ Ramanuja Acharya was a staunch devotee of Vishnu. He propounded the doctrine of Visishtadvaita or qualified monotheism according to which the soul even when united with the Supreme God remained distinct.

→ The Virashaiva movement was initiated by Basavanna. The Virashaivas argued strongly for the equality of all human beings against and scriptural ideas about caste and the treatment of women.

→ Maharashtra saw a great number of saint poets. The most important among them were Jnaneswar, Namdev, Eknath and Tukaram, Sakkubai, and the family of Chokhamela.

→ The saints of Maharashtra rejected all forms of ritualism outward display of piety and social differences based on birth.

→ A number of religious groups such as Nathpanthis, Sidhacharas, and Yogis advocated renunciation of the world.

→ Sufis were Muslim Mystics. They rejected outward religiosity and emphasized love and devotion by God and compassion towards all fellow human beings.

→ Islam propagated strict monotheism or submission to one God. It also rejects Idol worship and considerably simplified rituals of worship into collective prayers.

→ The Sufis often rejected the elaborate rituals and codes of behavior demanded by Muslim religious scholars. Sufis sought union with God.

→ Among the great Sufis of central Asia were Ghazzali, Rumi, and Sadi.

→ During the Delhi sultanate, the Chishti silica developed in the Indian subcontinent. It had teachers like Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmer, Qutbuddin Bhaktiar Kaki of Delhi, Baba Farid of Punjab, Khwaja Nijamuddin Auliya of Delhi and Bandanawaz Gisudaraz of Gulbarga.

→ The period of the thirteenth century saw a new wave of the Bhakti movie in north India.

→ Kabir and Guru Nanak rejected Orthodox customs. But Bammera Pothana; Tulasidas and Surdas accepted the existing system.

→ Mirabai, a Rajput princess, devoted herself to Krishna and composed innumerable bhajans expressing her intense devotion.

→ A most unique feature of most of the saints is that their works were composed in regional languages and could be sung.

→ Kabir, the most influential saint, openly ridiculed all forms of external worship, of both Hinduism and Islam. The pre-eminence of the priestly classes and caste system.

→ Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to salvation was through Bhakti or devotion.

→ Guru Nanak emphasized the importance of the worship of one God. He insisted that caste, creed, or gender was irrelevant for attaining liberation.

→ Nanak used the terms Riam (right worship) dan (welfare of others) and Isnan (purity of conduct)

→ Yogi Vemana of Andhra Pradesh wrote about the foolishness of the ignorant about aspiring to know God and union with God.

→ Advaita: A Vedantic doctrine that identifies the individual self with the ground of reality.
(Or)
The doctrine of the oneness of the individual soul and the supreme God. It was propagated by Sankaracharya.

→ Salvation: PreservatIon or deliverance from harm, ruin, or loss.
(Or)
The process of saving the soul from sin and its consequences

→ Alvars: The devotees of Lord Vishnu.

→ Nayanars: The devotees of Lord Shiva.

→ Bhakti: Devotional worship directed to one supreme deity.

→ Yogasanas: Positions and postures of the body in a systematic way.

→ Bijak: One of the earliest of the major texts in modern Hindi, which Includes the compilations of compositions of Kabir.

→ Abhang: A form of devotional poetry, sung in praise of Hindu God, Vithala.

Students can go through AP Board 7th Class Maths Notes 1st Lesson Integers to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP Board 7th Class Maths Notes 1st Lesson Integers

→ Brahmagupta :
The idea of the products involving negative numbers was first considered by Brahmagupta of India in the seventh century AD. It is described in his book Brahmasphuta Siddantham. He makes the definition such as negative times negative is positive to give a single general method for formulizing problems involving a number and its square and for finding their solutions.

→ The collection of natural numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ) zero (0) and negative numbers (- 1, – 2, – 3, – 4, – 5, ) are integers.

• The product of two positive integers or two negative integers is positive integer.
• The product of one positive integer and one negative integer is negative integer.
• The quotient of two positive integers (or two negative integers) is positive integer.
• The quotient of one positive integer and one negative integer is negative integer.

• To simplify arithmetic expressions, we must follow the BODMAS rule (Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction).
• The brackets in an expression have to be opened in the order of vinculum, simple brackets, curly brackets and square brackets, i.e., [{(-)}] to be opened from inside to outwards.
• Numerical value of an integer (without considering its sign) is the absolute value of that integer. Absolute value never be negative.

→ Natural numbers:
The counting numbers 1, 2, 3, …… are called natural numbers, denoted by N.

→ Whole numbers:
The collection of natural numbers (1, 2, 3, ….} together with {0} zero is called the collection of whole numbers, represented by W.

→ Integers:
The collection of natural numbers {1, 2, 3, {0} zero together with negative numbers (-1, – 2, -3, called the collection of integers, represented by I or Z.
For example : 1, – 1, 0, 101 and – 101.

→ They can be ordered by being placed on a number line, the number to the right is always greater than the one to the left.

→ We use integers in our daily life situations :
We use positive integers to measure weights, lengths, height and age etc.

• Weight of Latha is 32 kg
• John’s height is 145 cm
• Length of a pencil is 22 cm
• Teacher’s age is 32 years

→ We use positive integers to denote money deposited with a bank.
Raju deposited a sum of Rs. 8000 with a bank.

→ We use positive integers to measure the average rain fall of given regions.
Average rain fall of Guntur in December 2020 is mm.

→ We use negative integers to measure the depth below the sea level.
We use negative integers to denote the money borrowed.
Manisha borrowed a sum of Rs. 5000 from her friend.

We use negative integers to denote the temperatures below zero degrees Celsius.
Note: Zero is neither a positive integer nor a negative integer.

• Every positive integer is greater than zero,
  i. e. 1, 2, 3, 4, …. are greater than zero.
• Every negative integer is less than zero,
  i. e.-1,-2,-3,-4, …. are lefes than zero.

→ Every integer can be expressed as a sum of any two integers in many ways.
Example :
-12 = 5 + (-17)
= (-6) + (-6)
= (-8) + (-4)
= 16 + (-28) …… etc.

→ Every integer can be expressed as a difference of any two integers in many ways.
Example :
-12 = (-17) – (-5)
= (-6) – (6)
= (-8) – (4)
= 16 – (28) etc.

→ Product of integers :
The product of two positive integers is always a positive integer.
Example :
9 × 4 = 36
3 × 7 = 21
6 × 9 = 54
13 × 7 = 91

→ Product of a positive integer and a negative integer is always a negative integer.
Example :
8 × (-5) = -40
14 × (-6) = -84
3 × (-7) = -21
6 × (-9) = -54
4 × (-1) = -4

→ Product of a negative integer and a positive integer is always a negative integer.
Example :
-7 × (5) = -35
-9 × (4) = -36
-13 × (7) = -91
-3 × (7) = -21
-8 × (1) = -8

→ Product of two negative integers is always a positive integer.
Example :
-9 × -4 = 36
-13 × -7 = 91
-3 × -7 = 21
-6 × -9 = 54

→ From these examples we can conclude that,

• If two integers have same signs, their product is positive.
• If two integers have opposite signs, then their product is negative.

→ For any two integers a and b
a × b = ab
-a × b = -ab
a × -b = -ab
-a × -b = ab

→ Division of integers :

• If a positive integer is divided by a positive integer, the quotient is positive.
  Example : 18 ÷ 6 = 3
• If a negative integer is divided by a positive integer, the quotient is negative.
  Example : -18 ÷ 6 = -3
• If a positive integer is divided by a negative integer, the quotient is negative.
  Example : 18 + -6 = -3
• If a negative integer is divided by a negative integer, the quotient is positive.
  Example : -18 + -6 = 3

From these examples we can conclude that,

• If two integers have the same signs, their quotient is positive.
• If two integers have opposite signs, then their quotient is negative.
• Symbols of belongs to and does not belong to e and g.

Example :

• 4 is a natural number. We denote it by 4 ∈ N.
• -4 is not a natural number. We denote it by 4 ∉ N.

→ Properties of integers :
Closure property:
(i) For any two integers a and b, (a + b) is always an integer. In other words integers are closed with respect to addition.
Example:
5 + 3 = 8
-5 + 3 = -2
5 + (-3) = 2
-5 + (-3) = -8

(ii) For any two integers a and b, (a – b) is always an integer. In other words integers
are closed with respect to subtraction.
Example :
5 – 3 = 2
-5 – 3 = -8
5 – (-3) = 8
-5 – (-3) = -2

(iii) For any two integers a and b, (a × b) is always an integer. In other words integers are closed with respect to multiplication.
Example:
5 × 3 =15
-5 × 3 =-15
5 × (-3) = -15
-5 × (-3) =15

(iv) For any two integers a and b, (a + b) is always not an integer. In other words integers are not closed with respect to division.
Example:
15 + 3 = 5
-15 + 3 = -5
15 +(-3) = -5
-15 +(-3) = 5
But (5 + 3), (3 + 5), (-15 + 2) are not integers.
So we conclude that integers are not closed with respect to division.
Also for any integer a, (a+0) is not an integer.

→ Commutative law:
(i) For any two integers a and b, (a + b) is always equals to (b + a). In other words integers are commutative with respect to addition.
Example :
5 + 3 = 8 = 3 + 5
-5 + 3 = -2 = 3 + (-5)
5+ (-3) = 2 = (-3) + 5 and
-5 + (-3) = -8 = (-3) + (-5)

(ii) For any two integers a and b, (a × b) is always equals to (b × a). In other words integers are commutative with respect to multiplication.
Example :
5 × 3 = 15 = 3 × 5
-5 × 3 = -15 = 3 × (-5)
5 × (-3) = -15 = (-3) × 5 and
-5 × (-3) = 15 = (-3) × (-5)

(iii) For any two integers a and b, (a – b) is always not equals to (b – a). In other words integers are not commutative with respect to subtraction.
Example:
5 – 3 ≠ 3 – 5

(iv) For any two integers a and b, (a ÷ b) is always not equals to (b ÷ a). In other words integers are ftot commutative with respect to division. ‘
Example: 15 – 3 ≠ 3 – 5

→ Associative Law: For any three integers a, b and c we have
(a + b) + c is always equal to a + (b + c). In other words integers are associative with respect to addition.
(a + b) + c = a + (b+ c)
Example: (5 + 3) + 8 = 16 = 5 + (3 + 8)

Also, integers are associative with respect to multiplication.
(a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
Example: (5 × 3) × 2 = 30 = 5 × (3 × 2)

But integers are not associative with respect to subtraction.
(a – b) – c = a – (b – c)
Example: (5 – 3) – 2 ≠ 5 – (3 – 2)

Also integers are not associative with respect to division.
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
Example: (5 + 3) + 2 ≠ 5 + (3 + 2)
The division of integers by zero is not defined.

→ Additive identity :
For any integer ‘a’ we have
a + 0 = 0 + a = a
Here ‘0’ is called additive identity.

Example:
-5 + 0 = 0 + (-5) = -5

→ Multiplicative identity:
For any integer ‘a’ we have a × 1 = 1 × a = a
Here ‘1’ is called multiplicative identity.

Example:
8 × 1 = 1 × 8 = 8 .
-5 × 1 = 1 × (-5) = -5

For any integer a there exists an integer (-a) such that a + (-a) = 0 = (-a) + a.
Both integers a and – a are called additive inverse of each other.
Example :
7 + (-7) = 0 = (-7) + 7
-9 + 9 = 0 = 9 + (-9)

But the multiplicative inverse of an integer does not exist in the set of integers.
For any three integers a,b and c we have a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c
Example:
5 × (3 + 8) = 5 × 3 + 5 × 8

This is called distributive property of integers over addition.
Also a × (b – c) = a × b – a × c
This is called distributive property of integers over subtraction.

→ The product of n- positive integers is always a positive integer.
Example: 5 × 3 × 7 × 11 is a positive integer.
The product of n- number of negative integers is always a positive integer if ‘n’ is an even number.

Example:
-2 ×-2 = 4
-3 ×-3 × -3 × -3 = 81
-3 × -5 × -4 × -1 = 60

→ The product of ‘n’ number of negative integers is always a negative integer if ‘n’ is an odd number.
Example:
-2 × -2 × -2=-8
-3 × -5 × -4 × -1 ×-2 = -120

→ V BODMAS Rule:
The hierarchy of arithmetic operations in which they have to be carried out is given by a rule called V BODMAS rule.

Brackets are symbols used in pairs to group things together.
Types of brackets include : Parentheses or “round brackets ( )” “square brackets” or “box brackets [ ]”, braces or “curly brackets { }”, “angle brackets < >”.

Example:
15 of 6 – [18 -.{14 – (3 + 2)}]

• Applying First the bracket rule
  = 15 of 6 – [18 – {14 – 5}]
• Applying Again the bracket rule
  = 15 of 6 – [18 – 9]
• Applying Again the bracket rule
  = 15 of 6 – 9
• Now Multiplication comes before Subtraction
  = 90 – 9 = 81

→ The absolute value of an integer :

The absolute value of -8 can be understood as the distance of -8 from the zero ‘0’ on the number line”.
Hence the absolute value of -8 is 8 units.
Similarly absolute value of -9 = 9
Absolute value of -12 = 12

The absolute value of 6 can be understood as the distance of 6 from the zero ‘0’ on the number line”.
Hence the absolute value of 6 is 5 units.
Similarly absolute value of 11 – 11
Absolute value of 2 = 2

So the absolute value of an integer is the numerical value without its sign. It is denoted by | |.
|-5| = 5
|-7| = 7
|9| = 9

→ Number series :
A collection of numbers in which all numbers except the first number are formed by a simple rule.

→ Addition series : Each number is formed by adding a specific/fixed number to its previous number.
2, 5, 8, 11, 14, ………….

→ Fibonacci series : Every third number can be the sum of its preceeding two numbers.
3, 5, 8, 13, …………

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 11 Respiration in Organisms to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 11 Respiration in Organisms

→ The process of breathing in air is called inspiration and that of breathing out air is called expiration.

→ The number of times we breathe in and breathe out the air in a minute is called the respiration rate.

→ The air we breathe fills our lungs that are located in our chest.

→ The air we breathe in does not contain only oxygen. It is a mixture of many gases.

→ Gills are the respiratory organs of the fish.

→ The gills absorb the oxygen that is dissolved in water.

→ Earthworms breathe through their skin.

→ Respiration occurs in all organisms. In this process, oxygen is taken in while carbon dioxide and water vapor are released.

→ Skin, gills, tracheae, and lungs are respiratory organs.

→ Stomata and lenticels help in the exchange of gases in plants.

→ Spiracle: small openings or holes on the sides of the body of cockroach which help to breathe

→ Gills: Respiratory organ of aquatic animals that breathe oxygen dissolved in water.

→ Carbon dioxide: A colorless. odorless, non-flammable gas formed when carbon burns in excess oxygen. It is also produced by respiration.

→ Oxygen: A gas that is essential for living things.

→ Inhale: The Breath in, draw into the lungs.

→ Exhale: Breath out, send out, emit, breathe forth.

→ Inspiration: Breathing in, supernatural or divine influence.

→ Expiration: Breathing out

→ Trachea: Windpipe

→ Albert Einstein was born in 1879 in the German city of Ulm.

• In 1921 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
• E = mc2 is his famous equation.
• Einstein was lam ous for his theory of relativity. A traveling clock runs slower than a clock that is at rest. He proved that light travels in the form of particles called Photons (also called Quanta). Photons are pieces of light energy
• In 1955 lie died while he was in deep slumber.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 10 Nutrition in Plants to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 10 Nutrition in Plants

→ The substances needed for the growth of a plant do not come from the soil only.

→ The green substance in the leaves is called chlorophyll.

→ Plants get water from the soil through their roots.

→ The main nutrients needed for plants are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

→ Cuscuta takes food from the plant on which it is climbing.

→ Saprophytes grow on -dead, decaying matter.

→ A few plants manufacture their own food but also obtain a part of their nutrition from insects.

→ Green parts of plants use carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight (as well as other sources of light) along with water to make glucose, starch, and other food materials. This process of making food materials is called photosynthesis.

→ Plants that do not photosynthesize depend on other means of getting their nutrition.

→ Saprophytes live on decaying organic matter.

→ Insectivorous plants fulfill their nitrogen deficiency by trapping insects.

→ In symbiosis, organisms share their food and shelter.

→ Nutrition: Nourishing food, the study of food and its effects

→ Autotroph: Which prepare their own food materials

→ Chlorophyll: Green pigment of plants.

→ Photosynthesis: Synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy

→ Stomata: A part of a leaf through which gases exchange takes place

→ Saprophyte: A plant that lives on dead organic matter.

→ Insectivorous: A plant that eats insects

→ Carnivorous: Animals that eat meat

→ SymbIosis: Close association of two species living together to their mutual benefit

→ Fungi: Mushroom or allied plant

→ Preservation of plant parts like leaves, flowers, or whole plants is a traditional designer art. If the plants are not available in a particular place then the plant physiologists collect those plants where they are available and make them in the preservative form. This is commonly known as an herbarium. They study those plants, and these preserved plants are also helpful for future studies.

There are colonies of algae and fungi living together in a symbiotic relationship! These colonies are known as Lichens. This relationship starts with the attack of the algal colony by a type of fungus. It is an example of balanced parasitism then. Later as algae survive, they are given protection from intense light and conditions of drying up due to the presence of fungus colony. The fungus gets food from its partner.

→ M.S Swaminathan:
Mom kombu Sambasivan Swam Nathan was born on 7th August 1925 at Kumbakonam in Tamilnadu. Swam Nathan is one of the responsible persons for the green revolution in India.

He introduced modern methods and techniques to raise agricultural production. He was the first agriculture scientist to win the Albert Einstein World Science Award in 1986.

At present, he is the Director of the MS. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 9 Reflection of Light to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 9 Reflection of Light

→ Light coming from a narrow slit or small hole looks like a ray of light.

→ The ray of light falling on the mirror is called the incident ray.

→ The ray of light returning from the mirror is called the reflected ray.

→ The angle between the normal and the incident ray is called the angle of incidence ∠i

→ The angle between the normal and the reflected ray is called the angle of reflection ∠r

→ Periscope is used to view objects outside the room through the window while hiding oneself in the room.

→ In-plane mirror there will be a lateral inversion in the image formed for an object.

→ We get multiple images of an object placed in between the plane mirrors arranged at an angle to each other.

→ The image formed by a rearview mirror is smaller than the image in a plane mirror.

→ If the reflecting surface of a mirror is concave it is called a concave mirror.

→ If the reflecting surface is convex, then it is called a convex mirror.

→ The image that can be obtained on a screen is called a Real image.

→ The image that cannot be obtained on a screen is called a virtual image.

→ Reflection from a smooth surface like that of a mirror is called regular reflection.

→ Reflection from a rough or irregular surface is called irregular reflection or diffused reflection.

→ Light changes its direction when it is obstructed by any object. This phenomenon is called reflection.

→ The angle of incidence is equal to an angle of reflection. We denote the angle of incidence with ∠i and the angle of reflection with ∠r.

→ The measure of ∠i = measure of ∠r. (for a plane mirror)

→ In the image formed by a mirror, the right of the object appears as left, and the left of the object appears as right. This is called Lateral Inversion.

→ The distance from the object to a plane mirror is equal to the distance of the image from the mirror.

→ Irrespective of the size of the plane mirror, the size of the image in the mirror is equal to the size of the object.

→ Any object which is far away from us looks smaller in size. In the same way, its image in the plane mirror will also look smaller.

→ The plane mirror forms a single image. If we want to form multiple images two plane mirrors need to be kept at an angle.

→ The number of images increases when we reduce the angle between two mirrors.

→ In a rearview mirror (convex mirror) we get diminished Usage of the object.

→ In a mirror which is used by a Dentist (concave mirror), we get an enlarged image of the object

→ The image that can be obtained on a screen is called a Real Image.

→ The image that can’t be obtained on a screen but can be viewed in the mirror is called a Virtual Image.

→ Torches, headlights of vehicles have concave mirrors behind the bulb for reflection.

→ Reflection from a smooth surface is called regular reflection.

→ Reflection from a rough surface is called an irregular reflection.

→ Incident Ray: A ray of light that hits a surface

→ Reflected Ray: The ray represents the light refracted by the surface

→ Normal: Usual

→ The angle of incidence ∠i: The angle made by the incident ray with a normal

→ The angle of reflection ∠r: The angle made by the retracted with normal

→ Periscope: Observation from a concealed position

→ Lateral inversion: The image formed in a flat mirror

→ Kaleidoscope: A cylinder with a mirror.

→ Rearview mirror: Mirror used in vehicles to see the vehicles behind them.

→ Spherical mirror: Mirror in the shape of a circle

→ Convex mirror: Curves outward towards a light source

→ Concave mirror: Curves inward to away the light source

→ Real Image: Image which can be seen with a help of source

→ Virtual image: Image which cannot be seen with a help of source

→ Regular Reflection: Reflection occurring on a smooth reflecting surface

→ Irregular Reflection: Reflection from a rough or irregular surface.

→ Christian Huygens:

• Huygens was born in 1629. He propounded the wave theory of light.
• He explained the transverse nature of light by constructing a wavefront.
• He died in 1695.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 8 Air, Winds, and Cyclones to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 8 Air, Winds and Cyclones

→ The air around us is rarely still.

→ Air exerts pressure.

→ Air expands on heating.

→ Hot air is lighter than cold air.

→ We get a land breeze and sea breeze.

→ Regions close to the equator get more heat from the sun.

→ Increased wind speed is accompanied by reduced air pressure and this aids rains

→ Farmers in our country mainly depend on rains for their harvests.

→ Cyclones are a form of violent storms on earth.

→ Tropical cyclones are like giant engines that use warm moist air as fuel.

→ Factors like wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and humidity contribute to the development of cyclones.

→ Cyclones can be very destructive.

→ Wind speed plays an important role in the formation of storms.

→ Air is everywhere.

→ The moving air is called wind.

→ The air around us exerts pressure.

→ Air expands on heating and contracts on cooling.

→ Warm air rises up whereas comparatively cooler air tends to sink towards the earth’s surface.

→ As warm air rises air pressure at the place is reduced and the cooler air moves into that place.

→ Uneven heating on the earth causes wind movements.

→ Cyclones may be caused due to wind traveling at high speed due to differences in air pressure.

→ It has become easier to study cyclones with the help of advanced technology like satellites and radars.

→ Wind: The moving air is called wind

→ Expansion: Spreading out

→ Anemometer: Instrument for recording wind speed

→ Cyclone: A violent circuLar or rotatory storm

→ Low pressure: Small force

→ High pressure: High force

→ Thomas Alva Edison:
Edison was an American, inventor The incandescent lamp, the phonograph, the carbon telephone transmitter, and motion pictures, storage batteries, dictating machines, and micrograph duplicating the machine are some of the inventions of Edison. According to Edison, a genius is created by 1% of inspiration and 99% of perspiration.

Edison was born on 11-2-1847 in Milan, Ohio. His father was a carpenter and his mother was a teacher On 18-10-1913 Edison died.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 7 Electricity – Current and Its Effect to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 7 Electricity – Current and Its Effect

→ The dry cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

→ Symbols play an important role in our life.

→ Symbols convey precise meaning with few descriptions.

→ The switch can be placed anywhere in the circuit.

→ In a series circuit, electricity has only one path to flow through.

→ A parallel circuit has more than one path for the flow of electricity.

→ Connecting small cells in series, we get a battery.

→ In a series connection of bulbs, if one bulb gets fused, all the other bulbs in the series will stop glowing.

→ All components in our houses are connected in parallel.

→ The filament of the bulb heats up due to the current flowing through it.

→ An electric iron, electric cooker, and electric heater contain a coil of wire made up of Nichrome.

→ This Nichrome is called the filament of the appliance.

→ The wires used for making electric circuits do not normally become hot.

→ Wastage of electricity can be reduced by using fluorescent tube lights in place of bulbs. Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB) are increasingly being used in place of fuses.

→ 1 kilowatt (KW) is 1000 watts (W).

→ An electric cell is a source of electric energy.

→The two terminals of an electric cell are called positive (+ve) and negative (-ve).

→ The battery cells in the torchlight are kept in series.

→ An electric bulb has a filament that is connected to its terminals.

→ An electric bulb glows when an electric current passes through it.

→ In a closed electric circuit, the electric current passes from one terminal of the electric cell to the other terminal.

→ The switch is a single device that is used either to break the electric circuit or to complete it.

→ The safety device used in, an electric circuit is a fuse.

→ Cell: A single unit for electrolysis or conversion of chemical into electric energy, usually consisting of a container with electrodes and an electrolyte; a battery also called electrochemical cell.

→ Battery: Two or more connected cells that produce a direct current by converting chemical energy to electrical energy.

→ Fuse: Safety device used in an electric circuit.

→ Serles circuit: An electric circuit connected so that current passes through each circuit element in turn without branching.

→ Parallel circuit: Circuits in which a power source is directly connected to two or more components are called parallel circuits.

→ Bulbs in series: A number of bulbs arranged or coming one after the other in succession.

→ Bulbs in parallel: A number of bulbs arranged directly.

→ Tube light: A lamp that produces visible light by fluorescence, especially a glass tube whose inner wall is coated with a material that fluoresces when an electrical current causes a vapor within the tube to discharge electrons.

→ Compact fluorescent Lamps: CFLs use less power and have a longer rated life,

→ Miniature Circuit Breaker: A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or a short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow.
Unlike a fuse.

→ Watt: An International System unit of power equal to one joule per second.

→ Circuit diagram: A schematic drawing of the wiring of an electrical system

→ Heating effect of current: Electrical energy converts into heat energy by a specialized device.

→ Switch: A device used to either break the circuit or to complete it.

→ Michael Faraday (1791-1867):
Michael Faraday observed that by moving a magnet in and out of a coil. We can make electric current flow thíough the coil. Using thiš he built the first electric generator or dynamo in 1831. He also invented the transformer.

→ Galileo: Galileo was an Italian scientist. He was born on 15th February 1564 in Italy. The first telescope of the world was fabricated by Galileo.
He proved that the milky way is composed of millions of stars.

In 1616, he proved for the first time that the sun was the center of the universe and the earth revolves around the sun. The church officials could riot tolerate Galileo‘s findings and sent him to jail. In the jail, the lie became blind arid died in January 1642.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 6 Weather and Climate to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 6 Weather and Climate

→ Farmers listen to the Radio or watch T.V. for a weather forecast.

→ Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana.

→ The weather is a complex phenomenon that can vary over very short periods of time.

→ We have different types of measuring instruments to measure different weather components.

→ The weather of a place can change every day.

→ Six invented the maximum-minimum thermometer.

→ Wind speed and direction are measured with Anemometer.

→ Raingusage is also called Udometer.

→ We know the equatorial region is very hot and the polar region is very cold.

→ The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) studies the climate of our country. Weather affects our life.

→ The factors hot, cold, winds, rain, etc describe the weather of a place.

→ We can measure the temperature of a place with maximum and minimum thermometers.

→ The quantity of water vapor (moisture) in the air is humidity.

→ Humidity is measured by a hydrometer.

→ Rainfall of a particular place is expressed in millimeters (mm), centimeters (cm) and measured with a rain gauge.

→ Anemometer is used to measure wind speed.

→ The climate of a place can be defined after 25 years of weather observations.

→ We adjust to the climate to live comfortably.

→ The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) studies the climate of our country.

→ Weather: The state of the atmosphere at a given time and place, with respect to variables such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity, and barometric pressure.

→ Forecast: To estimate or calculate in advance, especially to predict (weather conditions) by analysis of meteorological data.

→ Temperature: The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment.

→ Climate: The meteorological conditions, including temperature, precipitation, and wind that characteristically prevail in a particular region.

→ HumidIty: ‘I’he amouñt of moisture in the air.

→ Meteorology: The science that deals with the phenomena of the atmosphere, especially weather and weather conditions.

→ Prediction: Something foretold

→ Rain gauge: A device for measuring rainfall. Also called Pluviometer, Udometer, Ombrorneter.

→ Plowing: A farm implement consisting of a heavy blade at the end of a beam, usually hitched to a draft team or motor vehicle and used for breaking up soil and cutting furrows in preparation for sowing.

→ Thermometer: An instrument for measuring temperature, especially one having a graduated glass tube with a bulb containing a liquid, typically mercury or colored alcohol, that expands and rises in the tube as the temperature increases.

→ Many people died during the tsunami in Andaman and Nicobar islands in 2004. But the tribals who observed the ocean moving back and birds making sounds moved away from danger. They could predict the danger and save their lives.

The people living in an area adjust to the conditions of climate. For example, the rainfall has to be relatively less for the past two decades. Even in Rayalaseema during the rainy season, the tanks and canals remain dry. The dried canals and tanks are now used for other purposes. The less rainfall has also led to developing ways to use less water. The change in rainfall pattern shows there may be shifts in climate over long periods of time. In areas that do not have a climate of rain when it rains heavily there is no way to drain out the water. As a result, many areas were flooded and submerged in Kurnool in 2010 and so in other parts of Rayalaseema

→ Sir Issac Newton:

• Sir Issac Newton was the discoverer of Gravity laws. Newton was born on 25-12-1 642 at Lincolnshire.
• He was born prematurely to a frustrated widow as a tiny tot, undersized, low birth weight, hardly expected to survive.
• He worked as a professor of Mathematics at the age of 27 in Trinity College.
• Newton deserved the three letters ‘NEW’ ¡n his name by virtue of his inventions.
• Newton died on 20-3-1727 in London.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 5 Temperature and Its Measurement to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 5 Temperature and Its Measurement

→ Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.

→ Heat is a form of energy.

→ The energy which makes an object appear hot or cold is called heat.

→ If we use the electrical heater to heat water electrical energy is converted to heat.

→ In solar heaters, solar energy is converted to heat.

→ All thermometers are based on the fact that matter expands on heating.

→ Mercury is a good conductor of heat.

→ Mercury is available in a pure state.

→ The first thermometer was invented by Galileo in 1593 A.D.

→ The normal temperature of the human body is 37 °C (98.6 °F)

→ The average body temperature of a large number of healthy persons is known as normal temperature.

→ Thermister thermometer is used to measure the temperature for infants and children.

→ Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.

→ Heat flows from an object at a high temperature to another at a lower temperature.

→ Mercury and alcohol are used as thermometer liquids in thermometer.

→ Doctors use a clinical thermometer to measure the human body temperature.

→ A Laboratory thermometer is used to measure the temperature of objects.

→ Heat energy: A form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature
→ Temperature: The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment.

→ Thermometer: An instrument for measuring temperature, especially one having a graduated glass tube with a bulb containing a liquid, typically mercury or coloured alcohol, that expands and rises in the tube as the temperature increases.

→ Fahrenheit scale: A temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 32 degrees and the boiling point of water a 212 degrees.

→ Celsius scale: A scale of temperature in which 0° represents the melting point of ice and 100 represents the boiling point of water.

→ Clinical thermometer: A thermometer is used to measure body temperature, especially a small glass thermometer designed with a narrowing above the bulb so that the mercury column stays in position when the instrument is removed from the body.

→ Expansion: An increase in the volume of a substance while its mass remains the same. Expansion ¡s usually due to heating. When substances are heated, the molecular bonds between their particles are weakened, and the particles move faster, causing the substance to expand.

→ Kink: A tight curl, twist, or bend in a length of thin material, as one caused by the tensing of a looped section of wire.

→ Jerk: To give a sudden quick thrust, push, pull, or twist to.

→ Lukewarm: Minimum level of temperature.

→ Vessel: A hollow utensil, such as a cup, vase, or pitcher used as a container, especially for liquids

→ Solar heater: A heater that makes direct use of solar energy.

→ Solar energy: The radiant energy emitted by the Sun Energy is derived from the Sun’s radiation. Passive solar energy can be exploited through architectural design, by positioning windows to allow sunlight to enter and help heat a space. Active solar energy involves the conversion of sunlight to electrical energy, especially in solar (photovoltaic).

→ Radiant energy: Energy transferred by radiation, especially by an electromagnetic wave.

→ In Libya (Africa) on a particular day in the year 1922, ¡t became so hot that the temperature of air even in shade was a high as 58°C. At some places (Rentachirnala of Guntur district) in Andhra Pradesh, the maximum temperature of air sometimes reaches 48°C and more. When it is so hot we feel extremely uncomfortable as the normal temperature of the human body is 37°C. The lowest temperature In the world has been measured ¡n Antarctica where it once went down to about -89°C.

The minus sign is used for temperature which s less than 0°C. Water freezes at 0°C, just think how cold-89°C must be. In winter when the atmospheric temperature around us becomes 15°C – 20°C we begin to feel cold.

→ C V. Raman:
C V. Raman is Chandra Sekhar Venkata Raman. He was the first Indian Scientist to become Sir C V Raman. He won the Nobel Prize iii Physics in 1930. His work is on the scattering of light’ His discovery ‘effect of light rays named after him as ‘Ruinan effect’. Ruman was born on 7th November 1888 in Thiruchunapalli TamilNadu. During a sea-voyage in 1921, Raman became anxious to know; why sea-water, sky and glaciers were blue in colour. He finally brought forth the reason for the blue colour of the sky, sea-water and glaciers. He announced the Raman effect on February 28 and so that day is observed as the National Science Day. This Nobel scientist died on 20th November 1970.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 3 Animal Fibre to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 3 Animal Fibre

→ The making of silk or silk fabrics is a very interesting story.

→ Eggs of silk moth are called ‘Seeds’.

→ Silkmoth is like a butterfly.

→ People buy these silk moths to produce eggs. These centres are called Grinages’.

→ Silkworms eat mulberry leaves day and night.

→ Caterpillar weaves a net to hold itself.

→ Caterpillar moves its moth from side to side and secrets fibre like substance.

→ The cocoons have to be stifled to kill the larva inside as otherwise, it will cut its way out after growing into a moth and spoil the cocoon.

→ Caterpillar of silkworm spins fibre which is mainly made up of two types of protein (Sirisine and fibroin) and is very strong.

→ The thread you get from the average cocoon ranges from about 1,000 to 3,000 feet.

→ The hair of the camel that lives in Rajasthan is not the same as the Angora goat that lives in Kashmir.

→ Woollen fibres are bleached and then dyed with different colours.

→ By making knots with loops and rings of long threads of yarn, woollen fabrics are knitted.

→ Wool is a poor conductor of heat.

→ Animal fibres are natural fibres.

→ Animal fibre is a protein while plant fibre is a carbohydrate.

→ The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture.

→ Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult moths are the stages in the life cycle of silkworms.

→ The separation of silk fibre from the cocoon is called reeling.

→ Hair of animals like goats, sheep, camels etc., are used to obtain woollen fibre.

→ Angora goat hair is soft to spin different types of fabrics like shawls and sweaters.

→ Removing hair or fleece from the skin of sheep is called shearing.

→ Cleaning of fleece with a stream of water is called scouring.

→ Knitting is the process of making fabric by using knitting needles to form interlocking loops and rings of woollen yarn.

→ Animal fibre: A product made from animal material

→ Silkworm: Stocky creamy-white Asiatic moth found almost entirely under human care; the source of most of the silk commerce

→ Cocoon: A protective case of silk or similar fibrous material spun by the larvae of moths and other insects that serves as a covering for their pupal stage.

→ Mulberry: Any of several deciduous trees of the genus Moms, having unisexual flowers in drooping catkins and edible multiple fruits.

→ Sericulture: Raising silkworms in order to obtain raw silk

→ Bombyx mon: Chinese silkworm moth

→ Reeling: Obtaining silk from the cocoon

→ Fleece: The coat of wool of a sheep or similar animal.

→ Shearing: Removing by cutting off or clipping

→ Scouring: To remove dirt or grease from (cloth or fibres) by means of a detergent.

→ Knitting: Needlework created by interlacing yarn in a series of connected loops using straight eyeless needles or by machine.

→ Bleaching: To remove the colour from, as by means of chemical agents or sunlight.

→ WeavIng: To construct by interlacing or interweaving strips or strands of material.

→ Dyeing: To colour (a material), especially by soaking ¡n a colouring solution.

→ Warp: To arrange (strands of yarn or thread) so that they run lengthwise in weaving.

→ Woof: The threads that run crosswise in a woven fabric, at right angles to the warp threads.

→ Apart from Mulberry, Tasar silk (Desali Pattu) is produced in our State. Some species of silk moths that lay eggs on the Terminalia oak plantation produce Tasar silk. Mostly tribal people rear this kind of cocoons. This silk plantation is mainly concentrated in Ananthapuram, East Godavari and Visakhapatnam and coastal regions of A.P.

→ The thread you get from the average cocoon ranges from about 1,000 to 3,000 feet, and about 2,000 to 3,000 cocoons are required to make 500 gm of silk. That is about 50,00,000 feet or more than 1,000 miles! That’s not all. People involved in the process suffer from skin as well as respiratory problems due to the continuous handling of the silkworm and the silk fibres.

→ Wool is a poor conductor of heat. Air trapped in between the woollen fibres and our body prevents the flow of heat from our body to our surroundings. So we feel hot and are protected from cold. Give reasons. The woollen cloth also helps to douse the fire.

→ William Harvey:

• Dr William Harvey was regarded as a medical detective for the mystery that he solved viz ‘How does blood move in the human body.
• He was responsible to lay the foundation ‘of Modern Physiology.
• Harvey was born at Folkstone on ¡st April 1578.
• Harvey observed that the heart in a living béing moves up and down, functions as a pump, arteries pulsate synchronously with /he heartbeat.
• At the age of 68, he died. An oration on his name was instituted. The Harvey oration is still delivered annually.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 2 Acids and Bases to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 2 Acids and Bases

→ Fruits, vegetables and other food substances have different tastes.

→ Those substances that indicate a change in colour when some substances are added to them are known as indicators.

→ The substances which are soapy to touch are basic in nature.

→ Methyl orange gives a red colour with acids and yellow colour with bases.

→ Phenolphthalein remains colourless in acidic solution while it turns pink in basic solution.

→ Neutral solutions have no effect on Indicators.

→ When acids and bases are mixed in definite proportions they give a neutral solution. Salts that change blue litmus to red are acidic salts.

→ Salts that change red litmus to blue are basic salts.

→ The indicator helps us to find whether the solution is acidic or basic or neutral.

→ Red litmus paper, blue litmus paper, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, Hibiscus, turmeric and rose paper are natural indicators.

→ The substances that turn blue litmus to red are acidic in nature.

→ The substances that are soapy to touch and turn red litmus to blue are basic in nature. Acid rains are the combination of Carbonic acid, Sulphuric acid and Nitric acid with rainwater.

→ All substances whose solutions are neutral are not salts. For eg., sugar or starches give neutral solutions but they are not salts.

→ In the process of Neutralization, both the acidic and basic qualities are destroyed.

→ Salts need not always be neutral. They can also be acidic or basic.

→ Indicator: A substance used in titrations to indicate the completion of a chemical reaction, usually by a change of colour a substance, such as litmus, that indicates the presence of an acid or alkali.

→ Acid: A compound usually having a sour taste.

→ Base: A compound usually having a bitter taste.

→ Red litmus: Litmus, an organic dye usually used in the laboratory as an indicator of acidity or alkalinity Naturally pink in colour, it turns blue in alkali solution.

→ Blue litmus: Litmus, an organic dye usually used in the laboratory as an indicator of acidity or alkalinity. Naturally pink in colour, it turns blue in alkali solution.

→ Acidic substances: The substances that contain different acids and the ability to turn blue litmus red. Ex: lemon – citric acid, banana – ascorbic acid etc.

→ Basic substances: The substances which are soapy to touch are basic in nature. Ex: soap, glass cleaner, etc.

→ Neutral substance: A neutral substance is a material that exhibits neither Acid nor a Base property and does not change the colour of litmus paper.

→ Salts: A chemical compound formed by replacing all or part of the hydrogen ions of an acid with metal ions or electropositive radicals.

→ Neutralization: A reaction between an acid and a base that yields salt and water.

→ Acid rain: Rain that contains a high concentration of pollutants, chiefly sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels such as coal or oil.

→ Caustic soda: A strongly alkaline caustic soda used in manufacturing soap and paper and aluminium and various sodium compounds.

→ Vinegar: A sour-tasting liquid consisting of impure dilute acetic acid, made by oxidation of the ethyl alcohol in beer, wine, or cider, It is used as a condiment or preservative.

→ Fire extinguisher: A portable apparatus containing chemicals that can be discharged in a rapid stream to extinguish a small fire.

→ Why are the inner sides of vessels made up of brass and copper coated?
When some substances are kept in a copper container for a long time then a blue-green layer is formed in the inner walls of the container. Copper reacts with the acids present in the substances and forms a blue-green compound. To avoid this reaction the inner wálls of these vessels are coated with Tin.

→ Robert Koch: Robert Koch was born on 11th December 1843 in Kaushal, a village in the mountainous terrain of the Harz in the state of Hannover in Germany. His boyhood days were spent in an atmosphere of poverty, struggle and hope – all mingled in mixed proportions, yet with a happy turnover, on the overall.

At the age of 23, Koch qualified for M.D., the Laudable qualification heralding the future genius in him. Koch formulated the symptoms and preventive measures of tuberculosis and cholera. Koch is respected all over the world. He was the recipient of the Nobel prize for Medicine in 1905. The title ‘Excellenz’ was awarded to him. outstanding contribution- in tuberculosis.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Food Components to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Food Components

→ We eat different types of food items.

→ Food supplies the energy we need to do many tasks in our day to day activities.

→ Our food consists of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. Besides these water and fibres are also present.

→ We require different quantities of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats according to the age and needs of individuals.

→ There are some components of food that are necessary for our body called roughages or dietary fibres.

→ Water is also an essential component needed by our body.

→ Scientists have found out that a balanced diet need not necessarily be costly.

→ Lavoisier (1743- 1793) paved new ways for nutrition research.

→ Food contains some components like Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins and Minerals.

→ Fibres are also a component of food that is present in different kinds of fruits and vegetables.

→ All food items contain all the components of food. The amount of each component varies from one type of food to another.

→ Roughages or Dietary fibres clean our food canal and prevent constipation.

→ We must drink enough water so that our body functions properly.

→ The food that contains all the nutrients like Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins and Minerals in proper proportions is called Balanced Diet.

→ Everyone requires a Balanced Diet.

→ Carbohydrates: Compound made from plants containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

→ Fibres: A long fine continuous thread or filament

→ Balanced diet: A diet that contains adequate amounts of all the necessary nutrients required for healthy growth and activity.

→ ProteIns: Nutritious substances contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composed of one or more chains of amino acids.

→ Fats: Organic compounds constituting the esters of glycerol and fatty acids and their associated organic groups.

→ ConstipatIon: Irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels; can be a symptom of intestinal obstruction or diverticulitis

→ Vitamins: Organic substances essential in minute amounts for normal growth and activity of the body and obtained naturally from plant and animal foods.

→ Minerals: Natural inorganic substances like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium etc.,

→ Food: Nutritious substance that living forms eats or drinks, or absorbs, in order to maintain life and growth

→ Roughages: A kind of carbohydrate that our body helps to digest

→ Pesticide: A chemical used for killing pests, especially insects and rodents

→ Cereals: A grass such as wheat, oats, or corn, the starchy grains of which are used as food.

→ Pulses: The edible seeds of certain pod-bearing plants, such as peas and beans.

→ Scurvy: A disease caused by deficiency of vitamin C, characterized by spongy and bleeding gums, bleeding under the skin, and extreme weakness.

→ Nutrition: The process by which a living organism prepares food and uses it for growth and for the replacement of tissues.

→ Salad: A dish of raw leafy green vegetables with pieces of other raw or cooked vegetables, fruit, cheese, or other ingredients and served with a dressing.

→ Junk food: ‘Food that tastes good but is high in calories having little nutritional value. Ex: chips, lays, etc.

→ Dry fruits like dates, plums, raisins, cashew nuts, pistachios, etc. also keep us healthy.

→ Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858 – 1937):
An Ardent Aficionado of Flora:
About eighty years ago u great Indian scientists astonished the World with a number of startling discoveries. By one of these, he paved the way for modern wireless telegraphy and radio broadcasting. By another, he proved that plants are living organisms. He was J. C Bose.