Class 10

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 15th Lesson National Liberation Movements in the Colonies Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 15th Lesson National Liberation Movements in the Colonies

10th Class Social Studies 15th Lesson National Liberation Movements in the Colonies Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Match the following.

Answer:
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. B

Question 2.
Trace the changes in the role of women seen in China over the decades. Why is it similar or different from that of the USSR and Germany?
Answer:

1. Long back Chinese women were forced to follow the practice of footbinding, they were subordinated and sufferers, of polygamy.
2. They were not allowed public life.
3. Till the 1940s they were confined to households.
4. Mao supported the emergence of rural women’s associations, stopped the purchase or sale of marriage contracts.
5. After New Democracy women got protective rights and polygamy was abolished.
6. It is similar to women of the USSR who were provided with rights after the revolution.
7. In Germany, no such provisions were there till the end of the Second World War.

Question 3.
After the overthrow of the monarchy, China had two different types of regimes. How were they similar or different? (Or) Trace out the political conditions in China after throwing over monarchy.
Answer:
After the overthrow of the monarchy, China had two types of regimes. The Guomindang (The National People’s Party) under Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under Mao Zedong.
Similarities:

1. Both the parties wanted to unite the country and bring stability.
2. Both spread education by starting schools.

Differences:

Question 4.
Countries discussed in the above chapter were all mostly dependent on agriculture. What were the measures taken in these countries to change these practices?
Answer:

1. In China, the major steps were a class identification of all villagers, followed by the confiscation and redistribution of land lord and other productive property.
2. In Vietnam, French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation works, canals and earthworks built with forced labour increased rice production.
3. In Nigeria, the British developed trade in agricultural produce i.e., palm oil and cocoa.

Question 5.
Who owned industries in countries discussed above and what policies were brought in to change the systems? Make a table to compare them.
Answer:

Question 6.
Compare the national movement in India and Nigeria – can you explain why it was stronger in india?
Answer:
Comparison:

Explanation:

1. Compared to National Movement in Nigeria, that in India was stronger.
2. Social reformers in India and educated youth brought in the changes.
3. The introduction of newspapers and political organizations were started nearly 100 years before Independence.
4. Most classes of society included in the National Movement, thus it was stronger.
5. Whereas in Nigeria political parties and youth movements were only 30 to 40 years old.
6. Their nationalism plagued by ethnic conflict between the Yoruba and Igbos.

Question 7.
What are the challenges faced by the independent Nigerian nation? In what ways is it similar or different from the challenges faced by independent India?
Answer:

1. Nigeria became Independent on October 1st, 1963.
2. Unfortunately a just and balance democracy could not be worked out there.
3. Soon it slipped into civil war and military rule resulted in domination of the North.
4. Corruption and suppression of human rights went hand in hand.
5. The multinational oil corporations funded the military rulers and still facing challenges of building a democratic nation.
6. On the other hand, India successfully functioning as the world’s biggest democracy.

Question 8.
Unlike Vietnam or India, Nigeria did not have to struggle so hard for freedom. Can you find some explanations for this?
Answer:

1. Vietnam had paid great loss in the freedom struggle.
2. Vietnam also faced a war with the USA in the struggle.
3. India also paid great loss in the freedom struggle.
4. Indians fought against the British to get freedom.
5. In Nigeria a section of western-educated intellectuals developed the idea of a common Nigerian nation and began to fight the British rule.
6. Nigerian nationalism grew in popularity.
7. By that time England has granted independence to many countries and unable to maintain colonies.
8. Considering the wave of nationalism, the British decided to hand over power to Nigerians.

Question 9.
What role did schooling play in national movement of the countries discussed above?
Answer:

1. Both the influencial personalities in China Sun and Mao were well educated.
2. Post New Democracy era Chinese universalised education.
3. In Vietnam students fought against the colonial government through newspapers and political parties.
4. Ho Chi Minh was also well educated.
5. The role of students and educated youth is invaluable in Nigerian liberation movement.

Question 10.
Freedom struggle in these countries involved wars against the rulers. Briefly describe its impact.
Answer:

1. China was attacked and occupied by Japan between 1937 and 1945.
2. Both Guomindang and CCP tried to join forces to fight Japan.
3. After Japan’s surrender to US, both CCP and Guomindang engaged in war with each other.
4. CCP became ruler in main land of China and Guomindang set up government in Taiwan.
5. Vietnam waged 8 year long war with France and got independence but was divided.
6. North Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh was again attacked by US and war lasted 7 long years.
7. Finally a peace agreement was made and Vietnam was united.
8. Nigerian organisations, Nigerian soldiers tried to fight with the British.
9. Considering the wave of nationalism, the British decided to handover power to Nigerians.

10th Class Social Studies 15th Lesson National Liberation Movements in the Colonies InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 202

Question 1.
Observe the following map and answer the given questions.

(a) Identify one Asian and one African colony of Britain.
Answer:
India is the Asian and Nigeria is the African colony of Britain.

(b) Identify one Asian and one African colony of Holland.
Answer:
Indonesia is the Asian and Western Sahara is the African colony of Holland.

(c) Identify one Asian and one African colony of France.
Answer:
Vietnam is the Asian, Algeria is the African colony of France.

(d) Identify two Asian and one African country that was not a colony of any power.
Answer:
China and Russia are Asian and Ethiopia is an African country that was not a colony of any power.

(e) Whose colony was Australia?
Answer:
Australia was the colony of the British.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 203

Question 2.
Recall/ Revisit Class IX textbook as to what constitutes the idea of Nationalism and how it emerged.
Answer:
The idea of nationalism constitutes to develop a sense of common identity and shared history and descent.
Nationalism emerged due to

1. Oppressive rule of the colonial rulers.
2. Liberal ideas spread by philosophers and leaders.
3. Culture, art, pointing, poetry etc. also helped to express nationalist feelings.

Question 3.
If the traditional rulers of these countries had fought for freedom, what kind of political systems would have been created?
Answer:
If the traditional rulers of these countries had fought for freedom, monarchial kind of political systems would have been created.

Question 4.
In colonies which social groups have fought for freedom? And why were the ideas of equality and democracy important to them?
Answer:

1. In colonies mostly educated and the youth fought for freedom.
2. Apart from them peasants and at times, women also fought for freedom.
3. There was support from soldiers for these liberation wars.
4. Most commonly, all the above fought under the leadership of powerful leaders who envisaged the independence of their colonies.
5. The idea of equality and democracy is important for them as their old emperors are military rulers who did not give them freedom and equality.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 204

Question 5.
Why do you think young” Chinese wanted to fight both against old traditional practices and against foreign powers?
Answer:

1. Young Chinese wanted to fight both against old traditional practices and against foreign powers.
2. The old traditional Chinese language and script are very complex, the practice of foot binding is against the dignity of women.
3. There is the subordination of women and no equality in marriage, and poverty is more prevalent.
4. Despite being an ally of victorious side led by England, China did not get back the territories seized from it by Japan.
5. So they tried to attack old tradition.
6. Revolutionaries called for driving out the foreigners, who were controlling the country’s resources.
7. So they wanted to be against the foreign powers.

Question 6.
Did something similar happen in India?
Answer:

1. Yes. Something similar happened in India.
2. Indians resented the old practices like Sati, Polygamy, Untouchabilities, Child Marriages, encouraged widow remarriages and girl child education, etc.
3. Many peasant movements, socio religious movements were conducted.
4. People resented the British rule.
5. They wanted to drive the British away.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 205

Question 7.
What were the major political parties that emerged during the period? (In China)
Answer:

1. After the republican revolution in 1911 the country entered a period of turmoil.
2. The Guomindang (the National People’s party also called KMT – Kuo Ming Tong) and the Chinese Communist Party are the two major political parties emerged during the period.

Question 8.
Who were the members of such mobilisation? (In China)
Answer:
Peasants, labourers, women and students.

Question 9.
What was the nature of their social and economic changes that were thought of?
Answer:

1. Mao Zedong was for the abolition of land-lordism and built army with peasants.
2. Through confiscation of land of the landlords, he distributed the land among peasants.
3. He supported the rural women’s associations, stopped purchase and sale of marriage contracts.
4. He fought foreign imperialism.
5. Achieved universalisation of elementary education was achieved in initial years.
6. Freedom and equality.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 207

Question 10.
In what ways did the land reform programmes help CCP win the war?
Answer:

1. It is generally agreed upon by the scholars that the successful carrying out of the land reforms and universalisation of education achieved in the initial years of the revolution formed a solid basis for the future development of China.
2. The CCP gradually established a single party rule in which the supreme leaders or Chairman was all powerful.
3. All opposition activities were disallowed.

Question 11.
Compare the land reforms carried out in China with that of India. What were the similarities and differences between them?
Answer:
Land Reforms carried out in India:

1. In India Zamindari and Mahalwari systems were abolished and the Ryotwari system was introduced.
2. Land Ceiling Act was implemented and the distribution of surplus land to the poor was taken.

Land Reforms carried out in China:

1. Identify the all village inhabitants.
2. Confiscation of all village lands and redistribution of land lord’s land and other productive property.

Similarities:

1. The land was distributed among the poor peasants in all the cases.

Differences:

1. Unlike India, in China it was done with force and incurred human loss but in India we see very rare occasions of deaths of land lords.

Question 12.
Do you agree with the view that equal participation of men and women and equal opportunity for them is necessary for freedom and development of the country?
Answer:

1. I agree with it. Equal participation of men and women is necessary for freedom and development of the country.
2. And availability of equal opportunity to both men and women is necessary for freedom and development of the country.
3. That is why our Constitution promised these equal rights and opportunities to men and women.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 209

Question 13.
Why were the railways and canals developed in Vietnam by the French?
Answer:

1. The French were keen to develop Vietnam as an exporter of rice.
2. For this purpose they made a three fold strategy.
3. That includes improving irrigation network, encouraging landlords and encouraging marketing of agricultural produce like rice and rubber.
4. Thus, French started building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta.
5. It was followed by infrastructure projects to help transport like roads and railways.

Question 14.
What was the difference between a landless peasant and landless workers?
Answer:

1. There was difference between a landless peasant and landless workers.
2. Landless peasants practice only cultivation either taking land on rent or attending the agricultural works or both of them.
3. On the other hand landless workers do not practice cultivation.
4. They only attend to agricultural work or in absence of these they will search for another employment or settle in activities other than agriculture.

Question 15.
You read about the condition of peasants in the British rule in India, in what ways was it similar to that of Vietnam ?
Answer:

1. The condition of peasants in the British rule was miserable.
2. They were under the burden of heavy taxation and no exemption of taxes during crop failures and natural calamities etc.
3. In Vietnam also the peasants who rented the land of landlords had to pay rent in both share of produce and also by working on the fields of them.
4. They need to pay different taxes imposed at the will of landlords.
5. These forced them to debt bondage.

Question 16.
Try to remember the policies followed by the British in India. Compare the colonial policies followed by the British in India and the French in Vietnam. What similarities and differences do you find between them?
Answer:

1. The colonial policies of both the British and the French were the same.
2. Both of them provided irrigation water by digging canals and that provision of transport systems like roads and railways.
3. They administered the colonies.
4. All these expenses were charged from the revenue of the country.
5. These sums were taken to their native countries.
6. Vietnam was encouraged to cultivate rice by the French whereas the British forced for the cultivation of indigo, opium and jute.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 210

Question 17.
Why did the fall in price rice lead to the rise of rural indebtedness?
Answer:

1. Vietnam was the third largest exporter of rice in the world.
2. It is also one of the largest exporters of rubber.
3. The great depression of 1930s had a profound impact on Vietnam.
4. The prices of rice and rubber fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment.
5. As the rural peasants invest most on rice and rubber, the fall prices hurt their revenue.

Question 18.
The youth and students played an important role in the emergence of nationalism in both Vietnam and China. Discuss the similarities and differences between them.
Answer:
Differences:

Similarities:

1. Both fought against colonial government’s efforts.
2. Both were inspired by patriotic feelings and the conviction that it was the duty of the educated to fight for the benefit of society.
3. Both were forming various political parties.
4. Both published nationalist journals.

Question 19.
Why do you think land rent reduction was one of the first steps taken by the independent government in Vietnam ?
Answer:

1. The first step taken by the independent government in Vietnam was the reduction of land rents.
2. Earlier most of the lands were under the control of landlords.
3. They kept the land rents not only high but also imposed other taxes at will.
4. So, the new government reduced the land rents.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 211

Question 20.
What would have been the impact of such land reform on Vietnamese society? Discuss from the point of view of various social classes in the rural areas.
Answer:
From the point of view of landowners: It was a great damage to their earnings.
From the point of view of landless peasants: It was a great relief for them.
From the point of view of landless workers: It would create them some opportunity of work.

Question 21.
Compare the nature of land reforms in China, Vietnam and India.
Answer:

1. In India land reforms were conducted In a half-hearted manner.
2. Zamindars or landlords somehow managed to retain their lands.
3. In China land reforms were organised in a radical manner.
4. Most of the landless peasants were benefited.
5. In Vietnam they gave priority to reduction in land rents.
6. Land distribution among the landless was organised in a soft manner.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 213

Question 22.
Do you think America was justified in using chemical weapons like Napalm and Agent Orange on civilian population and jungles ?
Answer:

1. I don’t think America was justified In using chemical weapons like Napalm and Agent Orange.
2. Their Intention to clear the jungles was it would be easier to kill people If there was no jungle cover.
3. They destroyed many villages and decimated jungles and civilians died in large numbers.
4. That did not deter the courages of the peasants and people of Vietnam.

Question 23.
How was it possible for a small country like Vietnam to stand up the might of the USA?
Answer:

1. There was great power of nationalism in people of Vietnam that they moved to action.
2. They were Inspired and sacrificed their home and family.
3. The USA underestimated the commitment of the lakhs of poor peasants.
4. These lakhs of poor peasants, who received recently land were with commitment to fight.
5. The land reforms played a most crucial role in defeating the mightiest army of the world.

Question 24.
What was the role of peace movement in the USA in the decision of the US government to withdraw from Vietnam ?
Answer:

1. Many were critical of the US government for getting involved in a war that they saw as indefensible.
2. The prolongation of war created strong reactions even within the US.
3. The wide spread questioning of government policy strengthened moves to negotiate an end to the war.
4. A peace settlement was signed in Paris in January 1974.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 215

Question 25.
Discuss how do you think the idea of Pan-Africanism is different from nationalism. Do you think the idea of nationalism is limiting?
Answer:

1. Pan-Africanism is an idea that promotes the unity of all African peoples irrespective of country or tribe.
2. It used not only to fight colonialism and racial discrimination.
3. Building unity among all inhabitant tribes based on principles of equality, social justice and human dignity.
4. On the other hand, the idea of nationalism constitutes to develop a sense of common identity and shared history and descent in one nation.
5. Comparatively Nationalism was limiting.

Question 26.
Colonial rule led to uneven development of regions in a century. In India too under the British coastal regions like Bengal, Madras and Bombay developed faster. Why do you think such uneven, development takes place?
Answer:

1. The colonial rule aimed at taking away raw material cheaply from colonies and selling away their finished products in colonies.
2. All colonial countries conducted sea trade.
3. So they obviously connected different regions of raw material availability and markets to finished goods with these port cities.
4. So the development was mostly concentrated in the port cities only.
5. Apart from this, most of their factors lived there and their fortifications also present there only.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 217

Question 27.
Most of the oil resources of Nigeria are in the South Eastern region. The Igbos think that they should get the maximum share of oil profits. They object to oil wealth being used for the development of the North. What do you think will be the proper and just solution to this problem?

1. Most of the oil resources of Nigeria are in South Eastern region.
2. The Igbos think that they should get the maximum share of oil profits.
3. They object to oil wealth being used for the development of the North.
4. The claim of the Igbos was not correct.
5. The natural resources belong to the entire nation.
6. Government should use the wealth from natural resources to develop all the regions of the country.
7. In case, the region with resources was backward, care must be taken to develop it.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 20th Lesson Post – War World and India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 20th Lesson Post – War World and India

10th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Post – War World and India Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer: Which among the following statements about the Cold War is wrong?
a) Rivalry between the US and the USSR,
b) The USA and the USSR engaged in direct war,
c) Triggering off an arms race,
d) An ideological war between the two superpowers.
Answer:
b) The USA and the USSR engaged in direct war.

Question 2.
Who amongst the following is not involved in The West Asian crisis?
a) Egypt
b) Indonesia
c) Britain
d) Israel
Answer:
b) Indonesia.

Question 3.
What was the nature of shift in power in the world after the Second World War?
Answer:

1. The Second World War had been fought on the principles of peace, democracy and freedom of nations in contrast to the Nazi ideas of dictatorship and imperialism.
2. After the war colonial powers like Britain and France could no longer justify their old colonial powers exclusive access to the colonies.
3. In fact, Second World War helped the USA grow out of its economic misery caused by the great depression.
4. Far from War theatres, the industries and agriculture of the USA prospered.
5. The USSR coming out of its destruction was emerging as a Champion of anticolonial struggle.
6. In the post-war period the USA and the USSR have emerged as super powers.
7. The USA is the leader of the capitalist nations and the USSR is the leader of the communist nations.

(OR)
After the Second World War, the major shift in power is observed between two power blocs of USA and USSR.

1. The USA led an Anti – communist bloc based on capitalistic principles. It tried to prevent other countries from adopting communism.
2. The USSR led a communist bloc. It tried to bring other countries into its communist influence.
3. Both USA and USSR tried to expand their ideologies and check each other, resulted in the situation of cold war.
4. Newly independent countries formed an alliance called NAM that stood independently in international aspects away from both military blocs.

Question 4.
What are the different roles done by United Nations in order to build peace in the world?
Answer:

1. The UN started with a twin objectives of ensuring peace ever lasting and human development.
2. Charter emphasised on the need to preserve peace and prevent wars.
3. It recognised the autonomy of states and promised not to interfere in any internal affairs of country.
4. In cases of serious human rights violation or threat to world peace, the UN interferes.
5. Decisions relating to war and peace are taken in Security Council.
6. UN has forced great powers to exercise moderation and self-control.
7. The special powers to great powers is a special role and responsibility in preserving world peace.
8. UN has been less successful in preventing wars.

Question 5.
Given the idea of democracy do you think a few countries should have special powers in making the decisions?
Answer:

1. Given the idea of democracy, also, I think a few countries should have special powers in making decisions.
2. The very existence of forums like UN has forced great powers to exercise moderation and self-control.
3. The special powers also have given the great powers a special role and responsibility in preserving world peace.
4. At times, these powers may be used to block any action against them.
5. Sometimes these powers save many countries and territories of theirs. As all four permanent members intended to annex Kashmir to Pakistan. Russia used veto power to stop it and did the favour to India.

(OR)
Given the idea of democracy, I think a few countries should have special powers in making the decisions is not correct. This is opposite to concept of democracy.

Question 6.
How were the super powers benefited by military alliances?
Answer:

1. Super powers strengthened themselves by creating military alliances.
2. They maintained a constrained relationship acting as a deterrent on each other.
3. With alliances they expanded their influence.
4. They gained the access to the vital resources like oil and minerals.
5. They have markets for their products and places to invest safely their capital.
6. They got military bases to launch their troops and weapons.
7. They could spread their ideology.
8. They gain economic support to pay huge military expenses.

Question 7.
How did Cold War produce arms race as well as arms control?
Answer:

1. Both the USSR and the USA spent huge amounts of money to conduct research into weapons.
2. They build arsenals of devastating nuclear arms and missiles.
3. They could strike across the continents.
4. They had enough nuclear arms to destroy the entire earth many times over.
5. Gradually their allies like Britain, France and China too built nuclear arsenals.
6. People of all countries lived in constant fear of war.
7. Many times war looked imminent but got defused somehow through diplomacy.
8. There were many flash points which made everyone believe of the triggering off another world war.
9. But when both ultimately realised the implication of a nuclear war both started working for arms control and many arms control treaties were signed like CTBT, NPT, etc.
10. Both decided to follow the logic of deterrence which meant that both have the capacity to attack and cause so much destruction to threaten the existence of the other. But neither is willing to start the war due to the amount of destruction.

Question 8.
Why did West Asia become a center of tensions in the world?
Answer:

1. West Asia became a center of tensions in the world.
2. The conflicts that developed between Arabs and Jews are the main cause for it.
3. In Palestine is situated Jerusalem which is a holy city for Jews, Christians and Muslims alike.
4. Jews and Arabs want it at any cost.
5. Matters were also complicated by the discovery of massive oil reserves.
6. Both the US and the USSR wanted to bring it under their sphere of influence.
7. In 1947, UN created Jerusalem for Jews from Palestine.
8. Arabs refused to recognize it as a legitimate state.
9. Israel took policies that insulted Arabs.
10. Arabs formed suicide squads for causing explosions in public places.
11. The region has been constantly in a state of war and terrorist attacks.

Question 9.
By the end of the 20th century there is only one single power that dominates the world. In this context what do you think would be the role of NAM?
Answer:

1. In the current scenario the USA remains a major super-power and China is in the process of becoming the biggest threat to the US supremacy of world affairs. Russia is also slowly climbing back, for its joint policy of respecting anti-US policy in the security council, by the use of the veto along with China.
2. The Nam has in recent years often criticised the USA while backing self-determination of Puerto Rico and Western Sahara. It can play a strong role in devising methods to foster co-operation among these nations.
3. The Nam can also act as a guide and over seen of the condition of Human Rights in some of the member states who have rather poor human rights records.
4. NAM is a great way to ensure that issues like Palestine and crises in Somalia and Sudan get a fair and long-lasting solution and that the super-powers don’t unduly interfere in these issues to meet their vested interest. Thus NAM exists and will continue to exist as a strong organisation to reckon with.

Question 10.
“Formation of NAM was not merely in the context of military alliances but also in the context of economic policies” Justify the statement.
Answer:

1. Non Alignment was established as an international organisation with an aim to promote cultural and economic cooperation among the newly independent countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.
2. NAM helped the newly independent nations assert their autonomy in international affairs in a world torn between the two super powers.
3. NAM summit at Algiers in 1973 resolved to constitute 5 different trusts to strengthen the economic development of non aligned countries and assist in their reconstruction activities.
4. In the Hawana summit conference in 1979 it also appealed to take measures to minimise the economic differences between the developed and under developed countries.
5. Thus, it also worked for economical development of NAM countries.
6. During 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the NIEO.
7. The Djakarta Summit 1992 allowed the movement to shift its focus in a direction that also enabled it to work a cross to grouping such as the G-7 and the EU.

Question 11.
Make a table to show relation between India and neighbouring countires with following items :
Answer:

Question 12.
“The ethnic conflicts affected India’s relations with Sri Lanka.” Justify.
Answer:

1. Since times immemorial, India and Sri Lanka have cultural, ethnic and economic relations.
2. A major irritant in the relation between the two countries has been the treatment of Tamil speaking minorities by the Sri Lankan government.
3. The large scale influx of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees into India posed a special problem.
4. India made an agreement with Sri Lanka and Tamil militants to maintain peace on the land.
5. India sent its armies to keep peace in Sri Lanka and it caused the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi.
6. Thus, ethnic conflicts affected India’s relations with Sri Lanka.

10th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Post – War World and India InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 283

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term ‘decolonisation’?
Answer:

1. During 18th and 19th centuries, some European countries set up colonies in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
2. They used those colonies as cheap raw material suppliers and market for their finished goods.
3. They waged World War keeping control over their colonies.
4. After the Second World War, colonial powers like Britain and France could no longer justify their old colonial policies.
5. Under these conditions old powers like Britain had no choice but to grant freedom to their old colonies.
6. This granting of freedom to old colonies is called ‘decolonisation1.

Question 2.
How do you think the newly free countries would have been influenced by the competition between the two power blocs?
Answer:

1. After the Second World War, colonial states granted freedom to their colonies.
2. As these countries became free they faced a world greatly torn between Capitalism and Communism.
3. They were continuously under the pressure to choose between the two rather than follow their own paths of development.
4. They also got an opportunity to negotiate by playing one power against the other.
5. Thus, the newly free countries would have been influenced by the competition between two power blocs.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 284

Question 3.
Do you think wars are related to poverty, lack of equitable development and cultural exchanges between countries?
Answer:
Yes, I think that wars are related to poverty, lack of equitable development and cultural exchange between countries.
(OR)

1. I don’t think wars are related to poverty, lack of equitable development and cultural exchanges between countries.
2. Most of the wars are fought for ideological differences, colonial advantages and occupation of other territories as an achievement.
3. Every country fought or allied with it has its own calculations and agenda.
4. Though with the central groups, Italy fought against Germany in the 1st World War.
5. Though made a peace treaty with Russia, Hitler invaded it during the second World War.
6. Wars may to some extent help for the cultural exchanges between the countries.

Question 4.
According to some the special powers given to the five powers is undemocratic and should be abolished while some others feel that if these powers do not have special powers the UNO cannot function smoothly. Discuss.
Answer:

1. Decisions relating to war and peace are taken in Security Council and five nations have special status within it.
2. Any decision taken by council can be vetoed by the intervention of even anyone of these countries.
3. However, the very existence of UN, has forced great powers to exercise moderation and self control.
4. The special powers also have given the great powers a special role and responsibility in preserving world peace.
5. So, I support the view that if these powers do not have special powers the UNO cannot function smoothly.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 289

Question 5.
What was the main purpose of 1955 Bandung conference?
Answer:

1. The leaders of newly independent states felt the need for a change from the insecure and tense situation caused by power blocs.
2. So in 1955 at Bandung in Indonesia a conference was held.
3. It was the first Afro-Asian conference represented by 29 nations.
4. Its aim was to promote cultural and economic cooperation among the newly independent countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Question 6.
How did super powers react for the principles of Non-alignment?
Answer:

1. NAM helped the newly emerging countries to bargain for space and assistance from the super powers by playing one against the other.
2. To some extent it also ease tensions amongst the NAM countries.
3. Both the blocs looked at NAM with suspicion.
4. The US regarded the NAM as being closer to the USSR on wider international issues.
5. When Soviet invaded Afghanistan NAM could not stop it.
6. Thus, the super powers reacted for the principles of Non Alignment Movement.

Question 7.
Why were Non-Aligned Nations called third world countries?
Answer:

1. After the Second World War the world divided into 2 power blocs under the USA and the USSR.
2. So these two are considered two different worlds.
3. Many countries were newly emerged as countries, which were before the colonies of colonial states.
4. All of these countries joined Non-Alignment Movement.
5. So these Non Aligned Nations were called ‘third world’.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 291

Question 8.
What were the reasons for the conflict between Arabs and Israelites?
Answer:

1. The conflict between Arabs and Jews is mainly related to the occupation of Palestine.
2. In it is situated Jerusalem which is a holy city for Jews, Christians and Muslims alike.
3. The Jews considered Palestine as their Promised Land.
4. In Europe they were the persecuted community as Christians considered them responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus.
5. The Jews through ‘Zionist Movement’ trying to unite Jews over the world.
6. The discovery of massive oil reserves made the US and the USSR to enter the dispute.

Question 9.
Why did Egypt support the Palestinians during the conflict?
Answer:

1. In 1947 UN divided Palestine and created Israel for Jews.
2. The Arabs did not agree to giving up their homeland.
3. The Arabs were forced to leave their homes and properties in Israel and refugees to Arab states.
4. Egypt formed suicide squads to cause explosion in Israel.
5. Egyptians are also Arabs, that’s why they are vengeful.

Question 10.
Why do you think some Palestinians adopted the path of terrorism? What was its outcome?
Answer:

1. Israelites forced Arabs out of their homes and properties.
2. Egyptians caused explosions in public places in Israel to support Arabs.
3. These were attacks and counter attacks between Israel and Egypt.
4. Israel occupied the territories of Gaza, Golan Heights and the West Bank.
5. Palestinian Liberation Organisation led by Yasser Arafat started in Jordan carried out plane hijacking holding hostage of Israeli Olympic squad and killing many of the sportspersons.
6. The result is Israel used such attacks to mount further attacks on them and refused to implement the promises it had made.

Question 11.
Find out about the condition of Palestinians who are living in refugee camps and constantly facing warfare and poverty.
Answer:

1. The condition of Palestinians who are living in refuge camps are very pitiable.
2. They are constantly facing warfare and poverty.
3. Refugee camps are not providing them sufficient facilities to lead a happy life.
4. Palestinians became the victims of world politics, especially of the super powers.
5. The Palestinian are still fighting for their homeland and peace under very difficult conditions of exile and warfare.
6. Though with the intervention of UN, the problems are not yet solved.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 292

Question 12.
What are the similarities and difference between Arab Socialist Nationalism and Religious Nationalism?
Answer:

Question 13.
Find out more about the developments in Iran and Afghanistan under the Taliban to understand how religious states work.
Answer:
Afghanistan:

1. The Taliban which took over Afghanistan after the withdrawal of Soviet troops established an extremist Islamic state.
2. These states tried to force all people to strictly follow the rules laid down in religious texts.
3. In many cases they meant the denial of basic freedom and equality of opportunity to women and to religious minorities.
4. The beginning of the 21st century witnessed growing discontent among the Arabs which resulted in the growth of religious terrorism.
5. Some Arab terrorists hijacked 2 aircrafts in the US and crashed into the World Trade Centre in New York killing thousands of people.

Iran:
The offical religion of the Islamic Republic of Iran is “Shiaism”. Iran explicitly aims to support and lead the entire Muslim world. The Shariah provides all the laws needed for the Islamic state from Allah.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 293

Question 14.
Explain the terms bipolarity and unipolarity.
Answer:

1. The term polarity refers to the world that was divided between two power blocs.
2. It was the period between 1945 and 1991.
3. The two power blocs are Communist power block under USSR and democratic Capitalist power bloc under USA. This, situation is called as bipolarity.
4. But in the year 1991 USSR was disintegrated and Russia was no more a super power.
5. From 1991 the world became unipolar i.e., one super power, America.
6. These are the different terms of bipolarity and unipolarity.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 294

15. Read the passage on Page 293 (During the colonial resolved till today.) and answer the following questions.
a. Do you think it was correct for India to give refuge to the Dalai Lama and his Tibetan followers?
Answer:

1. I think it is correct for India to give refuge to Dalai Lama and his Tibetan followers.
2. China overpowered the Tibet and eschewed its sovereignty.
3. Dalai Lama and his Tibetan followers are fighting for their autonomy.
4. According to Panchsheel, China agreed to not interfere into the sovereignty of other countries.
5. It violated the agreement and annexed Tibet.

b. Do you think China was justified in wanting to control Tibet?
Answer:

1. I don’t think China was justified in wanting to control Tibet.
2. It may believe that a small sovereign country in the neighborhood may be a threat.
3. Opponents may bring it in their control or under their sphere of influence.
4. So it might have overpowered it and annexed.
5. Its action, anyway, was not justified.

Question 16.
To what extent do you think both the countries can forget about their past conflicts over the boundaries and develop meaningful cooperation and friendship?
Answer:

1. After the 1962 Indo-Chinese war, it took more than a decade to restore diplomatic normalcy.
2. Being rising powers of Asia, both have strategic as well as economic advantages.
3. Both are ambitious to be major world economic and political powers.
4. They also see each other as economic and political competitors.
5. Both have taken measure to maintain peace and tranquility at the borders.
6. So they have to forget about their post conflicts over borders and develop meaningful friendship and cooperation.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 296

Question 17.
What steps do you think both India and Pakistan should take to build lasting peace between the two countries?
Answer:

1. First India and Pakistan should leave the conflicts behind which were perpetual right from the partition.
2. They should seek the help of UN over the issue of Kashmir and agree for mutual amicable settlement.
3. Pakistan should stop her religious terrorism and trained militant infiltration into India.
4. Pakistan should keep herself away from theocratic rule and military coups and belief should be kept in elections and democracy.
5. Both countries should continue with all present trade, economic, cultural, sports, film, etc. relations. In addition to, help each other in combating terrorism, eradication of poverty, assistance in technology, medicine, etc.

Question 18.
Why is peace between India and Pakistan necessary for the development of both the countries?
(Or)
Why the peace between India and Pakistan is necessary for the development of both the countries? Explain, keeping in view the recent developments.
Answer:

1. Peace between India and Pakistan is necessary for the development of both the countries.
2. Both of them are spending huge amounts on defence and strategic nuclear arsenal.
3. The division of the country itself created mistrust among the countries and it is mounted now.
4. For social, political and economical development of the both the countries, peace should be established between them.

Question 19.
Many small countries feel that their larger neighbours act like ‘big brothers’. What do you think is meant by this?
Answer:

1. Many small countries feel that their neighbours act like ‘big brothers’.
2. They meant that larger neighbours are trying to control them.
3. They feel that neighbours are doing this to pretend that they are doing it for the benefit of small country.
4. They meant that ‘Big brother’ is watching them i.e., Big brother knew what small countries did.
5. Thus, small countries treat their larger neighbours as’Big brothers’.

(OR)

This means the larger neighbouring countries will work for the good of the small countries as a family members.

Question 20.
Look at the map of India and Bangladesh and see why cooperation between the two countries is of vital importance to both.
Answer:

1. Bangladesh is surrounded by Indian states.
2. In between many Indian states there is Bangladesh.
3. So there should be cooperation between the two countries.
4. It is of vital importance for both the countries.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 297

Question 21.
Compare the support of India to Bangladesh and its role in Sri Lanka – Do you think the situation was similar or different?
Answer:

1. Bangladesh, erstwhile East Pakistan is physically distant from parent West Pakistan.
2. The people led a liberation movement nearly for 8 months and then India supported her cause.
3. Thus, Bangladesh was formed as new nation.
4. Whereas the situation in Sri Lanka is different.
5. Indian Tamils, an integral part of Sri Lanka but were meted out injustice based on their language and race.
6. The interference of India was not appreciated by both Sri Lanka government and the Tamils fighting for their rights.
7. So, the situation in Sri Lanka is different from that of Bangladesh.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2

10th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2 Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Russian revolution brought in many changes in their society. What were they? And what challenges did they face?
Answer:

1. Russian socialist revolution happened in two phases in March 1917 and in November 1917.
2. They planned rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
3. Thousands of large farmers resisted collective farms.
4. After initial period of decline agricultural production soon rose.
5. All industries were owned by state which sold products to the consumers directly.
6. The USSR achieved full employment for all its citizens and improved their standards of living.
7. It also managed to universalise literacy and primary education.

Challenges faced by them :

1. Rapid construction led to poor working conditions.
2. Low standard of living.
3. Unemployment.
4. Lack of educational facilities.
5. Lack of proper health care.

Question 2.
Compare different points of view about Great Depression, which one would you agree with? Why?
Answer:

1. The Great Depression lasted between 1929 to 1939.
2. It was triggered by decline in demand and fall of prices.
3. Maxist Economists argued that it was because of capitalism and can be got rid of only with socialism.
4. Economist JM Keynes argued state shall play a crucial role and intervene effectively.
5. During decline state shall invest and generate employment and help people to earn money and demand goods in market.
6. The countries like USA, England and Germany followed this way and stood successful in coming out of Great Depression.
7. I would agree with it as it is result oriented.

Question 3.
In what ways were Jews persecuted during the Nazi Germany? Do you think in every country some people are differentiated because of their identity?
Answer:

1. Jews were merely 0.75% of the population of Germany.
2. Nazi ideology depended on majoritarian principles.
3. To build the racial supremacy of Germans they committed mass extermination of minority communities.
4. They arbitrarily arrested Jews and put them in concentration camps.
5. Hitler blamed that Jews were the main cause of all problems.
6. He also said communism and capitalism were conspiracies of Jews.
7. In the holocaust the killed Jews were around 6 millions.
8. There may be instances in some countries where the people differentiated of their identities.

Question 4.
List the measures taken under idea of welfare state under Great Depression and explain how similar or different they are from that of the reforms that emerged under the USSR?
Answer:

1. Different measures were taken under the idea of welfare state.
2. These basically consisted of unemployment insurance and old age pension schemes.
3. Others are like sickness coverage, health schemes, child care, etc.
4. A certain basic minimum dignified life for all citizens was ensured by the state.
5. State took care of their most elementary needs like food, housing, health, child and old age care and education.
6. There are certain similarities between these and the USSR reforms like state providing employment to all and health care, education, etc.
7. More are different from that of the USSR like unemployment insurance, and old age pension schemes, etc.

Question 5.
What challenges were faced by Germany during Great Depression and how did Nazi rulers and Hitler make use of it?
Answer:

1. Before Great Depression the USA gave loans and rescheduled the payments of war damage till 1928.
2. But America deeply affected by Great Depression, So German economy was worst hit.
3. Workers lost jobs and were paid reduced wages.
4. Men hanged placards around their necks ‘saying’ willing to do anywork.
5. Youth took to criminal activities and there was total despair in society.
6. Salaried employees and pensioners saw their saving diminished when the currency lost its value. Middle class were alarmed as their savings were diminishing.
7. Peasantry was effected by fall in prices. Small businessmen, the self-employed and retailers suffered as their business got ruined. Women were unable to fill their children’s stomach.
8. All the above causes led to political instability.
9. In these situations Hitler promised employment for those looking work and a secure future for youth.
10. He promised to undo the injustice of the Versailles treaty and weedout all foreign influences.
11. Thus Nazi party’s vote share rose from 2.6% in 1928 to 37% in 1932, becoming the largest party.

Question 6.
What were the political changes brought under the Nazi rule? Often people argue that a single powerful leader can resolve the problems of a country. Based on the experiences narrated in the context of Nazi Germany how do you respond to this vision ?
(OR)
What were the policies implemented by the Nazis in Germany before the World War II?
Answer:

1. Hitler came to power and immediately tried to dismantle parliament and start autocratic rule.
2. Made arbitrary arrest of political opponents and put them in concentration camps.
3. On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed which empowered Hitler to sideline parliament and rule by decree.
4. All political parties and trade unions were banned except Nazi and its allies.
5. The state established complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.
6. Special security forces like Gestopo were created.

My response:

1. If power is given to a single leader it leads to dictatorship, undemocratic, autocratic rule.
2. If creates horror, fear and finally leads to destruction as it happened to Hitler and Germany. So it is not good. Everyone needs freedom.

10th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2 InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 190

Question 1.
Read the two views on the revolution in the countryside(The October Revolution and the Russian Countryside: Two Views). Imagine yourself to be a witness to the events. Write a short account from the standpoint of:

1. an owner of an estate
2. a small peasant
3. a journalist.

Answer:
1) Standpoint of an owner of estate:

1. The days after revolution were unbearable, because peasants who used to work in my estate land now revolted against me.
2. They came inside my house and looted everything from me and distributed among them.
3. My family had worked many years together to earn such huge property which this men took over-night.

2) Standpoint of a small peasant:
‘Long live revolution’. The time has come for the landless to own some land. There would be no landowner to press for heavy rents. No Feudal lord, now able to force to work under him.

3) Standpoint of a journalist:
What once all believed to be a miracle, now came into reality.
Peasant with a smile on his lips, anticipating what is in stores for him.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 192

Question 2.
Make a brief assessment of the Soviet experiment. How far was it successful in building a world based on equality, freedom and prosperity?
Answer:

1. Soviet Russia under Stalin experimented a planned development.
2. It opted for both rapid industrialisation and collectivisation of agriculture.
3. It was able to achieve full employment for all its citizens.
4. It was able to improve their standard of living substantially.
5. It also managed to, universalise literacy and elementary education.
6. It did not give ordinary liberty to the citizens and done away with the opposition.
7. It forced large scale execution of opposition leaders.
8. It brought prosperity among the society, but the freedom was not bestowed on them and doing away with any opposition was not the sign of equality.

Question 3.
Do you think it is justified to execute thousands of people for the sake of such experiments?
Answer:

1. I don’t think it is justified to execute thousands of people for the sake of such an experiment.
2. The USSR regime under Stalin experimented collectivisation of farming.
3. Thousands of large farmers renserved it and were imprisoned, depored and even put to death.
4. Ordinary democratic liberties were denied to the citizens.
5. They have done away with any opposition through the use of force including large scale execution of opposition leaders.
6. Rapid construction of economy led to poor working conditions, workers lived hard lives.
7. Many intellectuals and others horrified by the violent elimination of opposition and denial of multiparty democracy and freedom in the USSR.

Question 4.
What were the criticisms raised against communist system?
Answer:

1. There were many criticisms raised against communist system in the USSR.
2. There was a dictatorship in Russia.
3. The citizens were denied ordinary democratic liberties.
4. This was done through the use of force including large scale executions of opposition leaders.
5. Life of individual was completely controlled by the state.
6. Some economic policies of the government brought terrible misery to the people.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 194

Question 5.
imagine yourself to be a worker who lost job suddenly and has no employment for the next few years. Write an account of a day in your life in first person.
Answer:

1. I am Narendra Srivastav.
2. I had lost my job last year when there was recession in software industry.
3. I have been making efforts ever since I lost the job.
4. Many interviews I have attended but nothing was materialised.
5. With this unemployment financial problems are looming large at me.
6. Being unable to shy away from the family responsibilities I was prepared to do any work.
7. Still acquiring any job is looking a herculean task.

Question 6.
Imagine yourself to be a farmer who finds that the price of his crop has fallen to less than half.
Write your reaction in three hundred words.
Answer:
As everyone made more profits in the crop of tomato last year, I decided to go ahead with it. But now I am repenting a lot. Before a month it was sold at Rs. 40 per kg and I believed that this rate may prevail. But due to the influx of tomato from the borders of Karnataka, now the rates were less than 10 Rs. per kg. This volatile change the price of a crop is a matter of discontentment. There were demands everseen for fair price for the crop. At times unable to get the amount of picking up of tomato and transporting to market we left them like that in the farm. Some times we have dumped alongside the road, when it was believed that if would not rise the transport charges to the Market.

We have been making number of requests to the government to set up a minimum support price for the crop of tomato for years. But it was unheeded by the government. The input expenditure is mounting like a steep cliff with increases in the prices of fertilizers and pesticides and even the rates of agricultural labourers. But the outcome of the crop and the price at which it was sold were the concerns of sorrow. We strongly recommend the government to take appropriate action at the earliest possible time to bail out us from these difficult situations. We, the farming community should learn from our mistakes. We should adopt a scientific approach in selecting the crops to be grown, instead of running behind the crops which gave higher returns the previous year. I request everyone to our mite in non-repetition of this difficulty once we faced and strive for prosperous crop raising.

(OR)

My name is Perayya. I am a farmer in East Godavari district. Due to sufficient rainfall our fields are with good yield. This morning I read in the newspaper that the prices of our crops are suddenly fallen due to some economic reason. I am shocked by reading the news. I am planning to market my yield to repay my loans. But the news made me mad. For the last three years there are no rains and no crops. The loan amount in the Bank is increasing day by day. Now the things are going on like this. I have no other source. How can I come out of all these problems?

I request the government to take appropriate action at the earliest possible time to bail out the farmers like me from these difficult situations.

Question 7.
What aspects of the Welfare State do you find functioning in India today? (OR)
India is functioning as a welfare state in certain aspects. What are those aspects?
Answer:

1. India is providing the people a number of social security schemes.
2. It is providing old age pensions.
3. It is providing women and child care facilities.
4. It is providing health care facilities to the poor and downtrodden.
5. It is providing food security to people.
6. It is running housing schemes for rural and urban poor independently.
7. It is providing free and compulsory education for the children of 6 to 14 years age group.
8. It is striving to provide employment to abled persons.

Question 8.
Read the message “From Hitler’s speech” on text page no. 194 and answer the following question. Is Hitler promoting the idea of World conquest here? Do you think world should belong to those who have power and strength alone?
Answer:

1. Hitler is promoting the idea of world conquest here.
2. With courage in hearts people can conquer the earth.
3. Nation must be vigorous to conquer the world.
4. I don’t think that the world should belong to those who have power and strength alone.
5. All are universal human beings. One should respect the sovereignty of other.
6. Power and strength alone are not eternal.
7. World should belong to all who respect the right of others.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 195

Question 9.
Do you agree with the view that women should confine themselves to pain and suffering of bringing up the children?
Answer:

1. It is not fair that women should confine themselves to the pain and suffering of bringing up the children.
2. As children below certain age cannot do their works independently. So there should be parents ” or elders to assist them.
3. To make them learn the dos and donots, they should spare the time.
4. As a social norm, men are ekeing out a living, women are entrusted the responsibility of upkeep.
5. Now the time has changed women are taking up careers.
6. So mutual adjustment and understanding helps in the bringing up of the children.

Question 10.
Do you think men and women can participate equally in all aspects of life including child rearing and work in factories, offices, and fields ?
Answer:

1. We are living in a society customized to beliefs that men are the bread earners and women manage the family.
2. Though now we are making attempts to come out of this, it takes much time for the transformation.
3. As of now, we cannot say that both are participating equally.
4. The system of marriage and living together with family may not allow the men and women equal participation in all aspects of life including child rearing and work in factories, offices and fields.

(OR)

Yes, I think men and women can participate equally in all aspects of life. But one thing, should be remembered that women are physically weak when compared to men. Men are mentally weak when compared to women. Men and women can participate.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 197

Question 11.
Nazi ideology depended on majoritarian principles. Jews were merely 0.75 percent of the population in Germany. Apart from Jews others who opposed Nazi’s were also punished. How does the pastor capture this?
Answer:

1. Nazi ideology depend on majoritarian principles.
2. Jews and others who opposed Nazis were also punished.
3. The paster captured this in a very,dramatic manner.
4. He observed an absence of protest, an uncanny silence amongst ordinary Germans.
5. That is because Nazi empire committed brutal and organised crimes against people.
6. He satired that Nazi regime done away with communists, social democrats, trade unionists and Jews and finally when they came for him there was no one who could stand up for him.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 199

Question 12.
In what ways was the Second World War a logical outcome of Hitler’s ideology and economic policies?
Answer:

1. In many ways the Second World War was a logical outcome of Hitler’s ideology and economic policies.
2. He aimed at full production and full employment through a state-funded work-creation programme.
3. It produced German superhighways and the people’s car, Volkswagen.
4. This period saw an improvement of living standards of Germans.
5. He sought to reverse the country’s economic crisis by waging war against other nations.
6. Resources were to be accumulated through expansion of territory.
7. By 1939, he attacked Poland, which triggered off the Second World War.

Question 13.
Why do you think Hitler wanted to target Jews as the enemy of German people?
Answer:

1. There was a conflict between Christianity and Judaism and they were social, economic and sometimes political conflicts.
2. Hitler hated Jews for their race.
3. He believed that the Jews were not just the followers of an abhorrent religious doctrine, or that the Jews had grabbed too much economic influence, or even that they were too intrensive in politics or culture.

Question 14.
Find out more about “Holocaust” and “Auschwitz camps” and prepare a project report based on it.
Answer:

1. Holocaust (Holocaust: Ha-Shaoh’ in Hebrew) is persecution of Jews by Nazis.
2. It was taken place between 30 Jan 1933 to 8 May, 1945 in particular in Germany and in general world wide.
3. An estimated 6 million Jews were killed among them were 1.5 million children.
4. Along with Jews Nazis killed around 6 million Christians through out the world.
5. Nazis made the propaganda that Jews were their misfortune.
6. Nazis made them isolated from the society.
7. Nazis confined Jews of poland to Ghettos.
8. They were sent to concentration camps.

Auschwitz Camp:

1. Auschwitz was the place where Nazis had concentration camps and conducted the genocide.
2. It had 3 main camps and 45 satellite camps.
3. Auschwitz I was the camp where the prisoners of war from Poland were kept.
4. Auschwitz II camp was also called ‘Biskenau’ was the camp of Jews world wide.
5. Auschwitz III was a labour camp to staff an JG Farben Factory.
6. These camps were In operation during May 1940 to January 1945.
7. It is estimated that nearly 101 million people from all who opposed Nazis and others were brought to and tried and persecuted in these camps.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 200

Question 15.
Compare the experiences of the USSR and Germany after the First World War. What similarities and differences do you find between them?
Answer:
Similarities:

1. Both of them suffered heavy losses in the World War – I.
2. Both the empires were replaced by powerful dictatorial rulers i.e., Stalin in the USSR and Hitler in Germany.
3. Both of them tasted a steady progress.

Differences:

Question 16.
The experience of war and depression gave rise to many new alternative models of national development -what were these and what were their limitations?
Answer:

1. The experience of war and depression gave rise to many new alternative models of national development.
2. Devising planned economy with Five Year Plans etc. and state to maintain a balance between demand and supply.
3. Idea of welfare state coming into prominence by providing food, housing, health, child and old age care and education.
4. Government aimed at full production and full employment through a state funded work creation Programme.
5. These models of development definitely have limitations like death of funds, dedication of bureaucracy, support from the political opposition, cooperation from the people, etc.

Project work
Discuss the images given on Text Page 201. Try to collect more images regarding this period.

Answer:
Students’ Activity

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1

10th Class Social Studies 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Correct the false statements,
(a) At the beginning of 20th century disparity across the world was marked by west and the rest.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

(b) 20th century saw the rise of democracy and instances of dictatorship as well as making of new kingdoms,
Answer:
20th century saw the rise of democracy and instances of dictatorship as well as making of new countries, the colonies rose to independence.

(c) Socialist societies wanted to build on the idea of equality and fraternity.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

(d) Army members of countries fighting belonged to many different countries and not Just those which directly participated in the war.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

(e) After or during the First World War many countries changed over from monarchy rule to democracies.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

Question 2.
Make a table to show allies, axis and central powers, participated with following countries on different sides of the world wars: Austria, USSR(Russia), Germany, Britain, Japan, France, Italy, USA.
Answer:

Question 3.
How did the idea of nation-states and nationalism influence desire for war during World Wars? (Or) How did Aggressive nationalism lead to World Wars?
(OR)
How did the idea of Nationalism lead to the World Wars?
Answer:

1. The ideology of nationalism was a positive impulse.
2. It was the foundation of modern nation-states.
3. But later it became aggressive nationalism.
4. It is used to create pride in oneself and hatred against neighbours.
5. Fascists in Italy tried to build images of victories with it.
6. Nazis of Germany mobilised Germans against other nations of Europe.
7. These incidents led to World War.
8. Thus, we can say the idea of nation-states and nationalism influenced the desire for war during World Wars.

Question 4.
Write a short note on various causes of two World Wars. Do you think any of these features are prevalent even today in countries around the world? How?
Answer:

1. Two World Wars have various causes for their outbreak.
2. They have some immediate provocation and some long-term causes.
3. Among long-term causes aggressive nationalism, imperialism, secret alliances, militarism, the Treaty of Versailles, failure of League of Nations, German challenge to vengeful domination and fear of communism are there to be named.
4. I don’t think any such features are prevalent in nations around the world now.
5. But few developed nations are after the natural resource reserves of various other nations and damaging their sovereignty.

Question 5.
What are the different impacts of wars during the first half of 20th century? (OR)
“Second World War ended imperialism” justify it. (OR)
Describe the consequences of the World Wars.
Answer:

1. There were different impacts of wars during the first half of 20th century.
2. They showed the dangers of undemocratic governments.
3. They strengthened the case for democratisation of power.
4. They put an end to several empires like Austro-Hungarian, Russian, Ottoman and German empires.
5. These empires were replaced by democracies.
6. Colonies demanded self-government from colonialists.
7. With the process of decolonization, hundreds of new countries were born.
8. The League of Nations and the United Nations Organization were formed after the World War I & II.
9. The map of eastern and central Europe was redrawn on the basis of nationality, economic viability and military security.
10. These were the impacts of wars during the first half of the 20th century.
11. After a long struggle for political right the right to vote – British women got these rights in 1918.

10th Class Social Studies 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 176 & 177

Question 1.
Look at some of the pictures given below, connect them with one or the other point mentioned and write a short note on each of them.
(a) Observe the picture of 1934 rally of Hitlers Nazi party at Nurnberg. Compare it with the political party rallies you have seen.
Answer:

1. Political rallies conducted during the time of Hitler and that they are conducted now will definitely bear similarities.
2. But the political fervour with which Nazis worked could not be seen now.
3. Nazis under Hitler thought militarism and race superiority as their Agenda.
4. Now political parties work for harmony and equality of all.
5. Their approach may fit the period when they formed government.
6. Now political rallies are conducted in peaceful manner moving towards democracy.

(b) Famous photograph of Polish immigrant Florence Owens during Depression by Dorothea Lange.
It depicts destitute pea pickers in California, March 1936. What would she be thinking?
Answer:

1. Great Depression during 1929 – 30 ramshackle world economy.
2. Many industries were closed and many more were taken away of their employment.
3. Many were forced to take up the menial jobs like pea picking, etc.
4. This picture depicts one such woman with her children in deep grief.
5. She had migrated from Poland to California and was employed as pea picker.
6. The picture depicts her sorrow of what happened and worries about the future.

(c) Atom Bomb in Nagasaki, also look at the picture at end of the chapter which shows the effect of this bomb.
Answer:

1. Towards the end of the Second World War, America dropped two small atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan.
2. They killed immediately between 1,50,000 to 2,46,000 people.
3. The after-effects of these bombings, like leukaemia and cancer, lingered on for decades.
4. From then, there is always the fear hanging around the world of another atom bomb dropping or a Third World War.

(d) A painting by Kustodiev in 1920 on The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. What is the artist trying to say? Who the giant leader could be?
Answer:

1. Bolshevik Revolution in Russia came in 1917.
2. People revolted against the Tsarist Regime.
3. Bolshevik party promised people; food to starving people; land to peasants; power to Soviets and withdraw from World War.
4. They confiscated all private factories, mills and industries and rationalised them.
5. The portrait could be of Lenin.

(e) A cartoon in German with caption “Buy from the Jews, betray your people” 1929. What bias does it show?
Answer:

1. The bias it shows is not to buy any product from Jews in Germany.
2. That act of purchasing could prove them to be traitors of Germany.
3. Germans under Hitler exhibited racial supremacy of Nordic.
4. They developed wanton hatred towards Jews.
5. In the later days, nearly 60 lakh Jews were killed by Nazis, followers of Hitler.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 179

Question 2.
Find out: How long did the India Pakistan war last in 1971? How many people were killed? (Or) “1971 a year of war and liberation.” Explain.
Answer:

1. Actually East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) people were fighting for liberation from Pakistan from March 1971.
2. India joined the war supporting East Pakistan on 3rd December 1971 and ended on 16the December 1971.
3. The war lasted for only 13 days. It is considered to be one of the shortest wars in the history.
4. 3,843 Indian soldiers lost their lives whereas 9000 Pakistani soldiers were killed.
5. 9,851 Indians and 4,350 Pakistani’s were wounded.
6. 97,368 Pakistani’s were taken as prisoners of war.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 181

Question 3.
In what ways do you think industrialisation has created the conditions for modern wars?
Answer:

1. Industrial capital developed in European countries like Britain, Germany and the USA.
2. They needed markets for their products and access to raw materials.
3. Accumulated capital in Banks was also to be put in safe investment opportunities in colonies. This led to imperialism.
4. Governments of these countries acted in interests of capitalists to increase their colonies.
5. New industrial powers like Germany, Italy and Japan competed with them.
6. This created much stress and often led to wars.

Question 4.
Do you think the love for one’s country among people of different countries leads to wars?
Answer:

1. Love for one’s country is a positive impulse.
2. If one lives among people of different countries also, love for his country will not harm.
3. But love for one’s country, at times is associated with hatred against neighbours.
4. Then it would not be a positive impulse.
5. It will make the living of one even in his own country miserable.
6. He cannot live comfortably with such kind of people.
7. This type of aggressive nationalism, at times disturbs the peaceful co-existence and leads to wars.

Question 5.
If one country takes an aggressive stance against another country, should the other country also respond aggressively? Can there be other ways of handling the problem?
Answer:

1. If one country takes an aggressive stance against another country, the other country should not respond aggressively.
2. There can be other ways of handling this problem.
3. If both the countries are members of any institution of world governance like UNO, then going there is the better option.
4. UNO tries to sort out the problem and comes up with just solution.
5. If any of the country does not happen to be a member of UNO, then arbitration is the best policy.
6. Both of them should have an agreeable third party country to mediate and both of them should abide by its solution.

Question 6.
Do you find the presence of aggressive nationalism, imperialism, power blocks and militarism around us today too? Give examples and discuss in the class.
Answer:

1. We may find traces of such things now.
2. In perfect sense, we may not find aggressive nationalism, imperialism, power blocks and militarism around us today.
3. We can see countries like China, which are denying countries like Tibet of their sovereignty.
4. We can see countries like the USA which are interfering in affairs of other countries like Iran, Afghanistan, Vietnam, Libya, etc.
5. We find some countries interfering in the affairs of other countries with a view to over power the natural resources present there.

Question 7.
Find out about some of the wars fought during the last ten years and see to what extent these four factors caused them.
Answer:

1. The four factors were aggressive nationalism, imperialism, power blocks and militarism.
2. The USA was involved in most of the wars that were fought during the last ten years.
3. Iraq War: The USA attacked Iraq blaming the regime of Saddam Hussein in 2003. From then till 2011 American forces were there in Iraq. They tried Saddam and executed him.
4. War in North West Pakistan: Taliban, a militant Islam Group formed for separate nation from Pakistan and fighting with it from 2004. The USA sent troops to quell the agitation. But it Is not decimated yet.
5. Somalia War (2006 – 2009): There were ethnic differences led to large scale fighting In Eastern Africa in countries like Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritria, etc.
6. An Islamic militant outfit Al-Queida (under Osama Bin Laden once) intruded Into Yemen in 2010.
7. In 2007 there occurred Transahara War in Northern African countries Morocco, Tunisia and Mauritania, etc.
8. Most of these wars are of militant nature.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 183

Question 8.
Some organs of the League of Nations like the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and World Health Organisation (WHO) continue to function to this day. Find out about their activities and prepare a project report on one such organ.
Answer:
Some organs of the League of Nations are functioning till date. A few of them are ILO, WHO and IG, etc. World Health Organisation (WHO) played an Important role in providing good healthy conditions to most of the third world countries. Dreadful diseases like cholera, smallpox, polio, etc., were checked. In recent years WHO is fighting against AIDS and heart diseases. In Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, the WHO suggested measures and advised to start an international school for infant and child welfare at buenos. Aires, and a public health school at Rio-de-Janerio, the capital of Brazil.
(OR)
Some activities of U.N.O:

1. Skills development, job creation and elimination of work force inequalities.
2. Ensuring equal access of women to the labour market and social security.
3. Integration of youth through education, etc.

Question 9.
Do you think the Second World War could have been avoided if the victorious powers had been more considerate towards Germany in 1919?
Answer:

1. The peace treaty after 1st World War imposed inhumane and humiliating terms on Germany.
2. Germans thought that the Treaty of Versailles was a diktat imposed on them.
3. Germans were asked to return colonies like Alsace and Lorraine.
4. Germany was asked to pull down its army strength to 1 lakh from 9 lakhs.
5. It was asked not to have submarines and restrictions were imposed on its naval strength.
6. This humiliating terms of Treaty of Versailles led to the rise of Hitler.
7. He recovered all the territories lost due to Treaty of Versailles.
8. Hence we can conclude that the Second World War could have been avoided if the victorious powers had been more considerate towards Germany.

(OR)

It is right upto some extent. But the considerations might not be accepted by the dictator Hitler. Pacifying nature should be in both the sides.
I think the considerations could have postponed the World War – II.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 22nd Lesson Citizens and the Governments Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 22nd Lesson Citizens and the Governments

10th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Citizens and the Governments Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Using the following case study, explain the role of different departments of the Government and citizens in the context of RTI. Also, write how can the RTI make the functioning of the governments more transparent.

The following incident occurred in Chinnashankarampet of Medak district. Members of the Self Help Groups joined in Abhaya Hastam, Aam Aadmi schemes of the Rural Welfare Ministry of the State Government. Under this scheme, their children who were students of classes 9 to 12 were eligible for scholarships of Rs. 1200. However, for 3 years students have not been receiving the amount for the years during 2008-11. The students went to the IKP (Indira Kranthi Pathakam) office and enquired about it but the officers ignored their requests.

This came to the notice of the local newspapers. Now they applied to the officers concerned for the information with regard to the scholarships sanctioned. They asked about the number of beneficiaries and the amount sanctioned during 2008-09, 09-10 and 10-11. They got rqply in one week. The amount was 7 lakh rupees. It became clear from the RTI records that even though the amount was sanctioned, it was not distributed. When it was published in the newspapers the amount was distributed to 1167 children within 15 days.

Answer:
Following the case study above we can assess the role of the departments handling different schemes like SHG, IKP, Abhaya Hastam and Aam Aadmi, etc.
Having learnt of the knowledge of RTI and applying for information of the scholarships sanctioned helped the beneficiaries.
The RTI can make the functioning of the Government more transparent. Students who did not receive scholarships for 3 long years were given the same within 15 days. Not only that not providing information asks for punishment on the part of PIOs.

Question 2.
How do you think RTI would help in improving and monitoring the work of the governments?
“RTI would help in improving and monitoring the work of the governments”- Do you agree with this? Support your answer.
Answer:

1. In any democratic system, governments are responsible and accountable to people.
2. Earlier accountability of government departments and its functionaries were mostly limited to the elected representatives of people.
3. Enactment of the RTI effectively means that individual government departments now have a responsibility to maintain records and make them available to any citizen who may ask for it.
4. So, if there are any discrepancies, they will be brought out and who are responsible will be given punishments.
5. So, in this way government functioning can be bettered and monitored well.

Question 3.
What is identified as information? How is this generated in Government Departments? Would it include oral communication between senior and junior officers?
Answer:

1. According to RTI Act, information is defined as material in any form, including records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports, papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic form, and information relating to any private body which can be assessed by a public authority under any other law for the time being in force.
2. Enactment of the RTI effectively means that individual government departments now have a responsibility to maintain records and make them available to any citizen who may ask for it.
3. The oral instructions or oral communication between senior and junior officers do not fall in this category.

Question 4.
Why are the State and Central Information Offices given autonomy?
Answer:

1. Every government offices have a Public Information Officer (PIO) and Assistant Public Information Officer (APIO) and appellate authority in department.
2. All PIOs and APIOs of all departments and departmental appellate authorities are under autonomous appellate State Public Information Office with a State Public Information Commissioner (SPIC).
3. If a government department fall under Central government, PIOs are accountable to autonomous Central Information Office with a Central Public Information Commissioner (CPIC).
4. They are given autonomy because they need to deal with the PIOs who rejected to provide information.
5. They should not yield under any pressure that is why they must be independent.

Question 5.
This (RTI 2005) Act resembles the true spirit of democracy. How do you justify?
Answer:

1. In a democracy, it is the people’s money that is used for their welfare and therefore people have every right to know how this is being used.
2. People can participate in government and ensure just development only if they have sufficient information in the form of official documents.
3. In situations where information has to be made public, arbitrary decisions by the elected representatives or the officials can be controlled.
4. Information is crucial to human development, and democratic rights.
5. Information will make governments more accountable in their functioning and check the possibility of corrupt practices.
6. Thus, this Act (RTI Act of 2005) resembles the true spirit of democracy.

Question 6.
What steps have been taken to ensure that any citizen can access information from the different government departments in the country?
Answer:
Under the provisions of 2005 Act of RTI, public authorities are obliged to
a) maintain all information in a computerised format
b) publish all detailed information pertaining to the information some of it fbitn the Act as follows:

1. Every public authority shall
   a) Maintain all its records duly catalogued and indexed.
   b) The authority shall publish the particulars of its organisation, functions and duties.
2. The powers and duties of its officers and employees to be published.
3. The procedure followed in the decision making process, including channels of supervision and accountability;
4. The rules, regulations, instructions, manuals and records, held by it or under its control or used by its employees for discharging its functions.

Question 7.
How do you think the Legal Services Authority would help the people in seeking legal aid?
Answer:

1. There is a system in our country to provide free legal service to the people.
2. Under the Legal Services Authority (amendment) Act, 2002, legal services authorities are constituted to provide free and legal services to the weaker sections of the society.
3. This is to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reasons of economic or other disabilities and to organize Lok Adalats to ensure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on an equal opportunity basis.
4. In this way, Legal Services Authority would help the people in seeking legal aid.

Question 8.
What is the purpose of Lok Adalat?
Answer:

1. Lok Adalat meahs people’s court.
2. All are equal before law.
3. The Article 39A of the Constitution of India contains various provisions for settlement of disputes.
4. It is an act to constitute legal services, authorities to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society.
5. It is to ensure that opportunities for securing justice or not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.
6. To organise Lok Adalats to secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity.
7. This is the purpose of Lok Adalat.

(OR)

1. The main aim of Lok Adalat is to provide free legal aid to poor and weaker sections and also faster settlement of long pending cases on mutual consent.
2. Lok Adalat facilitates the peaceful, amicable, compromise or settlement of cases.
3. It is meant to reduce the burden of the courts.

Question 9.
What do you think on the eligible criteria for free legal services and nature of cases under this Act?
Answer:
i) Persons entitled to get free legal support are

1. A member of scheduled caste or scheduled tribe.
2. A victim of trafficking in human being or beggars.
3. Women and children.
4. A mentally ill or otherwise disabled person.
5. Persons who are victims of mass disaster, ethnic violence, caste atrocity, flood, drought earthquake and industrial disaster.
6. Industrial workers.
7. Persons in custody.
8. Persons with annual income of not more than Rs. 1 lakh

ii) Nature of cases under this Act.
Matrimonial disputes, maintenance cases, harassment cases by husbands and in-laws, domestic violence cases, all types of civil cases, land disputes, compoundable criminal cases etc.

Question 10.
Compare and contrast the procedures of conflict/case resolution by the Village Community elders and by courts. Which do you prefer and why?
Answer:

1. In our country, it is common that conflicts in the villages and in the communities are addressed by the village/community elders.
2. They settle them in a peaceful and amicable way by discussing the various issues and concerns.
3. The nature of conflict and disputes and their origin are mostly known to the local people and village elders.
4. This facilitates to find out amicable solutions in a transparent way.
5. Now Lok Adalats are functioning to settle disputes/cases in an amicable atmosphere by mutual consent in the presence of legal experts, officials and non-officials, dignitaries.
6. People are now using it for expeditious and inexpensive justice.
7. It is an opportunity to settle long pending court cases through Lok Adalat in short time and without any expenses.
8. It is an old form of dispute/ conflict resolution system valid now also.

10th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Citizens and the Governments InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 316

Question 1.
Discuss what could be the reason information would not include oral (instruction of a headmaster to a teacher.
Answer:

1. RTI Act has defined information as the following:
2. Material in any form, including records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports, papers, samples, models.
3. Data material held in any electronic form and information relating to any private body which can be assessed by a public authority under any other law for the time being in force.
4. In this, the oral instructions are not included as they were not in written form.
5. Thus, the oral instruction of a headmaster to a teacher would not be included in information.

Question 2.
Imagine how would government departments would become more accountable when rules and regulations are followed within prescribed manner.
Answer:

1. Government departments have the responsibility to use the people’s money for their welfare.
2. For every department there are rules and regulations that are to be followed within a prescribed manner.
3. If all the departments follow them, automatically they will be more accountable to people.
4. Not only that their functioning would become transparent and free from corruption.
5. Machinery to monitoring them is essential and they must be given applause if they are behaving accountable to people.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 318

Question 3.
According to this Act (RTI 2005), if any officer fails to give the specified information, she/he will have to pay the fine. Do you agree with this? Why?
Answer:

1. According to this Act, if any officer fails to give the specified information she/he will have to pay fine.
2. I do agree with it.
3. It prevents corruption.
4. It provides for accountability and transparency.
5. It prevents PIOs from shying away of information.
6. If a fine is imposed on one PIO then it acts as deterrent and most PIOs realise the impact of not giving information.
7. Apart from making the PIOs responsible in case of not providing information, they should be appreciated.

Question 4.
What type of information is not accessible to the citizens? What is the argument in favour of this?
Answer:

1. Information that could affect the sovereignty and integrity of India.
2. Matters that could be of strategic economic on scientific interest of the state in the context of foreign powers.
3. Most of our armed forces and security agencies are outside the purview of Information Commission.
4. It is correct on the part of government not to share the information that is vital and affect the country,. . . . ..
5. If information of strategic importance was disclosed and reached the hands of foreign powers, the damage that could be caused cannot be estimated.
6. Citizens should also have some self restraint and not to seek the information which causes the worry to National Government.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 320

Question 5.
What sort of opportunities are existing in our country for free legal services to the poor people who cannot afford to pay court fees and other related expenses?
Answer:

1. There is a system in our country to provide free legal service to the people.
2. Under Legal Services Authority (amendment) Act, 2002 Legal Services Authorities are constituted to provide free legal services to the weaker sections of the society.
3. This is to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.
4. To organise Lok Adalats to ensure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on equal opportunity basis.

Question 6.
What is the nature of cases and conflicts that can be addressed through free legal services?
Answer:

1. The legal services authority through Lok Adalats settles long pending court cases in short time without any expenses.
2. Matrimonial disputes, maintenance cases, harassment cases by husband and in-laws, domestic violence cases can be addressed through free legal service.
3. All types of civil cases, land disputes, compoundable criminal cases, etc. can be settled amicably and permanently by Lok Adalats without any fees or expenses through free legal services.

Question 7.
Is there any mechanism for alternate dispute resolution outside the courts?
Answer:

1. There is one mechanism for alternate dispute resolution outside the courts.
2. Conflicts in villages/ communities are addressed by village/ community elders.
3. They resolute conflicts in a peaceful and amicable way by discussing various issues/ concerns.
4. The nature of conflicts/disputes and their origin are mostly known to village elders.
5. This facilitates to find out an amicable solution in a transparent way.
6. Thus outside the courts the conflicts/disputes are addressed and resoluted by village elders.

Question 8.
Do you support the Lok Adalats? If so, why?
Answer:

1. I support Lok Adalats because there is no court fee, if paid it will be refunded if the dispute is settled.
2. It has procedural flexibility and speedy trial of the disputes.
3. The parties of the dispute can directly interact with the judge through their council.
4. The Award by Lok Adalat is binding on the parties with a status of decree of civil court.
5. Provides free legal advice form the advocates.
6. Provides photocopies of judgements on free of cost.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development

10th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
What main criterion is used by the World Bank in classifying different counties? What are the limitations of the above criterion, if any?
Answer:

1. The main criterion that is used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is per capita income.
2. It is otherwise called the average income.
3. It is calculated as the total income of the country divided by the total population.
4. It Is a better Indicator of development than the total income of the country.
5. There are limitations in this criterion also.
6. Average Income may be useful for comparison, it hides disparities.
7. It does not tell us how the total income is distributed among people.
8. It does not necessarily convey more equitable distribution.

Question 2.
Usually, behind each social phenomenon, there would be several contributing factors, and not one. What, in your opinion, are the factors that came together for the development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:
There are so many factors that came together for the development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh. They are:

1. The development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh is called ‘the schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh.
2. The government started schools and made education largely free or cost very little for parents.
3. It tried to ensure that these schools with minimum facilities like teachers, classrooms, toilets, drinking water etc.
4. It has the distinction of one of the highest spending states from the government budget on the education of each child.
5. A welcome trend in Himachal Pradesh is the lower gender bias.
6. Himachali parents have ambitious educational goals for their girls, just as for boys.
7. Himachali mothers expect their daughters to work outside the home after marriage.
8. Schooling, therefore, comes naturally and became a social norm.

Question 3.
In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer:

1. The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development has three factors.
2. They are:
   • a) to compare countries based on the educational levels of people.
   • b) their health status
   • c) per capita income.
3. It included health and educational indicators to income.
4. It termed its report to be Human Development Report.
5. Whereas the criterion used by the World Bank is per capita income only.
6. It did not include educational and health indicators.
7. It termed its report to be World Development Report.
8. In this way the criteria used by the UNDP and the World Bank for measuring development are different.

Question 4.
Do you think there are certain other aspects, other than those discussed in the chapter that should be considered in measuring human development?
Answer:

1. The aspects that are considered in measuring human development are per capita income by World Bank.
2. Along with per capita income, the education levels of people and health status are considered by the UNDP.
3. There are other aspects to be considered.
4. Standard of life is one aspect to be considered.
5. Another aspect to be considered is the availability of electricity.
6. Transportation is also one among them.
7. Sanitation facilities is one such aspect.
8. Availability of irrigation facilities and housing etc. are few other aspects to be considered in measuring human development.

Question 5.
Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer:

1. We use averages for comparison.
2. Averages are better indicators than total.
3. There are limitations to their use.
4. They also hide disparities.
5. They do not tell us how the total is distributed among people.
6. They do not necessarily convey more equitable distribution.
7. Example:
   
8. Both the countries have the same average income of ₹ 25,000
9. Country X-has more equitably distributed income.
10. Country Y has one rich and more poor persons.

Question 6.
What lessons can you draw about the importance of income from the fact that Himachal Pradesh with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab?
Answer:

1. Both the government and the people of Himachal Pradesh are keen on education.
2. The government started schools and filled them with minimum facilities like teachers, classrooms, toilets and drinking water, etc.
3. The government spent the highest on the education of each child.
4. The people of Himachal Pradesh showed less gender bias.
5. Himachali women worked outside and had greater say in children’s education, health, birth and upkeep, etc.
6. Himachali women have high involvement in social life and village politics.
7. The above were not the same with Punjab.
8. Thus, even with low per capita income Himachal Pradesh has a better human development ranking than Punjab.

Question 7.
Based on the figures in Table 6, fill the following :

Out of every 100 girls above 6 years of age, ——– girls had studied beyond the primary level in Himachal Pradesh in the year 1993. By the year 2006, this proportion reached ———- out of 100. For India as a whole, the proportion of boys who had studied beyond the primary level was only ——— out of 100 in the year 2006.
Answer:
Out of every 100 girls above 6 years of age, 39 girls had studied beyond the primary level in Himachal Pradesh in the year 1993. By the year 2006, this proportion reached 60 out of 100. For India as a whole, the proportion of boys who had studied beyond the primary level was only 57 out of 100 in the year 2006.

Question 8.
What is the per capita income of Himachal Pradesh? Do you think higher incomes can make it easier for parents to send children to school? Discuss. Why was it necessary for the government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:

1. The per capita income of Himachal Pradesh in 2012 is Rs. 74,000.
2. Higher-income can make it easier for parents to send their children to school.
3. If the incomes are meagre, then parents cannot spend money on the education of their children.
4. Then children ought to supplement with their labour to run the family.
5. If higher incomes are there for family, these can be avoided.
6. Himachal Pradesh had very low levels of education at the time of independence.
7. Being a hilly region, with low density of population in many villages, the spread of schools is a big challenge.
8. So, it was necessary for the government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh.

Question 9.
Why do you think parents accord less priority to girls education as compared to boys?
Answer:

1. Parents give less priority to girls education compared to boys.
2. The main reason behind this is gender bias.
3. Parents believe that boy is their heir and spreads their clan.
4. This very notion imbibes into children as father is the decision maker in the family.
5. As marriage institution provides for the girl to live with husband’s family, her parents take less care about her education.
6. Well educated girl needed to be married off to still better educated suitor, an expensive affair.
7. Girls are engaged in taking care of their smaller siblings, which obstructs their educational chances.
8. In rural areas girls are married off at early ages, which prevents their education.

Question 10.
What is the relationship between women’s work outside their homes and gender bias?
Answer:

1. Our families are patriarchial, so men work outside and women manage the house.
2. For their household chores women are not paid.
3. But nowadays women are employed outside.
4. They are economically independent and self-confident.
5. They have greater say in household decisions including children’s education, health, birth, upkeep etc.
6. Whereas this is not the case with housewives.
7. Educated mothers expect their daughters to work outside after marriage.
8. Thus, women working outside need not bear the dent of gender bias.

(OR)

1. There is a clear visibility of gender bias at the work places outside homes.
2. Though men and women do the same kind of work, women are paid less than men.
3. Especially in the farm activities in rural areas, women wages are very low compared to men.
4. For some activities we find only men or women attending.
   Eg: Ploughing – men.
   Cotton balls plucking – women.

Question 11.
Right to Education Act, 2009 (RTE) declares that all children of the age of 6 to 14 years have the right to free education. And the government has to ensure the building of sufficient schools in the neighbourhood, appoint properly qualified teachers and make all necessary provisions. In the light of what you have read in this chapter and already know, discuss and debate the importance of this Act for
(i) children, and (ii) human development.
Answer:
Importance of RTE Act for children :

1. It makes all children have a chance to study.
2. Children from hilly areas, rural areas and areas with low density of population are not deprived of schools.
3. Schools are provided with minimum facilities of teachers, classrooms, toilets, drinking water, etc.
4. Schooling becomes a social norm.
   Importance of RTE Act for human development:
5. As the UNDP is using the educational levels of people as the measure of development, it promotes human development.
6. Expected years of schooling will increase in turn promotes human development.
7. Promotes human development by increasing the average years of schooling.
8. Education imparts the ideals of human development.

10th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.14

Question 1.
Complete the table with developmental goals of different categories of persons.

Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.17

Question 2.
Read the newspaper report given on Text Page 16 and answer the following questions.
(i) Who are the people benefited and who did not ?
Answer:

1. The local company owners and multinational company were the people who benefited.
2. They dumped their waste without much difficulty.
3. The innocent people of Abidjan in Ivory Coast suffered from this act.
4. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting and diarrhoea etc.

(ii) What should be the developmental goals for this country ?
Answer:
The developmental goals for this country are
a) The government should Impose strict rules and regulations regarding “the disposal of waste”
b) The government should safeguard the environment and check air and environment pollution.
c) The companies who violate rules, should be punished severely.

(iii) What can be some of the developmental goals for your village or town or locality ?
Answer:
Some of the developmental goals for our village can be

1. to be provided with safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
2. to start a primary health centre with minimum facilities.
3. to recruit sufficient teachers and provide other facilities to schools.
4. to provide employment to eligible youth.

(iv) What are the issues of conflict between the government and the people living in regions of nuclear power plant ?
Answer:

1. The Issues of conflict between the government and the people living in the regions of Nuclear Power Plant are
   (a) Safety
   (b) Security and
   (c) Livelihood.
2. People also suggested the government to look to renewable energy as an alternative.

(v) Do you know of any such controversy around development projects/policies? Find out the debates on either side.
Answer:

1. One such controversy around development project is Narmada River Project in Gujarat.
2. Government aimed at large electricity to be produced with this project would serve the power needs of the state.
3. It also provides many small dams for irrigation water.
4. On the other hand, people under the leadership of Medha Patkar set up Narmada Bachao Andolan and fought with the government.
5. They are fighting for the people displaced, their lands evacuated and villages that are going to be submerged.
6. They have also concern over ecological imbalances and loss to the tribal culture.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.18

Question 3.
Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why ?
a. Because people are different.
b. Because life situations of persons are different.
Answer:

1. Different persons have different notions of development or progress.
2. Each one of them seeks different things.
3. They seek things which can fulfil their aspirations or goals.
4. The explanation ‘because life situations of persons are different1 is more important.
5. Because each one has developmental goal based on life situation.

Question 4.
Do these two statements mean the same thing? Justify your answer.
a) People have different developmental goals.
b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
Answer:

1. Both statements do not mean the same thing.
2. People seek different things which can fulfil their aspirations or desires, thus different developmental goals.
3. In fact, at times, two persons or group of persons may seek things which are conflicting.
4. So the developmental goals are always not conflicting.
5. So, it is wrong to say both are correct at the same time.

Question 5. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
Answer:

1. Work at a place where discrimination is prevalent.
2. A job at a far off place when family needs him.
3. A job offers high pay, but no job security and no time for family.
   Income alone is not sufficient for development.

Reasons:

1. There are many other non-materialistic values like equality, freedom etc. without these values development is impossible.
2. Without basic health facilities people cannot contribute much to the National Income and thus no development takes place.
3. Without education there will be less human resources and hence no development takes place.

Question 6.
Explain some of the important ideas of the above section (Income and Other Goals) in your own words.
Answer:

1. People always want more income and get material things.
2. But they also need non-material things to lead a quality life.
3. Things like freedom, security, equal treatment, respect from others and no discrimination are a few of them.
4. They want good working atmosphere and an opportunity to learn.
5. Women who are working outside the home earns great respect in family and society.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 20

Question 7.
Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations other than what is given here.
Answer:

1. Average marks in each subject in the class.
2. Average persons living in a square kilometre area to find out the population density of a state.
3. Average speed of a vehicle in its journey.

Question 8.
Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
Answer:

1. For comparison in the development of two countries total income is not a useful measure.
2. Countries have different populations.
3. So, comparing total income, will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
4. Hence, we compare the average incomes.

Question 9.
Suppose the records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.
Answer:

1. Records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period.
2. From that, we cannot conclude that all sections of the economy have become better.
3. Example : Average income of country A.
4. Above example proves that only one section’s exponential growth has led to constant increase in average income.
5. All the sections of economy have not become better.

Question 10.
From the text, find out the per capita income level of middle-income countries as per World Development Report, 2012.
Answer:
The per capita income level of middle income countries as per World Development Report, 2012 is above US $ 1,035 per annum and below US $ 12,600 per annum.

Question 11.
Write a paragraph on your notion of what India should do, or achieve, to become a developed country.
Answer:
To become a developed country India should be 100% literate. We are a resource rich country. We shall make optimum use of them. The governance should be transparent. We shall provide our youth with a gainful employment. We shall encourage students to pursue the careers of scientists to serve our country. We should adopt technology in agriculture. We shall promote industrial and service sectors.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 22

Question 12.
Look at the data in Tables 3 and 4 (given on Page No. 20 & 21 in Textbook). Is Punjab as ahead of Bihar in literacy rate, etc. as it is in terms of per capita income?

Answer:

1. Punjab is ahead of Bihar in terms of per capita income.
2. It is Rs. 78,000 for Punjab, whereas it is Rs. 25,000 only for Bihar.
3. Punjab is ahead of Bihar in both literacy rate and net attendance rate.
4. They are for Punjab 77 and 76 respectively, whereas for Bihar are 64 and 56 only.
5. Punjab is ahead of Bihar even in Infant Mortality Rate.
6. Punjab has less (42) IMR, whereas Bihar has 62IMR.

Question 13.
Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision.
Answer:

1. Park facility for the people of a colony.
2. Electricity facility for the people of a village.
3. Over head water tanks for the people of a village.
4. Lift facility for the residents of an apartment.

Question 14.
Does availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?
Answer:

1. Much of the population of our country fall under below poverty line.
2. So the availability of good health and educational facilities mostly depend on the money spent by the government.
3. The other factors could be like health insurance schemes which are of the paid premiums of the individuals.
4. The rich sections of people who could meet the expenses on their own.

Question 15.
For a family in rural area in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in 2009-2010, rice purchased from ration shops account for 53 and 33 per cent respectively. The rest they buy from markets. In West Bengal and Assom, only 11 and 6 per cent of rice is purchased from ration shops. Where would people be better off and why ?
Answer:

1. The people are better off in West Bengal and Assom.
2. The people who are buying rice from market in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are 47 and 67 per cent respectively.
3. Whereas the people who are buying rice from market are 89 and 94 per cent respectively for West Bengal and Assom.
4. That means more people are purchasing rice from market in West Bengal and Assom.
5. So, we can say the people of West Bengal and Assom are better off.

Project work

Here is an illustration showing different sources of livelihoods. Create a similar illustration and write caption that would describe their notion of development.

Answer:
Self Activity

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 12th Lesson Sustainable Development with Equity Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 12th Lesson Sustainable Development with Equity

10th Class Social Studies 12th Lesson Sustainable Development with Equity Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Identify at least ten food items that you consume and find out how far they have travelled from their place of production to reach your plate.
Many people have argued for localisation of food production rather than food travelling long distances. How is localisation of food connected to the environment ? Find out more about the localisation movement in food and organise a discussion and debate in the classroom.
Answer:

Question 2.
Why did the people of Jalsindhi village refuse to move out of the village?
Answer:

1. The people of Jalsindhi were asked to leave the place as it would be the first village in Madhya Pradesh to be submerged by Sardar Sarovar dam.
2. They have lived there for generations, cleared the forests, worshipped Gods, improved the soil, domesticated animals and settled in villages.
3. In hard times they went to the forest and used its produce.
4. They live with their clan, their relatives.
5. They are all alike and they share a common understanding.
6. Their village gods were all there.
7. The land in Gujarat was not acceptable to them.
8. The compensation to be given by Madhya Pradesh government was not acceptable to them.
9. They were born from the belly of the Narmada and they were not afraid to die in her lap.
10. That’s why they were not ready to leave their village.

Question 3.
“This is the land of our forefathers. We have a right to it. If this is lost, then we will only get spades and pickaxes, nothing else ” says Bava Mahalia. Can you explain the statement?
Answer:

1. Bava Mahaliya belonged to Jalsindhi, a village on the banks of river Narmada.
2. When government decided to construct Sardar Sarovar dam, it would be the first village in Madhya Pradesh to be submerged.
3. They lived there for generations.
4. Their ancestors cleared the forest, worshipped Gods, improved the soil, domesticated the animals and settled in villages.
5. They had flowing water of the river Narmada and fodder in the forest.
6. In hard times they depended on forest produce.
7. Their children played on the banks of the river Narmada.
8. They were all alike there and shared a common understanding.
9. Thus, they say that was their forefathers’ land and they won’t leave it. They will try to protect it by hook or crook.

Question 4.
“Last, but not the least, the key to the environmental problem lies in changing lifestyles that will minimise waste and pollution.”
(i) What are the various ways in which our lifestyles affect the environment? Use examples from your own context to explain.
Answer:

1. There are various ways in which our lifestyles affect the environment.
2. Nowadays people are using polythene covers as carry bags for almost every household chore.
3. After usage they are thrown into waste.
4. It takes many years for them to completely decay into land.
5. Everyone is using vehicles to travel, they emit carbon monoxide and a few other gases which cause damage to environment.
6. The usage of air-conditioners and refrigerators is also increasing, the gases emitted by them cause the destruction or holes to ozone layer.
7. Thus, our lifestyle is the key to environmental problems.
8. So we need to change our lifestyle and minimize the waste and reduce the pollution.

(ii) Find out about the various ways in which the problems of garbage and emissions are being dealt with around the world.
Answer:

1. The problems of garbage and emissions are dealt In i
2. The garbage is divided into dry waste and wet waste and thus channelized to be used In production of electricity.
3. Much research is underway in waste management.
4. United Nations organs are working on the emission of gases and their management.
5. Euro standards were set up and the production of vehicles also was made compatible.
6. In many places conversion from the usage of petroleum or diesel to Natural Gas Compressed (CNG) was also advocated.
7. Making products that are more durable, repairable, re-usable and recyclable would help out down on the amount of waste being created.
8. Encouraging people and business to re-use goods via charity shops or other re-use networks would help boost markets for second hand items.

Question 5.
Rapid extraction of minerals and other natural resources would adversely impact the future development prospects. Do you agree?
Answer:

1. Yes, I agree with this statement.
2. We are extracting minerals and natural resources rapidly.
3. Modern industrial development and agricultural development are intensive in use of minerals and natural resources.
4. If this extraction goes on like this, the mineral deposits and natural resources will be deploted.
5. The extent of our current use of minerals and natural resources is such that the chances of future generations to have access to their fair share of scarce resources are endangered.
6. Moreover, the consequences in terms of impacts on the environment may Induce serious damages that go beyond the carrying capacity of the environment.

Question 6.
Why do you think the effects of ‘climate change’ may be felt by all countries?
Answer:
Many global issues are climate-related, including basic needs such as food, water, health and shelter.
Changes in climate may threaten these needs with increased temperatures, rise of sea level, changes in precipitation, etc. Climate change also threatens key natural resources, affecting water and food security.
So conflicts, mass migrations, health Impacts and environmental stresses happened.
So, I think the effects of climate change may be felt by all countries.

Question 7.
Should the average temperature of the earth be treated as a natural resource for all people?
Answer:

1. The average temperature of the earth should be treated as a natural resource for all people.
2. The complete radiation of the heat received by the sun Is important.
3. If the CO₂ proportion in the atmosphere Increases, then less heat will be radiated.
4. This causes an increase in global temperatures called Global Warming.
5. So the average temperature of the earth is treated as natural resource for all people.
6. People can use this temperature for different types of solar energy operated equipment.

(OR)

Yes, the average temperature of the earth can be treated as a natural resource for all people. Taking the advantage of this renewable resource in the form of solar energy, people can reduce their dependency on non – renewable sources like coal, petroleum etc.

Question 8.
What are the lessons to be drawn from the alternate PDS initiative at Zaheerabad mandal in Telangana?
Answer:

1. Many lessons can be drawn from the alternate PDS initiative of Zaheerabad mandal In Telangana.
2. We have to reverse the dependence on crops like wheat and rice.
3. We can adapt to crops like millets.
4. Millets are hardy crops and nutritious.
5. Community can cultivate and start community grain banks.
6. Manage local grain and ensure food security in the village.

Question 9.
“Environment is crucially important for the lives and livelihoods of the local communities and the lifestyles of local communities are harmonious with the environment.” Explain.
Answer:

1. For most rural communities, the link between the environment and the lives of people is very strong.
2. Access to environment serves their needs like food, firewood, fodder, commercially valuable articles, etc.
3. They lose out all if they are displaced.
4. The environment is denuded of its rich biodiversity and rich traditional knowledge.
5. With It they can make good contributions to environment when it is endangered.
6. So, environment is crucially important for the lives and livelihoods of the local communities.
7. The lifestyle of local communities also should be in harmony with the environment.

10th Class Social Studies 12th Lesson Sustainable Development with Equity InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 159 & 160

Question 1.
Write a brief note on the inequality in India based on the graphs and figures.
Graph: Distribution of households in India based on annual income (2010 survey)


Answer:
Graph 1 shows the distribution of households in India based on annual income. It gives the details of rich people, middle class, below middle class and poor people. We can see a lot of difference in terms of inequality. There are 135 million households with annual income Rs. 1.5 lakhs, 71 million households with income between Rs. 1.5 to Rs. 3.4 lakhs, 31 million households with income between Rs. 3.4 to Rs. 17 lakhs whereas 3 million households are there with annual income above Rs. 17 lakhs.
Graph 2 depicts that the total wealth held by Billionaires. When compared to 1996 and 2004, the total wealth by Billionaires had an enormous increase in 2011.
Graph 3 shows an increase in the number of Billionaires. There were 3 billionaires in 1996, 9 billionaires in 2004 but the number of billionaires was 56 in 2011 which shows an enormous increase between 2004 and 2011.

1. The figures show the living conditions of the rich and the poor. The rich are getting richer and richer whereas the poor are getting poorer and poorer.
2. The rich are leading comfortable lives and the poor are living in pitiable conditions without even basic amenities.
3. People with education, skill and wealth have made the best use of opportunities.
4. On the other hand, there are many people who have not shared the benefits.
5. Such wide inequalities in incomes and opportunities across people cannot be the basis for a just society.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 161

Question 2.
Revisit the class IX chapters on Indian Agriculture and industry.
How have they discussed issues of disparity and distribution and access to resources in these two contexts?
Answer:

1. There are disparities in cultivating various crops and areas under such crop cultivation.
2. The land distribution was not equitable, more land was concentrated in the hands of large farmers and landlords.
3. Small landholdings were there for many small and marginal farmers.
4. There were irrigation facilities for only 40% of the total land cultivated.
5. When it comes to Industries, we lack in sophisticated technologies and in the adaption of them.
6. The capital required did not meet through mobilization and expansions of industries were not in large scale.
7. There is shortage of skilled labourers and the wages paid were also low.
8. Post globalisation era, changed these situations to some extent of improvement.

Question 3.
Identify how the idea of development has been contested through problems of the environment.
Answer:

1. The Idea of development has been contested through problems of the environment.
2. The groundwater levels fell rapidly and groundwater recharge is also not to the expected level.
3. Fertilizers made the soil less fertile and ever-increasing costs to farmers.
4. The industrialization has resulted in a world where natural resources are threatened.
5. The industrialization has resulted in the disruption of climate.
6. Economic development focussed narrowly on GDP springs from its neglect of the environment.
7. Environmental resources have been used up and damaged to an unprecedented extent.
8. There occurred long-term damages to the environment.

Question 4.
What kind of environmental problems did the spread of the ‘green revolution’ create? What lesson does this have for the future?
Answer:

1. The ‘Green Revolution’ has brought in several environmental imbalances.
2. The High Yielding Variety seeds usage required plenty of water.
3. The number of tubewells was increased over the years, the groundwater level fell rapidly which meant that less groundwater is available for future use.
4. Green Revolution resulted in a loss of soil fertility.
5. The soil was deprived of the normal production of micro-organisms.
6. Chemical fertilizers polluted groundwater, rivers, lakes, etc.
7. Thus, it resulted in ever-increasing costs for farmers.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 162

Question 5.
Why do you think has the modern method of lifting water proved to be unsustainable?
Answer:

1. The modern method of lifting water has proved to be unsustainable.
2. Initially, there was relief from drudgery and lifting of water with pumps was easy.
3. With the lifting of groundwater by electric and motor pumps, the water table started going down.
4. Nearly 1/3 of the country is pumping out groundwater than what goes in as recharge.
5. About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 mts during the past 20 years.
6. Groundwaters are also becoming unsafe and being contaminated by chemical industrial waste.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 164

Question 6.
Environment is also called ‘natural capital’. Recall the definition of capital from Chapter 9. Why do you think environment is called natural capital?
Answer:

1. Capital from chapter 9 defines as the money needed to meet the inputs of agriculture and the raw materials for production.
2. They also included factors of production like land, labour on which money is to be spent.
3. Many naturally existing substances like land, water, minerals and ores, products from trees and animals are central to the production processes.
4. All the sectors of economy too are dependent on natural resources in various degrees i.e., environment’s source function.
5. Thus, we can say that environment is natural capital.

Question 7.
Why should water be considered as common property?
Answer:

1. Water is available to us through the nature.
2. We can have access to it from different sources like underground water, canals, tanks and rivers, etc.
3. It is a compulsory part of living.
4. Thus it is common for all and is called common property.
5. We shall have it and retain it for the future generations.
6. We have used up it and this extra use is causing a concern of future availability.
7. Underground waters are to be recharged and we should see that they are not contaminated.
8. For a better quality of life to everyone, water is necessary. So water is considered as common property.

Question 8.
Why was it considered necessary to go to court to stop the use of endosulfan?
Answer:

1. In 1976, to protect cashew crop the government sprayed the pesticide endosulfan by helicopter over 15,000 acres of land in Kasaragod in the northen part of Kerala.
2. The air, water and entire environment was suffused with the pesticide.
3. Caused serious health problems to local people, especially agricultural labourers.
4. At least 5,000 people died and for countless life became miserable.
5. So, it was necessary to go to court to stop the use of endosulfan.
6. In recent years, the use of endosulfan was banned by court order.

Question 9.
The court order banning the use of endosulfan argued that the pesticide violated the Right to Life (Article 21 of the Constitution). Can you describe how use of endosulfan had violated people’s Right to Life?
Answer:

1. The Constitution gaurantees Right to Life under Article 21 of it.
2. It states that every individual has the right to lead life which is secured.
3. But the spraying of pesticide, endosulfan claimed the lives of 5,000 people.
4. Apart from this it has caused cancer and deformities which made life worse than death.
5. The treatment was continued for 25 years.
6. Thus, the use of endosulfan had violated people’s Right to Life.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 167

Question 10.
“In the chapter ideas on Development, we read that what is development for one might not be development for another”. Use Bava Mahaiiya’s letter to explain this statement.
Answer:

1. Bava Mahaliya in his letter brings out different ideas of development.
2. The idea that the government took was different from him.
3. Government says their lands were not hospitable but they say they are satisfied with living there.
4. As government calls them, they say that they own houses and have prosperous agriculture.
5. They have traditional knowledge of every tree and herb and shrub, which would be lost if they are to be dislocated.
6. They say they pool together and construct a house in one day and are living alike with sharing a common understanding.
7. Thus, we can say ‘what is development for one might not be development for another’.

Question 11.
Create a table identifying the current aspects of living and changes that will occur if the tribal people are re-settled in a different state on the following aspects:
Food habits; Farming; Finance; Relation with forest; Religious practices; House making; Social relations.
Answer:

Question 12.
How is the loss of biodiversity being expressed in the letter?
Answer:

1. The loss of biodiversity is expressed in different ways in the letter.
2. The forest will be submerged and cannot be seen.
3. The various trees, shrubs and herbs are not seen and their traditional knowledge will be forgotten.
4. Many different kinds of crops that were not grown outside the forest will not be cultivated.
5. Channels made from streams will be washed away.
6. Thus, the loss of biodiversity was discussed.

Question 13.
For the tribal people livelihood, cultural practices and social relations are deeply connected to the local environment. Can you explain?
Answer:

1. They get their livelihood from local cultivation of own seeds, manure from livestock.
2. For irrigation water they make channels from stream in the local environment.
3. They live with their clan, their relatives and their kin.
4. All of them pool together to any individual’s work needs.
5. Their village gods were all there and their ancestors memorial stones were there.
6. People come from all over to celebrate their festivals.
7. All of them go to market where the youth choose their spouses.
8. Thus, tribal people’s livelihood, cultural practices and social relations are deeply connected to the local government.

Question 14.
Do you think that the people of Jalsindhi village are food secure in their present location?
Answer:

1. I think the people of Jalsindhi village are not food secure in their present location.
2. As far as the various crops they grew, nothing insecure of food.
3. They eat the leaves of forest trees like hegva, mahia, amli, etc. It does not refer to food security.
4. In times of famine they are survived by eating roots and tubers which is not food secure.
5. When they fall sick, their medicine was leaves, roots and bark from forest, this is also not
   food secure.

Question 15.
If you lived in the above situation, how would you have responded to the demand for resettlement?
Answer:

1. If I lived in the above situation, I would have accepted the demand for resettlement.
2. At the place of resettlement, one may get schooling to their children.
3. In place of tribal medicine treatments governments provide with public health.
4. The food taken there may at times prove to be health hazardous.
5. Government pay provide with alternate land to practice modern agriculture, etc.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 168

Question 16. Observe the following figure.
Write your caption in the context of the environment.
Answer:
FOR BETTER FUTURE – SAVE THE NATURE
Man is overusing natural resources indiscriminately
Creating severe problems ecologically
For our future generations we should work collectively
To conserve these invaluable resources judiciously
And take measures that are eco-friendly.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 169

Question 17.
You have read about the protests against the Kudankulam nuclear power plant in the Chapter on Ideas of Development. Can you interpret the protest in view of what you have read here?
Answer:

1. Kudankulam was a peaceful village in Tamil Nadu.
2. Most people from there depend on fishing for livelihood.
3. With the setting up Kudankulam nuclear power plant all of them have to vacate that place.
4. They lost their livelihood.
5. Not only they have allayed the fears of the accidents in Nuclear plants.
6. A recent accident jn Nuclear plant in Japan created a havoc in the minds of people.
7. They have protested on large scale.

Question 18.
“Environment protection is not just crucial for those communities directly affected but for all of us.” Explain with a few examples.
Answer:

1. Climate change affects all countries and people, some may be more than the others.
2. Even a country is trying to reduce emission of greenhouse gases, its environment would continue to deteriorate if other countries do not regulate their emissions.
3. As more and more ground water is pumped out through electric and motor power pumps the water tables deplete.
4. In 59% of the districts of India, water from hand pumps and wells are unsafe for drinking.
5. Thus, environment protection is not just crucial for those communities directly affected but for ail of us.

Question 19.
Revisit the class VIII chapters on Mines and Minerals in the context of Andhra Pradesh. What issues of conflict emerge between industrialists and people living in regions of minerals?
Answer:

1. People living in regions of minerals face cutting down of forests, destroying fields and habitations, creating large pits and mounds.
2. Nearby rivers and water sources are polluted.
3. This results in people leaving the land like that as the older use of land cannot be continued.
4. Even people who live nearby face problems created by mining.
5. Uncontrolled mining by the private companies far in excess of the permits given to them and disregarded safety measures.
6. Minerals taken by private companies without paying royalty to the government- thus people do not get anything.

Question 20.
There has been rapid increase in the extraction of minerals for domestic use and for exports to other countries since liberalisation and globalisation of Indian economy. Using figures from the table here substantiate the observation.
Answer:

1. The extraction of Bauxite is raised from 6108 thousand tonnes in 1997-98 to 15250 thousand tonnes in 2008-2009.
2. The extraction of Coal is raised from 297000 in 1997-98 to 493000 thousand tonnes in 2008-2009.
3. The extraction of Iron ore is raised from 75723 in 1997-1998 to 225544 thousand tonnes in 2008-2009.
4. The extraction of Chromite is raised from 1515 thousand and tonnes in 1997-1998 to 3976 thousand tonnes in 2008-2009.

Question 21.
What do you think would be the environmental and human costs of such rapid growth in mining?
Answer:

1. Such rapid growth in mining would have a negative impact on the environment as well as at the human cost.
2. Mines are dug deep, so the layers of earth become weak.
3. They may cause landslides, avalanches, earthquakes, etc.
4. Most of the water is used in the process of digging and later process also.
5. Post liberalisation era brought private people (companies) into mining activities.
6. Accidents may occur, tunnel may fall down, or get flooded with water or there can be fire and suffocation due to gases – these dangers may be faced in mining.
7. With the motto of earning profits, these companies do not take proper measures of safety.
8. Thus, there may be many human losses in rapid extractions of minerals.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 170

Question 22.
Observe the following picture.
Write your caption in the context of development.
Answer:
On the name of development, man is causing nature’s destruction, So for the flora and fauna where is the protection ?

Project work

You have read about composting in the context of organic farming. Here is a simple method that you can try out in your school and home.

• Take a large size container and make several holes for water drainage.
• Layer it with coconut fibres for drainage.
• Cover it with a thin layer of soil.
• Add vegetable wastes in a layer.
• Add another layer of soil.
• Again add vegetable wastes in a layer.
• Cover with soil.
• After one week, introduce earthworms in it.
• After decomposition, use the soil to make a small garden with plants of your choice.

Answer:
Self Activity.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources

10th Class Social Studies 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Create a table to describe major river systems in India with the following items: direction of flow, countries or regions through which they pass through, and relief features of the areas.
Answer:

Question 2.
Identify and list arguments that would support or oppose use of groundwater in various contexts such as agriculture, industry etc.
Answer:

1. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural India.
2. It is also an important source of water for the agricultural, industrial and other sectors.

The arguments that would support the usage of underground water are:

1. The underground water is both an important input for manufacturing and industrial sectors and used as cool for machines.
2. These include higher productivity and its more equitable distribution among various classes of farmers, insurance against drought and stabilisation of agricultural production and enhanced employment generation.

The arguments that would oppose the usage of underground water:

1. India is the world’s largest groundwater user in terms of both absolute volumes pumped and the total number of users.
2. It led to decline groundwater levels and sea water intrusion in coastal areas.
3. Industrial waste is largely responsible for high level of pollutants found in groundwater.

Question 3.
What are the different inflow and outflow processes in the context of water resource?
Answer:
Inflow:

1. For any area inflow = precipitation + surface flow + groundwater flow.
2. Surface flow includes rivers, streams, canals and other flows on the surface of water.
3. Groundwater inflow is decided by the percolation and aquifer presence.
4. It is difficult to estimate this, but can be done.
5. Precipitation includes rainfall, snow, dew, hail etc.

Outflow:

1. The total amount of water added to the atmosphere from both evaporation and transpiration.
2. Water used for agriculture, domestic purpose and for animals, and for industrial use.
3. Water flowing out via surface flows and the flowing out of groundwaters through wells, pumps and tubewells, etc.

Question 4.
Which of the inflow or outflow processes has the most impact in the context of groundwater resources?
Answer:

1. In the context of groundwater resources the inflows like recharging, rainfall, aquifers etc.
2. In the context of groundwater resources the outflows are like borewells, tube wells, pumps etc.
3. Out of all these processes outflow which shows most impact is the tube-wells.
4. Use of the tubewells draws water from storages and lowers the water available to them.
5. When we dig into deeper aquifers – this is mining water that has collected over thousands of years.
6. With this we face today is the depletion of groundwater storages and a tendency not to care about the availability of water for future generations.

(OR)

1. Groundwater recharge may be explained as the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means.
2. Rainfall is the principal source for recharge of groundwater.

Question 5.
Make a list of challenges faced in the water resources in the Tungabhadra basin. Identify the solutions that have been discussed in the context of these problems either in this chapter or elsewhere in different classes.
Answer:
Challenges:

1. Tungabhadra dam has gradually lost its water storage capacity over the decades.
2. The mining of iron and manganese ore has seriously affected the stability of the catchment.
3. Siltation of several small reservoirs, traditional tanks and Tungabhadra reservoir is one challenge.
4. Cultivation of crops which demands a lot of water throughout the basin altered the water sharing balance.
5. Increased small towns and industrial areas made the competing demands for water more complex.

Solutions:

1. To restore the storage capacity, the silt, dust, debris etc. needed to be removed.
2. To maintain water balance people need to own the crops which use less water.
3. To improve sanitation and drinking water supply to match the pace of developmental activities.
4. Afforestation must be encouraged.
5. We should make provision to recharge the underground system through ‘Water harvesting Pits’.
6. Felling of trees and mining activities should be controlled.
7. We must adopt a different plants for water conservation and system of sharing water.
8. Soil erosion should be controlled.

Question 6.
There has been various ways in which changes occurred in the context of water resources. Describe the positive as well as negative social changes that got reflected in this chapter.
Answer:
Positive Social Changes :

1. Making arrangements that a portion of rainfall percolates into the soil and travels to the underground strata and recharge the aquifers.
2. Continuous contour trenches were dug on the hill slopes to arrest the erosion of soil, harvest water and encourage growth of grass.
3. A number of water harvesting structures like check dams, percolation tanks and loose boulder structures were built.
4. Banning the use of borewells for irrigation and not allowing to cultivate crops which demand more water.
5. Advanced technology in agriculture.
6. Recycling procedures of industrial wastes.
7. Increase in agricultural land.
8. Construction of Hydroelectric projects.

Negative Social Changes:

1. The depletion of groundwater storage and a tendency not to care about the availability for future generations.
2. Digging into deeper aquifers -this is mining water that has collected over thousands of years.
3. Loss of water storage capacity of dams, etc. due to the accumulation of silt, dust, debris and soil erosion.
4. Increase in the number of towns and industrial areas demanding more water.
5. Water pollution.
6. Population growth
7. Water conflicts.

Question 7.
Which aspects of farming practices were regulated in the context of Hiware Bazar to improve the water conservation?
Answer:

1. Hiware Bazar is situated on the eastern side of Sahyadri ranges in Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra.
2. Continuous contour trenches were dug on the hill slopes to arrest the erosion of soil, water harvesting and encourage growth of grass.
3. There was ban on borewells for irrigation, growing sugarcane, banana and selling one’s land to any outsider.
4. The range of crops is diversified and potatoes, onions, fruits, flowers, wheat, etc. are practised.
5. The land was made much more productive as the water availability is increased and resulted in second crop during the year.
6. The cultivation of water-intensive crops like sugar was stopped.
7. Water for irrigation should be taken only through dug wells.
8. Water use prioritisation was taken up along with crop planning.

Question 8.
How significant are the laws and people’s actions, in the context of water resources? Write a short note based on the ideas discussed in the last two sections of the chapter.
Answer:

1. People’s actions are significant in the context of water resources.
2. People imposed themselves ban felling trees, free grazing to protect soil fertility.
3. They even imposed ban on practice of water taking from bore/tubewells for irrigation and extensive water usage crops.
4. They put up practices for water harvesting and diversification of crops.
5. The current laws about groundwater in many states are both outdated and inappropriate.
6. These are based oh the basic link between access to groundwater and land ownership, which is flowed.
7. Landowners were not restricted in the amount of water they can take out.
8. State governments have often chosen tolncrease power subsidies to make extraction of even deeper layers of groundwater possible.
9. Drinking water is the first priority as well as a human right and that Panchayat Raj institutions must have control over the use of groundwater.

Question 9.
If you have access to internet, visit www.aponline.gov.in and learn more about Andhra Pradesh WALTA Act.
Answer:

1. AP WALTA Act means Andhra Pradesh Water Land and Trees Act-2002.
2. Its objectives are to promote water conservation.
3. For protection and conservation of forests.
4. It promotes the construction of check-dams.
5. It encourages the setting up of watershed programs.
6. s a part of agriculture it advises the less water usage crops and methods to save water like sprinklers to water the crops.
7. It advises for the participation of common people in promoting social forestry in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
8. It brought many changes in the implementation of this act from 2009 onwards.

Question 10.
In what ways is water bought and sold in your area and for what purposes? Do you think there should be some checks and balances for this? Discuss.
Answer:
1. The water in our area is mainly supplied by our corporation. They supply through pumps/ nallas. This water is used for drinking and household purpose.
2. Drinking water is also supplied by local companies after purification. They charge Rs. 15 to 30 for on refill.
Yes, I think that there should be some checks and balances for both these supplies. The corporation water tanks should be cleansed at regular intervals. The water should be purified through different possible methods. We should check the refills of the private companies also. And we should observe the cleaning/filtering procedure at the point regularly.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 58

Question 1.
On a map of India identify and mark the Himalayas and the Western Ghats.
Answer:

Question 2.
Using the colour code, identify the height range in which some of the rivers originate. Using the atlas and the raised relief map, follow the course of these rivers and locate the direction in which they are flowing.
Answer:
Some of the rivers : Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Krishna, Godavari, Narmada and Tapati.

Question 3.
Discuss: About 5% of water is used for domestic purposes and yet a large section of the population does not have access to the water.
Answer:

1. Out of the total water available, most is saline and only less than 3% is non-saline.
2. Most of it is in the form of ice and only less is accessible.
3. Out of this available water also only 5% is used for domestic purpose and the remaining is used for other purposes.
4. In spite of all this, a large section of the population does not have access to water.
5. There are many reasons for this like the depletion in groundwater tables.
6. Non-domestic usage is geared up with bore/tubewells and pumps and extracting a large amount.
7. The poor and destitute do not have access to water.
8. Water supply is a state responsibility under the Indian constitution.
9. In some coastal areas, sea water desalination is becoming an important source of drinking water supply.
10. There is a need to river linking in India.

Question 4.
40 million hectares of land in India is flood-prone and an equally large part of the country is also drought prone. What are the causes of this ?
Answer:

1. In India only 40% of the cultivated land has irrigation facility.
2. For the remaining cultivated land, agriculture is the gambling with monsoon.
3. If monsoons give good rains, the year is good otherwise most part is drought-prone.
4. In India there are 72 drought – prone districts spread over 13 states.
5. Floods mostly occur in the low-lying plain areas and river valleys almost every year in the country.
6. 40 million hectares of land in India is flood prone.
7. We have no interlinking of rivers in India, which can arrange for the transfer of floodwaters to drought-prone areas.
8. Thus we are equally affected with both floods and droughts.
9. Floods are associated with excessive rainfall while droughts are the result of deficit rainfall.
10. Hydrology, deforestation, soil nature and erosion also play an important role in these
    calamities.

Question 5.
70% of our surface water resources are polluted. Why?
Answer:

1. The contamination of water with unwanted and harmful substances is called water polution.
2. The biodegradable waste enters a water supply and thus pollutes water.
3. Chemical fertilisers from agriculture runoff due to rain and industrial waste pollute water.
4. Heat can be a source of pollution in water by decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen.
5. Sediment consists of mineral or organic solid matter that is washed from land into water sources.
6. The industrial waste contains a large number of harmful chemicals like acids, alkali and metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium leading to toxicity.
7. Hazardous substances like fluorine mixed in groundwater are causing pollution.
8. Thus nearly 70% of the surface water sources are polluted.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 59

Question 6.
With the help of an atlas trace the course of Indus both in India and Pakistan.
Answer:

Out of the total length of 2880 kms Indus flows 709 kms in India and 2171 kms in Pakistan.

Question 7.
Look at the map of river Ganga and name the states which are drained by it.

Answer:
The states which are drained by the river Ganga are Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan.

Question 8.
From the above map list out the north-flowing and south-flowing tributaries of the Ganga. North-flowing tributaries of the Ganga :
Answer:

1. The Yamuna
2. The Gomti
3. The Ghaghara
4. The Gandak
5. The Kosi
6. The Teesta

South-flowing tributaries of the Ganga :

1. The Chambal
2. The Sind
3. The Betwa
4. The Ken
5. The Son.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 60

Question 9.
From the Map and using your atlas, describe the following.

1. The Godavari originates in ——– and ——–.
2. The Krishna is the second largest east flowing peninsular river which rises near ——–.
3. The Mahanadi rises near Sihawa in Chattisgarh and runs through ——–.
4. The Narmada originates near ——– in Madhya Pradesh.
5. The Tapati originates from ——– and flows ——– (fill in the direction of flow).

Answer:

1. Triambak plateau drains into Bay of Bengal
2. Mahabaleswar
3. Odisha
4. Amar Kantak
5. Multai; westward

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 61

Question 10.
Discuss the term “watershed”.

Answer:

1. Watershed is a line of high land where streams on one side flow into one river and streams on the other side flow into a different river.
2. If the flow of water (rain water) were to be checked by vegetation or bunds, then there would be a greater possibility of the water percolating into the soil to join the groundwater.
3. Over the last few years great efforts have been undertaken to harvest rainwater by these means.
4. These measures are usually taken for a stream or a river.
5. Such efforts are called ‘Watershed development projects’.
6. Under these projects trees and grasses are planted on the hill slopes from where a stream starts and small bunds are built across streams to stop the flow of water.

Question 11.
From the nearest Mandal office find out the total annual rainfall for your area over the past 5 years.
Answer:
The total annual rainfall for the area of Mangalagiri over the past 5 years is as such.

Question 12.
Recall from your science lessons what happens to the water that plants draw through their roots.
Answer:

1. Plant absorbs water from the soil.
2. The plant combines water and carbon dioxide with the help of sunlight to produce carbohydrates.
3. Starch, sugars, cellulose are also carbohydrates.
4. The plant does not use all the water it absorbs through its roots to produce carbohydrates, most of it evaporates into the air.
5. The water that plants release into the atmosphere is called transpiration,
6. Most of the water released by plants evaporate from the leaves, which have microscopic holes called ‘stomata’.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 63

Question 13.
On a map of India trace the course of the Tungabhadra river.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 65

Question 14.
How would it help if there was a government river basin authority for overall planning of water use?
Answer:

1. Encroachment of public lands, by rampant felling of tree cover, brought under cultivation.
2. It resulted in water run-off and flash floods.
3. Storage capacity of dam was lost with accumulation of silt, dust, debris etc.
4. Water is flow resource and its storage or use upstream affects what is available to people downstream.
5. Growth of towns and industrial areas increased the demand for water.
6. Conflicts within communities in a region and across sectors like agriculture, industry or drinking water are common.
7. If there was a government river basin authority for overall planning of water use, all the problems above could be solved.
8. If the government river basin is there it will solve the problems by following way.
   a) It would do justice to all users of river basins water.
   b) It would involve the community organisations in the authority.
   c) It would reduce the growing conflicts and the possibility of social unrest in the country in future due to water scarcity.
   d) It would rejuvenate the traditional techniques in conservation and management recognition of water as a common property resource.

Question 15.
What are the different conflicts in the use of water for Tungabhadra river basin ?
Answer:

1. The basin of Tungabhadra, the tributary of Krishna, has two parts
   a) the upper and middle catchment in Karnataka,
   b) the lower portion of the catchment in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
2. There is a lot of difference in water availability between these two types of regions.
3. Conflicts between Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh are generally related to water
   that is available to use.
4. Water is a flow resource and its storage or use upstream affects what is available to people downstream.
5. Water is shared based on agreements between state governments.
6. Although the area is ideal for semi-arid crops, the major crops grown demand a lot of water.
7. Cultivation of such crops throughout the basin has dramatically altered the water sharing balance.
8. When all areas desire water for these crops, conflicts become inevitable.

(OR)

1. Tunga bhadra is the major tributary of the river Krishna.
2. Tungabhadra project was constructed and it was the joint venture of Karnataka, Telangana State and A.P.
3. The upper catchment area is used for storage by water harvesting. The lower portion of the basin is characterised by lower rainfall and drought conditions.
4. Later Karnataka constructed another dam known as Almatti dam.
5. The height and the water storage capacity of the river is the apple of discard among Karnataka, Telangana and A.P.
6. Tribunals have given judgements on the water sharing proportions among Telangana state, A.P and Karnataka.
7. But still it is a burning water dispute among these states.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 67

Question 16.
Underline sentences that reflect the efforts taken for water conservation in Hiware Bazar.
Answer:

1. Most significant was the ban on borewells for irrigation, growing sugarcane and banana and selling one’s land to any outsider.
2. The most significant development is that increased water availability has made a second crop possible due to normal rainfall.
3. Social control over groundwater extraction and use no borewells for irrigation (only for drinking water) no water-intense crops like sugarcane.
4. Water for irrigation should be taken only through due wells.
5. They keep rainfall data meticulously and use it for crop planning and water use prioritisation.
6. As they plan according to water available there was no shortage of water to drink even in years of continuous drought.

Question 17.
What was the effort for planning agriculture according to the available water ?
Answer:

1. Farmers of Hiware Bazar worked out certain thumb rule type of think like if they get good rainfall, then they can take full Rabi crop.
2. If the rainfall is less then they bring down the area under rabi etc.
3. They keep rainfall data meticulously and use it for crop planning and water use prioritisation.
4. Because of this even in years of continuous drought there was no drinking water shortage.
5. This is mainly because they plan according to the water available.

Question 18.
If you have access to internet, watch a documentary about Hiware Bazar at http:// bit.ly/kothLl.
Answer:
Students’ Activity

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 69

Question 19.
Should groundwater regulation be primarily community-led, as in the case of Hiware Bazar ?
Answer:

1. Groundwater regulation in Hiware Bazar was taken up by community and saw good results.
2. But it definitely may not be the same if it were primarily led by community throughout the country.
3. Instead of that, governments should bring new laws and rules in place of the existing ones and serve the purpose.
4. They should make the water as common pool resource and identify the human right for water.
5. Drinking water shall be given the first priority.
6. Panchayat Raj institutions must be given control over the use of groundwater.
7. Governments shall not encourage over use or over extraction of underground resources of water.
8. So the governments must take up the responsibility instead of community.

Question 20.
“The groundwater laws are both outdated and inappropriate.” Explain.
Answer:

1. The current laws about groundwater in many states are both outdated and inappropriate.
2. They were developed at a time when groundwater was a marginal source of water.
3. Today shallow and deep tubewells have the potential to draw a lot of water.
4. Now the basic link between access to groundwater and land ownership on which the rules are based are flowed.
5. Land owners were not restricted in the amount of water they can take out.
6. Over extraction from one tubewell often dries up other tubewells around.
7. Moreover, there are no laws and regulations that can determine on how many wells, hand pumps and other tubewells can be sunk in a given area.
8. Some support that groundwater is a public resource and some others support the primacy of land owners control over ground water.
9. Hence laws are outdated and have to be modified.

Question 21.
Should groundwater be considered a common pool resource ? Explain your view.
Answer:

1. For resource like water, the consumption by one person or a sector affects what is available to others.
2. In a number of states, the answer to falling water tables has been not to address the issue itself.
3. Apart from this each person wants their share of water before someone else.
4. This is the real contemporary challenge.
5. So groundwater should be considered a common pool resource.
6. Based on this the laws and rules to water usage should be framed.
7. It should be made that drinking water is the first priority as well as a human right.
8. Panchayat Raj institutions must have control over the use of groundwater.

(OR)

1. Over the past few decades ground water has been the main source, especially for domestic use and agriculture.
2. This tremendous increase in the use of ground water has a significant impact on water availability and on access to water.
3. Water is a flowing resource. Extraction from one tube well often dries up other tube wells around.
4. If each one competes to go deeper than the neighbour, the ground water structure would be disturbed.
5. Hence ground water should be considered as common pool resource and we should delink the connection between the ownership of land and water drawn from the underground.

Project work

Think of plans for your village or locality, which if implemented would help everyone.
Answer:
Students’ Activity.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 11th Lesson Food Security Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 11th Lesson Food Security

10th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson Food Security Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Correct the false statements.
(a) Increase in food production alone ensures food security.
Answer:
It is not sufficient that there is increase in food production. Everyone should be able to buy them for consumption.

(b) It is important to encourage mono-crop cultivation to ensure food security.
Answer:
Encouraging mono-crops will not serve the purpose of food secuirty. It makes the soil lose its ife&ility. Care must be taken to encourage farmers to go for agricultural diversification.

(c)
Low-calorie intake is higher among people with low income.
Answer:
It is correct.

(d) Legislations have an important role to play in ensuring food security.
Answer:
It is correct. Those legislations are needed to be executed in a heartful manner.

(e) PDS system could be used to address the issue of child nutrition.
Answer:
To address the issue of child nutrition PDS could be used. Anganwadis and Mid-day meals are. serving the needs of children. Their parents shall be made to have the purchasing power to sufficient food with secured access.

Question 2.
The consumption of calories has consistently ——– in rural areas. The average per capita calorie consumption in 2004-05 is ——– than the required calories. The minimum calorie consumption for persons living in urban areas is 2100 calories. The difference between actual calorie consumption in 2004-05 and the required calorie consumption in urban areas is ——–.
Answer:
(i) decreased
(ii) less
(iii) 300 calories

Question 3.
Supposing the foodgrain production has been affected in a particular year, because of a natural calamity. In what ways can the government ensure higher availability of foodgrains for the year?
Answer:

1. The food production has been affected in a particular year, because of natural calamity.
2. The government ensures higher availability of foodgrains for the year in different ways.
3. It could arrange from stocks with it.
4. It could arrange from imports i.e., increasing the amount of foodgrains compared to the exports.
5. Encouraging the farmers who suffered in calamity with waiver of taxes and providing free inputs.
6. Insuring the crops all the time by paying the premium by government itself.

Question 4.
Use an imaginary example from your context to describe the relationship between underweight
and access to food.
Answer:

1. There is some relationship between underweight and access to food.
2. If we have access to sufficient food with required calorific values, there is no question of underweight.
3. No one would have a lower weight if he/she had access to adequate food.
4. The purchasing power of people is also related with weight.
5. Madhavaiah and his family earns monthly Rs. 6000 and with a rented house and medication to parents, he can only afford less amount on food apart from educating his children.
6. Thus, all his family members do not consume sufficient calories food, which resulted in underweight.
7. They are even prone to diseases.

Question 5.
Analyse a week’s food habit of your family. Create a table to explain nutrition elements included in it.
Answer:

Question 6.
Describe the relationship between increase in food production and food security.
Answer:

1. Producing a sufficient amount of foodgrains is an important requirement of food security.
2. The government creates conditions so that farmers are able to produce an increasing amount of foodgrains.
3. The necessary inputs to agriculture are to be provided in a judicious manner.
4. To expand the irrigation and water is to be made available to all.
5. It is not sufficient to produce food grains and other items.
6. Everyone should be able to buy them for consumption.

Question 7.
Give reasons to argue for the following statement “Public Distribution system can ensure better food security for people”.
(OR)
“Central and State Governments purchase one-third of food grains from farmers. Through different programmes, these food grains are distributed to people.”
Do you think that the public distribution system managed by the government is providing proper food security? Express your opinion in an elaborate manner.
Answer:

1. The Indian government came out with a new law in 2013 called the National Food Security Act to legalise peoples’ Right to Food.
2. This food security bill covers nearly 70% of people of the country.
3. They will be given rice, wheat and millets at subsidised prices of Rs. 3. Rs. 2 and Rs. 1 respectively.
4. Every person of low income families is entitled to 5 kg of foodgrains at subsidised price.
5. Among poor families, the poorest ones are entitled to 35 kilograms of foodgrains.
6. 75% of rural population and 50% of urban population will be covered under this scheme.
7. It will provide cooked meals for pregnant women, lactating mothers, children between 1-6 years and mid-day meals to children of 6-14 years.
8. If the government is not able to arrange foodgrains, it will give cash for the people to buy food grains. Thus, public food distribution can ensure better food security for people.

Question 8.
Below poster what indicates about food security.
Answer:
The above poster indicates :

1. Every night one in seven of us goes to bed with hungry.
2. We know that it doesn’t have to be happend in this way.
3. We wake up with this situation.
4. So food security is very important in our life.

Question 9.
Make similar posters about food security.
Answer:

10th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson Food Security InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 146

Question 1.
Examine the given graph and fill in the blanks.
The food grains production has grown over the period 1970-71 to ——–. Paddy production increased from about 40 million tonnes in 1970-71 to about ——– million tonnes in 2010-11. Another important food crop that witnessed rapid increase in production during this 40 years period was ——–. Compared to paddy and wheat the production of ——– did not increase during 1970-2011. This could be due to ——–.
Answer:
The food grains production has grown over the period of 1970-71 to 2010-11. Paddy production increased from about 40 million tonnes in 1970-71 to about 96 million tonnes in 2010-11. Another important food crop that witnessed rapid increase in production during this 40 years period was wheat. Compared to paddy and wheat the production of jowar did not increase during 1976-2011. This could be due to dry land agriculture.

Question 2.
Read again the section on “Land and other natural resources” In chapter 9, What are the possible ways of increasing production of crops from land?
Answer:

1. After going through “Land and other natural resources” in chapter 9, there are a few possible ways of increasing production of crops from land.
2. One way is to grow more than one crop on the same piece of land.
3. It is the most common way of increasing production from land.
4. The other way is to grow three different crops in a year due to the well-developed irrigation system.
5. Electric tubewells could irrigate much larger area of land easily.
6. Increasing the production with intensive use of natural resources like land and water.

(OR)
The possible ways of increasing production of crops from land.

1. Mechanization
2. High yield varieties, which were the basis of the green revolution.
3. Fertilizers
4. HW of seeds
5. Increased plant density.
6. Growing three different crops in a year due to the well developed irrigation system.
7. Electric tube wells could irrigate much larger area of land easily.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 147

Question 3.
Describe the per hectare yield of paddy and wheat by filling the following passage.
Two crops ——– and ——– always had low yield when compared with paddy and wheat. Yet both these crops have shown slow increase in yield in recent years.
Answer:
Two crops jowar and oil seeds always had low yield when compared with paddy and wheat. Yet both these crops have shown slow increase in yield in recent years.

Question 4.
Why should attention be given to increase the yield of jowar? Discuss.
Answer:

1. Jowar is the poor man’s food.
2. It is the third most important food crop ranking next to rice and wheat in both area and production.
3. It is a rainfed crop mostly grown in moist areas which hardly need irrigation.
4. Maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar, followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh.
5. Only half of the jowar crop area is being cultivated with High Yielding Varieties seeds.
6. As it does not need irrigation, use of HYVs can be increased, thus we should give attention to increase the yield of jowar.

(OR)

1. Jowar is a highly nutritious food.
2. To increase the availability of food grains, and food security.
3. Not necessary to use of pesticides, fertilizers and insecticides.
4. Even though where the water availability is very low this crop is also suitable.
5. Jowar has more demand in the market.

Question 5.
What factors have contributed to the high growth of paddy and wheat yields over a long period?
Answer:

1. Many factors have contributed to the growth of paddy and wheat yields over the long period.
2. The rice and wheat are cultivated in India by intensive and unscientific application of chemical fertilizers and insecticides have led to the continuous increase in the yield levels.
3. Development of a dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells helped the growth in yieds of rice and wheat.
4. The use of High Yielding Varieties of seeds under Green Revolution helped the growth in yields of rice and wheat.
5. They provide for larger amounts of grains as the stalks are short and a short period of maturity of the crop in most cases.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 148

Question 6.
Complete the following table.
Answer:

Question 7.
Based on your calculations, fill in the blanks:
The per person availability of food grains _____ (increased/decreased) between 1971 and 1991 but was _____ lower/higher) in 2011. This happened despite shown in population growth in recent decades. In the future, the government must ensure higher availability through _____.
Answer:
The per person availability of food grains increased between 1971 and 1991 but was lower in 2011. This happened despite slowdown in population growth in the recent decades. In future, the government must ensure higher availability through selling from its existing stocks.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 150

Question 8.
Underline words and sentences that deal with agricultural diversification and explain why are these essential for Indian farmers.
Answer:
Water development – technology – cash crops – vegetables – dairying – best pulse seeds – second crop – yields – a plan and government effort.

• The bank gave credit to them for water development.
• The technology is fairly good.
• They take more money from cash crops and it is vegetables all the way.
• A great thing that happened on the way was dairying.
• Farmers know the best pulse seeds come from Maharashtra.
• The second crop, if any, depending on the rains.
• Yields are low.
• Without a plan and government effort it would be a cruel joke to talk about diversification to them.

Question 9.
Write a description about agricultural diversification for your own village or any village that you know about.
Answer:
Velpur has most of the lands with black cotton soils. There are a few rainfed streams for irrigation water. Rice is cultivated as the primary crop. Cotton is cultivated as the second crop. The seeds for these crops are collected from corporate seed companies. Most of the villagers own few buffaloes. They are much interested in dairying. Some part of the land is used to keep grass which is to be used as the fodder to the cattle.
When there was a shortage of rainfall, the crops are damaged and they do not yield good crop. Along with cotton, chillies are also grown in large scale. People are taking up the works of agriculture with much of the usage of technology. A proper plan from the government and its efforts are enabling this village to experience the agricultural diversification.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 151

Question 10.
Recall the discussion on Public Distribution System in Class VIII. How is PDS related to food security of the people in the country ?
Answer:

1. PDS has played a crucial role in reaching food to everyone both in the rural and urban areas.
2. Around 1997, government decided that ration shops should cater mainly to the poor.
3. Governments buy foodgrains from farmers and supply these to the ration shops.
4. Ration shops keep stocks of foodgrains and these items are then sold to people.
5. Prices at the ration shops are meant to be lower than the prices in the market.
6. The government is trying to provide food to all.
7. The government stakes a lot of amount in purchasing food from farmers and wholesalers and selling them at subsidised prices.
8. Thus, PDS is thriving for food security of the people in the country.

Question 11.
Observe the following graph and fill in the blanks.
Percentage Share of Purchases from PDS, rice and wheat, 2009-10.

(a) Fill in the blanks.
For all India, —— percent of peoples’ total consumption of rice and —— percent of peoples total consumption of wheat are purchased from the ration shops. This shows that people have to buy most of their foodgrain requirements from ——. However, there are several well-performing states like —— and ——. And some states like ——, ——, —— where PDS hardly seems to be fulfilling peoples’ needs for food grains.
Answer:
For all India, 39 percent of peoples’ total consumption of rice and 28 percent of people’s consumption of wheat are purchased from the ration shops. This shows that people have to buy most of their food grain requirements from market. However, there are several well-performing states like Tamil Nadu and combined Andhra Pradesh. And some states like Bihar, Rajasthan and Punjab where PDS hardly seems to be fulfilling peoples’ needs for food- grains.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 155

Question 12.
How can an effective Anganwadi center deal with such a situation for a locality? Discuss.
Answer:

1. Out of 7000 children, in the age group of 1 – 5 years, examined in the survey of NIN (National Institute of Nutrition) from many states in the country, 45% of children are underweight.
2. Their weight was less than what is expected by normal standards.
3. These children are in fact hungry and not getting adequate food.
4. Unless they are severely underweight it may not be easily visible or identifiable.
5. In such circumstances an effective anganwadi center in such locality would provide the children nutritious food.
6. Its teachers are supposed to go to every household where children are present and supply them this food.
7. Make their parents to know about the losses of sustained underweight of children and educate them to provide their children with nutritious food.

Question 13.
What overall conclusions can you draw from these statistics? Write a paragraph.

Answer:
When weight is plotted against age nearly 45% of children in the country are under weight. It means that they cannot study, work or perform physical activities. They do not grow as quickly as healthy children. Their immune system is weakened. When height is plotted against age 41% of children not up to the height they have to be. It seems their growth is affected and short for their age. They are difficult to cover this. When weight is plotted against height 21% children are not with weight they are supposed to be. With sufficient food they can cover this up.

Project work

Read the following poem, Aai. Can you write a poem relating to any aspect of food security?

Answer:
Some Quotes on Food Security:

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 8th Lesson People and Migration Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 8th Lesson People and Migration

10th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson People and Migration Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Draw a table with the following items and summarise various examples in the context of migrant laborers.

1. Migrant labour
2. Reasons for the migration
3. Living standards of the migrants
4. Economic impact on their lives
5. Economic impact on the lives of people from where they migrated.

Answer:

Question 2.
Compare and contrast the migration from rural to urban areas and rural to rural areas.
Answer:

Question 3.
Which of the following could be considered as seasonal migration? Why?

1. Women moving from their parents’ house to husband’s house due to marriage
2. Turmeric harvesters moving from one district to another district in Tamil Nadu for three months in a year
3. Cycle rickshaw pullers in Delhi coming from rural parts of Bihar for six months a year
4. Women from Nalgonda district come to work as domestic maids in Hyderabad

Answer:

1. This could not be considered as a seasonal migration. In accordance with our social norms wife is supposed to live permanently in the house of her husband.
2. This could be considered as a seasonal migration. Because duration of the season is three months, which is below the 6 months norm.
3. This could be considered as a seasonal migration as it is not more than 6 months and the migration is done every year.
4. This could not be considered as seasonal migration as the domestic maids need to serve
   throughout the year.

Question 4.
Do you think migrants are trouble makers/trouble shooters in their destinations? Justify your answer.
Answer:

1. I think migrants are trouble shooters.
2. In almost all examples from our lesson, migrants served the purpose.
3. They were nowhere trouble makers.
4. But for them, most works cannot be easily completed.
5. Though they lived in inhumane conditions, they worked hard.
6. Apart from these, they eke out a living.

Question 5.
The following are migrants of different types. Classify th into internal and international migrants.
a) People going from India to Saudi Arabia to work as technicians
b) Agricultural labourers going from Bihar to Punjab
c) Brick workers going from Odisha to Andhra Pradesh
d) Teachers going from China to India to teach Chinese to Indian children
Answer:

Question 6.
‘Most children of migrant families become dropouts.’ Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer.

Answer:

1. Most children of migrant families become dropouts.
2. I do agree with this statement.
3. Children accompanying their parents do not have creche facilities.
4. Grown-up children are not able to continue their studies at their parents’ new work places.
5. Schools in their native place refuse to take them again when they come back.
6. They finally become dropouts.
7. Young girls in such families are required to take care of siblings and many of them become dropouts.

Question 7.
How does rural to urban migration increase the purchasing power of people in rural areas?
(OR)
How does migration affect the purchasing power of people?
Answer:

1. Rural to urban migration increases the purchasing power of people in rural areas.
2. Remittances are an important means of supplementing or generating additional income for the rural families.
3. Migration allows households to meet debt and other obligations without having to sell assets.
4. The majority of migrants either remit or bring back savings.
5. Migrant families buy house, land, agricultural machinery and consumer durables.
6. Thus, their purchasing power increases.

Question 8.
Why are only professionals able to go to developed countries? Why cannot unskilled workers migrate to these countries?
Answer:

1. Professionals are able to go to developed countries.
2. Unskilled workers cannot migrate to these countries.
3. Developed countries depend a lot on industries and service sector.
4. They require people with technical skills and professionals.
5. So, the unskilled workers cannot serve the purpose.
6. Thus, there is no scope for unskilled workers to migrate to developed countries.

Question 9.
Why are only unskilled workers from India wanted in West Asian countries?
Answer:

1. Only unskilled workers from India are wanted in West Asian countries.
2. Semi-skilled workers also migrate to these countries.
3. They are oil-exporting countries.
4. They employ workers on contract basis.
5. They empldy workers on large scale with lower wages.
6. They do not nekL^technically skilled or professionals for these jobs.
7. Besides, the need to pay handsome perks and emoluments.
8. Thus, only unskilled workers are wanted in West Asian countries.

Question 10.
Why are workers from three states able to go to a considerable extent to work in West Asia?
Answer:

1. Unskilled and semi-skilled workers migrate to West Asian countries.
2. Nearly three fifths of workers going to West Asia are from Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
3. A considerable section of these are engaged in construction projects, maintenance services, transport and telecommunications.
4. Most work in oil exporting work.
5. Nearly 30-40 years back many people from these three states went there.
6. They are using the contacts and network in West Asia and making to migrate others from their birth places.

Question 11.
Describe the similarities and differences between the impacts of internal and international migration.
Answer:
People generally migrate to improve their standard of living. Sometimes it is internal and sometimes internationals. The differences are:

10th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson People and Migration InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 102

Question 1.
Draw a sketch map showing Kurnool district along with Nandyala town. Mark arrow lines linking the names listed in the case study.
Answer:

Question 2.
Here is a list of a few people. Categorise them as migrant or non-migrant. Indicate the pattern and guess the probable reasons for migration.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 103

Question 3.
Read the following table and complete the required information.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 105

Question 4.
In the following map, what are the states from which migrant come to Delhi ?
Answer:
From Bihar, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, migrants come to Delhi

Question 5.
In the following map, form which states do the people migrate to Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka?
Answer:

1. From Karnataka migrants come to Andhra Pradesh.
2. There is no migration from other states to Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh..

Question 6.
In the following map, look at Tamil Nadu, what could be reasons out-migration and in migration?
Answer:

1. People migrate to Tamil Nadu to acquire new skills, to find new jobs, to find job in the film industry and to earn a better salary.
2. People migrate from Tamil Nadu to Kerala in the tourism industry.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 106

Question 7.
Interview a person who has come to a town to work in the unorganized sector as a labourer or domestic servant and write her story (see the case study of Ramaiah).
Answer:
Seethamma – a domestic helper in Bengaluru.
I hail from Pedavadlapudi village, Mangalagiri Mandal, Guntur District. I am 56 years old. We have two male children. Both of them are married off. My husband used to pull rickshaw. But his untimely death, a few years ago made my life miserable. We have some debts to be repaid.
A woman of acquaintance introduced me to Mr. and Mrs. Rao. Both of them are software professionals. They hail from our village and are working in Bengaluru. They were married two years back. Recently Mrs. Rao gave birth to a male child. As they couldn’t afford to foster him in time, I was asked to take care of the child and work as a domestic helper.
They cleared our debts in advance and deduct them from my wage. I go to my place for some festivals.

Question 8.
If you live in a rural area, interview a person who has come on a vacation from working in a town in the unorganized sector, write his story (see the case study of Ramaiah).
Answer:
Suresh – a salesman in a readymade shop.
I was a resident of Pedakonduru village of Duggirala Mandal in Guntur District. I studied up to 5th class in Pedakonduru elementary school and later up to 10th class in Pedapalem, a 2 km journey upwards. Later I could not continue my studies.
Later I went to Vijayawada, a 17 km distant city in nearby district Krishna. I joined ‘Step-n- Style’ a readymade garment shop at Patamata in Vijayawada. Except salary they do not provide me with any other facility. It is the work under unorganized sector. Our shop works 7 days a week. Each one is allowed to take a weekly off on a different day of the week.
I have been working there for the last 17 years. I had pleasure working there for that much time. At times, we aren’t even given off on festival days. Most of the customers are of friendly nature and we don’t usually have any tensions.

Question 9.
Compare and contrast these two situations.
Answer:

• Both of them do not work in any organised sector.
• Both of them are paid low.
• Both of them are denied of good health and family care programmes.
• Domestic helper’s life took different turn after facing many difficulties.
• Salesman was unable to get well educated.
• He was contented and did not attempt to improve his education.
• Both of them work in different working conditions.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 107

Question 10.
Why are contacts and networks essential for getting jobs in urban areas?
Answer:

1. Contacts and networks are crucial for getting jobs in urban areas.
2. Migration is the survival strategy for many families.
3. Villagers pre-arrange their jobs from rural areas.
4. They come to urban areas through their contacts or networks.
5. Migrants also pass on the urban opportunities to the rural masses.
6. So that potential migrants can engage in rural-based job research.

Question 11.
Calculate the total number of persons added to urban population for each period and percentage of each group. Write sentences for each bullet point.
Answer:

1. During 1961-71, there were 31 million (20 + 5 + 6) people added in the urban population. In terms of percentage, 65% increase was due to natural increase, 16% was due to expansion of urban areas and 19% was due to migration.
2. During 1971-81, there were 50 million people added in the urban population. In terms of percentage, 52% increase was due to natural increase, 28 was due to expansion of urban areas and 20 was due to migration.
3. During 1981-1991 there were 56 million people added in the urban population. In terms of percentage, 63% increase was due to natural increase, 14% was due to expansion of urban areas and 23% was due to migration.
4. During 1991-2001, there were 67 million people added in the urban population. In terms of percentage, 60% increase was due to natural increase, 19% was due to expansion of urban areas and 21% was due to migration.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 108

Question 12.
Observe the graph given on page 107 in Textbook and answer the following questions.
a) How would you construct a table to show the effect of migration for the entire period 1961 – 2011?
Answer:

b) When people move out of rural areas which sector of the economy in the rural area loses the most number of people? Why?
Answer:

1. When people move out of rural areas primary sector of economy in the rural area loses the most number of people.
2. Had they not been moved out of rural areas, they would have taken part in agriculture and allied activities.
3. So, primary sector is losing the most number of people.

c) In urban areas, what are the common sector(s) of the economy in which migrants from the rural areas find employment? What are the reasons for this?
Answer:

1. Most urban migrants find employment in the unorganised sector.
2. They work as hawkers, painters, mechanics, rickshaw pullers, construction labour etc.
3. They come to work in industries and other service activities.
4. They have opportunities for education and acquiring skills.
5. Urban areas also appear to offer greater freedom and somewhat less discrimination based on caste and gender.
6. They want to increase their income and they desire better family prospects.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 109

Question 13.
Why is there a shortage of sugarcane cutters in western Maharashtra ?
Answer:

1. There is a shortage of sugarcane cutters in western Maharashtra.
2. Maharashtra produces about 70 % of sugar in the country.
3. It has about 186 cooperative sugar factories.
4. Large scale sugarcane cultivation began here in the early 1970s after the Koina dam was built.
5. Sugarcane cutting requires a lot of workers.
6. It needed to be transported to mills at the earliest.
7. As many of the western Maharashtra farmers are growing sugarcane, there is a shortage of sugarcane cutters.
8. On the contrary, central Maharashtra, i.e., Vidharbha region is less cultivated, so there is scope of migration.

Question 14.
What would happen to children who come with their parents? Is it possible to bring these children to schools? Are there any provisions in the government laws for educating these children?
Answer:

1. The children who come with their parents are engaged in piling the canes that are cut and removed the leaves if they are of working age.
2. As their parents are living in bamboo huts, it is difficult for children to go to school.
3. It is a seasonal migration.
4. There is no provision of schools.
5. It is possible to bring these children to schools.
6. It requires a lot of care and interest on the part of the government.
7. There are provisions like setting up of Bridge schools and seasonal hostels for children of migrated parents.

Question 15.
Why are sugarcane cutters employed only for six months? What work might they do during the other six months of the year?
Answer:

1. Sugarcane cutters are employed only for six months.
2. Because the season ends with it.
3. Sugarcane cutters come there due to distress caused in rural areas.
4. They might do agricultural works or MNREGA works during the other six months of the year.

Question 16.
How could the living conditions of these workers be improved?
Answer:

1. They live in small conical huts.
2. They live together with animals in congested conditions.
3. They have to fight exhaustion all the time.
4. The living conditions of these workers have to be improved.
5. The owners of sugarcane cultivating lands, the government at the state and even local self governments should take initiative to develop their living conditions.
6. They should set up health clinics, make shift houses and schools, fix proper wages and work hours.
7. See that children are not engaged in work, but sent to schools.

Question 17.
The seven districts in western Maharashtra- Nasik, Ahmadnagar, Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur and Sholapur – comprise the “sugar belt” which extends into Surat (Gujarat) in the north and Belgaum (Karnataka) in the south. Five districts of the arid Marathwada region – Beed, Jalgaon, Ahmadnagar, Nasik and Jalna – send out labour to this sugar belt for six months every year for sugarcane harvesting.
Draw arrow lines on a map showing districts of origin and destination of migrants.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 110

Question 18.
Describe an example of seasonal migration of your region.
Answer:

1. People from our region migrate to Guntur and other towns to work in tobacco barons.
2. With the gap in agricultural activities, many of the landless poor and even marginal farmers migrate there in search of employment.
3. Leaving the children with grandparents, they migrate to work in barons.
4. They bring back their savings.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 111

Question 19.
What can be done so that migrants are able to get food, health and family care programmes?
Answer:

1. Migrants should get good food, health and family care programmes.
2. It should be made possible for them to get food from fair price shops at their work places.
3. Make-shift hospitals with doctors and nurses are to be established at or near the work places.
4. Necessary care must be taken to prevent accidents in work places.
5. Unorganised sector workers are also to be provided with access to various health and family care programmes.

Question 20.
There are some initiatives taken by government and voluntary agencies. Find out if there is any such initiative in your area. Invite some persons from such agencies for a talk in the school.
Answer:
Self Activity.

Question 21.
National boundaries are protected against migrants. Here are examples of
a) USA on Mexican border
b) South Korea on North Korean border
c) India on Bangladesh border.
What do you think of migrants across the border?
Answer:
In the above figures the national boundaries of Mexico – the USA, South Korea – North Korea and India – Bangladesh are shown. It is common to arrange a fence between two countries along the border. The soldiers belonging to both the countries always safeguard the borders. But, due to many reasons different people try to cross the borders and enter the neighbouring countries. Some among them are terrorists who resort to violence and destruction in their enemy countries. They are induced and inspired by respective countries. They are called state sponsored terrorists.

In terms of employment and infrastructure, America is more attractive than Mexico. That is the reason why some people enter that country in illegal ways. Both South Korean and North Korean governments have different doctrines. One is communist whereas the other is capitalist. Those who differ with other countries’ doctrines try to cross the borders and go from one country to other for the sake of spying.

In Bangladesh, the rule has been dictatorial and the life of people there has been pathetic for ages. So some people of that country cross the border and enter the democratic country India. The states such as Paschim Banga and Assam are facing a grave problem with these people.

It’s a crime to cross the borders in an illegal way. And these people become a problem to the country they enter.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 112

Question 22.
Draw arrow lines on a World Map depicting people from India going to different countries mentioned in the above passages.

1. USA
2. Canada
3. United Kingdom
4. Australia
5. Germany
6. Norway
7. Japan
8. Malaysia
9. Saudi Arabia
10. UAE

Answer:

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 1st Lesson India: Relief Features Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 1st Lesson India: Relief Features

10th Class Social Studies 1st Lesson India: Relief Features Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
The sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat in the west. But the clocks show the same time. How does this happen?
Answer:

1. The sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat.
2. It takes 4 minutes for the sun’s position to move one longitude.
3. This means that the time is different for each degree of longitude.
4. Based on the longitudes the time is calculated.
5. Then two different places in our country will have different times, which cause a lot of confusion.
6. To avoid this confusion of time from place to place 82°30’ E longitude is taken as the standard meridian of India and serves as Indian Standard Time.
7. All people in India have to follow this time. Thus clocks show the same time.

Question 2.
If the Himalayas would not have been in its present position, how would be the climat conditions of the Indian sub continent?
(OR)
What is the geographical impact of the Himalayas in influencing the Indian climate?
Answer:

1. The formation of the Himalayas influences the climate in various ways.
2. These act as barriers protecting the great plains of India from the cold winds of central Asia during winter.
3. The Himalayas are reason for summer rains and monsoon type climate in regions that are beyond the Western Ghats of India.
4. In its absence, this region would have remained drier.
5. India would have been a tropical desert.

Question 3.
The Himalayas do not extend into which of the following states :
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim/Haryana, Punjab, Uttaranchal.
Answer:

1. The Himalayas run in the west-east direction in the form of an arch with a distance about 2400 kms.
2. These have extended into states like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Meghalaya in India.
3. These do not extend into Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab.

Question 4.
Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the peninsular plateau.
Answer:

1. There are six major physiographic regions of India.
2. They are:
   1. The Himalayas,
   2. The Indo-Gangetic plain,
   3. The Peninsular Plateau,
   4. The Coastal Plains
   5. The Thar Desert and
   6. The Islands.
3. The Himalayas have 3 ranges of mountains. Among them Himadri has the highest peaks with an average elevation of about 6100 mts above the mean sea level.
4. In ‘Lesser Himalayas’ the height of the peaks ranges between 3700 to 4500 mts.
5. Shivaliks have an altitude varying between 900 mts and 1100 mts.
6. The Himalayas width differs from 500 kms, in the western regions to 200 kms in central and eastern regions.
7. The peninsular plateau consists of two broad divisions namely, the central high lands (Malwa Plateau) and the Deccan Plateau.
8. The place where the Western Ghats and Nilgiris meet has many peaks over a height about 2000 mts.
9. The average height of the Eastern Ghats rarely exceeds 900 mts.
10. The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is Aroma Konda found at Chintapalli in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 5.
What is the influence of the Himalayas on Indian agriculture?
(OR)
How do the Himalayas influence agriculture in India?
Answer:

1. The formation of the Himalayas influences the climate in various ways.
2. They are the reason for summer rains and monsoon type of climate in regions that are beyond the Western Ghats of India.
3. They cause the retreat of southwest monsoon winds as they are blocked by these ranges.
4. Thus, northeast monsoon occurs only because of the Himalayas.
5. The rivers originating in the glaciers of these ranges are perennial and caused the economic growth of the northern plains.
6. These valleys are known for the cultivation of fruits.
7.  India has irrigation facilities only for 40% cultivated land.
8.  All the remaining land depends on monsoons which are caused by the Himalayas.

(OR)
Answer:
Influence of the Himalayas on Indian Agriculture:

1. Fertile soil: The sediments carried by the Himalayan rivers are deposited in the northern plain in the form of fertile soil. It makes the plain one of the most fertile lands in the world, e.g.: Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar.
2. Source of rivers :
   • The Himalayas act as a huge reservoir of water for the north Indian rivers.
   • All these perennial rivers are the lifeline of north India and are suitable for the construction of multipurpose projects which strengthens Indian agriculture.

Question 8.
Use an atlas and identify the following:
i) The Islands formed due to Volcanic eruption.
ii) The countries constituting Indian Subcontinent.
iii) The states through which the Tropic of Cancer passes.
iv) The northernmost latitude in degrees.
v) The southernmost latitude of the Indian mainland in degrees.
vi) The eastern and the westernmost longitudes in degrees.
vii) The place situated on the three seas.
viii) The strait separating Sri Lanka from India,
ix) The Union Territories of India.
Answer:
i) Narcondam and Barren Islands.
ii) India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
iii) Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.
iv) 37°6′
v) 8°4′
vi) 97°25′ Easternmost longitude; 68°7’Westernmost longitude
vii) Tamil Nadu
viii) Palk strait
ix) Delhi, Chandigarh, Diu Daman, Dadra, and Nagar Haveli, Pondicheri, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands.

Question 9.
How are the Eastern coastal plains and Western coastal plains similar or different?
Answer:

Question 10.
Plateau regions in India do not support agriculture as much as the plain regions -what are the reasons for this?
Answer:

1. Plateau regions in India do not support agriculture as much as the plain regions.
2. There are many reasons for this.
3. The physical formation of plateau is not much supportive to agriculture.
4. Plains are formed with alluvial soils which are very fertile, so support agriculture.
5. The rugged surface of plateau makes irrigation difficult whereas plains provide much irrigation facilities.
6. Plateau region does not have any perennial river, whereas plain regions have perennial rivers.
7. Plateau region is rich in mineral resources whereas plains are rich in agriculture practice.

10th Class Social Studies 1st Lesson India: Relief Features InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.1

Question 1.

Look at the world map given above, and write a few lines about India’s location with reference to the places marked on this map.
Answer:
India is located to the north of the equator between 8°4′ and 37°6′ north latitudes and 68°7′ and 97025′ east longitudes.

Question 2.
The lines of latitude and longitude are used for accurately specifying the location of any place or region. Use the atlas and correct the following statement:
“India is a very extensive country and lies totally in the southern Hemispheres of the globe. The country’s mainland lies between 8 degrees N and 50 degrees N longitude and 68 degree S and 9 degrees E latitude.”
Answer:
India is a very extensive country and lies totally in the Northern hemisphere and the Eastern hemisphere of the globe. The country’s mainland lies between 8°4′ and 37°6′ North latitude and 68°7 and 97°25′ East longitude.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 2

Question 3.
Why do we often use the term “Indian peninsula”?
Answer:

1. Any country which is surrounded by sea on three sides and the fourth side is landlocked, is called a peninsula.
2. India is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Sea as its three borders and the fourth side is landlocked with the Himalayan mountains.
3. So we often use that term Indian peninsula.

Question 4.
Examine the map (Text Page No. 1) and imagine that India is located in the Arctic Circle. How would your life be different?
Answer:
If India is located in the Arctic Circle, my life would be different as follows :

1. I must cope with very low temperatures and constant darkness in the winter, and temperatures above freezing and constant daylight in the summer.
2. While temperatures are below freezing, snow and snow everywhere.
3. Transportation: Sledges during winter and boards during summer.
4. Diet: Fish, seals, wheals, caribou, berrys, plants.
5. Shelter: Igloos are camps.

Question 5.
Identify Indira Point on the atlas. What is special about this? (OR)
What is special about ‘Indira Point’ with reference to the location of India ?
Answer:

1. In Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Narkondam and Barren Islands are volcanic origin.
2. The southernmost tip of India found in Nicobar Island is called Indira Point.
3. It is named in honour of Smt. Indira Gandhi.
4. It was submerged during the 2004 Tsunami.

Question 6.
Andhra Pradesh lies between and N latitudes and …… and E longitudes.
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh lies between 12I4T and 22° North latitudes and IT and 84°40′ East longitudes.

Question 7.
Using the scale given in your atlas estimate the length of the coast line for Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
The length of the coast line for Andhra Pradesh is 972 kms or 604 miles.

Question 8.
Look at the map 2 on text page 3 and trace the boundary for India and colour this.
With the help of the scale given on the map, find out the total land boundary that India shares with Bangladesh.

Answer:
The total land boundary that India shares with Bangladesh is 4,096.70 km.

Question 9.
Which of these data are for rising and setting times for the Sun at Ahmedabad and Imphal ?

Answer:

1. Imphal is in the eastern side of India.
2. The sun rises early there thus the sunrise timing of 5 :59 and sunset timing of 16 : 37 belong to it.
3. Whereas Ahmedabad is in the western side of India.
4. The sun rises late comparative to Imphal here, thus the sunrise timing of 7 : 20 and sunset timing of 18 : 05 belong to it.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 4

Question 10.
List the Himalayan rivers and the Peninsular rivers that helped the formation of North Indian Plain.
Answer:
The Himalayan rivers that helped the formation of North Indian Plain are

1. Indus and its tributaries, the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Sutlej.
2. The Ganga and its tributaries, the Ghaggar, the Teesta, the Sone, the Kosi and the Yamuna river.
3. The Brahmaputra and its tributaries.
4. A majority of the tributaries of the Ganga may originate in the Himalayan ranges but some of them have their sources in the peninsular plateau.
5. The peninsular rivers that helped the formation of Northern plain are the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa, the Ken and the Son originating in the northern part peninsula belong to the Ganga river system.

Question 11.
The formation of the Himalayas was ———- million years ago while early hunter-gathering human beings emerged on earth ———— million years ago.
Answer:
200; 1.8

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 5

Question 12.
Look at the Map 2 (on test page 3)and the raised relief map in your school. Using your finger trace the regions mentioned below:
a) Follow the course of Godavari and Krishna to identify the direction of slope of Deccan plateau.
b) Describe the entire course of the Brahmaputra River, with reference to landforms, heights, and countries.
Answer:
a) The direction of slope of Deccan plateau is West to East.
b) The course of Brahmaputra is with reference to

• Landforms: Lake, Himalayan range, Tibetan plateau, Assom Valley, Sunderban Delta.
• Heights: Mishmi Hills between 1000 m to 3000m, Assom Valley with a height upto 300 m, Greater Himalayas at an average height of 6100 mts.
• Countries: It flows through Tibet (China), India and Bangladesh.

Question 13.
Locate the three ranges in your atlas.
Answer:
1) Greater Himalayas or Himadri. 2) Lesser Himalayas or Himachal. 3) Shivaliks.

Question 14.
Locate some of the highest peaks in the raised relief map.
Answer:
Mt. Everest, K2 (Godwin Austin), Kanchenjunga, Gowrisankar, Nanga Parbat, Dhaulagiri and Nandadevi.

Question 15.
Trace with your fingers on the above regions (given in the text book matter) in the raised relief map and on the wall map with your fingers.
Answer:
Students’ Activity.

Question 16.
Locate the following places on Indian physical map in your atlas :
Shimla, Mussorie, Nainital and Raniket.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 7

Question 17.
Locate the following ranges in the physical map of India.

Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 9

Question 18.
Locate the following on the Indian physical map of your atlas and on the raised relief map: Malwa plateau, Bundelkhand, Bhagelkhand, Rajamahal Hills and Chotanagpur plateau.
Answer:

Question 19.
Using an atlas, compare the relative heights of above plateaus with that of Tibetan plateau.
Answer:
Tibetan plateau is higher than the peninsular plateau (Peninsular plateau 600 – 900 mts. height, Tibetan plateau – more than 5400 mts height).

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 10

Question 20.
Look at the raised relief map and compare the relative heights of Western and Eastern Ghats as well as Tibetan plateau and Himalayan peaks.
Answer:
In few areas the average height of Western Ghats is more than 2000 mts.
The average height of Eastern Ghats rarely exceeds 900 mts.
The Himalayan peaks are of 3 ranges.
In Himadri the average height of peaks is 6100 mts.
In Himachal the average height of peaks is 4000 mts.
In Shivaliks the average height of peaks is around 1000 mts.
The height of world’s highest table land, the Tibetan plateau is above 5400 mts.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 12

Question 21.
On the physical map of India identify the delta regions. How is their height similar or different ?
How do they compare in relation to the Indo-Gangetic Plains ?
Answer:
The height of these deltas is similar between 0 and 300 metres. The northern plain and deltas both are agriculturally developed.

Project work

Question.
Using the raised relief map, and physical maps in your atlas make clay/ sand models of India on the ground. Use different types of sand or soil to mark different types of relief features. Ensure heights of the places are proportional and rivers are marked. Look at the vegetation map in your atlas and try to use leaves and grasses to decorate them. May be over the year you can also add other features of India into them.
Answer: Students’ Activity.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 4th Lesson Climate of India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 4th Lesson Climate of India

10th Class Social Studies 4th Lesson Climate of India Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Read the following statements and mark if It is an example of weather or climate.
(a) During the last few years many glaciers have melted in the Himalayas.
Answer:
It is an example of weather.

(b) During the last few decades drought in the Vidarbha region has increased.
Answer:
It is an example of climate.

Question 2.
Match the following. Use maps if you cannot locate the places.
(There could be multiple correct answers.)

Answer:
(a) Trivandrum — is closer to sea and the climate has big impact of the seas
(b) Gangtok — is farther from the equator and temperature would be lower in winter
(c) Anantapur — is closer to the equator but not close to the seas and has low rainfall

Question 3.
Describe India’s climate controls.
(OR)
Explain any two factors that influence the climate in India.
Answer:
The factors that affect climate are called climatic controls. These include:

1. Latitude
2. Land – Water relationship
3. Relief
4. Upper air circulation.

1. Latitude:

• The intensity of temperature depends on the latitude. It is more intense in lower latitudes than at higher latitudes.
• In India, the Southern part lies ¡n the tropical zone, closer to the equator; it has higher average temperature than the northern part.

2. Land – Water relationship:

• The water bodies absorb and losses heat more slowly than land.
• Due to this the formation of land and sea breezes influence the climate of coastal region.

3. Relief:

• Relief or altitude of a region influences the climate of the area.
• Several hill stations have cool climate even during summer months.
  Eg: Simia, Nainital, Mussone, Kodaikanal.

4. Upper air circulation:

• The high velocity of Upper air movements is known as “Jet Streams’.
• This jet stream causes the neighboring atmosphere to cool.

Question 4.
Write a short note on factors influencing climatic variations in hilly areas and deserts.
Answer:

1. The factors influencing climatic conditions are called climatic controls.
2. These include (i) Latitude (ii) Land-water relationship (iii) Upper air circulation.
3. In hilly areas important factors influencing climatic conditions are latitudes, relief and land- water relationship, and upper air circulation only as a whole.
4. If the hills are in southern India, they receive more temperature and rainfall. If they are near the coast, the effects would be different.
5. In the hilly area altitude also plays a crucial role in deciding the temperature in accordance with the normal lapse rate.
6. Relief of desert plays a crucial role in its temperature being decided and the inland nature shuns any influence of land-water relationship.
7. The rainfalls in these regions are scanty and during temperature range is very high.

Question 5.
How are human activities contributing to global warming?
Answer:

1. Human activities contribute to climate change by causing changes in Earth’s atmosphere in the amounts of greenhouse gases, aerosols and cloudiness.
2. The largest known contribution comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere.
3. Greenhouse gases and aerosols affect climate by altering incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation that are part of the earth’s energy balance.
4. Changing their atmospheric abundance or properties of these gases and particles can lead to a warming or cooling of the climate system.
5. Since the start of the industrial era (about 1750) the overall effect of human activities on climate has been a warming influence.,
6. The human impact on climate during this era greatly exceeds that due to known changes in natural processes such as solar changes and volcanic eruptions.

Question 6.
What are the disagreements between ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ countries about AGW ?
Answer:

1. An international organization called the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.
2. The latest attempt made at the IPCC conference in Warsaw (Poland) in 2013, failed to achieve any agreement.
3. Disagreements are between developed countries and developing countries.
4. Developed countries want developing countries to cut down on burning coal and other activities that add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
5. Developing countries argue that developed countries developed precisely by burning fossil fuels in their development and their economic development will be seriously (developing countries) damaged if (developing countries) they do not burn fossil fuels.
6. Developing countries also argue that developed countries should do their fair share of work to find alternatives that can help the developing countries to progress.

Question 7.
How is climate change causing global warming? Suggest measures to minimise the influence of the global warming.
Answer:

1. Now heating of earth is much more rapid and could lead to catastrophic changes.
2. Much of the warming has been occurring since the Industrial Revolution.
3. Volumes of methane under the frozen tundras of northern latitudes is discovered.
4. As global temperature increases, the ice in the tundra melts more.
5. The methane trapped in, the ice escapes into the atmosphere increasing global temperatures.
6. In turn, this causes even more ice to melt, releasing more methane, and so on.
7. To minimize the influence of global warming, we should plan to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases like CO₂, Methane, etc.
8. We should take up afforestation.
9. We should encourage public transport.
10. We should minimize the use of refrigerators and air conditioners, etc.

Question 8.
On an outline map of India, show the following:
(i) Areas recorded with more than 40°C annual mean temperature.
(ii) Areas recorded with annual mean temperature less than 10°C.
(iii) The direction of the south-west monsoon over India.
Answer:

Question 9.
Observe the following climograph and answer the following questions.

(A) Which month received the highest rainfall?
Answer:
‘August’ month received the highest rainfall.

(B) Which months experience the highest and the lowest temperature?
Answer:
The highest temperature is experienced in the month of May.
The lowest temperature is experienced in the month of December.

(C) Why is the maximum amount of rainfall between June and October?
Answer:
The maximum amount of rainfall is received in Hyderabad between the months of June and October. The reason for this is the presence of south-west monsoons.

(D) Why is the temperature high between March and May?
Answer:
The temperature is high between March and May because it is the summer season.

(E) Identify relief conditions causing variation in temperature and rainfall.
Answer:
Hyderabad is present in the Deccan Plateau. It is situated at an elevation of 600 m from the mean sea level.

10th Class Social Studies 4th Lesson Climate of India InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 45 & 46

Question 1.
Fill the table after reading climographs.

Range of Temperature: From highest value to lowest value
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 46

Question 2.
What are the warmest and coldest months in Leh?
Answer:
The warmest month in Leh is June The coldest month in Leh is January.

Question 3.
From the range of temperatures in the above table, say whether Jaipur is, in general, hotter than Leh. Explain your answer.
Answer:

1. Jaipur is, in general, hotter than Leh.
2. In the hottest month, Leh got 26°C the highest temperature whereas Jaipur got 40-C during the same month.
3. Thus, we can say Jaipur is hotter in general.

Question 4.
Compare the climate of Delhi and Chennai. How are they different? 4S June 20171
Answer:

1. Delhi has an extreme climate with 6°C as the lowest temperature and 40°C as the highest temperature.
2. Every month the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures is also more around 16°C.
3. But whereas Chennai has a moderate climate with 38°C as highest and 20°C as the lowest temperature.
4. Even the difference between the highest and the lowest every month is also less, around 10°C.
5. Delhi The climate of Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Its climate is greatly influenced by its proximity to the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, causing it to experience both weather extremes.
6. Chennai: The geographical location determines the weather and climate in Chennai. The close proximity of the ocean and equator makes the climate and weather in Chennai relatively consistent with less variation in the seasonal temperature. The weather in Chennai is mostly hot and humid.

Question 5.
Read carefully the rainfall pattern for Leh. In what ways is this different from the others? From your atlas, can you find out some other places in the world that have similar rainfall patterns?
Answer:

1. Leh is situated nearly 6 km above the mean sea level.
2. So the atmosphere there is not conducible for rain.
3. It receives less than 10 mm as the maximum monthly rainfall.
4. The remaining three places receive 200 mm or more rainfall as the maximum monthly rainfall.
5. It is surrounded by greater Himalayan mountains which are always covered with snow.
6. Thus, it is different from the other 3 places which are unlike this.
7. There are some other places in the world like this like Zurich in Switzerland, Oslo in Norway, Thimpu in Bhutan and Khatmandu in Nepal etc.

Question 6.
Identify the wet months for Chennai. How is this different from Jaipur?
Answer:

1. The wettest months for Chennai are October and November.
2. It is because it receives rainfall during the retreat of southwest monsoon or during the north-east monsoon.
3. Whereas the wettest months for Jaipur are July and August.
4. It receives rainfall during the southwest monsoon.
5. In this way Chennai and Jaipur are different.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 47

Question 7.
Using a globe recall and discuss what you may have read earlier. How does the angle of the sun vary at different latitudes? What impact does this have?
Answer:
Sun angles and their impact.

1. Tilt of the earth is the axis of rotation.
2. Axis of rotation tilted 23.5° away from perpendicular to the plane of earth’s orbit.
3. Due to this, it creates seasonal variations in which hemisphere is oriented towards the sun.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 48

Question 8.
In your atlas, compare the temperatures of Mumbai and Nagpur for the winter and summer months. How are they similar or different? How does it explain the distance from the sea?
Answer:

1. Mumbai is located on the west coast at 18°55′ N latitude and 77°54′ E longitude.
2. Nagpur is located as an inland at 21°9′ N latitude and 79°9′ E longitude.
3. For January, the winter month Mumbai has an average temperature of 24.4°C whereas Nagpur has 20.6°C.
4. For May, the summer month Mumbai has an average temperature of 30°C whereas Nagpur has 37°C.
5. As Mumbai is on the west coast it is experiencing a moderate climate with less changes of temperatures.
6. Being an island region, the variations in temperatures during summer and winter are more for Nagpur.
7. Thus, It shows the influence of distance from the sea.

Question 9.
With the help of the climographs, can you explain how differences in temperature can be explained for Jaipur and Chennai ?
Answer:

1. Jaipur has an extreme climate whereas Chennai is with moderate climate.
2. Though the highest average temperature for both regions are at near 40*C, the lowest average temperatures for Jaipur is at 6°C whereas that is for Chennai is 18°C.
3. The monthly differences in highest and lowest temperatures also vary.
4. For Jaipur they are around 16°C whereas for Chennai they are around 10°C.
5. The atmosphere of Chennai will be pleasant with these temperatures whereas that is not the case with Jaipur.

Question 10.
Are Shimla and Delhi located on very different latitudes? Check with your atlas. Is Shimla cooler than Delhi during summer ?
Answer:

1. Delhi is located at 28°38’N latitude and 77°17’E longitude.
2. Shimla Is located at 31°6’N latitude and 77°13′ E longitude.
3. Thus Delhi and Shimla are located in different latitudes.
4. During summer Shimla is cooler than Delhi.
5. Being in the northern plain and experiencing the hot winds named ‘Loo’ Delhi experiences high temperatures, during summer.
6. Being in the Himalayan ranges and above the altitude of more than 3 km Shimla experiences less temperatures compared to Delhi, during summer.

Question 11.
Why does Darjeeling have pleasant weather as compared to Kolkata during summer season ?
Answer:

1. Darjeeling is located in West Bengal at the latitude of 27°3′ N and a longitude of 88°18′ E.
2. Kolkata is also located in West Bengal at the latitude of 22°34′ N and a longitude of 88°24′ E.
3. Kolkata is located near the coast and experiences the advantage of the nearness to water during summer.
4. But Darjeeling, being situated in the Himalayan Ranges at an altitude of more than 3 km, experiences less temperatures during summer.
5. Thus, Darjeeling will have pleasant weather compared to Kolkata during the summer season.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 49

Question 12.
What would be the range for the average temperature in A.P. for January?
Answer:

1. January is the month during which winter is severe.
2. It usually will be cold during this month throughout Andhra Pradesh.
3. For the month of January, the average maximum temperature is around 28°C.
4. The average minimum temperature is around 16°C for January in Andhra Pradesh.
5. Thus range of average temperature for January in Andhra Pradesh is around 28°C to 16°C.

Question 13.
Using your atlas, find some places located on 15°C temperature.
Answer:
The places that are located on 15°C are Jaipur, Mathura, Itanagar etc.

Question 14.
Close to the line showing places where average temperature is 25°C, there’s a small circle of places on 20°C. How is this possible?
Answer:

1. Close to the line showing places where average temperature is 25°C, there is a small circle of places on 20°C.
2. That is the region where the Western Ghats rise above 2000 m peaks.
3. There are the Nilgiri Hills which has peaks more than 2000 m height.
4. So the temperatures there are less as the elevation is more.
5. That is why there was 20°C circle close to 25°C line.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 50

Question 15.
From the climographs (Graph 1-4), note the approximate average temperature for May for the four places and mark them on the map given.
Answer:

1. Jaipur 24°C to 40°C
2. Leh 12°C to 29°C
3. New Delhi 34°C to 40°C

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 54

Question 16.
What is deforestation ?
Answer:

1. Cutting down of the trees indiscriminately in the areas of forest or where there a presence of sizable number of trees like plantations is called deforestation.
2. It results in the lowering of the green cover.
3. It affects the ecological balance.
4. It reduces the probability of raining.
5. It affects the soil erosion, it increases soil erosion.
6. It also affects the sustainability of green cover.

Question 17.
Does deforestation happen only in forest areas? How about in your local area, even if there are no forests?
Answer:

1. Deforestation not only happens in forest areas.
2. In our local areas the felling of trees comes under deforestation.
3. Even if there are no forests, the cutting down of trees is considered as deforestation.

Question 18.
How does deforestation affect global warming?
Answer:

1. Deforestation is the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes (other than domestic purposes of tribals) in the forests and vegetations of a large scale.
2. Trees make use of the most of the greenhouse gas of carbon dioxide into their food which is called photosynthesis using sunlight.
3. If trees were cut down indiscriminately, it would result in the accumulation of C0₂, the green house gas.
4. It will result in the increase of temperatures throughout the earth i.e., global warming.
5. Thus, deforestation affects global warming.

Question 19.
What are some other ways in which human action contributes to global warming?
Answer:

1. Usage of refrigerators and air conditioners, etc. by humans leads to global warming.
2. Usage of motor vehicles which run on fuel emits greenhouse gases.
3. Usage of inorganic fertilizers, chemicals and pesticides.
4. Releasing of effluences and wastes of industries.
5. Excessive usage of natural resources.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 55

Question 20.
Imagine how one would cope with the situation if millions of people were affected. Where would you find land for resettlement? What jobs would they do?

Answer:

1. If millions of people were affected with any natural calamity, it certainly would be difficult to cope with.
2. The government has to make arrangements to resettlement of all those affected.
3. It may seek help from international organisations or non-governmental organisations in our country as well as the donors.
4. It will be a Herculean task to provide them shelter and alternate employment, but government must take initiative to get it done.
5. It must employ the eligible to work within Rural Works Programme, Food for Work, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Labour Employment Guarantee schemes etc.

Project work

Collect proverbs/sayings that are related to climate and weather in your region.

1. A Rainbow in the morning is the Sailor’s Warming.
2. A Rainbow at night is the Sailor’s delight.
3. When the dew is on the grass rain will never come to pass.

Answer:
“Red sky at night, sailor’s delight. Red sky in the morning, sailor take warning.”
“Mare’s tails and mackerel scales make tall ships take in their sails.”
“Clear moon, frost soon.”
“Halo around the sun or moon, rain or snow soon.”
“Rainbow in the morning gives you fair warning.”
“When the stars begin to huddle, the earth will soon become a puddle.”