Class 9

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 8 Gravitation Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 8th Lesson Gravitation

9th Class Physical Science 8th Lesson Gravitation Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
What path will the moon take when the gravitational interaction between the moon and earth disappears? (AS 2)
Answer:
The force of attraction between moon and earth is given by F = \(\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}^{2}}\)
M = mass of the earth ; m = mass of the moon ; R = radius of the earth
Here the gravitational interaction between moon and earth disappears.
∴ G = 0 ⇒ F = 0

• Therefore the moon neither revolves around the earth nor fall into the earth.
• It takes a straight path away from the earth.

Question 2.
A Car moves with constant speed of 10 m/s in a circular path of radius 10 m. The mass of the car is 1000kg. Who or what is providing the required centripetal force for the car? How much is it? (AS 1)
Answer:
Speed of the car (v) = 10 m/s ; Radius of the path (r) = 10 m
Weight of the car (m) = 1000kg

The required centripetal force is provided by the friction between the tyres of the car and the road.

Question 3.
A small metal washer is placed on the top of a hemisphere of radius R. What minimum horizontal velocity should be imparted to the washer to detach it from the hemisphere at the initial point of motion? (AS 1, AS 7)

Answer:
Radius of hemisphere = R; Mass of hemisphere = M
Let the radius of washer = r and mass = m
Distance between hemisphere and washer = R + r
The centripetal force required to rotate the washer = \(\frac{\mathrm{mv}^{2}}{\mathrm{r}}\)
The gravitational force of washer due to hemisphere is = \(\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}^{2}}\)
But the necessary centripetal force must be equal to the gravitational force

Question 4.
Explain why a long pole is more beneficial to the tight rope walker if the pole has slight bending. (AS 1, AS 7)
Answer:

• You must have noticed the circus artists doing rope walking.
• During this act, they carry a long bamboo pole in their hands.
• The reason for this is that the line joining the centre of gravity and centre of equilibrium must fall within the rope for achieving the stable equilibrium.
• Thus when an artist finds that he is falling towards left, he shifts bamboo pole towards right, so that his centre of gravity stay undisturbed.
• Thus he can balance himself on the rope.

Question 5.
Why is it easier to carry the same amount of water in two buckets, one in each hand rather than in a single bucket? (AS 7)
Answer:
It is because in the later case centre of gravity of our body shifts towards the bucket and there is a tendency that the line joining the centre of gravity and centre of equilibrium may fall outside our feet.

However in the former case the centre of gravity not only gets lowered, but also it is at such a point that line joining the C.G. and C.E. falls within our feet.
Hence one is a stable equilibrium.

Question 6.
What is the speed of an apple dropped from a tree after 1.5 second? What distance will it cover during this time? Take g = 10 m/s². (AS 1)
Answer:
An apple is dropped from a tree.
∴ Initial velocity u = 0 ; Time t = 1.5 s
a = g = 10 m/s2 ; Final velocity v = ?
v = u + at = 0 + 10 x 1.5 = 0 + 15 = 15 m/s
Distance covered (s) = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at² = 0 × 1.5 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 10 × 1.5 × 1.5 = 0 + 5 × 2.25 = 11.25 m

Question 7.
A body is projected with a speed of 40 m/s vertically up from the ground. What is the maximum height reached by the body? What is the entrie time of motion? What is the velocity at 5 seconds after the projection? Take g = 10 m/s². (AS 1)
Answer:
Initial speed u = 40 m/s ; g = 10 m/s²
Maximum height reached (h) = \(\frac{\mathrm{u}^{2}}{2 \mathrm{~g}}=\frac{40 \times 40}{2 \times 10}\) = 80 m
Entire time of motion (T) = \(\frac{2 \mathrm{u}}{\mathrm{g}}=\frac{2 \times 40}{10}\) = 8 s
Entire time of motion is 8 seconds.
∴ It starts to fall down after 4 seconds.
At 5 seconds the body is in downward direction.
u = 0 m/s, a = g = 10 m/s², t = 5 – 4 = 1 sec.
v = u + at = 0 + 10 × 1 = 10 m/s
∴ The velocity at 5 seconds is 10 m/s downward.

Question 8.
A boy is throwing balls into the air one by one in such a way that when the first ball thrown reaches maximum height he starts to throw the second ball. He repeats this activity. To what height do the balls rise if he throws twice in a second? (AS 1, AS 7)
Answer:
The boy throws the second ball when the first ball reaches its maximum height. He throws twice in a second.
Time of ascent of first ball is 1/2 sec.
After 1/2 sec, the first ball starts to fall down and the second ball starts from ground.
Let the distance travelled = s meters.; Initial velocity = u m/s
Time of ascent (t₁) = 1/2 sec.

They reach a height of 15/4 meters.

Question 9.
A man is standing against a wall such that his right shoulder and right leg are in contact with the surface of the wall along his height. Can he raise his left leg at this position without moving his body away from the wall? Why? Explain. (AS 7)
Answer:

• When the right leg and right shoulder are in contact with the surface of the wall along the height of a man, his weight is towards the wall.
• The centre of gravity will be away from the foot. Just like in the case of carrying a bucket full of water with one hand.
• The line joins the centre of gravity and centre of equilibrium is not perpendicular to the horizontal.
• Hence he cannot lift his left leg without moving his body along the wall.

Question 10.
A ball is dropped from a height. If it takes 0.2 s to cross the last 6 m before hitting the ground, find the height from which it is dropped. Take g = 10 m/ s². (AS 1)
Answer:

For last 6 m, distance travelled
s = 6 m ; u = ? ; t = 0.2 sec ; a = g = 10 m/s²
s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at²
6 = u (0.2) + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 10 × (0.2)²
6 = (0.2) u + (5 × 0.04)
6 – 0.2 = 0.2 u
5.8 = 0.2 u ⇒ u = \(\frac{5.8}{0.2}\) = 29
∴ u = 29 m/s
This u will be the final velocity while travelling the distance x.
∴ s = x, v = 29 m/s, a = g = 10 m/s², u = 0 m/s
v² – u² = 2as ⇒ 29² – 0 = 2 × 10 × x ⇒ x = \(\frac{841}{20}\) = 42.05 m
∴ Total distance = x + 6 = 42.05 + 6 = 48.05 m
∴ The ball is dropped from a height of 48.05 m.

Question 11.
A ball is dropped from a balloon going up at a speed of 5 m/s. If the balloon was at a height 60 m. At the time of dropping the ball, how long will the ball take to reach the ground? (AS 1, AS 7)
Answer:
At t = 0, the stone was going up with a velocity of 5 m/s. After that it moves as a freely falling body, with downward acceleration ‘g’.
If it reaches the ground at time t₁,

Question 12.
A ball is projected vertically up with a speed of 50 m/s. Find the maximum height, the time to reach the maximum height, and the speed at of the maximum height. (g = 10 m/ s²) (AS 1)
Answer:
Initial speed u = 50 m/s ; g = 10 m/s²

After reaching maximum height, the velocity becomes ‘zero’.

Question 13.
Two cars having masses m₁ and m₂ move in circles of radii r₁ and r₂ respectively. If they complete the circle in equal time. What is the ratio of their speeds and centripetal accelerations? (AS 1)
Answer:
Masses of cars : m₁ and m₂; Radius of circles : r₁ and r₂
Given that their time period is equal.

Question 14.
Two spherical balls of mass 10 kg each are placed with their centers 10 cm apart. Find the gravitational force of attraction between them. (AS 1)
Answer:
Masses of balls M₁ and M₂ = 10 kg each.; Distance d = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Gravitational force of attraction between them is

Question 15.
Find the free-fall acceleration of an object on the surface of the moon, if the radius of the moon and its mass are 1740 km and 7.4 × 10²² kg respectively. Compare this value with free fall acceleration of a body on the surface of the earth. (AS 1)
Answer:
Radius of the moon = 1740 km = 1740 × 10³ m
Mass of the moon = 7.4 × 10²² kg ; G = 6.67 × 10^-11 Nm² kg^-2
Free fall acceleration of a body on the surface of the moon

Question 16.
Can you think of two particles which do not exert gravitational force on each other? (AS 2)
Answer:
Two particles which do not exert gravitational force on each other will be mass less particles. But every particle has even a little mass. Hence we cannot find two particles which do not exert gravitational force on each other.

Question 17.
An apple falls from a tree. An insect in the apple finds that the earth is falling towards it with an acceleration g. Who exerts the force needed to accelerate the earth with this acceleration? (AS 7)
Answer:

• According to Newton’s third law, when an apple is freely falling, the force on the apple due to earth is equal to the force on the earth due to apple.
• The force is due to gravity, which causes acceleration in the body.
• As the insect is inside the freely falling apple, it feels that the earth is falling towards it with an acceleration ’g’.
• According to the insect, the acceleration is due to the force on the apple due to the earth.
• Actually the earth is not falling towards the apple.

Question 18.
A scooter weighing 150 kg together with its rider moving at 36 kin/hr is to take a turn of radius 30 in. What force on the scooter towards the center is needed to make the turn possible ? Who or what provides this? (AS 1)
Answer:
Weight of the scooter with rider = 150 kg
Speed = 36 km/hr = 36 × \(\frac{5}{18}\) = 10 m/sec.
Radius of the turning = 30 m
The force needed on the scooter towards the centre is centripetal force.

∴ A centripetal force of 500 N is required on the car.
This force is provided by the friction between the tyres of the car and road.

Question 19.
The bob of simple pendulum of length 1 m has mass 100 g and a speed of 1.4 m/s at the lowest point in its path. Find the tension in the string at this moment. (Take g = 9.8 m/sec²) (AS 1)
Answer:
Mass of the bob = 100 g = 0.1 kg ; Length of the string = 1 m
Speed of the bob v = 1.4 m/s ; Let the tension in the string be T.
The forces acting on the bob are

a) Weight of the bob mg, downwards
b) Tension in the string ‘T’ upward
Weight of bob = \(\frac{\mathrm{mv}^{2}}{\mathrm{l}}\)
Tension in the string T = g cos θ
∴ According to Newton’s third law

Question 20.
How can you find the centre of gravity of India map made with steel? Explain. (AS 3)
(OR)
Describe an activity to know the center of gravity of a India map.
Answer:

1. Take an India map made of steel.
2. Make holes at four different corners i.e., top, bottom, left, and right, and name them as A, B, C, and D as shown in figure.
3. Suspend the map through a hole A, by means of a string to a nail ‘P’ as shown in figure.
4. Suspend a plumb line from the nail P.
5. Draw the line AX along the plumb line.
6. Similarly suspend the map through other holes B, C and D and draw lines BY, CZ, DW along the plumb line.
7. These lines (more than two) intersect at a point.
8. This point (G) is the centre of gravity of the map.

Question 21.
Explain some situations where the center of gravity of man lies out side of the body. (AS 1)
Answer:
Centre of gravity of a human being is located interior to the second sacral vertebra.
Centre of gravity of man lies out side the body in the following situation :
a) While doing sit-ups.
b) While carrying a load like bucket full of water with one hand.
c) While walking on a narrow base like walking on a rope or pole or narrow wall, etc.
d) While walking with one leg.
e) As age increases its position changes.

Question 22.
Where does the centre of gravity of atmosphere of the earth lie? (AS 2)
Answer:
The earth’s atmosphere is about 10,000 km thick, but most of its bulk is contained in the first 11 km above the earth’s surface. Since the earth and its atmosphere are roughly spherical, the centre of the earth is also the centre of gravity of the earth’s atmosphere.

Question 23.
Where does the center of gravity lie, when a boy is doing sit-ups? Explain. (AS 7)
Answer:

• The centre of gravity of a boy when he start erect, falls in the foot.
• When he is doing sit-ups, the centre of gravity shifts from foot to his base.
• The weight vector also move from the base.
• Hence the boy stretches his hands or bends slightly towards the earth. While doing sit-ups, in order to make the weight vector pass through base, so that he acquire stability.

9th Class Physical Science 8th Lesson Gravitation InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 126

Question 1.
What is that force?
Answer:
The force acting on these objects to make them move around another object, instead of moving in straight line in the gravitational force.

Question 2.
Is the motion of the earth around the sun uniform motion?
Answer:
The earth takes 365.25 days to complete one rotation around the sun. Hence it is uniform motion.

Question 3.
Is the motion of the moon around the earth uniform motion?
Answer:
Moon takes 27.3 days to complete one rotation around the earth, which does not change. Hence it is uniform motion.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 127

Question 4.
Does the velocity of the body change in uniform circular motion? Why?
Answer:
The velocity of the body in uniform circular motion is constant.

If the velocity is not constant, the time period changes from time to time and it cannot be treated as uniform circular motion.

Question 5.
Does the body in uniform circular motion have an acceleration? What is the direction of acceleration?
Answer:
The body in uniform circular motion have an acceleration, which is directed towards the centre of the circle, known as centripetal acceleration.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 129

Question 6.
Do you know what questions arose in his mind from this observation?
Answer:
When apple fell to the ground, Newton might have thought like this:
a) Why did the apple fall on the earth?
b) Why doesn’t the apple go up in the sky?
c) Whether all the objects fall to ground ?
d) What makes them to fall on the ground?

Question 7.
Why did the apple fall to the ground?
Answer:
The apple fell to the ground due to the gravitational attraction of the earth.

Question 8.
Why does the moon not fall to the ground?
Answer:
The gravitational force in the moon due to earth is equal to the gravitational force on the earth due to moon. Hence the moon does not fall to the ground.

Question 9.
What makes the moon to move in a circular orbit around the earth?
Answer:
The gravitational force between moon and earth act as centripetal force and makes the moon to revolve around the earth in uniform circular motion.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 135

Question 10.
How do you feel during the free-fall of your body from the height?
Answer:

• I feel weightlessness during the free-fall of my body from the height.
• This is due to the gravitational force of earth on the body.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 136

Question 11.
Try to balance ladder on your shoulder. When does it happen?
Answer:
When the centre of gravity of the ladder and the centre of gravity of our body lies in the same line then we can balance the ladder on our shoulders.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 128

Question 12.
Can an object moVe along a curved path if no force acts on it?
Answer:

• If a body has to move in a curved path, its direction of velocity must change continuously.
• This is done by the centripetal force.
• Hence an object cannot move along a curved path if no force acts on it.

Question 13.
As a car speeds up when rounding a curve, does its centripetal acceleration increase? Use an equation to defend your answer.
Answer:
Centripetal acceleration \(a_{c}=\frac{v^{2}}{r}\)
As v increases, its centripetal acceleration also increases.

Question 14.
Calculate the tension in a string that whirls a 2 kg – toy in a horizontal circle of radius 2.5 iv when it moves at 3 m/s.
Answer:
Mass of the toy m = 2 kg ; Radius of the circle = 2.5 m ; Speed of the toy = 3 m/s
As the toy is moving in a horizontal circle, the necessary centripetal force is provided due to the tension in the string.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 131

Question 15.
In figure, we see that the moon falls around earth rather than straight into it. If the magnitude of velocity were zero, how would it move?

Answer:
If the magnitude of velocity were zero, the moon would move towards earth due to acceleration due to gravity.

Question 16.
According to the equation for gravitational force, what happens to the force between two bodies if the mass of one of the bodies doubled?
Answer:

∴ The gravitational force will be doubled.

Question 17.
If there is an attractive force between all objects, why we do not feel ourselves gravitating toward massive buildings in our vicinity?
Answer:

• Earth is massive than the building.
• Hence the gravitational force between ourselves and earth is more than that of between ourselves and building.
• Hence we do not feel gravitating towards massive building in our vicinity.

Question 187.
Is the force of gravity stronger on a piece of iron than on a piece of wood if both have the same mass?
Answer:
Yes. The force of gravity is stronger on a piece of iron then on a piece of wood if both have the same mass.

Question 19.
An apple falls because of the gravitational attraction of the earth. What is the gravitational attraction of apple on the earth?
Answer:

• We know that acceleration due to gravity, g = \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{R}^{2}}\)
  Here M is the mass of the earth.
• In this mass of the object which is freely falling has no effect on ‘g’.
• Hence the gravitational attraction of apple on the earth is negligible.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 133

Question 20.
Give an example for the motion of an object of zero speed and with non-zero acceleration?
Answer:
Protons and neutrons inside the nucleus.

Question 21.
Two stones are thrown into air with speeds 20 m/s, 40 m/s respectively. What accelerations are possessed by the objects?
Answer:
Stone -1 :
Initial velocity u = 20 m/s
After a time t, it reaches to ground then final velocity v = 0 m/s
Accelerahon = \(\frac{0-20}{t}=\frac{-20}{t} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\)

Stone – 2 :
Initial velocity u = 40 m/s
Final velocity v = 0 m/s
Accelerahon = \(\frac{0-40}{t}=\frac{-40}{t} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\)

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 135

Question 22.
When is your weight equal to mg?
Answer:
When we are on the surface of the earth, our weight is equal to ‘mg’ on earth.

Question 23.
Give example of when your weight is zero?
Answer:

1. When we are at the centre of the earth, our weight is zero.
2. When we are freely falling, we feel weightlessness.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 138

Question 24.
Where does the centre of gravity of a sphere and triangular lamina lie?
Answer:
1) Centre of gravity of a sphere is a point where the whole mass of the sphere is assumed to be concentrated which is called centre.

2) Centre of gravity of a triangular lamina lies where the whole mass of the triangle is assumed to be concentrated which is centroid.

Question 25.
Can an object have more than one centre of gravity?
Answer:
Basing on the position or distribution of mass, an object can have more than one centre of gravity.

Question 26.
Why doesn’t the leaning tower of Pisa topple over?
Answer:

• The centre of gravity of the leaning tower of Pisa is very close to earth.
• Even though it is leaning, the line of action of total weight passes through the base. The base area of leaning tower of Pisa is very large. So it doesn’t topple over.

Question 27.
Why must you bend forward when carrying a heavy load on your back?
Answer:
If we bend forward, then the line of action of total weight passes through the body. So we are stable. Hence we must bend forward when carrying a heavy load on our back.

9th Class Physical Science 8th Lesson Gravitation Activities

Activity – 1 Uniform circular motion

Question 1.
Describe an activity to observe uniform circular motion.
Answer:
Uniform Circular Motion :
Uniform circular motion is a motion of the body with a constant speed in circular path.

Material required :
Electric motor, old C.D., small wooden block, battery, connecting chords, stop clock.

Procedure:

1. Take an electric motor and fix a disc to the shaft of the electric motor.
2. Place a small wooden block on the disc, as shown in figure.
3. Switch on the motor.
4. Find the time required to complete ten revolutions by the block.
5. Repeat the same two to three times.
6. We observe that the wooden block moves in a circular path with a constant speed.
7. So, this motion of wooden block is called uniform circular motion.

Activity – 2

Question 2.
Define centripetal acceleration and derive an expression for centripetal acceleration.
Answer:
Centripetal acceleration :
The acceleration which can change only the direction of velocity of a body is called centripetal acceleration.

Derivation :

1. Let a body is in uniform circular motion.
2. Draw velocity vectors at successive time intervals as shown in the figure.
3. Transfer tails of each velocity vector to coincide at a single point without changing their direction as shown in the figure.
4. In the above figure, the directed line joining two vectors represents change in velocity (Av).
5. Let us consider the change in velocity during the course of a complete revolution of a body i.e., the sum of the magnitudes of the changes in velocity during a complete revolution will be equal to the sum of the sides of the depicted polygon.
6. The smaller the sides of our polygon, the closer they cling to the circle of radius v, consequently the magnitude of change in velocity of the body during the course of revolution, will be equal to the circumference ’2πv’ of the circle.

9) As the vertex angle of isosceles triangle decreases, the angle between the change in velocity approaches to 90°.

10) Therefore, the acceleration of a body in uniform circular motion is directed perpendicular to its velocity.

Activity – 3 Free fall

Question 3.
Accelerahon is independent of masses.
Place a small paper on a book. Release the book with the paper from certain height from the ground.
a) What is your observation?
Answer:
The book and paper will fall on the ground at same time, if the paper is kept in the book. If the paper is kept on the book and released, then the paper will be separated from book and falls on the ground little bit later than the book.

b) Drop the book and paper separately, what happens?
Answer:
Book reaches the ground first, then the paper reaches.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
What is the direction of ‘g’?
Throw a stone vertically up. Measure the time required for it to come back to earth’s surface with stop clock.

a) What happens to its speed when it moves up and down?
Answer:

• When the stone moves up, its velocity decreases gradually and finally it becomes zero, because it is moving against the direction of gravitation.
• When its velocity becomes zero, it starts to fall down due to gravitational force of earth, and its velocity increases.

b) What is the direction of acceleration?
Answer:

• While the stone is moving up, the direction of acceleration is in upward direction, which is against to the direction of gravitational force.
• While the stone is falling down, the direction of acceleration is in downward direction, which is in the direction of gravitational force.

Activity – 5

Question 5.
Describe the method of measuring the weight of a free fail body.
Answer:

• Take a spring balance and suspend it to the ceiling and put some weight to it.
• Note the reading of the spring balance.
• Now drop the spring balance with load from certain height to fall freely.
• Carefully observe the change in the position of indicator on the spring balance scale while it is in free-fall.
• We observe that the indicator of spring balance shows zero while it is in free-fall.
• This is due to the weightlessness of a free-fall body.

Activity – 6

Question 6.
How do you demonstrate the changes during the free-fall of a body?
Answer:

• Take a transparent tray and make holes on opposite sides.
• Take two or three rubber bands and tie them tightly, close to each other between the holes.
• Now place a stone on the bands as shown in the figure.
• We observe that the bands bend due to the weight of the stone.
• Now drop the tray with stone.
• We observe that the bands do not bend. They straight.
• When in equilibrium on a firm surface, weight is evidenced by a support force. Then weight equals to mg.
• When the body falls freely then it experiences weightlessness.
• Even in this weightless condition, there is still a gravitational force acting on the body causing downward acceleration.

Activity – 7

Question 7.
Give one activity that showing center of gravity and balancing.
(OR)
How do you balance spoon and fork?
Answer:

• As shown in the figure arrange a fork, spoon and wooden match stick together.
• The combination will balance nicely on the edge of the glass.
  The weights of the spoon and fork will pass through the centre of gravity and the base (glass).

Activity – 8

Question 8.
Can you get up without bending?
Sit in a chair comfortably as shown in figure. Try to get up from the chair without bending your body or legs.

a) Are we able to do so? If not why?
Answer:

1. We cannot get up from the chair without bending our body or legs.
2. When we sit in a chair, we are in weightless condition.
3. We need a support force to get up from the chair.
4. This support force can be obtained by bending our body or legs.

Activity – 9

Question 9.
How do you balance a ladder on your shoulder?
Answer:

• Take a ladder.
• Find the mid stick by counting the sticks of the ladder.
• Put that mid stick on the shoulder and balance the ladder.
• That is the center of gravity of a ladder.

Activity – 10

Question 10.
How can you locate the centre of gravity of a uniform object?
Answer:

1. Take a meter scale.
2. Suspend it from various points.
3. We observe that it bends to one side.
4. Suspend it from the mid point.
5. We observe that the scale will be in horizontal position without bending to any side.
6. At this point, the scale behaves as if its entire weight is concentrated at this point.
7. The support given at this single point gives support to the entire scale.
8. This point is its centre of gravity.

Activity – 11

Question 11.
Identifying the centre of gravity of a ring.
The center of gravity of any freely suspended object lies directly beneath the point of suspension.

If a vertical line is drawn through the point of suspension, the center of gravity lies somewhere along that line. To determine exactiy where it lies along the line, we have only to suspend the object from the some other point and draw a second vertical line through that point of suspension. The center of gravity lies where the two lines intersect.

a) Where does the center of gravity of a ring lie?
Answer:
The centre of gravity of a ring lies at its geometric centre.

b) Does the center of gravity of a body exist outside the body?
Answer:
For the bodies which are in right angled triangle shape, the centre of gravity falls out side the body. Hence we can say the CG of a body may be outside or inside the body.

c) Does center of gravity of an object exist at a point where there is no mass of the object?
Answer:
The centre of gravity exist at a point where there is no mass of the object, for the objects like annual rings.

Activity – 12

Question 12.
Shift of the centre of gravity and its effects.
Try to touch your toes as shown in figure (a). Try this again when standing against a wall as shown in figure (b).

a) Are you able to touch your toes in second case as shown in figure? If not why?
Answer:

• We cannot touch our toes in the second case as shown in figure.
• When we stand erect with the support of wall, the centre of gravity shifts its place from second sacral vertebra to the place near to abdomen.

b) What difference do you notice in the center of gravity of your body in above two positions ?
Answer:

• In the first position, the centre of gravity is at a place near to the centre of back-bone.
• In the second position, the centre of gravity shifts from the place near to the centre of backbone to the place near to abdomen.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 10 Work and Energy Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 10th Lesson Work and Energy

9th Class Physical Science 10th Lesson Work and Energy Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Define work and write its units. (AS 1)
Answer:
Work : Work can be defined as the product of the force (F) and the distance (s) moved along the direction of the force.
Work done = Force × displacement = F × s
[This formula is used in only translatory motion of the object]

1. Work is a scalar quantity.
2. Unit of work is ‘N – m’ or ‘Joule’ (J).

Question 2.
Give few examples where displacement of an object is in the direction opposite to the force acting on the object. (AS 1)
Answer:

• When a ball is thrown up, the motion is in upward direction, whereas the force due to earth’s gravity is in downward direction.
• If a ball is moving on plain ground, will get stopped after sometime, due to frictional force acting on it in opposite direction.

Question 3.
Identify the wrong statement among the following. Rewrite them by making necessary corrections. (AS 1)
a) Work and energy have different units.
Answer:
Correction :
Work and energy have same units.

b) When an aeroplane takes off, the work done by its weight is positive.
Answr:
Correction : When an aeroplane takes off, the work done by its weight is negative.

c) The potential energy of spring increases when it is extended and decreases when it is compressed.
Answer:
Correct.

d) If the work done by external forces on a system is negative then the energy of the system decreases.
Answer:
Correct.

e) When a body is falling freely from a height, its kinetic energy remains constant.
Answer:
Correction : When a body is falling freely from a height, its K.E. increases and P.E. decreases, but the total energy of the body remains constant.

f) The unit of power is watt.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 4.
What is mechanical energy? (AS 1)
Answer:
The sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy of an object is called its mechanical energy.

Question 5.
State the principle of conservation of energy. (AS 1)
Answer:
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be changed from one form to another.

Question 6.
When you lift a box from the floor and put it on an almirah the potential energy of the box increases but there is no change in its kinetic energy. Is it violation of conservation of energy? Explain. (AS 7)
Answer:

• When the box is on the floor, it has no K.E., but has some P.E.
• Its P.E. increases as it is lifted and put on an almirah.
• In this event, the energy produced by the person converts into K.E. and the total M.E. remains same.
• Hence it is not the violation of conservation of energy.

Question 7.
One person says that potential energy of a particular book kept in an almirah is 20 J and other says it is 30 J. Is one of them necessarily wrong? Give reasons. (AS 2, AS 1)
Answer:
Two cases will arise in this situation.
Case – I :
One of them will be wrong, if both of them kept the book in the same shelf of the almirah.

Case – II :
Both of them will be correct, if the first person keeps the book in lower shelf and the second one keeps the book in upper shelf of the almirah.

Question 8.
In which of the following cases is the work done positive or zero or negative? (AS 1)
a) Work done by the porter on a suitcase in lifting it from the platform on to his head.
Answer:
Positive

b) Work done by the force of gravity on suitcase as the suitcase falls from porter’s head.
Answer:
Positive

c) Work done by the porter standing on platform with suitcase on his head.
Answer:
Zero

d) Work done by force of gravity on a ball thrown up vertically up into the sky.
Answer:
Negative

e) Work done by force applied by hands of a man swimming in a pond.
Answer:
Negative

Question 9.
What is potential energy? Derive an equation for gravitational potential energy of a body of mass ‘m’ at a height ‘h’. (AS 1)
Answer:
Potential energy:
The energy possessed by an object because of its position or shape is called its potential energy.

Potential energy of a body at height (Or) Gravitational potential energy :

1. The gravitational potential energy of an object at a point above the ground is defined as the work done in raising it from the ground to that point against gravity.
2. Consider an object of mass ‘m’ raised to height ’h’ from the ground.
3. A force is required to do this.
4. The minimum force required to raise the object is equal to the weight of the object (mg).
5. The object gains energy equal to the work done on it.
6. Let the work done on the object against gravity be ‘W’.
   ∴ W = Force × displacement
   = mg × h
   W = mgh
7. The object gains the energy equal to the mgh’ units.
8. This energy is the potential energy of the object at a height ‘h’.
   ∴ P.E. = mgh

Question 10.
When an apple falls from a tree what happens to its gravitational potential energy just as it reaches the ground? After it strikes the ground? (AS 7)
Answer:

• Let us imagine an apple of mass ‘m’ falls from a height h.
• Before starting to fall down, its velocity is zero. Hence its energy is purely potential.
• When it falls down, its gravitational potential energy gradually converts into kinetic energy, but the entire energy in the system remains same.
• When it strikes the ground, its energy is fully kinetic, till its velocity becomes zero.

Question 11.
Let us assume that you have lifted a suitcase and kept it on a table. On which of the following does the work done by you depend or not depend? Why?
a) The path taken by the suitcase
b) The time taken by you in doing so
c) The weight of the suitcase
d) Your weight
Answer:
We know that P.E. = mgh
a) The work done by you does not depend on the path taken by the suitcase, because the height from the ground to the top of the table is fixed in this case, (h constant)

b) The work done by you does not depend the time taken, in doing so, because the work done is same. If you take less time your power will be more otherwise the power is less.

c) The work done by you depends on the weight of the suitcase. As the weight of the suitcase increases, the work done will also increase (See the formula P.E. = mgh).

d) The work done by you depends on your weight, we know that a person with more weight can Mft the suitcase easily.

Question 12.
When you push your bicycle up an incline, the potential energy of the bicycle and yourself increase. Where does this energy come from? (AS 7)
Answer:
The energy inside our body causes increase in the P.E. of the bicycle and ourself.

As we are pushing the bicycle upon incline, the work done by the gravitational force is negative. Hence the energy loses.

Question 13.
Why does a person standing for a long time get tired when he does not appear to be doing any work? (AS 7)
Answer:
1) A person standing for a long time, does not appear to be doing any work, because there is no displacement.
2) Eventhough work has not been done, the person gets tired.
3) This is due to the utilization of energy produced in his body.

Question 14.
What is kinetic energy? Derive an expression for the kinetic energy of a body of mass ‘m’ moving at a speed ‘v’. (AS 1)
Answer:
Kinetic energy :
The energy possessed by an object due to its motion is called kinetic energy.

Numerical expression for K.E.:
1) Let us assume that an object of mass (m) is at rest on a smooth horizontal plane as shown in figure.

2) Let be displaced through a distence ‘s’ from the point A to B by a force (F) acting upon it in the direction of the displacement.
3) In the horizontal direction the net force ‘F_net‘ is equal to the force applied ‘F’.
∴ W = F_net.s = F.s …………. (1)
4) Let the work done on the object cause a change in its velocity from ‘u’ to ‘v’ anr the ‘acceleration produced be ‘a’.

8) As we Have assumed that object is at rest, then the initial velocity u = 0.
∴ W = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mv²

9) We know that K.E. of a body moving with certain velocity is equal to work done on the object to acquire that velocity from rest.

10) Thus the K.E. of an object of mass’m’ and moving with velocity V is equal to
K.E = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mv²

Question 15.
A free-fall object eventually stops on reaching the ground. What happens to its kinetic energy? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Its kinetic energy becomes ‘zero’.
• As the ball stops on reaching the ground, its final velocity ‘v’ becomes zero.
• Hence the K.E. = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mv² = \(\frac{1}{2}\).m.0 = 0

Question 16.
A man carrying a bag of total mass 25 kg climbs up to a height of 10 m in 50 seconds. Calculate the power delivered by him on the bag. (AS 1)
Answer:
Mass of the bag = 25 kg ; Height ‘h’ = 10 m
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 m/s²
The P.E. of the man = mgh = 25 × 9.8 × 10 = 2450 J
The work done by the man is equal to the P.E. possessed by the man.
∴ The work done by the man (W) = 2450 J ; Time (t) = 50 sec.
∴ Power delivered by the man on the bag = \(\frac{\mathrm{W}}{\mathrm{t}}=\frac{2450 \mathrm{~J}}{50 \mathrm{sec}}\) = 49 watts

Question 17.
A 10 kg ball is dropped from a height of 10 m. Find (a) the initial potential energy of the ball, (b) the kinetic energy just before it reaches the ground and (c) the speed just before it reaches the ground.
Answer:
Mass of the ball = 10 kg ; It is dropped from a height h = 10 m
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 m/sec²
a) The initial P.E. of the ball = mgh = 10 × 9.8 × 10 = 980 J
b) We know that the energy is conserved in a freely falling object at anywhere in its journey.
∴ The K.E. just before it reaches the ground = 980 J

c) K.E. just before it reaches the ground = 980 J ;
Speed = v m/s

Question 18.
Calculate the work done by a person in lifting a load of 20 kg from the ground and placing it 1 m high on a table. (AS 1)
Answer:
Mass of a load = 20 kg ; Height h = 1 m
Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s²
The work done by a person in lifting the load is equal to the P.E.
P.E. = mgh = 20 × 9.8 × 1 = 196 J

Question 19.
Find the mass of a body which has 5 J of kinetic energy while moving at a speed of 2 m/s. (AS 1)
Answer:
KE = 5 J
Speed v = 2 m/sec
Mass of the body = m kg.

Question 20.
A cycle together with its rider weighs 100 kg. How much work is needed to set it moving at 3 m/s?
Answer:
Mass of the bicycle with its rider = 100 kg ; Speed = 3 m/s Amount of work needed to set it moving is equal to its K.E.
K.E. = \(\frac{1}{2}\)mv² = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 100 × 3 × 3 = 450 J
∴ 450 J work is needed.

Question 21.
When the speed of a ball is doubled its kinetic energy (AS 1)
A) remains same
B) gets doubled
C) becomes half
D) becomes 4 times
Answer:
D) becomes 4 time

Question 22.
Two bodies of unequal masses are dropped from the top of a building. Which of the following is equal for both bodies at any instant?
A) Speed
B) Force of gravity
C) Potential energy
D) Kinetic energy
Answer:
B) Force of gravity

Question 23.
A man with a box on his head is climbing up a ladder. The work done by the man on the box is ……….
A) Positive
B) Negative
C) Zero
D) Undefined
Answer:
A) Positive

Question 24.
A porter with a suitcase on his head is climbing up steps with uniform speed. The work done by the “weight of the suitcase” on the suitcase is ……
A) Positive
B) Negative
C) Zero
D) Undefined
Answer:
B) Negative

Question 25.
How will the increasing energy needs and conservation of energy influence international peace, cooperation and security? Discuss.
Answer:
1) The increasing energy needs and conservation of energy influence international peace, co-operation and security.

2) For example, many great nations depend on the gulf countries and many countries for fuel (Petrol, diesel, etc.). The need of fuel brings co-operation among the countries. Also the need of energy (electricity, fuel, etc.) link all nations to a small circle so that there comes the peace, co-operation and security.

3) Atomic energy, thermal energy, chemical energy, etc. bring unity among all nations.

Question 26.
How would you assess the role of energy conversion occurring naturally in maintaining ecological balance of nature?
Answer:

• The chemical changes in the sun is providing us the heat energy and light energy to the earth.
• The heat energy of the sun evaporates the water into water vapour. This helps us to get heavy rainfall.
• The solar energy is taken by the plant to change CO₂, water and chloroplast into starch which is the food of the plant. This process is called photosvnthesis.
• In the photosynthesis process the plant releases O₂ (oxygen).
• The leguminous (Pea plants) plants help the bacteria present at their roots. In return they help the plants to fix nitrogen in them The nitrogen cycle is maintained.
• From the above examples we can understand that the energy conversion is helpful in maintaining ecological balance of nature.

Question 27.
Collect pictures showing various situation where potential energy possessed by an object depends on its shape and position. Prepare a scrap book.
Answer:
Note : Students can collect pictures of different objects at different heights, with different shapes.
e.g.: 1) A stone on a hill.
2) A book on a table and a pen on a table, etc.
Paste these pictures in your scrap book.

Question 28.
Draw a diagram to show conservation of mechanical energy in case of free falling body.
Answer:

9th Class Physical Science 10th Lesson Work and Energy InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 161

Question 1.
How are these works being done?
Answer:
All the works mentioned above are being done by utilizing human muscular energy or electrical energy.

Question 2.
What do you need to do these works?
Answer:
Both human beings or machines need energy to do work.

Question 3.
Where does the energy spent go ultimately?
Answer:
The energy spent will be converted into another form to complete the task.

Question 4.
Is there any transfer of energy while work is being done?
Answer:
Yes. We can observe the transfer of energy while work is being done. For example, in fan, electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy. In heater, electrical energy is converted into heat energy, etc.

Question 5.
Can we do any work without transfer of energy?
Answer:
No, we cannot do any work without transfer of energy.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 162

Question 6.
What is work?
Answer:
When a force is applied on an object and a displacement is observed, the work is said to be done.

Question 7.
Why is there difference between general view of work and scientific view of work?
Answer:
In general view, work is said to be done while reading, writing, eating or even standing for some time. We cannot observe any displacement in these cases. But in scientific view, work is said to be done when there is a displacement in the direction of force applied.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 163

Question 8.
Observe the following examples.
 
a) Are all the people mentioned in the above examples doing work ?
Answer:
No.
In example (1) and (2) there is displacement. Hence they are doing work.
In example (3) and (4) there is no displacement. Hence they are not doing any work.

b) How do you define work?
Answer:
Work is defined as the product of force and displacement.
W = F × s

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 165

Question 9.
What would be the work done when the force on the object is zero?
Answer:
We know work done W = F × s
Here F = 0
⇒ W = 0 × s = 0
∴ The work done is zero.

Question 10.
What would be the work done when the displacement of the object is zero?
Answer:
Work done W = F × s
Here s = 0
⇒ W = F × 0 = 0
∴ The work done is zero.

Question 11.
Can you give some examples, where the displacement of the object is zero?
Answer:

• When a boy pushes a wall, the displacement in the wall is zero.
• When a boy stands for some time at one place, then there is no displacement in the boy.
• Wind causes the swing in trees, but the tree does not have any displacement.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 166

Question 12.
What happens to the speed of the ball while it moves up?
Answer:
The speed of the ball while it moves up decreases gradually, due to negative gravitational force acting on it.

Question 13.
What is the speed at its maximum height?
Answer:
The speed of the ball at its maximum height is zero.

Question 14.
What happens to the speed of the ball during its downward motion?
Answer:
During its downward motion, the ball starts from zero velocity*and its velocity gradually increases due to the positive gravitational force acting on it.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 167

Question 15.
What is energy?
Answer:
Energy is the capability to do work.

Question 16.
How can we decide that an object possess energy or not?
Answer:
The capacity of doing work by an object on another object depends on position and state of the object which is doing work.

Question 17.
What will happen to the plate? Why?
Answer:
The plate breaks into pieces, because of the potential energy of the metal ball.

Question 18.
What changes do you notice? Why?
Answer:
The toy car is at rest before winding the key but the same toy gets energy to move when the key attached to it is wound up.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 168

Question 19.
What could be the reason?
Answer:

• The reason for breaking up of the plate is the potential energy of the metal ball.
• The reason for moving the toy car is the potential energy of the spring in the toy.

Question 20.
Where does this energy go?
Answer:
The energy is transferred from one object to another.

Question 21.
Is there any energy transfer between the object doing the work and the object on which work has been done?
Answer:
Yes. In case of the toy car, the potential energy of the wounded spring is transferred to car and made the toy car to move.

Question 22.
Can any force do work without energy transfer?
Answer:
No.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 169

Question 23.
Where do we get energy from?
Answer:
The Sun is the biggest natural and primary source of energy for us. Many other secondary sources are derived from the sun. We can also get energy from the interior of the earth and from tides of the sea.

Question 24.
Can you think of other sources of energy?
Answer:
The other natural sources of energy are wind energy, tidal energy, gravitational energy, etc. The artificial sources of energy are electrical energy, heat energy, muscular energy, etc.

Question 25.
Are there sources of energy which are not dependent on the Sun?
Answer:
Energy can exists in several forms like mechanical energy, light energy, thermal energy, sound energy, electrical energy, magnetic energy, etc. These energies, though they are artificial, they ultimately depend on the Sun.

Question 26.
Do you know why a person gets tired standing at a place for long time?
Answer:
Though the person standing is not doing any work externally, a lot of work is being done inside the body.

The muscles of the body become stretched when he stands for long time and heart has to pump more blood to muscles. This leads to loss of energy inside the body and hence he gets tired.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 176

Question 27.
How do green plants produce food?
Answer:
Green plants produce food from sunlight, by means of photosynthesis.

Question 28.
How are fuels like coal and petroleum formed?
Answer:
Dead plants hurried deep below the earth’s surface for millions of years get converted to fuels like petroleum and coal which have chemical energy stored in them.

Question 29.
What kind of energy conversions sustain the water cycle in nature?
Answer:
Water cycle and conversation of energies :
1) The Sun heats water in oceans and seas. Then water evaporates as water vapour into the air.
Here potential energy converts into kinetic energy.

2) Rising air currents take the vapour up into the atmosphere. There cooler temperatures cause it to condense into clouds.
Here kinetic energy converts into potential energy.

3) Air currents move water vapour around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow and fall out as rain.
Here potential energy converts into kinetic energy.

4) Run off and ground water are stored as fresh water in lakes. Some precipitation falls as snow or hail.
Here kinetic energy converts into potential energy.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 178

Question 30.
Do all of us do the work at the same rate?
Answer:
The rate of work done by all of us will not same, because the capacity to do work differs from person to person depending on the weight, nature of work, etc.

Question 31.
Is the energy spent by the force doing work the same every time?
Answer:
No. The energy spent by the force doing work depends on the capacity of the machine or the capacity of a person.

Question 32.
Do the machines consume or transfer energy at same rate every time while doing a particular work?
Answer:
No. For example, consider two grinders of different wattages. The grinder with high wattage can perform fast. In this the energy transfer is faster. The grinder with less wattage can perform slowly. In this the energy transfer is slow.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 179

Question 33.
Whose argument is correct?
Answr:
Raheem’s argument is correct, in view of work done.
Second labourer’s argument is correct in view of working hours.

Question 34.
Is work done in two cases same?
Answer:
The work done in two cases is same.

Question 35.
Why is there a change in rate of doing work?
Answer:
The rate of doing work is different, as the two labourers completed in different times.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 165

Question 37.
A wooden chair is dragged on the level floor and brought to the same place. Let the distance covered be ‘s’ and frictional force acted on the chair by the floor be T. What is the work done by the frictional force?
Answer:
The displacement of the chair is zero. Hence the work done is zero.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 166

Question 38.
Lift an object up from the ground. Work done by the force exerted by you on the object moves it in upward direction. Thus the force applied is in the direction of displacement. However there exists a force of gravitation on the object at the same time
• Which one of these forces is doing positive work?
• Which one is doing negative work?
• Give reasons.
Answer:

• Force applied by us on the object, because the object moves in the direction of force applied.
• Force of gravitation on the object is doing negative work. Here the object is moving against to gravitational force.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 169

Question 39.
What would happen if nature does not allow the transfer of energy? Discuss with few examples.
Answer:
If nature could not allow the transfer of energy, the normal life is not possible, e.g.:
1) If the solar energy is not transferred into chemical energy, in which plants prepare their food, we cannot find any plant on the earth. Life without plants is impossible. We can not get food, cloth, shelter and fresh air for our survival.

2) Water cycle is also an example of transfer of energy in nature. If this does not take place, ground water cannot be recharged, we cannot find any water further.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 172

Question 40.
a) Why is it easier to stop a lightly loaded truck than heavier one that has equal speed?
Answer:
Due to its light weight, the truck with lighter load is easy to stop.

b) Does the kinetic energy of a car change more when it goes from 10 m/s to 20 m/s or when it goes from 20 m/s to 30 m/s?
Answer:
Case – I :
K.E._(I) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × m × 10 × 10 = 50m J
K.E._(F) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × m × 20 × 20 = 200m J
Difference in K.E. = 200m – 50m = 150m J

Case – II :
K.E._(I) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × m × 20 × 20 = 200m J
K.E._(F) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × m × 30 × 30 = 450m J
Difference in K.E. = 450m – 200m = 250m J

c) A person starts from rest and begins to run. The runner puts a certain momentum into himself. What is the momentum of ground? And the runner puts a certain amount of kinetic energy into himself. What is the kinetic energy of the ground?
Answer:
Here two cases arise.
Case – I :
In view of the observer, ground has no velocity. Hence the momentum and kinetic energy of the ground will be zero.

Case – II :
In view of the runner, ground has a velocity equal to the velocity of the runner.

1. The momentum of ground is equal to the momentum of the runner in magnitude but opposite in direction.
2. The K.E. of ground is also equal to the K.E of the runner in magnitude but opposite in direction.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 175

Question 41.
Does the international space station have gravitational potential energy?
Answer:
International space station is situated in space where the gravitational force is zero. Hence the gravitational potential energy is zero.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 178

Question 42.
a) Someone wanting to sell you a super ball claims’ that it will bounce to a height greater than the height from which it is dropped. Would you buy this ball? If yes explain, if not explain.
Answer:
Yes. I will buy this ball. When the applied force is more, the ball bounce to a height greater than the hefght from which it is dropped.

b) A ball, initially at the top of the inclined hill, is allowed to roll down: At the bottom its speed is 4 m/s. Next, the ball is again rolled down the hill, but this time it does not start from rest. It has an initial speed of 3 m/s. How fast is it going when it gets to the bottom?
Answer:
A ball start from the top of an inclined plane u} = 0 m/s; v, = 4 m/s.
Let the acceleration a’ and distance ’s’.
v₁² – u₁² = 2as …………. (1)
Now the ball is rolled down from the top of an inclined plane with a velocity 3 m/s.
∴ u₂ = 3 m/s; v₂ =?
Here the acceleration of the inclined plane is ‘a’ and the distance is ‘s’.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 179

Question 43.
The work done by a force F₁ is larger than the work done by another force F₂. Is it necessary that power delivered by F₁ is also larger than that of F₂? Why?
Answer:
Power delivered by F₁ is may or may not be larger than F₂.
Two cases arise.
Case – I :
If the displacement is same, as F₁ > F₂, the power delivered by F₁ is larger than F₂.

Case – II :
If the displacement is different, power delivered by F₁ may not be larger than F₂.

9th Class Physical Science 10th Lesson Work and Energy Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Read Ex : 1, 2, 3, and 4 from page 162 and 163. Now fill the following table.
Answer:

Activity – 2

Question 2.
Explain the relation between work done on an object and energy of the object with an activity.
Answer:

1. Take a hard spring and keep it on the table as shown in the figure.
2. Now compress the spring with your palm and release it after few seconds.
3. We will notice that when a spring is being compressed there is a change in its size.
4. When it is released it gains some energy and may even jump from the table.
5. The work done by your palm on the spring increases its energy and makes it to jump.
6. Thus we can conclude that the object which does work loses energy and the object on which work has been done gains energy.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
List the energy sources.
Answer:
The main source of energy is the sun. Many other secondary sources of energy are electrical energy, magnetic energy, chemical energy, muscular energy, geothermal energy, energy from fossil fuels, etc.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
Explain the energy of moving objects with an activity.
Answer:

1. Consider a metal ball and a hollow plastic block which are kept on a table side by side.
2. Now, suppose that the ball is separated from the block and brought to one end of the table and pushed to roll on the table with speed ‘v’.
3. We may notice that, the ball hits the plastic block and displaces it from point A to B.
4. Thus a moving ball is more energetic than the ball at rest.
5. We can conclude that a body possesses more energy when it is moving than when it is at rest.

Activity – 5

Question 5.
Explain potential energy with the help of a bow.
Answer:

1. Take a bamboo stick and make a bow as shown in figure.
2. Place an arrow made of a light stick on it with one end supported by the string of the bow and stretch the string gently and release the arrow.
3. We notice that the arrow gets separated from the bow and falls down on the ground.
4. Now place the arrow on the bow with one end supported by the string, applying more force and release the arrow.
5. We observe that the arrow flies with great speed into the air.
6. From this we can conclude that the bow in normal shape is not able to push the arrow, but when we stretch the string, it acquires energy to throw the arrow into air with great speed.
7. The energy acquired by the bow due to change in its shape is known as its potential energy.

Activity – 6

Question 6.
Write an activity to show the energy in stretched rubber band.
Answer:
Take a rubber band hold it at one end and pull it from the other end. Then release the rubber band at one of the ends.

When we release the rubber band, it strikes our hand with great force. This force is due to the energy acquired by the rubber band by stretching it.

Activity – 7

Question 7.
Show that the object at some height possesses energy.
Answer:

1. Take a heavy ball.
2. Drop it on a thick bed of wet sand from different heights from 25 cm to 1.5 m.
3. Observe the depression created by the ball on die bed of sand. Compare the depths of these depressions.
4. When the ball is dropped from different heights, the depressions created by the ball on the bed of sand will be different. ‘
5. As the height from which the ball was dropped increases, the depth of depression also increases.
6. Thus we can conclude that a body at some height possesses energy.

Activity – 8

Question 8.
List out the energy conversions in nature and in day to day life.
Answer:
Discuss various ways of energy conversions in nature as well as in our day to day activities and make a separate list of situations for natural conversions of energy and energy conversions in day to day life and write them in the given tables.
Table

Table

Activity – 9

Question 9.
Write an activity which shows the conservation of mechanical energy.
Answer:

1. Take a long thread say 50-60 cm long.
2. Attach a small heavy object like a metal ball at one end.
3. Tie other end to a nail fixed to the wall as shown in figure.
4. Now pull the bob of the pendulum to one side to the position A₁ and release it.
5. The bob swings towards opposite side and reaches the point A₂. It repeats the motion over and over again.
6. The potential energy of the bob is minimum at A and reaches maximum at A₁ because the height of the bob is maximum at that position.
7. When the bob is released from this point (A₁), its P.E. decreases and K.E. starts increasing slowly.
8. When the bob reaches the position A, its K.E. reaches maximum, and P.E. becomes minimum.
9. As the bob proceeds from A to A₂, its P.E. increases slowly and becomes maximum at A₂.
10. The total P.E. and K.E. at any point on the path of motion during the oscillation of the pendulum.
11. Thus the total mechanical energy in the system of pendulum remains constant.

Activity – 10

Question 10.
Calculate the total energy of free-fall at different heights.
An object of mass 20 kg is dropped from a height of 4 m. Compute the potential and kinetic energy in each case and write the values in the table. (Take g = 10 ms-2)

a) What do you say about total energy of system of freely falling body?
Answer:
In a freely falling body, the total energy of system (i.e. the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy) is same at any instance of its travel.

b) Is the mechanical energy conserved in the system?
Answer:
The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy at any instance of its travel is same. Hence we can say that the mechanical energy is conserved in the system.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Hindi Textbook Solutions Chapter 3 बदलें अपनी सोच Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 बदलें अपनी सोच

9th Class Hindi Chapter 3 बदलें अपनी सोच Textbook Questions and Answers

InText Questions (Textbook Page No. 11)

प्रश्न 1.
चित्र में क्या – क्या दिखाई दे रहे हैं?
उत्तर:
चित्र में दो पेड, दीवार, घास दिखाई दे रहे हैं। एक छात्रा कुत्ते को प्यार से पकडकर ले जा रही है और उसके पीठ पर एक थैला है।

प्रश्न 2.
लडकी क्या कर रही होगी?
उत्तर:
लडकी पालतू जानवरों की सेवा कर रही होगी ।

प्रश्न 3.
वह क्या सोच रही होगी?
उत्तर:
वह कुत्ते को पालने के बारे में सोच रही होगी। पशुओं की सेवा करने के बारे में सोच रही होगी।

अर्थग्राह्यता-प्रतिक्रिया

अ) प्रश्नों के उत्तर बताइए।

प्रश्न 1.
संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ के बारे में बताइए।
उत्तर:
दूसरी विश्व युद्ध के बाद अंतर्राष्ट्रीय शांति स्थापना के लिए संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ की स्थापना 1945 में हुई । यह 24 अक्तूबर, 1945 को लागू हुआ।

प्रश्न 2.
युगरत्ना के सवालों के बारे में अपने विचार बताइए |
उत्तर:
तेरह वर्ष की लड़की युगरत्ना श्रीवास्तव ने जो सवाल संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ के सामने पेश किया है उनका जवाब किसी के पास नहीं था । छोटे ही उम्र में पर्यावरण के प्रति, समुद्रों के प्रति, जंतु-जीवों के प्रति, पहाडों के प्रति, धरती के प्रति, जल राशियों के प्रति जो ज्ञान है वह प्रशंसनीय है। सोचनीय है | आचरणीय है।

आ) पाठ के आधार पर वाक्यों को सही क्रम पहचानिए।

1. हमें अपनी धरती बचानी होगी। ( )
2. अपने घर को बचा लें …. अपनी धरती माँ को बचा लें ….. ( )
3. हर कक्षा की किताबों में पर्यावरण के पाठ अवश्य होने चाहिए । ( )
4. हमारे पूर्वजों ने हमें स्वच्छ और स्वस्थ ग्रह दिया था । (1)
उत्तर:

1. 2
2. 4
3. 3
4. 1

इ) अनुच्छेद पढिए । इसके आधार पर तीन प्रश्न बनाइए।

कहाँ से आता है हमारा पानी और फिर कहाँ चला जाता है हमारा पानी? हमने कभी इसके बारे में कुछ सोचा है? सोचा तो नहीं शायद, पर इस बारे में पढ़ा ज़रूर है । भूगोल की किताब पढ़ते समय जलचक्र जैसी बातें हमें बतायी जाती हैं। बताते समय सूरज, समुद्र, बादल, हवा, धरती फिर बरसात की बूंदें और लो फिर बहती हुई एक नदी और उसके किनारे बसा तुम्हारा, हमारा घर, गाँव या शहर। चित्र के दूसरे
भाग में यही नदी अपने चारों तरफ़ का पानी लेकर उसी समुद्र में मिलती दिखाई देती है।
उत्तर:
1. हमने किसके बारे में नहीं सोचा होगा ?
2. जलचक्र जैसी बातें किस समय हमें बतायी जाती है ?
3. चित्र के दूसरे भाग में क्या दिखाई देती है ?

ई) इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन वाक्यों में दीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
पर्यावरण के बिगडने से क्या हानि होती है?
उत्तर:

• पर्यावरण के बिगडने से वर्षा नहीं होती ।
• पर्यावरण बिगडने से प्रकृति में असंतुलन बना रहता है ।
• अधिक धूप लगती है। हिमालय पिघल जाते हैं।
• मानव तथा जीव-जंतु रहना दूभर होता।

प्रश्न 2.
पर्यावरण संरक्षण में हम क्या योगदान दे सकते हैं?
उत्तर:

• हर बालक को पर्यावरण की शिक्षा के प्रति जागरूक करना है ।
• किताबों में पर्यावरण के पाठ अवश्य हो ।
• जैव मित्र तकनीकों में बढ़ोतरी होनी चाहिए।
• पुनः प्राप्त किये जानेवाले संसाधनों का उपयोग होना चाहिए।
• पेड़-पौधों को काटना नहीं चाहिए।

अभिव्यक्ति- सृजनात्मकता

अ) इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिरिवए ।

प्रश्न 1.
पर्यावरण के बिगडने से आगामी भविष्य में और कैसी समस्याएँ उत्पन्न हो सकती हैं ?
(या)
पर्यावरण के असंतुलन से उत्पन्न होनेवाले परिणाम क्या है?
उत्तर:
पर्यावरण के बिगडने से निम्न लिखित समस्याएँ उत्पन्न हो रही हैं।
1) हिमालय पिघलता जा रहा है।
2) ध्रुवीय भालू मरते जा रहे हैं।
3) साफ़ पानी नहीं मिल रहा है।
4) प्रशांत महासागर के पानी का स्तर बढ़ता जा रहा है।
5) धरती प्रदूषित हो रही है।
6) ठीक समय पर वर्षा नहीं हो रही है ।

प्रश्न 2.
जल संरक्षण कैसे किया जा सकता है? अपने विचार बताइए।
उत्तर:

• नदी तथा नालों पर बाँध बनाकर जल संरक्षण किया जाता है।
• नदी तथा नालों में मल-मूत्र विसर्जन न करके संरक्षण कर सकते हैं।
• जानवरों से पानी को गंदा न करवा सकने से जल संरक्षण किया जाता है।
• कल – कारखानों से आनेवाले विषैले पदार्थों को नदी, नाला, तालाब आदि स्त्रोतों में न बहा ने से जल संरक्षण किया जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 3.
युगरत्ना के स्थान पर आप होते तो कौन – कौन से प्रश्न पूछते?
(या)
युगरत्ना श्रीवास्तव ने अपने भाषण में किन – किन समस्याओं का उल्लेख किया है? पाठ के आधार पर समझाइए।
उत्तर:
युगरत्ना के स्थान में यदि मैं होता तो ये प्रश्न पूछता।

• हिमालय पिघलता जा रहा है। धृवीय भालू मरते जा रहे हैं । हर पाँच में से दो व्यक्तियों को पीने का साफ़ पानी नहीं मिलता | लुप्त होने वाले पेड – पौधों को खोने की हालत में हैं | प्रशांत महासागर के पानी का स्तर बढ़ता ही जा रहा है । क्या हम अपने भविष्य की पीढी को यही देने जा रहे हैं?
• हमारे पूर्वजों ने हमें स्वच्छ और स्वस्थ ग्रह दिया था, और हम क्या कर रहे हैं?
• हम अपने भविष्य की पीढी को प्रदूषित और बिगडी हुई धरती देने जा रहे हैं। क्या ऐसा करना ठीक है ?
• हमें अपनी धरती बचानी होगी । अब यह काम यहाँ नहीं होगा तो कहाँ होगा? अब नहीं होगा तो कब होगा ? हम नहीं करेंगे तो कौन करेगा?
• क्या पर्यावरणीय समस्याओं की पहचान किसी भौगोलिक, राजनैतिक सीमाओं और आयुसमूहों के दायरे में होती है?
• यदि राष्ट्र की सुरक्षा, शांति और आर्थिक विकास ही आपके लिए ज़रूरी है, तो पर्यावरण बदलाव ज़रूरी मुद्दा क्यों नहीं होना चाहिए?

आ) इस भाषण – लेख का सारांश अपने शब्दों में लिरिवाए।
उत्तर:
युगरत्ना श्रीवास्तव भारत की लाडली है। वह 13 साल की लडकी है। सितंबर 2009 में संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ में उसने भाषण देकर सबको सोचने पर मजबूर कर दिया ।

वह अपने भाषण में कहती है कि हिमालय पिघलता जा रहा है। ध्रुवीय भालू मरते जा रहे हैं। हर पाँच में से दो व्यक्तियों को साफ़ पानी पीने नहीं मिल रहा है । आज पेड -पौधे लुप्त होते जा रहे हैं। प्रशांत महासागर के पानी का स्तर बढ़ता ही जा रहा है।

हम अपने भविष्य के पीढ़ी को स्वस्थ ग्रह को ही देना है, प्रदूषित धरती को न देना है । हमें अपनी धरती बचानी होगी । पर्यावरण समस्याओं के प्रति लोगों की सोच बदलना है ।

बालकों को पर्यावरण की शिक्षा के प्रति जागरूक करना है। उनकी पुस्तकों में पर्यावरण के पाठ अवश्य होना है।

हम अपनी जन्म भूमि को बचाना है। अपने घर को बचाना है। अपनी धरती को बचाना है।

इ) युगरत्ना की जगह अगर आप होते तो संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ में क्या भाषण देते?
उत्तर:
संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ में युगरत्ना की जगह अगर मैं होता तो अपना भाषण इस प्रकार देता … आदरणीय सज्जनों !

हमारे पूर्वजों ने हमें स्वस्थ और साफ़ पर्यावरण विरासत के रूप में दिया । लेकिन हम अज्ञान से ऐसी अमूल्य पर्यावरण का नाशकर रहे हैं। धरती जो पेड-पौधों और घने जंगलों के कारण अब तक हरी-भरी है । वह प्रदूषित होती जा रही है । हम अपनी आगामी पीढी को निस्सार पर्यावरण सौंपने जा रहे हैं। यह तो किसी भी हालत में समर्थनीय नहीं है ।

अब भी समय है | आप ध्यान लगाकर सोचिए । आवश्यक कदम उठाने का समय आ गया है । अपने आप आगे आकर मज़बूत इरादें कर लेने की ज़रूरत है । यह काम अब हम नहीं करेंगे तो आगे कोई भी नहीं करेगा। अपनी धरती को बचा लेना है। हम अपनी सोच बदलें । पर्यावरण की सुरक्षा के आवश्यक नये कदम उठायें। हमारे हाथों में सिर्फ वर्तमान और भविष्य हैं। अतः भविष्य का संरक्षण अपने हाथों में है। भाग्यवश धरती के पास भी हमारी आवश्यकताएँ पूरी करने की क्षमता है ।

अपनी बुद्धि कुशलता का उपयोग कीजिए। परिवर्तन और सुधार लाकर पर्यावरण की रक्षा में सहयोग दें। अपने परिवारवालों को, अपने समाजवालों को, अपनी मातृभूमि को और पर्यावरण को बचा सकें। हमारे मन की आकांक्षा अच्छी हो तो परमात्मा भी कृपा करके हमें शक्ति देगा। हम सफल हो सकेंगे। धन्यवाद।

ई) युगरत्ना के भाषण में तुम्हें कौनसी बात सबसे अच्छी लगी और क्यों?
उत्तर:
“हिमालय पिघलता जा रहा है। ध्रुवीय भालू मरते जा रहे हैं। हर पाँच में से दो व्यक्तियों को पीने का साफ़ पानी नहीं मिलता। आज हम उन पेड-पौधों को खोने की कगार पर है, जो लुप्त होते जा रहे हैं। प्रशांत महासागर का स्तर बढ़ता ही जा रहा है – उपर्युक्त ये बातें जो श्रीवास्तव के हैं – मुझे सबसे अच्छी लगी। क्योंकि वह तेरह साल की लडकी होने पर भी इतनी बातों के प्रति उसका जो ज्ञान है वह प्रशंसनीय एवं अनोखी है ।

भाषा की बात

अ) नीचे दिये गये शब्दों के अर्थ बताकर वाक्य प्रयोग कीजिए |
1. संघ
2. ध्रुवीय
3. लुप्त
4. तकनीक
5. वरदान
उत्तर:
1. संघ = समाज, sopro, sveeo, federation, league
युगरत्ना श्रीवास्तव ने संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ में भाषण दिया।

2. ध्रुवीय = ध्रुव संबंधी, syso, polar
आजकल ध्रुवीय भालू मरते जा रहे हैं।

3. लुप्त = क्षय, 90dBodye, y-govei,vanished
आजकल पेड-पौधे लुप्त होते जा रहे हैं।

4. तकनीक = विधान, possy,technique
हम आजकल तकनीकी चीज़ों का उपयोग अधिक कर रहे हैं।

5. वरदान = वर, नियामत, 360, boon
मैं भारत में जन्म लेना अपना वरदान समझता हूँ।

* सही अर्थवाले शब्द से जोडी बनाइए।

उत्तर:

सही अर्थ वाले शब्द के नीचे रेखा खींचिए ।

A) मजबूर = बाध्य खुशी दुख
B) संसाधन = स्त्रोत खजाना रुपया
C) पक्षी = उडान गगन पंछी

आ) नीचे दिये गये वाक्य पढिए। रेखांकित शब्दों पर ध्यान दीजिए।

इ) रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति उचित अव्ययों से कीजिए। (वाह !, के नीचे, और)

1) जंगल में साधु जानवर ….. खूखार जानवर रहते हैं।
उत्तर:
और

2) पेड़ …………. उसकी जडें होती हैं ।
उत्तर:
के नीचे

3) ………. मुझे अच्छे अंक मिले।
उत्तर:
वाह !

परियोजना

पर्यावरण पर दिये गये किसी भाषण लेख का संकलन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
आधुनिक युग में मुख्य रूप से चार प्रकार के प्रदूषण फैल रहे हैं।
A) भूमि प्रदूषण
B) जल प्रदूषण
C) वायु प्रदूषण और
D) ध्वनि प्रदूषण ।।

इन प्रदूषणों के कारण हमारा पर्यावरण तेज़ी से बिगड़ रहा है। पर्यावरण में प्रदूषण फैलता है, तो उसका असर हम सब पर पड़ता है। पशु, पक्षी और हम सब मनुष्य हवा में से आक्सीजन लेते हैं और कार्बनडाइ-आक्सइड छोडते हैं। यह कार्बन-डाइ-आक्सइड इसी रूप में पर्यावरण में फैलता है। इससे हमारे आसपास का वातावरण प्रदूषित होता है। पर्यावरण में जो प्रदूषण होता है, वह पेड़-पौधों की सहायता से संतुलित हो जाता है । धूप और पेड़ -पौधों की पत्तियों के हरे पदार्थ द्वारा कार्बन-डाइ-आक्सइड और पानी बड़े कल-कारखाने गहा है, जो नदियों या जवायु और भूमि को दूषित उगलाता है। अशुद्ध पानी से नदी में यदि एक स्थान का रसायन होते हैं, जोजला जलाशयों में प्रवाहित कब के बीच एक रसायनिक प्रक्रिया होती है। इससे स्टार्च, मड आदि का निर्माण होता है। फलस्वरूप पर्यावरण में संतुलन बना रहता है।

आजकल हमारे आसपास बड़े-बड़े कल-कारखाने धुंआँ उगलते हैं। उनके कारण भी वायु प्रदूषण बढ़ जाता है। इन कारखानों से लगातार कूड़ा-कचरा निकल रहा है, जो नदियों या जलाशयों में प्रवाहित कर दिया जाता है। इस कूड़े-कचरे में कई तरह के ज़हरीले रसायन होते हैं, जो जल, वायु और भूमि को दूषित करते हैं। औद्योगिक कचरे से नदी में यदि एक स्थान का जल दूषित होता है, तो पूरी नदी का पानी ही दूषित हो जाता है। अशुद्ध पानी से कई बीमारियाँ होती हैं। रेल गाड़ियाँ, बसें, जलयान, विमान लगातार धुंआँ उगलते और शोर मचाते हैं। इनसे वायु और ध्वनि प्रदूषण फैलता है। आज अनेक प्रकार के यान अंतरिक्ष में छोड़े जा रहे हैं। ये भी वायु मंडल को प्रदूषित करते हैं।

पर्यावरण के असंतुलन से मौसम समय पर नहीं आता और वर्षा नियमित रूप से नहीं होती। वर्षा हुई भी तो कहीं अतिवृष्टि,कहीं अल्पवृष्टि होती है। पेड़-पौधों की पत्तियों में बाटीन रंध्र होते हैं। इन्हीं रंध्रों के द्वारा वातावरण और पौधों में गैसों का विनिमय होता है और जैविक क्रियाएँ संपन्न होती हैं। पर्यावरण के प्रदूषण को रोकने में हम सब सहयोग दे सकते हैं। सबसे पहले तो हम गंदगी न फैलायें और दूसरी यह कि फैली हुई गंदगी को साफ़ करने में सहयोग दें। अपने आसपास की नालियों को साफ़ रखें। कूड़ा-कचरा जहाँ-तहाँ ने फेंकें और न ही नदी-नाले में बहायें | खुले में मलमूत्र विसर्जन न करें। जंगल के वृक्ष न काटें। परंपरागत ईधन का उपयोग कम करें | उसके स्थान पर सूर्य, हवा और पानी से ऊर्जा उत्पन्न कर कल-कारखाने और वाहन चलायें। हमारा प्रयास यह होना चाहिए कि प्रकृति का भंडार सदा भरा रहे।

हमारे यहाँ पेड़ लगाना पुण्य कार्य माना गया है। पीपल, बरगद, आम, नीम, बेल, जामुन, आँवला जैसे उपयोगी वृक्षों के रोपण को धार्मिक कृत्य माना गया है | आज भी पानी के स्त्रोतों, देवालयों, मार्गों आदि के निकट पेड़ लगाने और लगे पेड़ों को न काटने की परंपरा है। संस्कारों को बनाये रखने से पर्यावरण के संरक्षण में सहयोग मिलेगा।

पर्यावरण हमारा रक्षा कवच है। हमारे स्वस्थ जीवन का आधार साफ़-सुथरा पर्यावरण है । पर्यावरण की रक्षा का दायित्व हम पर है। आइए हम प्रण करें।
1) अधिक से अधिक पेड़-पौधे लगाकर धरती को हरा-भरा बनायें।
2) वाहनों का धुंआँ कम करें।
3) वाहनों के भीषण शोर को कम करें।
4) विषैले पदार्थ नदियों में न बहावें।
5) भूमि हवा और जल को शुद्ध रखें।

बदलें अपनी सोच Summary in English

It happened for the first time in the United Nations organization (UNO). A 13 year-old girl made everybody attended there helpless to think. No one had answers for her questions. The girl was none other than Yugaratna Srivastav who inspired everybody with her thought provoking questions.

On September 9, Srivastav made an effective speech in U.N.O. “The Himalayan mountains are melting. Polar bears are dying, Pure drinking water is not available for every two out of five persons. Nowadays we are losing trees and plants. The volume of water in the oceans is increasing.

Are these things we are going to provide our coming generations with ? No. Our ancestors provided us with a clean and healthy planet. What are we doing ? We are going to provide our future generations with a polluted and spoiled earth. Is it correct to do ? Think over it. Think over it attentively.

Respected invitees ! It’s time we took some initiative and moved some steps further.

We have to protect our earth. Not only for our sake, but also for our future.

Where does it happen if not here ? When does it happen if not now? Who else will do if not we ?

What I want to convey to you is – please listen to my words. Strong determination is necessary for our future. We need a powerful and vigorous leadership.

We cannot save our earth by mere constructing hightech societies and depositing crores of rupees in banks.

We gathered over here not for mere solving environmental problem. We assembled here to bring change in people’s thinking.

We should make every child aware towards the environmental education. Lessons on environmental education should be definitely added. I’m not saying to cease the development.

I would like to ask the international leaders two questions – Is recognition concerning ecological problems available either in any geographical, political limits or in aged people’s groups.

For this need we have the U.N.O. It should make the people discuss this kind of issues one another. In this case, the views and opinions of the children and the youth should be taken into consideration.

While the protection of one’s own country, peace and economic development are necessary for you, why shouldn’t this issue on environmental change be necessary ? I hope that the U.N.O. will think over this on humanitarian grounds. Let’s forget the old things and take new steps. Now, we have only the present and the future in our hands.

Now we should work collectively so as to safeguard our future.

Respected leaders ! You should now make a political resolve thereby think over the innocent children and the species of animals that will become extinct.

Mahatma Gandhi says ‘The earth has the power to fulfil everybody’s needs but not one’s greed’.

Birds fly in the air. Fish swim in the water. The cheetah runs fast. But the God gave us power of thinking as a boon. Hence, we can make both change and reforms. Move, let’s go a head. Let’s save our Mother Earth, let’s save our home, let’s save our land.

Thanking you for giving me this opportunity ……”

बदलें अपनी सोच Summary in Telugu

ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితిలో మొదటిసారి ఇలా జరిగింది. 13 సంవత్సరాల బాలిక అందరినీ ఆలోచించడానికి నిస్సహాయులను చేసింది. ఎవరి వద్ద కూడా ఆమె ప్రశ్నలకు జవాబులు లేవు. తన ప్రశ్నలతో అందర్నీ ఆలోజింపచేసిన ఆ బాలిక పేరు యుగరత్న శ్రీవాస్తవ్. భారతదేశపు గారాల బిడ్డ పట్ల మనందరికీ గర్వమే.

సెప్టెంబర్ 2009, శ్రీవాస్తవ్ ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితిలో ఉపన్యసిస్తూ ఈ విధంగా అన్నది – ” హిమాలయ పర్వతాలు కరిగిపోతూ ఉన్నాయి. ధృవపు ఎలుగుబంట్లు చనిపోతూ ఉన్నాయి. ప్రతి ఐదుగురిలో ఇద్దరు వ్యక్తులకు త్రాగుటకు స్వచ్ఛమైన నీరు లభించుట లేదు. ఈ రోజు మనం చెట్లు – మొక్కలను కోల్పోతూ ఉన్నాం. పసిఫిక్ మహాసముద్రంలో నీరు (సముద్రాల నీరు, సముద్రాల పరిమాణం) పెరిగిపోతోంది.

ఏమి, మనం మన భవిష్య తరాలవారికి ఇవేనా ఇచ్చేది ? కాదు. మన పూర్వీకులు మనకు పరిశుభ్రమైన, ఆరోగ్యకరమైన గ్రహం ఇచ్చారు. మరి మనమేమి చేస్తున్నాం? మనం మన భవిష్యతరాల వారికి కలుషితమైన, పాడయిన భూమిని ఇవ్వబోతున్నాం. ఇలా చేయడం సబబా ? ఆలోచించండి. ధ్యాసబెట్టి ఆలోచించండి.

ఆదరణీయ సభాసదులారా ! మనం కొన్ని అడుగులు వేయడానికి ఇప్పుడు సమయం వచ్చింది.

మనం మన భూమిని రక్షించవలసియున్నది. మన కోసమే కాదు. మన భవిష్యత్ కోసం కూడా.

ఈ పని ఇక్కడ జరక్కపోతే ఎక్కడ జరుగుతుంది ? ఇప్పుడు కాకపోతే ఎప్పుడు జరుగుతుంది? మనం చేయకపోతే ఎవరు చేస్తారు?

నేను మీతో నివేదించేది ఏమిటంటే – “మీరు నా మాటలు వినండి. భవిష్యత్ కొరకు గట్టి నిర్ణయం అవసరం. దృఢమైన నాయకత్వం అవసరం.

హైటెక్ సమాజాన్ని నిర్మించడం లేదా బ్యాంకుల్లో కోట్ల రూపాయలు జమచేయడం వల్ల మనం మన భూమిని రక్షించలేం.

ఇక్కడ మనం పర్యావరణ సమస్యను పరిష్కరించడం కొరకు మాత్రమే సమావేశమవ్వలేదు. కానీ ప్రజల ఆలోచనను మార్చడం కోసం సమావేశమయ్యాం.

ఇప్పుడు ప్రతి పిల్లవానిని పర్యావరణ విద్య (పరిసరాల విద్య) పట్ల జాగరూకులను చేయాలి. ప్రతి తరగతి పుస్తకాలలో పర్యావరణ విద్య (పరిసరాల విద్య) పాఠాలు తప్పనిసరిగా చేర్చాలి. అభివృద్ధిని ఆపమని నేను చెప్పడం లేదు.

నేను ప్రపంచానికి చెందిన నాయకులందర్నీ రెండు ప్రశ్నలు అడగాలని అనుకుంటున్నా – పర్యావరణ సమస్యలకు సంబంధించిన గుర్తింపు ఏదేని భౌగోళిక, రాజనైతిక హద్దుల్లో లేదా వయో సమూహాల్లో లభిస్తుందా ?

అందుకే ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి ఉంది. వారు ఇలాంటి విషయాలపై ఒకరినొకరితో మాట్లాడేలా చేయాలి. ఈ విషయంలో పిల్లలు యువకుల అభిప్రాయాలు కూడా తీసుకోవాలి.

దేశ రక్షణ, శాంతి, ఆర్థికాభివృద్ది మీకు తప్పనిసరి అయితే పర్యావరణం మార్పు అనే విషయం ఎందుకు తప్పనిసరి. కాకూడదు ? నేను ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి మానవీయ దృష్టికోణంతో ఆలోచిస్తుందని ఆశిస్తున్నాను. పాత విషయాలను మరచిపోయి కొత్త అడుగులు వేయాలి. ఇప్పుడు మన చేతిలో కేవలం వర్తమానం మరియు భవిష్యత్తులే ఉన్నాయి.

ఇప్పుడు మనం మన భవిష్యత్తును సంరక్షించుకునే విధంగా పనిచేయాలి.

ఆదరణీయ నాయకులారా ! ఇప్పుడు మీరు ఏదో ఒక రాజనీతిని నిర్ణయించాలి. తద్వారా అమాయక పిల్లలు మరియు అంతరించిపోతున్న జంతువులను గురించి ఆలోచించాలి.

మహాత్మాగాంధీగారన్నారు – “భూమికి అందరి అవసరాలను తీర్చే శక్తి (ఓర్పు) ఉంది. ఎవరి దురాశనూ కాదు.” పక్షులు ఆకాశంలో ఎగురుతాయి. చేపలు నీళ్ళల్లో ఈదుతాయి. చిరుతపులి వేగంగా పరుగెడుతుంది.
కానీ భగవంతుడు మనకు ఆలోచించే శక్తిని వరంగా ఇచ్చాడు. అందువలన మనం మార్పును సంస్కరణలను రెండింటినీ తీసుకురాగలం. పదండి ఇప్పుడు మనం ముందుకు వెళదాం. మన జన్మభూమిని రక్షిద్దాం, మన ఇంటిని రక్షిద్దాం. మన భూమిని రక్షిద్దాం .

ధన్యవాదములు.

अर्थवाहयता – प्रतिक्रिया

निम्नलिखित गद्यांश पढ़कर दिये गये प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक वाक्य में लिखिए |

1. महात्मा गाँधी ने कहा था – “धरती के पास सभी की आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति करने की क्षमता है। किसी के लालच की नहीं।” पक्षी आसमान में उड़ता है, मछली पानी में तैरती है, चीता तेजी से दौडता है, लेकिन ईश्वर ने हमें वरदान के रूप में सोचने के लिए बुद्धि दी है। इससे हम परिवर्तन और सुधार दोनों ला सकते हैं। चलो अब हम आगे बढ़ें। अपनी जन्मभूमि को बचा लें ……. अपने घर को बचा लें ………. अपनी धरती को बचा लें …….
प्रश्न :
1. महात्मा गाँधी ने क्या कहा था?
उत्तर:
महात्मा गाँधी ने कहा था ”धरती के पास सभी की आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति करने की क्षमता है। किसी के लालच की नहीं।’

2. ईश्वर ने हमें कौन-सा वरदान दिया?
उत्तर:
ईश्वर ने हमें वरदान के रूप में सोचने के लिए बुद्धि दी।

3. बुद्धी के सहारे हम क्या कर सकते हैं?
उत्तर:
बुद्धि से हम परिवर्तन और सुधार दोनों ला सकते हैं।

4. आसमान शब्द का पर्यायवाची शब्द लिखिए।
उत्तर:
गगन

5. यह गद्यांश किस पाठ से दिया गया है?
उत्तर:
यह गद्यांश “बदलें अपनी सोच” पाठ से दिया गया है।

2. यहाँ हम पर्यावरण की समस्या सुलझाने के लिए ही एकत्रित नहीं हुए हैं, बल्कि लोगों की सोच बदलने के लिए भी एकत्रित हुए हैं। अब हर बालक को पर्यावरण की शिक्षा के प्रति जागरूक करना होगा। हर कक्षा की किताबों में पर्यावरण के पाठ अवश्य होने चाहिए। विकास को रोकने के लिए मैं नहीं कहती । मैं यह कहना चाहती हूँ – जैवमित्र तकनीकों में बढ़ोत्तरी होनी चाहिए जो सस्ती और अच्छी हो।
प्रश्न :
1. हर बालक को किस शिक्षा के प्रति जागरुक करना है?
उत्तर:
हर बालक को पर्यावरण की शिक्षा के प्रति जागरुक करना है।

2. जैवमित्र तकनीक कैसी होनी चाहिए?
उत्तर:
जैवमित्र तकनीकों में बढ़ोत्तरी होनी चाहिए।

3. इस गद्यांश में “मैं” किसके लिए प्रयुक्त है?
उत्तर:
“मैं’ युगरत्ना श्री वात्सव के लिए प्रयुक्त है।

4. “सस्ता” इस शब्द का विलोम शब्द क्या है?
उत्तर:
सस्ता – महँगा

5. यह गद्यांश किस पाठ से दिया गया है?
उत्तर:
यह गद्यांश ‘बदलें अपनी सोच” पाठ से दिया गया है।

निम्न लिखित गद्यांश पढ़कर नीचे दिये गये वैकल्पिक प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए। सही विकल्प से संबंधित अक्षर चुनकर कोष्ठक में रखिए।

1. एक दिन की बात है। रामदास अपने कमरे में आराम कर रहा था कि इतने में दो तीन ग्वाले दौडते हुए उसके पास आये और कहा – “टीले की बाई ओर, नाले के पास की झाडियों में बाघ छिपा हुआ है।” रामदास ने तुरंत बंदूक थाम ली और करतूस लेकर टीले की ओर चल पडा। रामदास ने देखा कि झाडियों में बाघ छिपा हुआ है। तुरंत रामदास ने उस पर गोली चलायी। गोली बाघ के माथे पर जा लगी, वहा चिता गिर पड़ा और उसी समय वह मर गया।
प्रश्न :
1. बाघ कहाँ छिपा हुआ है?
A) नदी में
B) झाडियों में
C) गुफा में
D) कमरे में
उत्तर:
B) झाडियों में

2. अपने कमरे में कौन लेटे आराम कर रहा था?
A) बाघ
B ) ग्वाला
C) रामदास
D) प्रेमदास
उत्तर:
C) रामदास

3. गोली कहाँ जा लगी ?
A) बाघ के माथे पर
B) बाघ के पेट में
C) बाघ के पीठ में
D) बाघ के मुख पर
उत्तर:
A) बाघ के माथे पर

4. कितने ग्वाले दौडते हुए रामदास के पास आये?
A) दो
B) तीन
C) चार
D) दो-तीन
उत्तर:
D) दो-तीन

5. उपर्युक्त अनुच्छेद में बाघ को मारनेवाले कौन थे ?
A) रामदास
B) किशोरदास
C) श्यामदास
D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
A) रामदास

2. हमारे भारतवर्ष में अनेक प्रकार के रसीले, स्वादिष्ट और स्वास्थ्यवर्धक फलों की खूब पैदावर होती है। मौसम में पैदा होनेवाले फल जरूर खाना चाहिए। आयुर्वेद के अनुसार मीठा अनार वात, पित्त और कफ़ दोषों को दूर करता है। पपीता पाचक और खून बढ़ानेवाला होता है। सेब मस्तिष्क एवं नस – नाड़ियों को शक्ति प्रदान करता है। अमरूद इतनी गुणकारी है कि इसे अमृत फल कहते हैं।
प्रश्न :
1. वात, पित्त और कफ़ दोषों को दूर करनेवाला फ़ल क्या है?
A) पपीता
B) अनार
C) सेब
D) अंगूर
उत्तर:
B) अनार

2. सेब खाने से किसे शक्ति मिलती है?
A) खून
B) आँख
C) पाचक यंत्र
D) मस्तिष्क
उत्तर:
D) मस्तिष्क

3. अमृत फ़ल किसे कहते हैं?
A) अनार
B) पपीता
C) अमरूद
D) सेब
उत्तर:
C) अमरूद

4. यह फल खाने से खून बढ़ता है।
A) पपीता
B) अनार
C) अमरूद
D) सेब
उत्तर:
A) पपीता

5. फ़ल शब्द का बहुवचन रूप यह है।
A) फ़लें
B) फ़लों
C) फ़ल
D) फलाएँ
उत्तर:
C) फ़ल

अभिव्यक्ति – सृजनात्मकता

निम्नलिखित प्रश्न का उत्तर छह या आठ पंक्तियों में लिखिए।

“पर्यावरण हमारा रक्षा कवच है।” इस कथन की पुष्टि करते हुए पर्यावरण संरक्षण में हम क्या योगदान दे सकते हैं – लिखिए।
उत्तर:
पर्यावरण हमारा रक्षा कवच है। हमारे स्वस्थ जीवन का आधार साफ-सुथरा पर्यावरण है। पर्यावरण की रक्षाका दायित्व हम पर हैं। पर्यावरण संरक्षण में हम इस प्रकार योगदान दे सकें –

1. अधिक से अधिक पेड़-पौधे लगाकर धरती को हरा-भरा बनायें।
2. वाहनों का धुंआँ कम करें।
3. वाहनों के भीषण शोर को कम करें।
4. विषैले पदार्थ नदियों में न बहावें।
5. भूमि हवा और जल को शुद्ध रखें।

निर्देश के अनुसार उत्तर दीजिए। |

1. पर्यावरण के पाठ अवश्य होने चाहिए। (रेखांकित शब्द का संधि विच्छेद पहचानिए।)
A) पर्या + वरण
B) परि +आवरण
C) परि + वरण
D) पर + आवरण
उत्तर:
B) परि +आवरण

2. पक्षी आसमान में उड़ता है। (रेखांकित शब्द का तद्भव शब्द पहचानिए।)
A) जानवर
B) मृग
C) मनुष्य
D) पंछी
उत्तर:
D) पंछी

3. आर्थिक विकास की जरूरत है। (रेखांकित शब्द का प्रत्यय शब्द पहचानिए।)
A) अ
B) इक
C) ईक
D) आ
उत्तर:
B) इक

4. चीता तेजी से दौडता है। (वाक्य में संज्ञा शब्द पहचानिए।)
A) तेजी से
B) दौडता
C) चीता
D) दौडता है
उत्तर:
C) चीता

5. हम नादान बच्चे हैं। (वाक्य में विशेषण शब्द पहचानिए।)
A) हम
B) बच्चे
C) हैं
D) नादान
उत्तर:
D) नादान

6. अपनी जन्मभूमि ….. बचा लें। (सही कारक चिहन पहचानिए।)
A) ने
B) को
C) में
D) का
उत्तर:
B) को

7. सही क्रम वाला वाक्य पहचानिए।
A) मजबूत जरूरत की नेतृत्व है।
B) जरूरत नेतृत्व मजबूत की है।
C) मजबूत नेतृत्व की जरूरत है।
D) मजबूत की नेतृत्व जरूरत है।
उत्तर:
C) मजबूत नेतृत्व की जरूरत है।

8. हिमालय पिघलता जा रहा है। रेखांकित शब्द का संधि विच्छेद करने पर।
A) हिम + आलय
B) हिमा + आलय
C) हिम + अलय
D) हिमा + लय
उत्तर:
A) हिम + आलय

9. शुद्ध रूप पहचानिए|
A) हम हमारी धरती को बचा लें।
B) हम हमारे धरती को बचा लें।
C) हम अपनी धरती को बचा लें
D) हम अपने धरती को बचा लें।
उत्तर:
C) हम अपनी धरती को बचा लें

10. यह महान कार्य यहाँ नहीं होगा तो कहाँ होगा? (सर्वनाम शब्द पहचानिए)
A) कार्य
B) महान
C) वह
D) कहाँ
उत्तर:
C) वह

11. मैं नेताओं से दो प्रश्न पूछना चाहती हूँ। (सर्वनाम शब्द पहचानिए।)
A) दो
B) पूछना
C) मैं
D) चाहती हूँ।
उत्तर:
C) मैं

अर्थग्राह्यता – प्रतिक्रिया

पठित – गद्यांश

निम्न लिखित गद्यांश पढ़कर दिये गये प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक वाक्य में दीजिए।

1. संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ में पहली बार ऐसा हुआ। तेरह वर्ष की एक लड़की ने सभी को सोचने पर मजबूर कर दिया। किसी के पास भी उसके सवालों का जवाब नहीं था। अपने सवालों से सबको सोचने पर | मजबूर करने वाली उस लड़की का नाम युगरत्ना श्रीवास्तव है। भारत की इस लाडली पर सबको गर्व है।
प्रश्न :
1. उपर्युक्त अनुच्छेद किस पाठ से लिया गया है?
उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त अनुच्छेद ‘बदलें अपनी सोच’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है।

2. पहली बार ऐसा कहाँ हुआ?
उत्तर:
संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ में पहली बार ऐसा हुआ।

3. लडकी का नाम क्या है?
उत्तर:
लड़की का नाम है “युगरत्ना श्रीवास्तव |

4. सबको किस पर गर्व है?
उत्तर:
भारत की इस लाडली युगरत्ना श्रीवास्तव पर सब को गर्व है।

5. लडकी कितने वर्ष की है?
उत्तर:
लडकी तेरह वर्ष की है।

2. [ सितंबर, 2009 में संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ में युगरत्ना श्रीवास्तव ने भाषण देते हुए इस तरह कहा – “हिमालय पिघलता जा रहा है। ध्रुवीय भालू मरते जा रहे हैं। हर पाँच में से दो व्यक्तियों को पीने का साफ़ पानी नहीं मिलता। आज हम उन पेड़ – पौधों को खोने की कगार पर हैं, जो लुप्त होते जा रहे हैं। प्रशांत महासागर के पानी का स्तर बढ़ता ही जा रहा है।
प्रश्न :
1. युगरत्ना श्रीवास्तव ने संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ में कब भाषण दी?
उत्तर:
युगरत्ना श्रीवास्तव ने संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ में सितंबर 2009 में भाषण दी।

2. पीने का साफ़ पानी किन्हें नहीं मिलता ?
उत्तर:
हर पाँच में से दो व्यक्तियों को पीने का साफ़ पानी नहीं मिलता।

3. किस सागर के पानी का स्तर बढ़ता ही जा रहा है?
उत्तर:
प्रशांत महासागर के पानी का स्तर बढ़ता ही जा रहा है।

4. क्या पिघलता जा रहा है?
उत्तर:
हिमालय पिघलता जा रहा है।

5. युगरत्ना श्रीवास्तव ने कहाँ भाषण दी?
उत्तर:
युगरत्ना श्रीवास्तव ने संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघ में भाषण दी।

3. महात्मा गाँधी ने कहा था – ‘धरती के पास सभी की आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति करने की क्षमता है। किसी के लालच की नहीं।”

पक्षी आसमान में उड़ता है, मछली पानी में तैरती है, चीता तेज़ी से दौड़ता है लेकिन ईश्वर ने हमें वरदान के रूप में सोचने के लिए बुद्धि दी है। इससे हम परिवर्तन और सुधार दोनों ला सकते हैं। चलो अब हम आगे |बढ़े। अपनी जन्मभूमि को बचा लें … अपने घर को बचा लें … अपनी धरती को बचा लें ………
प्रश्न :
1. महात्मा गाँधीजी ने क्या कहा था?
उत्तर:
महात्मा गाँधीजी ने कहा था “धरती के पास सभी की आवश्कताओं की पूर्ति करने की क्षमता है। किसी के लालच के नहीं”।

2. मछली कहाँ तैरती है?
उत्तर:
मछली पानी में तैरती है।

3. ईश्वर ने हमें वरदान के रूप में क्या दी?
उत्तर:
ईश्वर ने हमें वरदान के रूप में सोचने के लिए बुद्धि दी है।

4. पक्षी कहाँ उड़ती है?
उत्तर:
पक्षी आसमान में उड़ती है।

5. यह उपर्युक्त गद्यांश किस पाठ से दिया गया है?
उत्तर:
यह उपर्युक्त गद्यांश “बदलें अपनी सोच” नामक पाठ से दिया गया है।

अपठित- गद्यांश

नीचे दिये गये गद्यांश को पढ़कर प्रश्नों के उत्तर चुनकर कोष्ठक में लिखिए।

1. यहाँ तक कि मुंशीजी को न्याय भी अपनी ओर से कुछ खिंचा हुआ दीख पड़ता था। वह न्याय का दरबार था। परंतु उसके कर्मचारियों पर पक्षपात का नशा छाया हुआ था। किन्तु पक्षपात और न्याय का क्या मेल? जहाँ पक्षपात हो. वहाँ न्याय की कल्पना भी नहीं की जा सकती। मुकद्यमा शीघ्र ही समाप्त हो गया। डिप्टी मैजिस्ट्रेट ने अपनी तजवीज में लिखा, पंडित अलोपीदीन के विरुद्ध दिये गये प्रमाण निर्मूल और भ्रमात्मक हैं। वह एक बड़े भारी आदमी हैं। यह बात कल्पना से बाहर है कि उन्होंने थोडे – से लाभ के लिए ऐसा दुस्साहस किया हो। यद्यपि नमक के दारोगा मुँशी वंशीधर का अधिक उद्यण्डता और अविचार के कारण एक भलेमानस को कष्ट झेलना पड़ा।
प्रश्न :
1. एक बडे भारी आदमी कौन है?
A) मुंशी जी
B) पंडित आलोपदीन
C) डिप्टी मैजिस्ट्रेट
D) ये सब
उत्तर:
B) पंडित आलोपदीन

2. नमक का दारोगा कौन है?
A) पंडित आलोपदीन
B) मुंशी किशोरधर
C) मुँशी वंशीधर
D) मुंशी गिरिधर
उत्तर:
C) मुँशी वंशीधर

3. न्याय अपनी ओर से कुछ खिंचा हुआ किसे दीख पड़ता था?
A) मुंशी जी को
B) पं. आलोपदीन को
C) डिप्टी मैजिस्ट्रेट को
D) इन सबको
उत्तर:
A) मुंशी जी को

4. जहाँ पक्षपात है वहाँ किसकी कल्पना नहीं की जा सकती?
A) अधर्म
B) धर्म
C) अन्याय
D) न्याय
उत्तर:
D) न्याय

5. पक्षपात का नशा किन पर छाया हुआ था?
A) मुंशी
B) आलोपदीन
C) कर्मचारियों
D) इन सब पर
उत्तर:
C) कर्मचारियों

2. दक्षिण भारत में एक शक्तिशाली राज्य था। उस राज्य का नाम विजयनगर था। विजयनगर के तेनाली गाँव में एक साधारण – सा व्यक्ति रहता था जिसका नाम राम था। लोग उसे तेनाली राम कहते थे। रोज़गार की तलाश में वह राजधानी आ गया। राजधानी का नाम भी विजयनगर था। उन दिनों विजयनगर के महाराजा कृष्णदेवराय थे। वे बड़े उदार, विद्याप्रेमी और कलाप्रिय राजा थे। तेनाली राम ने महाराज से मुलाकात की। महाराज उसकी बातों से इतने प्रभावित हुए कि उन्होंने उसे तुरंत नौकरी दे दी।
प्रश्न :
1. रोज़गार की तलाश में राम कहाँ आ गया था?
A) राजधानी
B) तेनाली
C) मैसूर
D) कर्नाटक
उत्तर:
A) राजधानी

2. दक्षिण भारत में शक्तिशाली राज्य का नाम क्या था?
A) विजयवाडा
B) मैसूर
C) विजयनगर
D) विजयपुरी
उत्तर:
C) विजयनगर

3. विजयनगर के महाराज कौन थे?
A) रामराय
B) बुक्कराय
C) कृष्णदेवराय
D) हरिहरराय
उत्तर:
C) कृष्णदेवराय

4. कृष्णदेवराय कैसे राजा थे?
A) उदार
B) विद्या प्रेमी
C) कलाप्रिय
D) ये सब
उत्तर:
D) ये सब

5. राजधानी का नाम क्या था?
A) विजयनगर
B) विजयपुरी
C) विजयवाडा
D) वरंगल
उत्तर:
A) विजयनगर

3. गाँधीजी को बच्चों के साथ हँसने, खेलने में बड़ा आनंद आता था। एक बार वे एक प्रारंभिक विद्यालय में गये। उन्होंने बालकों से विनोद करना आरंभ किया। दूर बैठा हुआ एक विद्यार्थी बीच में कुछ बोल उठा। इस पर शिक्षक ने उसे घूरकर देखा, तो बालक सहमकर चुप हो गया। गाँधीजी ये सब देख रहे थे। वे उस बालक के पास जाकर खड़े हो गये। बोले “बेटा, तू मुझसे कुछ कहना चाहता था न? बोल, क्या कहना है?
प्रश्न :
1. बालक को किसने घूरकर देखा?
A) गाँधीजी
B) शिक्षक
C) प्राध्यापक
D) दूसरे बालक
उत्तर:
B) शिक्षक

2. बच्चों के साथ हँसने, खेलने में बड़ा आनंद किसे आता था?
A) शिक्षक को
B) गाँधीजी को
C) बालकों को
D) सबको
उत्तर:
B) गाँधीजी को

3. गाँधीजी एक बार कहाँ गये?
A) मुंबई
B) प्रांस
C) प्रारंभिक विद्यालय
D) सिनेमा
उत्तर:
C) प्रारंभिक विद्यालय

4. बीच में कौन कुछ बोल उठा?
A) गाँधीजी
B) अध्यापक
C) प्राध्यापक
D) दूर बैठा हुआ एक विद्यार्थी
उत्तर:
D) दूर बैठा हुआ एक विद्यार्थी

5. बालकों इन्होंने ये विनोद करना आरंभ किया
A) शिक्षक
B) प्राध्यापक
C) अन्य बालक
D) गाँधीजी
उत्तर:
D) गाँधीजी

4. समय जाते देर नहीं लगती। पन्द्रह वर्ष बीत चुके, पर जान पड़ता है कि अभी कल की बात है। सन् 1916 में मैं तीसरी बार इन्ट्रेस की परीक्षा देने बैठा था। दो साल में लगातार फेल हो चुका था। और चीज़ों में ज्यों – त्यों पास भी हो जाता, पर गणित का विषय मुझे अन्त में ले डुबाता। छोटे दों में भी इसने मेरे रास्ते में रोड़े अटकाये, परीक्षाओं में इसने मेरे साथ सदा अडंगा नीति से काम लिया, पर मैं किसी – न – किसी करवट से दर्जा बराबर चढता ही गया। इन्ट्रेन्स में पहुंचना था कि यह मेरे पीछे हाथ धोकर पड़ गया। लोगों का ऐसा खयाल था और अब भी है कि प्रतिभा नाम की चीज़ मेरे बाँटे कभी पड़ी ही नहीं, पर मैं इसे मानने के लिए तैयार नहीं हूँ।
प्रश्न :
1. लेखक तीसरी बार इन्ट्रेस की परीक्षा देने कब बैठा था?
A) सन् 1920 में
B) सन् 1930 में
C) सन् 1916 में
D) सन् 1836 में
उत्तर:
C) सन् 1916 में

2. लेखक को कौनसा विषय अंत में ले डुबाता?
A) अंग्रेज़ी
B) गणित
C) विज्ञान
D) अरबी
उत्तर:
B) गणित

3. लेखक कितने साल लगातार फैल हो चुका था?
A) दो
B) तीन
C) चार
D) पाँच
उत्तर:
A) दो

4. पंद्रह वर्ष बीत चुकने पर भी क्या जान पडता है?
A) अभी परसों की बात है।
B) अभी पंद्रह वर्षों की बात है।
C) अभी कल की बात है।
D) अभी आज की बात है।
उत्तर:
C) अभी कल की बात है।

5. छोटे दों में भी किस विषय ने लेखक के रास्ते में रोड़े अटकाये?
A) अंग्रेज़ी
B) विज्ञान
C) उर्दू
D) गणित
उत्तर:
D) गणित

5. पीज़ा सेहत के लिए हानिकारक है। क्योंकि वह मैदे से बनाया जाता है। मैदा सेहत के लिए किसी भी हालत में अच्छा नहीं है। कोला भी हानिहारक है। क्योंकि उसमें रासायनिक तत्व मिले होते हैं। पर चिप्स, कोला, पीज़ा के विज्ञापन तो बहुत ही आकर्षक होते हैं। क्या, ये सब झूठ हैं? हाँ, | विज्ञापन तो व्यापार बढ़ाने का एक तरीका मात्र है।
प्रश्न:
1. पीज़ा किसके लिए हानिकारक है?
A) सेहत
B) पेट
C) आँख
D) हाथ
उत्तर:
A) सेहत

2. पीज़ा किससे बनाये जाते हैं?
A) आटे से
B) मैदे से
C) चने से
D) मेवे से
उत्तर:
B) मैदे से

3. इसमें रसायन’ तत्व मिलते हैं –
A) सेहत में
B) पीज़ा में
C) कोला में
D) इन सब में
उत्तर:
C) कोला में

4. व्यापार बढ़ाने का एक तरीका क्या है?
A) विज्ञापन
B) विनती
C) प्रार्थना
D) सिनेमा
उत्तर:
A) विज्ञापन

5. इनके विज्ञापन बहुत आकर्षक होते हैं
A) कोला
B) चिप्स
C) पीज़ा
D) इन सबके
उत्तर:
D) इन सबके

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 12 Units and Graphs Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 12th Lesson Units and Graphs at Curved Surfaces

9th Class Physical Science 12th Lesson Units and Graphs Textbook Questions and Answers

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9th Class Physical Science 12th Lesson Units and Graphs 1 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Unit?
Answer:
A unit is a standard measure used for comparing measurements.

Question 2.
Why do we use different units for different items?
Answer:
Depending on the quantities of material the units may be expressed.

Question 3.
Write fundamental quantities in MKS system.
Answer:
Mass (m), Length (l) and Time (t).

Question 4.
What are fundamental quantities?
Answer:
Fundamental quantities are those physical quantities that cannot be expressed in terms of other quantities.

Question 5.
What is fundamental unit?
Answer:
Units used to express fundamental quantities are called fundamental units.

Question 6.
Write fundamental units in MKS system.
Answer:
Meter, Kilogram and Second.

Question 7.
What is CGS system?
Centimeter, Grams and Seconds.

Question 8.
What is SI system? When was it introduced?
Answer:
SI system means International System of units. It was introduced in 1971.

Question 9.
List the fundamental quantities that are added to SI system.
Answer:
Electricity, light intensity, quantity of substance, temperature and plane angle.

Question 10.
What is difference between MKS and SI systems?
Answer:

• MKS system has only three fundamental quantities. Those are length, mass and time.
• SI system has eight fundamental quantities. Those are length, mass, time, electricity, light intensity, quantity of substance, temperature, plane angle.

Question 11.
What is derived quantity?
Answer:
The quantities that are obtained by combining fundamental quantities either by multiplication or division or both operations are called derived quantities.

Question 12.
What are derived units?
Answer:
The derived units of measurement derived from the fundamental units.

Question 13.
Write derived units of area and volume.
Derived units of area = m²
Derived units of volume = m³

Question 14.
What are the fundamental units are used to express the units of Force?
Answer:

Hence fundamental units used to express force are kg, m, s.

Question 15.
Which conversion factor is used to convert kilometers into meter?
Answer:
1000.

Question 16.
Which conversion factor is used to convert meters into kilometers?
Answer:
10^-3.

Question 17.
Write conversion factor to convert km/hr into m/s.
Answer:
\(\frac{5}{18}\)

Question 18.
Write some units of measurements expressed in the name of scientists.
Answer:
Newton (N), Pascal (Pa), Joule (J), Watt (W), etc.

Question 19.
What is graph?
Answer:
A pictorial form of representation that shows the relation between two quantities can be called a graph.

Question 20.
What are independent and dependent variables?
Answer:
Independent variables are controlled by us. Whereas dependent variables are changed due to the change in dependent variable.

Question 21.
Which variable is taken on x – axis?
Answer:
Independent variable.

Question 22.
What are grids on graph paper?
Answer:
On a graph paper, there are thick as well as fine vertical and horizontal lines. These intersecting lines form squares or grids.

Question 23.
What is Range?
Answer:
Range = highest value – lowest value.

Question 24.
What is scaling?
Answer:
Pointing of the values in the table on x – axis and y – axis is called scaling.

Question 25.
What is scale?
Answer:
The interval taken pointing values on axis is called scale.

Question 26.
How do you find x – axis scale?
Answer:

Question 27.
What is curved line graph?
Answer:
If a graph is in curved shape, then it is curved line graph.

Question 28.
What is Hooke’s law?
Answer:
The elongation of the spring is proportional to the applied mass within the elastic limit of the spring.

Question 29.
What is slope of the straight line graph?
Answer:

Question 30.
What is slope of a graph?
Answer:
The tan value of the angle at x – axis is the slope of a graph.
tan θ = \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{y} }{\Delta \mathrm{x}}\)

Question 31.
What is area of a graph?
Answer:
The product of the physical quantity of y – axis and x – axis may explain another physical quantity. Hence, it is said to be area of the graph.

Question 32.
What does slope indicate to the graph of displacement and time?
Answer:
Velocity.

Question 33.
What does area of the graph of acceleration Vs time indicate?
Answer:

Question 34.
Predict shape of the graph if you plot a graph by taking time on x – axis and velocity of a free fall body on y – axis.
Answer:
Straight line.

Question 35.
Guess the shape of the graph if you plot a graph of time and distance covered by a bus.
Answer:
Curved graph.

Question 36.
Rithvik wrote ‘3 kgs of sugar’ on the black board. Correct him by asking a question.
Answer:
Is it correct to mention kg in plural form while writing units?

Question 37.
Karthik got a doubt by seeing ‘3 newtons’ on the black board. What would be it?
Answer:
Which quantity is measured in newtons ?

Question 38.
What are the materials / apparatus required to prove Hooke’s law?
Answer:

1. Spring,
2. Weights,
3. Scale,
4. Stand.

Question 39.
Area, volume, density, mass
a) Write any one fundamental quantity from the above data.
b) Write any one derived quantity from the above data.
Answer:
a) mass.
b) volume.

Question 40.
‘Dheeraj counted distance travelled by him for every 10 min.’
From the above data write independent and dependent variables.
Answer:
Time (min) is independent variable distance is dependent variable.

Question 41.

Plot the data points (6, 4) and (0, 0) in the above graph.
Answer:

Question 42.
How do you remember scientists through units of measurements?
Answer:
Some units are expressed in the names of the scientists like newton, joule, etc. When we use these units, scientists are remember once again.

Question 43.
What is the use of graph?
Answer:

• We can solve so many problems by using graphs.
• We can know the relation between two physical quantities through graphs.

Question 44.
Calculate the Range of 5, 7, 3, 8, 18, 4, 2, 6.
Answer:
Range = highest value – lowest value
= 18-2 = 16.

Question 45.
If the range is 10 and no. of grids horizontally is 20. How can you take scale X-axis?
Answer:

2) I will take 0.5,1,1.5, 2, 2.5,3,3.5, 4, 4.5, 10 on the X-axis. As a scale on x-axis.

Question 46.
How slope of displacement Vs time graph is useful?
Answer:
We can calculate velocity by calculating slope of line in displacement Vs time graph.

Question 47.
How area of velocity Vs time graph is useful?
Answer:
Area of velocity Vs time graph is useful to find the position of the object.

Question 48.

What is the acceleration at ‘B’?
Answer:

Acceleration is 1 m/s².

Question 49.

Find the acceleration at ‘A’.
Answer:

Question 50.

How much distance is travelled by the object from A to B in the graph?
Answer:
Zero.

9th Class Physical Science 12th Lesson Units and Graphs 2 Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is a unit? Where it be placed?
Answer:

• A unit is a standard measure used for comparing measurements.
• Unit should be placed right side of the magnitude of every physical quantity. For eg : 2 kg, 7 m.

Question 2.
Differentiate fundamental quantities and derived quantities.
Answer:

Question 3.
Derive units of density.
Answer:

Question 4.
Write different system of measurements.
Answer:

1. FPS : Foot, Pound, Second.
2. CGS : Centimeter, Gram, Second.
3. MKS : Meter, Kilogram, Second.
4. SI : Meter, Kilogram, Second, Ampere, Candela, Mole, Kelvin, Radian.

Question 5.
Derive units to the given physical quantities.
Answer:

Question 6.
Which of the following are correct? Why?
Answer:
A) m/s
B) m/s/s
C) m-s²
D) 10.kgs
E) Pascal
F) joule
Answer:
A) and F) only are correct
B) two solidus are used – wrong.
C) line break is used – wrong.
D) ‘•’ and plural of kg are used – wrong.
E) capital letter used (P) – wrong.

Question 7.
Write correct form of units in the following.
(j) DB
(ii) mhz
(iii) 20 – m
(iv) kg.m-s^-2
Answer:
(i) dB
(ii) MHz
(iii) 20 m
(iv) Kg.m.s^-2

Question 8.
How do you expect the shape of the given graphs?
(a) a ∝ b
(b) a ∝ \(\frac{1}{\mathbf{b}}\)
Answer:
a) It may be straight line graph.
b) It may be curved line graph.

Question 9.
From the graph,
a) What is indicated by slopes of the lines OA, OB, OC?
b) Which line shows high speed than other lines? Why?

Answer:
a) Slopes of the lines indicate speeds of the objects.
b) OA shows high speed than other lines.
Because it has high slope than others.

Question 10.

a) Which is independent variable?
b) Which is dependent variable?
c) Predict how the graph is.
d) Find the range on Y – axis.
Answer:
a) Mass
b) Weight
c) It may be in straight line.
d) On Y – axis, values are 98, 196, 294, 392, 490.
Range = 490 – 98 = 392

Question 11.
Plot the given data points on the given graph paper and join the dots.
Data points : (8, 10) (20, 15) (40, 22.5) (48, 0)

Answer:

Question 12.
Draw a graph roughly to show uniform velocity of a body.
Answer:

Question 13.
Draw a graph that shows a body without movement after travelling sometime.
Answer:

Question 14.
How do you appreciate the role of graphs in solving problems?
Answer:

• Graphs can be used to compare different physical quantities like time- displacement, time-velocity, pressure-volume, etc. and helps in solve the problems.
• Graphs are very useful to find the path of an object which is in motion and it is easy to calculate velocity, acceleration, position, etc. at particular time and particular point of the object.
• Graphs are very useful minimum, maximum values of some physical quantities. For example to find minimum deviation of a prism graphs are very useful.
• In this way graphs are appreciable for their role in solving problems.

Question 15.
From the given graph find the slope and area at point B.
Answer:

Question 16.
Convert 3 m/s into km/hr.
Answer:

Question 17.
A ball of 100 g mass is thrown with initial velocity of 0.01 km/s. What is its momentum at that time?
Answer:
Momentum = mass × velocity
Here, mass of the ball = 100 gr = 100 × \(\frac{1}{100}\) kg ⇒ m = 0.1 kg
Velocity of the ball = 0.01 km/s = 0.01 × 1000 m/s ⇒ v = 10 m/s
Momentum of the ball = mxv = 0.1 × 10 kg.m/s = 1 kg.m/s

Question 18.

Find the temperature on Day – 4 by using graph.
Answer:

From the graph the temperature on day – 4 is 43°C.

Question 19.
Observe table and answer the following.

i) 12 cm = …………. m
ii) 2 nm = …………. cm
Answer:
i) 12 cm = 12 × 10^-2 m
ii) 2 nm = 2 × 10^-7 cm
[From the table 1 nanometer = 10_-9 m; 1 centimeter = 10^-2 m.
1 nanometer to centimeter conversion factor = 10^-9-(-2) = 10^-7.]

Question 20.
Find the conversion factors
a) Picometers to Meters
b) Gigabytes to Kilobytes.
Answwr:
From the above table,
a) 1 picometer = 10^-12 m; 1 meter = 10° m
Conversion factor to convert picometers to meters = 10^-12-(-0) = 10^-12 m

b) 1 GB = 10⁹ bytes ; 1 KB = 10³ bytes
Conversion factor to convert GB to KB = 10^9-3 = 10⁶ bytes.

Question 21.
Find the conversion factors
a) Megawatts to Kilowatts
b) Kilowatts to Megawatts.
Answer:
From the above table,
a) 1 Megawatt = 10⁶ watts; 1 Kilowatt = 10³ watts
Conversion factor MW to KW = 10^6-3 = 10³ W

b) 1 KW = 10³ W and 1 MW = 10⁶ W
Conversion factor KW to MW = 10^3-6 = 10^-3 W

9th Class Physical Science 12th Lesson Units and Graphs 4 Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write any four rules of writing units of measurements.
Answer:
1) Values are written as a number followed by a space and a unit symbol.
eg : 24 kg, 2 cm, 5 s.

2) Symbols for derived units formed by multiplication are joined with a dot or a space.
eg : 30 N.m, 30 N.m

3) Symbols are mathematical entities, not abbreviations. So, do not have an appended period / full stop.
eg : 4 kg is correct, but 4 k.g. is incorrect.

4) All symbols for units are written in lowercase.
eg : m, s, kg, etc.

5) Symbols derived from the name of a person use uppercase letter for shortform.
eg : Pa, N, W, etc.

Question 2.
Write steps in the construction of a graph, to the given data in a tabular form.
Answer:

• Take a graph paper. Draw x – axis and y – axis on it.
• Identify independent variable and dependent variable from the data given in the table. Generally independent variables are decided by us, whereas dependent variables are changed due to the change in independent variable. Take independent variable on x – axis and dependent variable on y – axis.
• Calculate range for values taken on x – axis as well as y – axis, by using the formula. Range = highest value – lowest value.
• Determine the scale to be taken on x – axis and y-axis by calculating, range/no. of grids on axis. And mark the scale on the axes.
• Write names of the physical quantity which is taken on the axis. For eg : time (s), distance (m).
• Write the data points from the data given in the table such as (x₁ y₁) (x₂ y₂)
• Label the data points in the graph paper by put a dot where the corresponding horizontal and vertical line intersects of a data point.
• Joint the dots in the graph paper.

Question 3.
Fill the given table with suitable answers.

Answer:
a) N/m²
b) Pa [pascal]
c) s^-1
d) Force
e) m.kg.s^-2
f) m² . kg . s^-2
g) J/s (or) \(\frac{N.m}{s}\)
h) W [watt]

Question 4.
Fill the table with suitable answers.

Answer:

Question 5.

1) Who took rest while travelling?
2) After 100 min., what is the positions of Padma and Bhavani?
3) Whose speed is uniform?
4) What is the speed of Bhavani?
Answer:

1. Padma
2. Padma at 700 meters and Bhavani at 600 meters from the beginning point.
3. Speed of Bhavani is uniform.
4. \(\frac{600}{100}\)m/min. = 6 m/min.

Question 6.

a) Which physical quantity is taken as independent variable?
b) What is the scale on x – axis?
c) What is the scale on y – axis?
d) How the graph is?
Answer:
a) Distance
b) 1 cm = 100 m
c) 1 cm = 2 min.
d) It is a curved line graph.

Question 7.
Draw a graph to the given data.

Answer:
1) Draw x – axis and y – axis on a graph paper.
2) Here time is independent variable and displacement is dependent variable. So, take time on x – axis and displacement on y – axis.

3) Calculate the ranges of values on x – axis and y – axis.
Range on x – axis = 24 – 4 = 20
Range on y – axis = 15-2 = 13

4) Estimate scale on x – axis and y – axis.

So, scale on x – axis 1 cm = 2 min.
Scale on y – axis 1 cm = 1 km.
Mark the scales on x and y – axis.

5) Write time (min) at x – axis and displacement (km) at y – axis.

6) Write data points or data values as (4, 2) (8, 3) (12, 7) (16, 11) (20, 13) (24, 15).

7) Plot the above data points in the graph paper with dots.

8) Join the data points.

Question 8.
Draw velocity – time graph to the given table.

Answer:
1) Draw x – axis and y – axis on a graph paper.
2) Here time is independent variable and velocity is dependent variable. So, take time on x – axis and velocity on y – axis.

3) Calculate the ranges of values on x – axis and y – axis.
Range on x – axis = 180 – 20 = 160
Range on y – axis = 20 – 5 = 15

4) Estimate scale on x – axis and y – axis.

Take scale as 1 cm = 8 s on x – axis.
1 cm = 1 m/s on y – axis.

5) Write time (s) at x – axis, velocity (m/s) on y – axis.

6) Write data points as (20, 5), (40, 10), (60, 15) (80, 20) (100, 20), (120, 20) (140, 20) (160, 20) (180, 15).

7) Plot the data points in the graph paper with dots.

8) Join the dots.

Question 9.
Show that i) v = u + at, ii) s = ut + ½ at² in graphical method.
Answer:

1) Graph is plotted with time on x – axis and velocity on y – axis.

2) According to the above graph,
Velocity of the object at “t” value ”0″ = u
Velocity of the object at “t” value “t” = v

3) Difference between the time intervals = v – u

4) From the graph, x₁ = 0, x₂ = t, y₁ = u, y₂ = v

5) We know that slope refers acceleration to the velocity – time graph.
Hence acceleration (a) = \(\frac{\mathrm{v}-\mathrm{u}}{\mathrm{t}}\) ⇒ v – u = at ⇒ v = u + at ………… (1)

6) The area between the two straight lines drawn at u, v gives displacement of the object. The area of graph is in the shape of trapezium. It has a rectangle and a triangle.

7) Area of the graph = area of rectangle (ABCD) + area of triangle (DCE)

8) We know that area of the graph of velocity – time gives displacement(s).

Question 10.
Observe the following graph and calculate displacement of the object in 12 sec.

Answer:
1) Displacement (s) = Area of the graph = Area of ABDO rectangle + BDC triangle.
2) Area of the rectangle ABDO = 8 × 20 = 160.
3) Area of the triangle BDC = ½ × 20 × (12 – 8)
= ½ × 20 × 4 = 40.
4) Displacement (s) = 160 + 40 = 200 m.
5) Hence, displacement of the object in 12 sec. = 200 m.

Question 11.
Find the velocity from the graph at A.

Answer:

1. We know that area of the graph of acceleration – time gives velocity (v).
2. Join the line AB.
3. Velocity (v) = Area of ΔABO = ½ × 60 × 120 = 3600 m/s.

Question 12.
Find the force at point ‘B’.

Answer:

We know that
Force= Area of trapezium ABDO.
= Area of triangle AEB + Area of rectangle EODB

Question 13.
Using the following data. Draw displacement time graph.

Using above graph, what is the average velocity in First “4” Seconds
Answer:
Average velocity in first “4” seconds

9th Class Physical Science 12th Lesson Units and Graphs InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 205

Question 1.
Which is bigger, 2 kg or 100 gr?
Answer:
2 kg.

Question 2.
What would be Rasheeda’s answer?
Answer:
2 kg.

Question 3.
If Rasheeda asked the shop keeper to give 2 sugar, 100 tea powder, can he be able to weigh the items? Why?
Answer:
No, the shop keeper cannot weigh. Because there is no measuring terms (units) to weigh.

Question 4.
Can you name the units of time? What are they?
Answer:
Second, minutes, hours, etc.

Question 5.
Why are they (different units to measure a physical quantity) required?
Answer:
Depending upon the quantity, different units to measure are required.

Question 6.
Can we express the mass of chalk in kilogram?
Answer:
It is difficult to measure directly in kilograms.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 206

Question 7.
Why do we use different units for different items?
Answer:
Depending on the quantities of material the units may be expressed.

Question 8.
Why are these called fundamental quantities?
Answer:
These (length, mass, time, etc.) are independent quantities, cannot be expressed in terms of other quantities.

Question 9.
What fundamental quantities are there in the table?
Answer:
Length, mass, time electricity, light intensity, quantity of substance, temperature, plane angle.

Question 10.
What similarities have you noticed in MKS and SI systems?
Answer:
Length, mass, time are common in MKS and SI systems.

Question 11.
How do you find the area of the book?
Answer:
By multiplying length and breadth of the book.

Question 12.
What measurements are required to express area?
Answer:
Length and breadth.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 208

Question 13.
How can you convert kilometers into meters?
Answer:
We can convert kilometers into meters by multiplying meters with conversion factor 1000.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 211

Question 14.
What is the length of each side (of square grid)?
Answer:
1 cm.

Question 15.
What is the distance between the adjacent thin lines?
Answer:
1 mm.

Question 16.
Which axis is time plotted on and which axis represents distance?
Answer:
Time is plotted on x – axis, y – axis represents distance.

Question 17.
How are these (numbers on x – axis) interpreted?
Answer:
By calculating range of the values of data on x – axis.

Question 18.
What is the difference between the highest and the lowest values?
Answer:
40-5 = 35.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 212

Question 19.
What is the advantage of knowing the range of values?
Answer:
If the graph is plotted with the help of calculated values of range, the graph is uniformly distributed through the graph paper and has a correct shape. Otherwise, it will be either too big or too small and will not be any help for analysis.

Question 20.
How to identify values on x-axis and y-axis?
Answer:
By determine the scale.

Question 21.
How to determine scale?
Answer:

Question 22.
Which values of distance in the table are equal to the values marked on y-axis?
Answer:
3, 12, 24, 24, 30, 33.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 213

Question 23.
What is the shape of the line in the graph?
Answer:
It is curved line.

Question 24.
Did you notice any elongation of the spring?
Answer:
Yes, I noticed elongation of the spring.

Question 25.
How much was the elongation?
Answer:
Some extend. It can be calculated by difference in the lengths of the spring.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 214

Question 26.
Can you identify the independent and the dependent variables?
Answer:
Mass is independent variable and elongation of the spring is dependent variable.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 215

Question 27.
At what point plunger cannot move forward.
Answer:
It is depending upon conditions of the experiment.

Question 28.
Do you experience any pressure with air?
Answer:
Yes.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 217

Question 29.
Let us say what is the slope of x – axis?
Answer:
Slope of the x – axis is zero.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 218

Question 30.
What does the ratio explains the physical quantities on the y – axis and x – axis?
Answer:

The ratio explains the physical quantities on the y – axis and x – axis is velocity.

Question 31.
What is the velocity of the object at 1.5 seconds of time?
Answer:

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 207

Question 32.
Is litre a fundamental unit or a derived unit?
Answer:
One litre is the volume of a cube with 10 cm sides. (10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm)
(or) 1 L = 10^-3 m³
Hence, litre is a derived unit.

9th Class Physical Science 12th Lesson Units and Graphs Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
You have noticed that different units are used to measure different materials. Based on your past experience fill in the table with suitable units of measurements used in general, put a tick mark.

Activity – 2 Derived Quantities – Derived Units

Question 2.
1) Let us measure the surface area of your book using a scale.
2) Measure the length and breadth of the book.
3) Area of the book can be obtained by multiplying length and breadth.
4) Length = ……………………..
5) Breadth = ……………………
Is area of fundamental quantity?
Answer:
No.

Which fundamental quantity is used to derive area?
Answer:
Length.

From the activity, we can say area is a derived quantity, which is obtained by multiplication of length and breadth which are fundamental quantities.

Activity 3

Question 3.
Let us observe the given table and try to find out fundamental and derived units for the given information.

1) Which derived units are obtained by the multiplication of fundamental units?
Answer:
Area, volume

2) Which units are derived from only the fundamental quantity length?
Answer:
Area, volume

3) Which derived quantity has no units?
Answer:
Relative density

4) What are the fundamental units of volume?
Answer:
Length

5) What quantities are derived from time?
Answer:

1. Velocity
2. Acceleration
3. Force
4. Pressure

Activity – 4

Question 4.
Draw a curved line graph to the given table.
Answer:
1) Anitha travels to her grandmother’s village by car.
2) She observed the Odometer (the instrument that measures the distance travelled) fitted in the car.
3) She recorded the reading shown by the odometer once every 5 minutes for 40 minutes.
4) Look at the table prepared by Anitha.

5) ‘We show the relation between two quantities using a graph.
6) Here time is independent variable and distance is dependent variable.
7) The steps in the construction of a graph

i) Draw x – axis and y – axis on a graph paper.
Plot time on x – axis as it is independent variable whereas distance on y – axis as it is dependent variable.

ii) Find the range on x – axis
Range on x – axis = highest value – lowest value = 40 – 5 = 35 Find the range on y – axis
Range on y – axis = highest value – lowest value = 33 – 3 = 30

iii) Determine the scale

iv) Names on the axis
Write time (min.) on x – axis.
Write distance (km) on y – axis.

v) Write the data points from the table.
(0, 0), (5, 3), (10, 8), (15, 12), (20, 19), (25, 24), (30, 24), (35, 30), (40, 33).

vi) Labelling of data points :
Label above data points with dots where vertical and horizontal lines are intersect to the respective data points.

vii) Join the dots.

What is the shape of the line graph?
Answer:
It is curved in shape.

Activity 5

Question 5.
Draw a straight line graph to the given table.

Answer:

• Take a spring / rubber band.
• Measure the length of the spring with a scale.
• Fix the spring to the stand.
• Suspend the weight to the second end of the spring.
• Now, again measure the length of the spring.
• Calculate the elongation.
•  This way, keep on changing the weights and measure the elongation of the spring with scale.

Record the readings in the table.

9) Here mass (gm) is independent variable and elongation is dependent variable.
10) Plot the graph.

1. Which quantity is taken on the x-axis ? In what units it was expressed? Why was it taken on the x-axis?
Answer:

1. Mass is taken on the x – axis.
2. It was expressed in grams.
3. Mass is independent variable, so it was taken on the x – axis.

2. Which quantity is taken on the y-axis? In what units it was expressed? Can this be called an independent variable?
Answer:

1. Elongation of the spring was taken on the y – axis.
2. It was expressed in millimeters.
3. It cannot be called as independent variable, because the values of elongation are obtained in the experiment.

3. The value of range on the x – axis
Answer:
Range = 50 – 0 = 50

4. The value of range on the y-axis
Answer:
Rang = 10 – 0 = 10

5. Scale on the x-axis
Answer:
10

6. Scale on the y-axis
Answer:
2

7. Data values on the x-axis
Answer:
0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50.

8. Data values on the y-axis
Answer:
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.

9. What is the shape of the line that joined the intersecting points?
Answer:
Straight line.

10. What does the slope of a curve tell us?
Answer:
Relation between mass and extension of the spring.

11. What is the reason for the elongation of the spring?
Answer:
Due to mass suspension to the spring.

12. What relation did you notice between the mass and elongation of spring?
Answer:
Elongation is directly proportional to mass.

13. Wliat could be the relation between the two quantities when the graph is a straight line?
Answer:
It could be directly proportional.

14. Based on the graph, which of the following sentences are correct?
a) If mass increases the elongation of spring increases.
b) If mass decreases the elongation of spring increases.
c) Even if mass increases, there will be no change in the elongation of the spring.
Answer:
a), b) are correct.

Activity – 6

Question 6.
Plot a graph showing inversely proportional measurements.
Answer:

1. Take a 50 ml syringe.
2. Fill the syringe with air by pulling a plunger.
3. To avoid escape of air from syringe close the nozzle of syringe with your finger.
4. Now push (apply the force) the plunger slowly.
5. While you are pushing the plunger you may experience more pressure with the decrease of volume of air in syringe, hence you need to apply more force on plunger.
6. Let us find out the relation between the pressure and volume of air.
7. Observe the following data table.

Physical Quantity on x – axis
Answer:
Pressure

Physical Quantity on y – axis
Answer:
Volume

What is the independent variable?
Answer:
Pressure

What is the dependent variable?
Answer:
Volume

What is the range of values on vertical axis?
Answer:
Range = 50 – 18.7 = 31.3

What is range of values on horizontal axis?
Answer:
Range = 3.2 – 1.2 = 2

What is the shape of the graph?
Answer:
Curved in shape (Parabolic).

What relation you noticed between two physical quantities based on data points in the graph?
Answer:
I have noticed that there is decrease in volume with increase of pressure. Hence these two quantities said to be inversely proportional.

Activity – 7

Question 7.
Observe the following graphs and write your analysis in the given table.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Playing with Numbers Ex 15.5 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Maths Solutions 15th Lesson Playing with Numbers Exercise 15.5

Question 1.
Find the missing digits in the following additions.

Solution:
a) 1 + A + 7 = 17 ⇒ A = 17 – 8 = 9
∴ A = 9

b) 2 + 8 + B = 15 ⇒ B = 15 – 10 = 5
2 + 1 + B = 8 ⇒ B = 8 – 3 = 5
∴ B = 5

c) A + 7 + A=13 ⇒ 2A = 6 ⇒ A = 3 A + A + 1 = 7 2A = 6 ⇒ A = 3
∴ A = 3

d) From 1st column
2 + 9 + 9 + A = 26
A = 26 – 20 = 6
From 2nd column
⇒ 2 + 1 + A = 9 ⇒ A = 9 – 3 = 6
∴ A = 6

e) B + 6 + A = 11 or 21
B + A + (1 or 2) = 6
A + 1 = 4 ⇒ A = 3
⇒ From (1), B + 6 + 3 = 11 ⇒ B = 2
∴ A = 3, B = 2

Question 2.
Find the value of A in the following
(a) 7A – 16 = A9 (b) 107 – A9 = lA (e) A36 – 1A4 = 742
Solution:

a) 7A – 16 = A9
A- 6 = 9
If A = 5 it is possible.
∴ A = 5 (or)
7A- 16 = A9
⇒ 7 x 10 + (1 x A) – 16 = (A x 10 + 9 x 1)
⇒ 70 + A – 16 = 10A + 9
⇒ 9A = 45
⇒ A = 5

b) 107 – A9 = 1A
⇒ 107 – (10 x A + 9 x 1) = (1 x 10 + A x 1)
⇒ 107-10A-9= 10 +A
⇒ 11A = 88 A = 8

c) A36 – 1A4 = 742
⇒ (100 x A + 3 x 10 + 6 x 1) – (1 x 100 + A x 10 + 4 x 1) = 742
⇒ 100A + 36 – 100 – 10A – 4 = 742
⇒ 90A = 810
⇒ A = \(\frac{810}{90}\)
∴ A = 9

Question 3.
Find the numerical value of the letters given below-

Solution:
a) If E x 3 = E then E should be equal to 0 (or) 5.
5 x 3 = 15, 0 x 3 = 0
3 x D + 0 = ID [If E = 0]
⇒ 3D = 10 + D
⇒ 2D = 10
⇒ D = 5

∴ F = 1, D = 5, E = 0

b) If H x 6 = H then H should be equal to 0, 2, 6, 8.
G6 = 1G [If H = 0]
⇒ 6G + 0 = 10 + G
⇒ 5G = 10
⇒ G = 10/5 = 2

C = 1, G = 2, H = 0

Question 4.
Replace the letters with appropriate digits
(a) 73K ÷ 8 = 9L
(b) 1MN ÷ 3 = MN
Solution:
a) 73K ÷ 8 = 9L
\(\frac{73 \mathrm{~K}}{8}\) = 9L
If 73K is divisible by 8 then K = {1, 2, 3, …………. 9}
Select K = 6 from the set
∴ \(\frac{73 \mathrm{~K}}{8}\) (R = 0)
∴ \(\frac{73 \mathrm{~K}}{8}\) = 92 = 9L
⇒ 90 + 2 = (9 x 10 + L x 1)
⇒ 90 + 2 = 90 + L
∴ L = 2
∴ K = 6, L = 2

b) 1MN ÷ 3 = MN
If 1MN is divisible by 3 then sum of all the digits is divisible by 3.
⇒ 1 + M + N = 3 x {1,2,3}
Let 1 + M + N = 3 x 2 = 6 say
M + N = 5 …………..(1)
\(\frac{1 \mathrm{MN}}{3}\) = MN
⇒ 1MN = 3[MN]
⇒ 1 x 100 + M x 10 + N x 1
= 3[M x 10 + N x 1]
⇒ 100 + 10M + N = 3[10M + N]
⇒ 100 + 10M + N = 30M + 3N
⇒ 20M + 2N = 100
⇒ 10M + N = 50 …………….. (2)
From (1) & (2)

10 M + N = 50 (-) M + N = 5 9M = 45
∴ M = 5
If M = 5 then
M + N = 5
⇒ N = 0
M = 5, N = 0 [∵ \(\frac{150}{3}\) = 50 ]

Question 5.
If ABB x 999 = ABC 123 (where A, B, C are digits) find the values of A, B, C.
Solution:

From ABB x 999 = ABC 123, the product of units digit is equal to 3.
∴ B x 9 = 3 is the units digit.
If B = 7 then,
7 x 9 = 6 3

∴ A = 8, B = 7, C = 6
∴ The required product = 876123
∴ A = 8, B = 7, C = 6

SCERT AP 9th Class Social Studies Guide Pdf 19th Lesson విస్తరిస్తున్న ప్రజాస్వామ్యం Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Solutions 19th Lesson విస్తరిస్తున్న ప్రజాస్వామ్యం

9th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson విస్తరిస్తున్న ప్రజాస్వామ్యం Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning (మీ అభ్యసనాన్ని మెరుగుపడుచుకోండి)

పటం 1 : 1900 – 1950లలో ప్రజాస్వామ్య దేశాలు.

పటం 2 : 2011లో ప్రజాస్వామిక దేశాలు

ప్రశ్న 1.
అ) ఇచ్చిన పటాల ఆధారంగా కింద ఇచ్చిన పట్టికలోని ఖండాలలో ప్రజాస్వామిక దేశాల పేర్లు రాయండి. (AS5)

ఆ) 2011లో ప్రజాస్వామికంగా ఉన్న ఆఫ్రికా దేశాలను గుర్తించండి.
జవాబు:

1. దక్షిణాఫ్రికా
2. నమీబియా
3. బోట్సువానా
4. మొజాంబిక్
5. నైజీరియా
6. జాంబియా
7. టాంజానియా
8. కెన్యా
9. మడగాస్కర్
10. మాలి
11. సూడాన్

ఇ) 2011లో ప్రజాస్వామికం లేని పెద్ద దేశాలను గుర్తించండి.
జవాబు:

1. చైనా
2. కజకిస్థాన్
3. సౌదీ అరేబియా
4. అల్జీరియా
5. జైరా
6. అంగోలా
7. ఇథియోపియా
8. సోమాలియా

ప్రశ్న 2.
పటాలను అధ్యయనం చేసి కింది విషయాల గురించి ఆలోచించండి. (AS5)
అ) పటాల ఆధారంగా 20వ శతాబ్దం ప్రజాస్వామ్య విస్తరణకు ముఖ్యమైన యుగంగా పేర్కొనవచ్చా?
జవాబు:
అవును

ఆ) 20వ శతాబ్దంలో ప్రజాస్వామ్యం ప్రధానంగా ……………….. ఖండాలలో ఉండింది. ఇంకోవైపు ……………., ………… ఖండాలలో దాదాపుగా ప్రజాస్వామిక దేశాలు లేవు.
జవాబు:
ఉత్తర అమెరికా, ఐరోపా ; ఆఫ్రికా, ఆసియా.

ఇ) ఈనాటికి కూడా ప్రజాస్వామిక ప్రభుత్వాలు లేని …………………… వంటి కొన్ని ప్రాంతాలు ఉన్నాయి.
జవాబు:
నైరుతీ ఆఫ్రికా, ఉత్తర ఆసియా.

ప్రశ్న 3.
చాలా దేశాలు ఎన్నికలు నిర్వహిస్తూ తాము ప్రజాస్వామిక దేశాలమని పేర్కొంటాయి. ఈ ఎన్నికలు మయన్మార్, లిబియాలలో ఎలా జరిగాయి? (AS1)
జవాబు:
లిబియా వలస పాలన నుండి, రాచరిక పాలన నుండి గఢాఫి, సైనిక నియంతృత్వ పరిపాలన కొనసాగింది. అంచెలంచెలుగా అభివృద్ధి చెంది సామాజిక సంక్షేమంలో లిబియా అత్యున్నత స్థానాన్ని సాధించింది. ప్రజా సంఘాలను ఏర్పాటు చేయటం, కేంద్రంలో ఎన్నికైన ప్రజా శాసనసభ ద్వారా ప్రజా వ్యవహారాలలో సాధారణ ప్రజలు పాలుపంచుకోటాన్ని లిబియాలో ప్రోత్సహించారు. 2010 ద్వితీయార్ధం అరబ్ ప్రపంచంలో ప్రజాస్వామిక ప్రభుత్వాలను ఏర్పాటు చేయటానికి అనేక ఉద్యమాలు చెలరేగాయి. అందులో లిబియా ఒకటి. సైనిక పాలనకు వ్యతిరేకంగా ప్రజలలో ఉద్యమాలు జరుగుతూనే ఉన్నాయి. 2012 నుండి లిబియాలో ప్రజాస్వామ్య పద్ధతులలో ఎన్నికలు జరుగుతున్నాయి.

బర్మాలో ప్రజాస్వామ్య పద్దతిలో ఎన్నికలు నిర్వహించాలని, ప్రజలందరి హక్కులు కాపాడాలని బర్మన్ జాతి నాయకుడు ఆంగ్ సాన్ కృషి చేశాడు. కాని ఆయనను చంపేశారు. తదుపరి బర్మా సైన్యాధిపతి జనరల్ నెవిన్ అధీనంలోకి వెళ్ళిపోయింది. బర్మాలో సంక్షేమం జరగలేదు. సైన్యాధిపతులు హక్కులు ఉల్లంఘించారు. 1988 నుండి బర్మాలో ప్రజాస్వామ్య పద్ధతిలో ఎన్నికలు నిర్వహించడానికి ఆంగ్ సాన్ సూకి కేంద్ర బిందువుగా మారారు. 2011లో ప్రజాస్వామ్య పద్దతిలో ఎన్నికలు జరుగగా 45 పార్లమెంట్ స్థానాలకు గాను 43 సీట్లు ఆంగ్ సాన్ సూకి సారథ్యం గల ఎన్ఎల్ డి గెలుచుకుంది. భవిష్యత్తులో పలు పార్టీలు పోటీచేసే ఎన్నికలు జరుగుతాయని ఆశిద్దాం.

ప్రశ్న 4.
ప్రసార మాధ్యమాల (మీడియా)ను నియంత్రించటానికి పాలకులు ఎందుకు ప్రయత్నించేవాళ్ళు? మీ ప్రాంతంలో ప్రసార మాధ్యమాలపై నియంత్రణ ఏవిధంగా ఉందో మీకు తెలుసా? (AS4)
జవాబు:
ప్రజలను చైతన్యవంతులను చేయడానికి, ప్రజలలో రాజకీయ అవగాహన కల్గించి, విజ్ఞానవంతులను చేయడానికి ప్రసార మాధ్యమాలు ప్రధాన భూమిక పోషిస్తాయి. ప్రసార మాధ్యమాలను పాలకులు తమ అధీనంలో ఉంచుకొని, వాటి ద్వారా ప్రజలను తమ పాలనపై మంచి అభిప్రాయం కలిగేటట్లు కార్యక్రమాలు రూపొందించేవాళ్ళు.

ప్రసార మాధ్యమాలను నియంత్రించకపోతే అవి పాలకుల అవినీతి, నిరంకుశత్వ నిర్ణయాలు, దోపిడీ పరిపాలన, ప్రజలను ఏవిధంగా మోసం చేసి పరిపాలిస్తున్నదీ తెలియజేసి ప్రజలను, ముఖ్యంగా యువత, మహిళలను చైతన్యపరిచినట్లైతే వారు నిరసనలు, ఉద్యమాల ద్వారా పాలకుల పాలనకు చరమగీతం పాడగలరు. చరిత్రలో ఎన్నో సాక్ష్యాలు కలవు. అందుకే ప్రసార మాధ్యమాలను నియంత్రించేవాళ్లు.

మా ప్రాంతంలో రేడియో, దూరదర్శన్లు పూర్తిగా ప్రభుత్వ నియంత్రణలో ఉన్నాయి. ప్రభుత్వ పాలనకు వ్యతిరేకంగా ఈ మాధ్యమాల కార్యక్రమాలు అమలుచేయటానికి వీలులేదు.

ప్రశ్న 5.
తమ దేశాలలోని ప్రజాస్వామ్యం కోసం జరిగిన పోరాటాలు, ఘటనల గురించి లిబియా, మయన్మార్‌కు చెందిన పౌరుల మధ్య సంభాషణను ఊహించి రాయండి. (AS6)
సంభాషణ
జవాబు:
లిబియా పౌరులు : వలస పాలనను ఎదిరించి, రాచరికాన్ని కాదని, సైనిక పాలనను తలదన్ని, మేం స్వాతంత్ర్యం కోసం ప్రాణాలు అర్పించాం…… చరిత్రలో గొప్పవాళ్ళమయ్యాం.

మయన్మార్ పౌరులు : ఆగండి…. ఆగండి… ఏమీ మీ ప్రేలాపనలు. మీదొక పేద దేశం…. తినడానికి తిండి లేని దేశం. ఎడారులలో పశువులతో సంచరిస్తూ గడిపే మీ జీవితం. మీదొక చరిత్ర. ప్రజాస్వామ్యం కోసం పోరాటం…..

లిబియా పౌరులు : మీరు సాధించినది ఏమిటి? మీలో ఐక్యత లేదు. ప్రజలకు హక్కులు లేవు. బానిస బతుకులు వేలాదిమంది చావులు. ప్రజాస్వామ్యానికొక విధానం లేదు.

మయన్మార్ పౌరులు : ప్రజాస్వామ్యం కోసం పరితపించాం. సైనిక పాలనను ఎదిరించాం. ఆంగ్ సాన్ సూకిలాంటి వాళ్ళు తమ జీవితాలనే త్యాగం చేయడానికి, ప్రజాస్వామ్యాన్ని నిలబెట్టడానికి కృషి చేస్తున్నారు.

లిబియా పౌరులు : మా ప్రజాస్వామ్య పోరాటాలకు ప్రపంచ మద్దతు ఉంది. ఐక్యరాజ్య సమితి సైతం మా పోరాటాలకు స్ఫూర్తి నిచ్చింది. ప్రజాస్వామ్య ఎన్నికలు జరుగుతున్నాయి.

మయన్మార్ పౌరులు : మా దేశంలో ఆంగ్ సాన్ సూకీకి నోబెల్ శాంతి బహుమతి లభించింది. ఇదే మా ప్రజాస్వామ్య పోరాట స్ఫూర్తికి నిదర్శనం.

లిబియా పౌరులు : ఎన్నో పోరాటాలు, ఉద్యమాలు చేసి నేడు మేం ప్రజాస్వామ్య సంబరాలకు దగ్గరౌతున్నాం…..

మయన్మార్ పౌరులు : మేము కూడా ఎన్నెన్నో పోరాట పతాకాలు ఎగురవేసి ప్రజాస్వామ్య వేడుకలకు వెళుతున్నాం…….

ప్రశ్న 6.
ప్రజాస్వామ్యం పనిచేయటంలో అక్షరాస్యత, అందరికీ చదువు ఏ విధంగా దోహదం చేస్తాయి? (AS6)
(లేదా)
ప్రజాస్వామ్యం సమర్థవంతంగా పని చేయటంలో అక్షరాస్యత ఏ విధంగా దోహదం చేస్తుంది?
జవాబు:
ఏ దేశంలో అక్షరాస్యత అందరికీ చదువు అందుతుందో, ఆ దేశం ప్రజాస్వామ్యానికి బాటలు వేస్తుంది. ప్రజలు అక్షరాస్యులై విజ్ఞానవంతులైనచో పౌరహక్కుల వినియోగం, పౌరుల బాధ్యతలు సక్రమంగా అమలు జరుగుతాయి. ప్రజలలో పాలకులను ప్రశ్నించే తత్వం అలవడుతుంది. జవాబుదారీ పాలన కనపడుతుంది. అక్షరాస్యత, చదువుకున్న వాళ్ళలో కుటుంబ నిర్వహణ కాకుండా, తమ పనులలో, వృత్తులలో నైపుణ్యం చూపించి, ఆర్థిక, సాంఘిక, రాజకీయ రంగములలో అభివృద్ధి కనపడుతుంది. ప్రజాస్వామ్యంలో ప్రజాసంక్షేమం కోసం అనేక పథకాలు అమలు జరుగుతున్నాయి.. ఇవన్నీ సక్రమ వినియోగం జరగాలంటే ప్రజలు ఖచ్చితంగా అక్షరాస్యులవ్వాలి. మహిళా చట్టాలు, సమన్యాయపాలన, వివక్ష, దోపిడీ పాలన వంటి వాటిని దూరం చేయడానికి అక్షరాస్యత అవసరం. చదువుకున్న, చైతన్యవంతులైన యువత ఉండే ఆ దేశంలో ప్రజాస్వామ్య ఫలాలు పదికాలాలు నిలుస్తాయి.

ప్రశ్న 7.
ప్రజాస్వామ్యం, నియంతృత్వాల మధ్య తేడాలు ఏమిటి? (AS1)
జవాబు:

ప్రశ్న 8.
మయన్మార్ లో ప్రజాస్వామ్యానికై పోరాడటంలో ఆంగ్ సాన్ సూకి పాత్ర ఏమిటి?
జవాబు:
తన తండ్రిగారైన బర్మన్ జాతి నాయకుడు ఆంగ్ సాన్ ఆశయాలు నిలబెట్టడానికి, బర్మాలో ప్రజాస్వామ్యాన్ని నెలకొల్పటానికి జరుగుతున్న పోరాటాలు, నిరసనలకు ఆ నాటి నుంచి నేటి వరకు ఆంగ్ సాన్ సూకీ కేంద్రబిందువయ్యారు. పౌరహక్కులు విస్తరింపజేయాలని, ప్రజాస్వామిక ప్రభుత్వాన్ని నెలకొల్పాలని, సైనిక ప్రభుత్వంపై ప్రపంచదేశాల ఒత్తిడికి కారణం సూకీ నిరంతర పోరాటదీక్షే. 2008 నుండి బర్మాలో స్వేచ్ఛా వాతావరణంలో ఎన్నికలు జరిపించటానికి, ప్రజాస్వామ్య ప్రభుత్వాన్ని తీసుకురావడానికి సూకీ తన జీవితాన్ని ఫణంగా పెట్టారు. కాని సైనిక ప్రభుత్వం ఆమెను గృహ నిర్బంధంలో ఉంచి, తన కొడుకులను కలుసుకోకుండా, తన భర్త చనిపోయిన సందర్భంలో కూడా ఆమెకు స్వేచ్ఛ కల్పించలేదు.

అయినా ఆమె బర్మాలో స్వేచ్ఛా వాతావరణంలో ఎన్నికలు జరిపించడానికి కృషిచేస్తూ (నేషనల్ లీగ్ ఫర్ డెమోక్రసి) “ జాతీయ ప్రజాస్వామ్య కూటమి” ద్వారా నిరంతరం పరితపిస్తూ, ప్రజాస్వామ్య ఫలాలు అందించడానికి తపిస్తున్నారు. ఈమె కృషికి 1991 లోనే ప్రపంచ శాంతి బహుమతి అందుకుంది.

ప్రశ్న 9.
ఈ అధ్యాయం చివరి పేరా చదివి కింది ప్రశ్నకు సమాధానమివ్వండి.
నూతన ప్రజాస్వామ్యం ఎలా ఉంటుంది? (AS2)
జవాబు:
దేశాలు ఎదుర్కొనే సంక్లిష్ట సమస్యలలో కొన్నింటిని పరిష్కరించటానికి ప్రజలందరి స్వేచ్ఛను, హక్కులను గౌరవించే
ప్రజాస్వామ్యమే సరైన మార్గమని అందరికీ స్పష్టమవుతుంది. అత్యంత పేద ప్రజలు, బలహీన వర్గాలు కూడా తమ గొంతుక వినిపించి ప్రభుత్వ విధానాలను ప్రభావితం చేయగల, అందరికీ న్యాయం, శాంతిని అందించగల నూతన ప్రజాస్వామిక విధానాన్ని రూపొందించటానికి ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా ప్రయత్నం జరుగుతోంది.

9th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson విస్తరిస్తున్న ప్రజాస్వామ్యం InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Social Textbook Page No.235

ప్రశ్న 1.
ప్రజాస్వామ్యాన్ని ఏర్పరచటంలో ఈ రకమైన పరిస్థితులు ఎటువంటి సమస్యలను సృష్టిస్తాయి?
జవాబు:
జాతుల ప్రాబల్యం, సంచారజీవనం, నిరక్షరాస్యత, మహిళలపై ఆంక్షల నేపథ్యంలో ప్రజాస్వామ్యంలో ప్రజలందరూ పాలు పంచుకునేలా చేయటం చాలా కష్టమైన విషయం. ఇటువంటి పరిస్థితులలో ప్రజా సంఘాలను ఏర్పాటుచేయటం, కేంద్రంలో ఎన్నికైన ప్రజా శాసనసభ ద్వారా ప్రజా వ్యవహారాలలో సాధారణ ప్రజలు పాలుపంచుకోవటం చాలా సమస్యతో కూడుకున్న వ్యవహారం.

9th Class Social Textbook Page No.237

ప్రశ్న 2.
గఢాఫి ప్రభుత్వం వల్ల ఎంతో ప్రయోజనం పొందినప్పటికీ దానికి వ్యతిరేకంగా ఎందుకు తిరుగుబాటు చేశారు?
జవాబు:
గఢాఫి ప్రభుత్వం అనేక సంక్షేమ పథకాలు ప్రవేశపెట్టి లిబియాను అన్ని రంగాలలో ముందుంచింది. ఎన్నికైన ప్రజాసంఘాలు ద్వారా పరిపాలనకు మధ్యతరగతి వర్గం ప్రోత్సహించింది. కాని గఢాఫి ప్రజాస్వామ్యాన్ని నమ్మలేదు. గఢాఫి ప్రజా సంఘాలకు సమాంతరంగా విప్లవ సంఘాల నాయకత్వ వ్యవస్థను ఏర్పరిచారు. రాజకీయ ప్రత్యర్థులను చంపటానికి, చిత్రహింసలు పెట్టడానికి, చంపేయటానికి గఢాఫి ప్రభుత్వం సంకల్పించింది. రాజకీయ పార్టీలకు అవకాశం లేదు. పత్రికా స్వేచ్ఛ లేదు. కనుకనే వ్యతిరేకంగా తిరుగుబాటు చేశారు.

ప్రశ్న 3.
గఢాఫి తనది ప్రజాస్వామిక ప్రభుత్వం అని చెప్పుకున్నప్పటికీ ప్రజాస్వామ్యంలో ఉండవలసిన ఏ అంశాలు అందులో లోపించాయి? ప్రజాస్వామిక ప్రభుత్వంలోని ఏ అంశాలు అందులో ఉన్నాయి?
జవాబు:
గఢాఫి రాచరికాన్ని రద్దుచేసి సైనిక పాలనలో ప్రభుత్వాన్ని ఏర్పరచినప్పటికీ ప్రజాసంక్షేమంకై అనేక సంస్కరణలు, పథకాలు అమలుచేసినప్పటికీ అందులో ప్రధానంగా ప్రజా సంఘాలను నమ్మటానికి సాహసించలేదు. ప్రజాస్వామ్యంలో రాజకీయ పార్టీలు ప్రధానపాత్ర పోషిస్తాయి. కాని గఢాఫి ఏ రాజకీయ పార్టీలకు అవకాశం కల్పించలేదు. కార్మిక సంఘాలు, ఇతర స్వతంత్ర సంఘాలకు ప్రాధాన్యత ఇవ్వలేదు. రాజకీయ ప్రత్యర్థులను హింసించటానికి పూనుకున్నారు. పత్రికలకు స్వేచ్ఛలేదు.

ప్రజాస్వామిక అంశాలు కూడా ఉన్నాయి.

• అందరికీ విద్య, వైద్య సదుపాయాలు కల్పించారు.
• వివక్షతను దూరం చేసి మహిళలకు స్వేచ్ఛ, సమాన హెూదా కల్పించటానికి కృషి చేశారు.
• భూపంపిణీ, భూసంస్కరణలు అమలుచేశారు.
• సామాజిక సంక్షేమానికి పెద్దపీట వేశారు.

ప్రశ్న 4.
ప్రజాస్వామ్యానికి పౌరహక్కులు ఉండటం ఎందుకు ముఖ్యం? లిబియా అనుభవం నేపథ్యంలో వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
లిబియాలో పౌరహక్కులకు భంగం కలిగించే అనేక అంశాలు గమనించవచ్చు. మహిళలపై అణచివేత దృశ్యాలు, ప్రజల సంక్షేమం కంటే పాలకులకు జాతి సంక్షేమం, గౌరవం ప్రధానంగా ఉండేవి. ప్రభుత్వంపై విమర్శలను, వ్యతిరేకతను సహించే అవకాశం లేదు. పత్రికా స్వేచ్ఛ, సమన్యాయ పాలన లేకపోవడం పౌరహక్కులు ముఖ్యమని వివరించవచ్చు.

ప్రశ్న 5.
పత్రికలు, టివి వంటి ప్రసార సాధనాలను నియంత్రించటానికి నిరంకుశ పాలకులు ప్రయత్నిస్తారు. ప్రజలు తమ ఆలోచనలను, సమాచారాన్ని పంచుకోగల ఇతర మాధ్యమాలు మీకు తెలుసా?
జవాబు:
సమావేశాలు, వారం వారం జరిగే సంతలు, వివిధ జానపద కళారూపాలు, బుర్రకథ, నాటకాలు, బృందగానాలు, జముకుల కథలు, వివిధ కళారూపాలు, ఇంటర్నెట్, మొబైల్ ఫోన్లు, ఫేస్ బుక్కులు వగైరా.

ప్రశ్న 6.
ఒక వ్యాపారి చనిపోవటంతో ట్యూనీసియా పోరాటం మొదలైంది. అంతర్జాల వేదికలైన “ఫేస్ బుక్” వంటి వాటి ద్వారా ఉద్యమం బలోపేతం అయ్యింది. ప్రభుత్వం ఇటువంటి వాటిని నియంత్రించటం అంత తేలిక ఎందుకు కాదు?
జవాబు:
ఒకప్పుడు ప్రసార మాధ్యమాలు ద్వారానే ప్రజాచైతన్యం, అవగాహన కార్యక్రమాలు, ప్రజా ఉద్యమాలు జరిగేవి. అంతేకాకుండా . వాటి నియంత్రణతో ఎటువంటి చైతన్యం ప్రజలలో వచ్చేది కాదు. కాని కాలగమనంలో వచ్చిన అనేక సాంకేతిక, వైజ్ఞానిక అభివృద్ధితో ప్రజల ఆలోచనలలో చాలా మార్పు వచ్చినది. ఇతరులకు తెలియకుండా, ప్రభుత్వ పరిశీలనకు అందకుండా ఒకరి భావాలు ఒకరు తెలుసుకుని పాలకులపై సమర శంఖం పూరించడానికి అవకాశాలు మెరుగయ్యాయి. ఇటువంటి శాస్త్ర, సాంకేతిక విజ్ఞానాన్ని నియంత్రించడం అంత తేలిక కాదు.

9th Class Social Textbook Page No.240

ప్రశ్న 7.
స్వాతంత్ర్యం తరువాత బర్మాలో ప్రజాస్వామ్యం ఎందుకు నిలదొక్కుకోలేకపోయింది?
జవాబు:
బర్మా మనకు స్వాతంత్ర్యం లభించిన 5 నెలల తరువాత స్వాతంత్ర్యం పొందినప్పటికీ వివిధ జాతులకు తమ హక్కులు, స్వయం నిర్ణయ హక్కుల కొరకు కృషి చేసిన బర్మన్ నాయకుడు ఆంగ్ సాన్ని చంపేశారు. ఆ తదుపరి బర్మా సైన్యం సైనిక బలగంతో పాలన చేజిక్కించుకుంది. బర్మాను పాలించిన సైన్యాధిపతులు మానవహక్కులు కాలరాసారు. ప్రజలు, పిల్లలు అనే తేడా. లేకుండా వెట్టిచాకిరి చేయించారు. ప్రజాస్వామ్యభావాలు, ఉద్యమాలు ప్రజలలోకి వెళ్ళకుండా సైనిక పాలకులు నియంతృత్వ పాలన కొనసాగించడంతో ప్రజాస్వామ్యం నిలదొక్కుకోలేక పోయింది, ప్రజాస్వామ్య పోరాట పటిమ కనపరిచిన ఆంగ్ సాన్ సూకీ లాంటి వారిని గృహ నిర్బంధం చేశారు.

ప్రశ్న 8.
స్వాతంత్ర్యం తరువాత లిబియాలో ప్రజాస్వామ్యం ఎందుకు నిలదొక్కుకోలేకపోయింది?
జవాబు:
1951లో లిబియా స్వాతంత్ర్యం పొందినప్పటికీ పేద దేశం. రాచరికం తరువాత దేశ అభివృద్ధి కొరకు ప్రజల సంక్షేమం కొరకు యువత తీవ్రంగా కృషి చేసింది. 1969 నుండి మువమ్మర్ గఢాఫి రాచరికాన్ని కాదని, సైనిక పాలనలో ప్రజాస్వామ్య కార్యక్రమాలతో లిబియాను అన్ని రంగాలలో ముందుంచాడు. అయితే ప్రజాస్వామ్య పద్దతిలో ఎన్నికైన ప్రజా సంఘాల ఏర్పాటును గఢాఫి నేతృత్వంలో తిరస్కరించారు. ప్రజలకు హక్కులు ఇవ్వక, స్వేచ్చలేక నిరంకుశ పాలనకు పూనుకున్నారు. ఉద్యమాలు, తిరుగుబాట్లు, హింసాత్మక ఘటనలు వలన లిబియాలో ప్రజాస్వామ్యం నిలదొక్కుకోలేకపోయింది.

ప్రశ్న 9.
లిబియా, బర్మాలలో స్వాతంత్ర్యం తీసుకురావటంలో విద్యార్థులు, యువత ప్రముఖ పాత్ర ఎందుకు పోషించారు?
జవాబు:
రెండు దేశాలలో యువత, విద్యార్థులు ప్రముఖ పాత్ర పోషించారు. రెండు దేశాలలో కూడా సైనిక పాలనతో పౌరహక్కులు దూరమై, దేశ సంపదలు కొల్లగొట్టడమే కాకుండా వలస శక్తులు వలన దేశాలు నిర్వీర్యమయ్యాయి. విజ్ఞానవంతులైన యువత తమ దేశంలో గల దుర్భర పరిస్థితులు, బానిసత్వం, స్త్రీలకు గల కట్టుబాట్లు, అణచివేత ధోరణులు, వివిధ జాతుల మధ్య యుద్ధ వాతావరణం నుండి తమ దేశాలను రక్షించడానికి విద్యార్థులు, యువత ముందుకు వచ్చారు. దేశంలో శాంతిని, ఐక్యతను కాపాడి ప్రపంచ దేశములలో అగ్రగామిగా ఉండాలని యువత పూనుకున్నారు.

ప్రశ్న 10.
లిబియా, బర్మా ఘటనలలో ఎటువంటి పోలికలు మీకు కనపడ్డాయి? వీటిని దృష్టిలో ఉంచుకోండి – నాయకత్వం, పోరాట స్వరూపం, మార్పు ప్రక్రియ.
జవాబు:
నాయకత్వం :

• రెండు దేశాల నాయకులు సైనికపాలనే అమలుచేశారు.
• స్వేచ్ఛగా భయంలేని వాతావరణంలో జరిగిన ఎన్నికల ద్వారా ఏర్పడే ప్రభుత్వాన్ని రెండుదేశాల ప్రజలు కోరుతున్నారు.
• గఢాఫి సైనిక పాలనలో ప్రజాస్వామ్య భావాలు అమలుచేయడానికి ప్రయత్నించాడు.
• ప్రజాస్వామ్య బద్ధంగా ఎన్నికలు, నాయకత్వం కొరకు ఆంగ్ సాన్ సూకీ ప్రయత్నం చేశారు.
• లిబియా సైన్యాధిపతి గఢాఫి అయితే బర్మా సైన్యాధిపతి జనరల్ నెవిన్ దేశ అధికారాన్ని ఆక్రమించుకున్నారు.
• రెండు దేశాలను సైన్యం నుంచి ప్రధాన మద్దతు పొందిన వ్యక్తులు పాలించారు.

పోరాట స్వరూపం :

• లిబియాలో ప్రజాస్వామిక ప్రభుత్వాలను ఏర్పాటు చేయాలని ఉద్యమాలు చెలరేగాయి.
• బర్మాలో సైనికపాలనకు వ్యతిరేకంగా నిరసనలు ఉద్యమాలు జరిగాయి.
• లిబియాలో నిరసనకారులు, ఉద్యమకారులపై బెంఘాజి వంటి పట్టణాలలో భద్రతాదళాలు కాల్పులు జరిపి చంపించారు.
• బర్మాలో సైనిక పాలనకు వ్యతిరేకంగా జరిగిన ఉద్యమాలు నిరసనలో వేలమందిని చంపించారు.

మార్పు ప్రక్రియ :

• సైనిక ప్రభుత్వ పాలన నుండి రెండు దేశాలు మార్పు కోరుకోవాలి.
• రెండు దేశాలలో చివరకు ప్రజాస్వామ్య ప్రభుత్వాల ఏర్పాటుకు కారణమైంది.
• ప్రజలు రెండుదేశాల సైనిక పాలనకు చరమగీతం పాడాలని, దానికి అనుగుణంగా మార్పు జరిగింది.

ప్రశ్న 11.
ఆ రెండు దేశాలలో ప్రజాస్వామ్యంగా మారే. నేపథ్యంలో ప్రధాన తేడాలు ఏమిటి?
వీటిని దృష్టిలో ఉంచుకోండి. నాయకత్వం, పోరాట స్వరూపం, మార్పు ప్రక్రియ.
జవాబు:
నాయకత్వం :
బర్మా తన ప్రస్థానాన్ని ప్రజాస్వామిక దేశంగా మొదలు పెట్టి సైనికపాలనలోకి మారితే, లిబియా రాచరికాన్ని వదిలించుకుని, సైనికపాలనతో అంతం అయింది. లిబియాలో సైనిక ప్రభుత్వం అనేక సంక్షేమ కార్యక్రమాలు గఢాఫీ నేతృత్వంలో ప్రవేశపెట్టింది.

కాని బర్మాలో పాలకులు ఎటువంటి అభివృద్ధికి అవకాశం ఇవ్వలేదు.

లిబియాలో నాయకులను గృహ నిర్బంధం చేయలేదు. కాని బర్మాలో ప్రజాస్వామ్య పోరాటం కొరకు కృషి చేస్తున్న ఆంగ్ . సాన్ సూకిని గృహ నిర్బంధం చేశారు.

పోరాట స్వరూపం :

• ప్రజాసంఘాలను వ్యతిరేకిస్తూ గఢాఫి రివల్యూషనరీ కౌన్సిల్ ద్వారా విప్లవసంఘాలను ఏర్పరిచాడు.
• జాతీయ ప్రజాస్వామ్య కూటమి ద్వారా ప్రజా ఉద్యమాలు.
• రాజకీయ ప్రత్యర్థులను అరెస్టు చేయటానికి, చిత్రహింసలు పెట్టడానికి, సైనికశక్తిని ఉపయోగించుకుంది లిబియా.
• బర్మాలో పాలకులు గృహ నిర్బంధంలో ఉంచి పోరాటస్ఫూర్తిని అడ్డగించాలని చూసింది.
• లిబియా పోరాటంలో. యువత ప్రధాన పాత్ర పోషించగా బర్మాలో విద్యార్థులు ప్రధాన పాత్ర పోషించారు.
• లిబియా పోరాటానికి, నిరసనలకు, ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి మద్దతు పలకగా, బర్మా పోరాటానికి ప్రపంచం అంగీకారం తెలిపింది.

మార్పు ప్రక్రియ :

• లిబియాలో సంక్షేమ ఫలాలు అందించి, తమ ప్రభుత్వ ప్రాబల్యం పెంచుకోడానికి కృషి చేసింది.
• బర్మాలో సంక్షేమ ఫలాలు అందించకుండా ప్రజలను పేదరికంలోకి నెట్టారు.
• లిబియాలో మార్పు చాలా ఆలస్యమైంది.
• బర్మాలో మార్పు కొరకు స్వాతంత్ర్యం పొందినప్పటి నుండి మొదలైంది.
• బర్మాలో ఎన్నికలు ద్వారా ప్రజాస్వామ్య విధానంలో పార్లమెంట్ సభ్యులను ఎన్నుకోవడం జరిగింది.
• లిబియాలో రాజకీయ పార్టీలకు ఇంకా అవకాశం ఇవ్వలేదు.
• లిబియాలో ఇంటర్నెట్, మొబైల్ ఫోన్లు ఉపయోగించుకున్నారు.
• బర్మాలో ఆ వాతావరణం ఇంకా అభివృద్ధి చెందలేదు.

ప్రశ్న 12.
రెండు దేశాల వివరణలలో రాజకీయ పార్టీలు, ఓటింగ్ కి సంబంధించిన వాక్యాలను గుర్తించండి.
జవాబు:
రెండు దేశాలలో రాజకీయ పార్టీలు రావాలని, ప్రజాస్వామ్య పద్దతిలో ఓటింగ్ జరగాలని వాంఛించాయి. లిబియాలో పార్టీలు ప్రతినిధులను లిబియాలో 200 మందిని ఓటింగ్ ద్వారా ఎన్నుకున్నారు. బర్మాలో కూడా జాతీయ ప్రజాస్వామ్య కూటమి ద్వారా జరిగిన ఓటింగ్ లో 80 శాతం సీట్లు సాధించాయి.

2011లో బర్మాలో 45 పార్లమెంట్ స్థానాలకు 43 స్థానాలు సూకి పార్టీ అయిన ఎన్ఎల్ డి గెలుచుకుంది.

రెండు దేశాలలో రాజకీయపార్టీలు ద్వారా, ఓటింగ్ ప్రక్రియ ద్వారా ప్రజాస్వామ్య భావాలు, పౌరహక్కులు పొందవచ్చని తలంచి ఆ దిశగా పయనిస్తున్నాయి.

ప్రశ్న 13.
2012 సంవత్సరంలో లిబియా, బర్మాలలో వచ్చిన మార్పులను రాయండి.
జవాబు:
విప్లవం విజయవంతం, గఢాఫి మరణం తరువాత లిబియాలో వంద రాజకీయ పార్టీలు పోటీచేయగా ప్రజలు స్వేచ్చగా ఎన్నికలలో పాల్గొని 200 మంది ప్రతినిధులను ఎన్నుకున్నారు. 2012 నవంబర్ 14న కొత్త ప్రభుత్వం ప్రమాణస్వీకారం చేసింది. ఒక తాత్కాలిక రాజ్యాంగం ఏర్పడింది. భవిష్యత్తులో ప్రజాస్వామ్య మనగలిగి, ప్రజాస్వామిక ప్రభుత్వం ఏర్పడే దారులు కనిపిస్తున్నాయి.

బర్మాలో 2008 నుంచి మార్పులు సంభవించి ప్రజాస్వామిక గణతంత్రంగా మారింది. 2010లో ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి పరిశీలనలో ఎన్నికలు జరిగాయి. ఆ తదుపరి 2011లో జరిగిన ఎన్నికలలో ఆంగ్ సాన్ సూకి ఎస్ఎల్ విజయవంతంగా విజయం పొందడం ప్రజాస్వామ్యానికి ఆరంభంగా చెప్పవచ్చు. లిబియాలాగా బర్మా కథ ఇంకా పూర్తికాలేదు. దేశం పూర్తి ప్రజాస్వామికంగా మారుతుందని, భవిష్యత్తులో పలు పార్టీలు పోటీచేసే ఎన్నికలు నిర్వహిస్తారని ఆశిస్తున్నారు.

ప్రాజెక్టు

ప్రశ్న 1.
వార్తాపత్రికలు చదివి లిబియా, ఈజిప్టు లేదా ఇతర దేశాలలో ప్రజాస్వామ్యం కోసం జరుగుతున్న ప్రయత్నాలపై వార్తలను కత్తిరించండి. వీటిని కాగితాలపై అంటించి తరగతిలో ప్రదర్శించండి.

పటనైపుణ్యం

ప్రశ్న 1.
ప్రపంచ పటంలో లిబియా, మయన్మార్ లను గుర్తించండి. అవి ఏ ఖండాలలో ఉన్నాయి?

ఇవి ఆఫ్రికా, ఆగ్నేయాసియా ఖండాలలో ఉన్నాయి.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 6C An Icon of Civil Rights Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class English Solutions Chapter 6C An Icon of Civil Rights

9th Class English Chapter 6C An Icon of Civil Rights Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
The speaker talks about “creative battle” in the beginning of his speech. What does he mean by this phrase?
Answer:
Martin Luther King (Jr) describes the Civil Rights Movement of the blacks in the USA as a ‘Creative battle’. This is to show that the battle is going to ‘create’ a new world. The battle uses ‘good’ will and ‘good’ intention as weapons. It follows ‘good’ methods like ‘truth’, ‘non-violence’ and ‘love’. Its aim is to promote universal brotherhood. Hence it is a creative battle.

Question 2.
What is Martin Luther King’s speech about? List the issues he is talking about.
Answer:
Martin Luther King’s speech is about justice and equality. It is about universal brotherhood. It is about food to every body, education to every mind and dignity and respect for every spirit. It is about truth, love and peace. It is delivered as Nobel Prize acceptance speech.

Question 3.
Do you think that this is an emotive speech ? If yes, pick out the expressions that show it is an emotive speech.
Answer:
Yes, it is an emotive speech. Every part, in fact, is an example to prove the point. Yet, here are some striking expressions : 22 million Negroes are engaged in a creative battle ; our children, crying for brotherhood, were answered with fire hoses beleaguered and unrelenting struggle ………

Question 4.
What sort of future does the speaker visualize for the Americans and the mankind in general?
Answer:
Martin Luther King (Jr) is full of hope. He visualises a bright future for Americans and humanity. He dreams of a widening and lengthening super highway. Blacks and whites will travel along it in a cooperative and brotherly mood. That will lead them to an ideal land. There everyone gets food, education, justice, equality and dignity. Love, truth and peace will rule supreme.

Vocabulary

I. Given below are the words taken from the reading passage listed as key words. Match the word with the meaning as used in the text.

Answer:

II. Read the following expressions taken from the reading passage.
1. blazing light of truth
2. wounded justice
3. majestic scorn

Do they have any specific meaning?
Why does the speaker use such expressions?

The above phrases are figurative expressions. They mean a word or a phrase used in a different way from its usual meaning in order to create a particular mental image or effect to add interest to a speech or a writing. Here the two words that convey opposite meaning are combined together to get a positive meaning.

Now read the passage once again and pick out the figurative expressions.

Find out the meanings of all the expressions including the ones given above.
Answer:

Writing

I. You have listened to the speech delivered by Subhash Chandra Bose and read the speech by Martin Luther King Jr.
Let’s analyze their speeches.

Discuss the following questions in groups.
1) How do they begin their speeches?
2) Do you find any logical sequence of ideas in their speeches?
3) What sort of language do they use? (Persuasive, argumentative, emotive)
4) Do you notice any quotations, examples? (to support their argument)
5) Do they use any linkers for cohesion?
6) Do they maintain unity of ideas/thoughts for coherence?
7) What expressions do they use to conclude their speeches?
Answer:

1. They begin their speeches with one’s obligations to family and country and to the Civil Rights Movement in the USA.
2. Yes, there is absolute logical sequence of ideas in their speeches.
3. They use argumentative and emotive language.
4. Yes, I do notice quite a good number of examples.
5. Yes, they use linkers liberally for the purpose of cohesion.
6. Yes, they do maintain unity of ideas for coherence.
7. They conclude their speeches with expressions of hope, freedom, justice, and equality for all!

II. Prepare a speech on the following occasion in your school.
You can use some of the quotations given in the box.

Independence Day

Answer:
Respected teachers, elders and guests and my dear friends! A very brilliant morning and warm greetings of our greatest day of days to you all.

We breathe this cool morning the inspiring air of freedom. Today we stand in the protective shelter of our tricolour flag as it flies high in the sky and proclaims to the world the great achievement of Indians! But the flag also reminds us of the selfless sacrifice thousands of Indians made to gift us this invaluable independence. The flag, at the same time, advises us to be mindful of our responsibilities.

As we celebrate this great event in the lap of goddess of learning, shouldn’t we pledge to follow the path our national leaders have so brilliantly illuminated for us? As the present students and future citizens, shall we plan for our future and our mother India’s future too?

As you all know well, planning for future demands analysis of present. Are we, then, rellay free in its comprehensive sense? Are we, for example, free from fear? For, as Aristotle has well said, “He who has overcome his fears will truly be free”. Are we really aware of and following Eleanor Roosevelt when he says, “Freedom makes a huge requirement of every human being. With freedom comes responsibility. For the person who is unwilling to grow up, the person who does not want to carry his own weight, this is a frightening prospect?” Are we really respecting freedom of expression? Do we follow

S.G. Talientyre’s mantra in this regard? The mantra is : “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Are we free from hatred and jealousy? Shouldn’t we put into practice Martin Luther King’s (Jr) wise advice – Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred – even after independence? Are we allowing our innate nature to move ahead in its own way? Do we prove Virginia Woolf right in the saying – Lock up your libraries if you like, but there is no gate, no lock, no bolt that you can set upon the freedom of my mind?

The present picture is full of challenges. Illiteracy, poverty, corruption, pollution, fast depleting natural resources – the list is too long to complete here. It haunts us day and night. Let us all work together to solve these burning problems. Let us empower ourselves first to be able to work for Mother India! Let us hope to see Mother India full of smiles! Thank you all for your encouraging attention. Jai Hind I

Project Work

Collect information about the great leaders who fought for the freedom of our country. Arrange the information in the table given below:

Discuss in groups and write down the questions you will need to get the information.

On the basis of the information collected in the table below, write a brief biographical sketch of any one of them and present it before others in class.


Answer:
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF SAROJINI NAIDU

Sarojini Devi was born on 13th February 1879 in Hyderabad to Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya and Varada Sundari Devi.

She passed matriculation when she was just 12. Then she went to England for higher studies in King’s college in London and later at Cambridge.

She married Mutyala Govindarajulu Naidu in 1898. Kandukuri Veeresalingam acted as the priest on the occasion.

Gopala Krishna Gokhale influenced and guided Sarojini Naidu into Freedom Struggle. She met Gandhiji in 1915 and Nehru in 1916 for the first time. She took a very active part in Congress activities and Independence movements. She inspired many men with her poetic recitals which won for her the title ‘Nightingale of India’, Recognizing her important role, Congress leaders made her the party president in 1925. But the British government imprisoned herforthe same role.

After India became independent, she was made the governor of United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), the first Indian woman to become so. People remember her as a patriot, poet, philospher and lover of peace. She remains a source of inspiration to many persons-particularly women.

An Icon of Civil Rights Summary in English

Martin Luther King (Junior) is one of the most influential and inspiring Afro-American leader. His Nobel Prize acceptance speech is noted for its excellent content and effective expression. He accepts the Nobel Prize on behalf of the Civil Rights Movement in America. He remembers the suffering of blacks in the USA. He praises the Indians for showing the path of non-violence. He believes in the power of truth and love. He is hopeful of bright future for humanity. He has faith in man’s ability to lay a super highway of justice on which all people will cooperatively go ahead and create a world where every body gets food, mind finds education and spirit receives dignity, equality and brotherhood. He says faith gives us courage and confidence to complete the mission of establishing universal brotherhood that has roots in love, truth and peace.

An Icon of Civil Rights Glossary

icon (n) : a famous person ; a symbol of an idea

majesty, highness, excellencies (nouns) : terms showing high respect to people of top positions

accept(v) : take; receive

determination (n) : firmness in continuing to do something despite difficulties

scorn (n) : contempt; hatred

reign (n) : rule (Note that the letter ‘g’ is silent.)

mindful (adj) : aware ; remembering

sanctuary (n) : a place that is safe

segregation (n) : separation ; isolation

debilitating (v+ing) : weakening

grinding (v+ing) (adj) : never ending ; never improving

afflicts (v) : causes suffering

rung (n) : step

beleaguered (adj) : experiencing a lot of criticism

unrelenting (v+ing : adj) : not stopping and not becoming less severe

contemplation (n) : serious thinking

antithetical (adj) : opposite

sterile (adj) : not capable of producing

elegy (n) : a poem or song about sad feelings

psalm (n) : a song praising god (Note that the letters ‘p’ and T are silent.)

revenge(n) : causing suffering to others because the caused suffering

aggression (n) : attack

retaliation (n) : action against someone because they harmed

tortuous (adj) : complicated, long, full of bends

alliances (n-plural) : groups working together to achieve what they want

audacious (adj) : daring ; willing to take risks

despair (n) : the feeling of losing all hope

flotsam and jetsam (phrase-noun) : useless things, persons with no job, no home

cynical (adj) : not believing that something good will happen

triumphant (adj) : successful; victorious

prostrate (adj) : lying on the ground facing downwards

altars (n-plural) : places of worships

redemptive (adj) : that saves from evil

dreary (adj) : that which makes one dull, bored

soared (v-past tense) : rose high ; went up

righteousness (n) : morally good behaviour

heirloom (n) : a valuable object from forefathers

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 6B Freedom Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class English Solutions Chapter 6B Freedom

9th Class English Chapter 6B Freedom Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What sort of freedom does the poet wish to have?
Answer:
The poet wants freedom from fear and physical, intellectual, psychological, emotional, social, and financial weaknesses.

Question 2.
The poet talks about fear in the opening lines of the poem. What kind of fear is he talking about?
Answer:
The poet refers to fear of country’s future, development, social and economic equality, etc.

Question 3.
What does the expression “truth’s adventurous paths” mean?
Answer:
“Truth’s adventurous paths” means the road taken by persons speaking only truth is full of challenges and problems.

Question 4.
What does the poet mean by ‘figures’ in the poem? What sort of figures are they? What does the poet want them to be?
Answer:
‘Figures’ here are people. They are obedient and patient. The poet wants them to have their own individuality.

Question 5.
“Where figures wait with patience and obedience for the master of show.” What does the poet mean by this?
Answer:
Persons here wait for their leader. They just follow their master without any original thinking.

Question 6.
What does the ‘shackles of slumber’ mean? How does it arrest the progression of life?
Answer:
‘Shackles of slumber’ means chains of laziness, inaction and indifference. When one is a prisoner of laziness, life does not progress.

Question 7.
Do you think we are all free from fear? What kind of fears are haunting our motherland now?
Answer:
No, we are not at all free from fears. The fears of over population, over pollution, lawlessness, insecurity to women and the weak are some of the striking ones haunting our mother land.

Question 8.
What does freedom mean to you? Is it freedom from hunger? Is it freedom from physical attack? Is it freedom from illiteracy? is it freedom from social oppression? What else?
Answer:
Freedom from desire, selfishness, illiteracy, dirt and disease, hatred, poverty, etc. is what freedom means to me.

Freedom Summary in English

The poem ‘Freedom’ by Rabindranath Tagore is both philosophical and psychological. He wants a special kind of freedom for the motherland. It is freedom from fear. It is freedom from old age and related weaknesses. It is freedom from lack of vision and slumber. It is freedom from mistrust. It is freedom from uncertain destiny, cruel power and lack of individuality. It is freedom from meaningless movements, senseless statistics and heartless artificiality.

Freedom Glossary

claim (v) : demand ; achieve

beckoning (v+ing) : showing signs to call

shackles (n-plural) : chains

slumber (n) : sleep

mistrusting (v+ing) : having no faith

anarchy(n) : a situation without order, control or government

helm (n) : steering wheel or handle

puppet (n) : a person whose actions are controlled by others

mimicry (n) : copying; imitation

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 6A A Long Walk to Freedom Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class English Solutions Chapter 6A A Long Walk to Freedom

9th Class English Chapter 6A A Long Walk to Freedom Textbook Questions and Answers

Look at the following pictures and answer the questions that follow.

Question 1.
What do you know about the great persons in these pictures?
Answer:
The pictures are of Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela. Both of them are world class leaders. They sacrificed their lives for their countries. They exhibited excellent human qualities in their movements. They remain forever as models for leadership and humanity.

Question 2.
What similarities do you find in their lives?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela have a lot of similarities in their lives. In fact, Mandela derived inspiration from Gandhi. Both are coloured. Both suffered at the hands of the whites. Both of them fought for their countries. They sacrificed their personal lives for their movement. Both of them spent a lot of time in jails. People regard both of them as their greatest leaders.

Comprehension

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Why is it difficult to fulfil the ‘twin obligations’ in a country like South Africa?
Answer:
In South Africa, coloured persons were not allowed to fulfil their twin obligations. If anyone tried to do so, he was punished and isolated. Blacks were not permitted to live like human beings.

Question 2.
What sort of freedom did Mandela enjoy as a boy? Was it real? Give your opinion.
Answer:
Mandela was born free. He could run around in their fields. He could swim in the streams nearby. He had the freedom to roast maize under the stars. He enjoyed rides on the backs of bulls. But that freedom was very limited and purely private. Later, it turned out to be an illusion.

Question 3.
How did Mandela’s understanding of freedom change with age and experience?
Answer:
As a boy, Mandela thought he was free. As a student, he knew he did not have freedom. Later, he realized that all blacks were deprived of their freedom, dignity, and self-respect. Finally, he understood that he could not enjoy his limited freedom as long as his people were not free. He felt that freedom was indivisible.

Question 4.
What does the line ‘the oppressed and the oppressor alike are robbed of their humanity’ suggest?
Answer:
Mandela is a wise leader. He has a lot of insight. He says ’the oppressed and the oppressor alike are robbed of humanity1. For an ordinary person, only the oppressed appear to be the sufferer. But the oppressor also suffers from hatred. Hence all are losers. Freedom to everyone alone is the solution.

Question 5.
What relevance does Nelson Mandela’s life have to the present society?
Answer:
Mandela’s life is relevant to any place and at any time. His life basically deals with human values. And humanity remains the same everywhere and at any time.

Question 6.
“It was this desire … that animated my life”, which desire is the narrator referring to?
Answer:
The desire Mandela refers to is the greater hunger for the freedom of his people.

Vocabulary

I. Tick (✓) appropriate meaning for each of the following underlined words.

1. I was born free.
a) able to act at will
b) having personal rights
c) not subjected to constraints
d) costing nothing
Answer:
c) not subjected to constraints

2. I was prevented from fulfilling my obligations.
a) not able to perform
b) stopped from doing
c) conditioned to do
d) forced to do
Answer:
b) stopped from doing

3. My freedom was curtailed.
a) enhanced
b) lost
c) reduced
d) blocked
Answer:
c) reduced

4. I was not a virtuous leader.
a) dignified
b) law-abiding
c) well behaved
d) honest
Answer:
d) honest

II. Read the following paragraph carefully. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate forms of the words in brackets.

Nelson Mandela was an outstanding black ___(1)___ (lead) of South Africa, who spent his life time ___(2)___ (fight) against racial ___(3)___ (segregate). He had to spend 30 years of imprisonment to achieve ___(4)___ (free) of the coloured. Finally he ___(5)___ (creation) history when he became the first black man as the President of ___(6)___ (independence) Republic of South Africa. This great leader who has been a source of ___(7)___ (inspire)for millions of freedom lovers in the world was influenced by Mahathma Gandhi, the father of our nation!
Answer:
1) leader
2) fighting
3) segregation
4) freedom
5) created
6) independent
7) inspiration

Grammar

Defining Relative Clause :

Read the following sentences and notice the underlined parts.

1. The man who takes away another man’s freedom is a prisoner.
2. The people followed the principles that Mandela advocated.

• As you perhaps know, the clauses underlined above are called adjectival clauses because they qualify the noun in the preceding clause.
• In (1) we are able to identify who the man is with the help of the information contained in the clause, who takes another man’s freedom. Similarly, the identity of the principles is revealed by the clause, that Mandela advocated. Without these clauses, the listeners will not be able to know who the man is and which principles they are. Who in (1) refers to the man and that in (2) refers to the principles. These words in these sentences are

Relative pronouns.

• The Adjectival clauses are also called Defining Relative Clauses because they help to define the person or the object referred to.
• The whole expression containing the noun phrase and the Relative Clause now acts like a single noun phrase.

Pick out the Defining Relative Clauses and the noun phrases they define from the text. Fill in the table given below. One is done for you.

Writing

I. Read the story once again and analyze the text in the light of the following questions.

• What incidents do you find in the first paragraph?
• How does the writer reflect on (feel about) these incidents?
• What is the writer’s point of view on the incidents?

You may have witnessed several instances of discrimination in the world around you. Write an essay about one such incident. You may use the following clues:

• When and where did it take place?
• With whom did the incident occur?
• What were you doing at that time?
• How did you feel about these incidents?

Answer:
Pleasant are the ways of villagers. Sometimes the ways are mysterious too, particularly to a town boy as young as 12. Even after clear explanation by village elders, I find it difficult to understand the way the villagers behaved that day.

It was summer. As in every summer, I had been to my grandparents’ village. Born and growing in a small house in a crowded town, I always love to go to villages. And my love for my grandfather’s village is all the more as it is on a river bank with a range of hillocks on another side. I also cherish village games and countryside walks.

That particular day filled my heart with rather sad feelings. My grandfather and I were walking along a path beside the river. A man of about 25 was riding a bicycle towards the village. A young boy of below 10 years was sitting on the back seat of the cycle. He appeared to have been enjoying that ride as if it were for the first time he was riding a cycle !

Suddenly a group of 5 or 6 men stopped the cycle. They started scolding the man for allowing the boy to sit on his cycle. And as to the boy, they almost beat him. The boy’s eyes were filled with tears of fear. The trembling boy’s tender face left a deep impression on my mind. And the memory has been haunting me whenever I think of the village. Since then, though I have been going there, the feelings about the village have not been as pleasant as they used to be before that incident.

As I was at my wit’s end as to why the boy shouldn’t ride the bicycle, I asked my grandmother the reason for their behaviour. Grandmother said in a hushed voice that the boy belonged to a lower caste and the man was from a higher caste !

My mind failed to understand that and till today I see no point in that attitude ! May God bless us with the understanding that all men – nay, all living beings – are equal !

Study Skills

Read the following biographical account of a great patriot of India, which describes events in his life. After reading the text, complete the chronological table.

Subhash Chandra Bose was born on 23rd January in Cuttack in 1897. He was born in a rich family. When he was five he was admitted into a big European school. At the age of twelve, he was shifted to another school, where his headmaster, Beni Madhav Das, kindled the spirit of patriotism in him. When he was fifteen, he came under the profound influence of an outstanding spiritual leader, Swami Vivekananda.

After his graduation, Subhash left for Cambridge in 1919 to appear for the Indian Civil Service Examination (ICS). But he had made up his mind to dedicate his life to the service of his country; he resigned from the Indian Civil Service and returned to India in 1921. He took part in freedom struggle, Independence Movement and fought against the British rule in India. Bose was arrested and sent to a prison in Burma. With the cooperation of some prisoners and freedom lovers, Bose formed the Indian National Army (INA) in 1941 in Singapore. He inspired the troops to fight against the British to liberate their motherland. On 21st October 1943, the Azad Hind Government was set up in foreign soil.

Subhash is called ‘Nethaji’ (Neta- a leader) because he was a true and passionate leader of the Indian struggle for freedom.

Complete the following table based on your reading of the passage.

Listening

Practise listening carefully. Then you will be bale to speak.
Listen to the ‘speech of Subhash Chandra Bose’ and answer the questions that follow.

Speech of Subhash Chandra Bose
Brave soldiers! Today you have taken an oath that you will give fight to the enemy till the last breath of your life, under the national tricolour. From today you are the soldiers of the Indian National Army of free India. You have volunteered to shoulder the responsibility of forty crores of Indians. From today your mind, might and money belong to the Indian Nation. Friends, you have the honour to be the pioneer soldiers of Azad Hind Fauj. Your names will be written in the history of Free India. Every soldier who is martyred in this holy war will have a monument, Free India. The coming generations will shower flowers on those monuments. You are very fortunate that you have got this valuable opportunity to serve your motherland. Although we are performing this ceremony in a foreign land, our heads and hearts are in our country. You should remember that your military and political responsibilities are increasing day by day and you must be ready to shoulder them competently. The drum of Indian Independence has been sounded. We have to prepare for the battle ahead. We should prepare ourselves as early as possible so that we can perform the duties we have shouldered. I assure you that the time is not far off when you will have to put to use the military skill which you possess.

Today we are taking the vow of independence under the National Flag. A time will come when you will salute this flag in the Red Fort. But remember that you will have to pay the price of freedom. It has to be got by force. Its price is blood. We will not beg freedom from any foreign country. We shall achieve freedom by paying its price. It doesn’t matter how much price we have to pay for it. I assure you that I will lead the army when we march to India together. The news of the ceremony that we are performing here has reached India. It will encourage the patriots at home, who are fighting empty-handed against the British. Throughout my life, it had been my ambition to equip an army that would capture freedom from the enemy. Today I congratulate you because the honour of such an army belongs to you. With this, I close my speech. May God be with you and give you the strength to the pledge which you have taken voluntarily today.
Inquilab Zindabad!

I. Based on the ‘speech of Subhash Chandra Bose’ answer the following question orally.

1. What is the thrust of Subhash Chandra Bose’s speech?
Answer:
The thrust (main point) of Bose’s speech is motivating the soldiers to fight for mother India’s Freedom with a sense of sacrifice and responsibility.

II. Say whether the following statements are True or False.

1. Subhash asked the soldiers to sacrifice everything for their motherland.
Answer:
True

2. Subhash dreamt that every soldier of INA would have a monument in Free India.
Answer:
True

III. Have you ever heard of &ny national leader’s speech? Talk about him/her.
Answer:
Yes. I heard of Atal Biharr Vajpayee’s speech. He uses a very simple language. Humour is clear and dignified in his talk. He quotes from poetry and himself composes poems and recites. His commitment to the cause of the country makes his words appealing. His selfless service adds force to his flow of sounds.

Oral Activity

Debating
Work in pairs. Organize a debate in dass on the following proposition. Women should work in kitchens and men in offices.
One member of the pair speaks in favour of the proposition, while the other speaks against it.
Remember

• Organize your ideas as main points and sub-points;
• Put your ideas in a proper order ( sequence);
• Give suitable examples, quotes;
• Use polite expressions;

You may use some of the following words/phrases to express your views

• In my opinion ………………
• personally feel ………………
• It’s my feeling ……………….
• think ……………..

To agree with your opponents

• I agree with my worthy opponents ……………..
• I am in favour of the ……………..
• I think they / you are right ……………..
• I support the idea ……………..

To disagree with your opponents

• I’m sorry to differ with you ……………..
• I disagree with you ……………..
• It may be your opinion but I’m not happy with this ……………..
• That’s purely your idea but the reality is different ……………..

To establish your point of view/stand

• Since I have evidence I strongly believe this ……………..
• I’m fully confident with my point as ……………..
• I’ve no doubt about this since it is a ……………..
• Therefore I conclude that ……………..

A : It is definitely very good if women remain at home and men work in, offices. It was practised in good olden days and everyone lived happily and peacefully.

B : I love to agree with your example. But that belongs to past. We live in the present. The times have changed a lot. Change, we must along with the time !

C : Women confining to homes is a good proposition. That is the place where a woman’s abilities are most useful. Work at offices men can take care of!

D : I’m really sorry to disagree with you! Women, no doubt, are best home makers. But that doesn’t mean they cannot do other things. Don’t we have examples in thousands that prove women’s abilities! What about Sakuntala Devi, Sunitha Williams ; Kalpana Chawla ; Indra Nobyi; Indir a Gandhi, and many more?

E : Hard working husband and school going students need personalised service at home. So it would always be good for women to stay at home. A hgppy father and satisfied children make a home a pleasant place to live in!

F : That is a fine idea. But what about the feelings of a woman. Particulary when she has an urge for expression of her talents! You see from one angle. Let’s try to be comprehensive.

G : Women have tremendous patience. She can attend to work at home and yet be a office goer. Allowing women to work outside is advantageous in many ways. Inconveniences, if any, can be sorted out somehow. Father and children should learn to enjoy sharing work at home. Then everyone will be happy.

H : It is a balanced opinion. What I would like to put in is that every woman has her own choice. Some women may prefer to stay at home on their own. Others may love to take up a job outside. Hence what I feel to be the best option is to give freedom to women to be a home maker or a job seeker!

A Long Walk to Freedom Summary in English

Nelson Mandela’s narration ‘A Long Walk to Freedom’ is at once soul-stirring and thought-provoking. Every man has obligations to his family and his country. Fulfilling them depends on one’s ability and nature. But in South Africa coloured people were not allowed to fulfil any of those obligations. But Mandela tried and succeeded to fulfil his obligations to the country. But he failed in the case of his family. He was born free. But soon he discovered that his freedom was not true. He realised that no black in South Africa was free. They didn’t have self-respect too. His hunger for personal freedom became the hunger for everyone’s freedom. For that, he changed himself. He became animated. He became bold. He sacrificed his personal ambitions and life. He worked for the freedom of the oppressor too. He believed that freedom was indivisible. He attempted for freedom to everyone and he achieved it too.

A Long Walk to Freedom Glossary

twin (adj) : two

obligations (n-plural) : duties ; responsibilities

humane (adj) : kind ; concerned

inevitably (adv) : as is certain to happen

inclinations (n-plural) : feelings /tendencies that make one do something

isolated (v-past tense) : separated from others

ripped (v-past tense) : torn ; separated

twilight (adj) : mysterious ; uncertain ; not clearly defined

rebellion (n) : opposition to authority

mealies (n-plural) : maize

abided by (ph.v) : accepted the law / worked according to rules

illusion (n) : something that appears to be present but actually not present

transitory (adj) : temporary

yearned (v-past tense) : wanted very much ; longed

potential (n) : quality that exists and can be developed

keep (n) : food, clothes and other basic things that one needs to live

obstructed (v-past tense) : blocked ; stopped

curtailed (v-past tense) : limited

animated (v-past tense) : made full of energy

monk (n) : a person living without family, personal possessions etc.

virtuous (adj) : behaving in a very good and moral way ; honest

oppress (v) : treat others cruelly and unfairly

oppressor (n) : a person oppressing others

the oppressed (v-past participle – used as a noun along with ‘the’) (plural) : people who are oppressed

prejudice (n) : an unreasonable dislike based on race etc.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 4C Can’t Climb Trees Any More Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class English Solutions Chapter 4C Can’t Climb Trees Any More

9th Class English Chapter 4C Can’t Climb Trees Any More Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What is your opinion about the theme of the story?
Answer:
The theme is about man’s concern for his roots. It is about one’s own association with nature. It is particularly about one’s innocent childhood, spent in the lap of grandparents. It is interesting and inspiring.

Question 2.
The middle-aged man remembers his joyous days of youth. What are the different words/phrases used in the story (for example, dark dancing eyes; swift and sweet of limbs) to show the characteristics of the youth?
Answer:
Words that show the characterstics of youth are: ‘climbing over the wall’, ‘music of a piano’, ‘climbingthe jackfruit tree, ‘marbles I had won’, ‘sprang up and ran’, ‘sprightliness in his step’, etc.

Question 3.
‘A blessing rests on the house where the shadow of a tree falls/ And so the present owners must also be receiving the tree’s blessings. What does the narrator’s grandmother mean by this statement?
Answer:
The man’s grandmother used to say:
A blessing rests on the house where the shadow of a tree falls! That means growing trees in our yards brings us a lot of good. Trees benefit man in many ways.

Question 4.
Are the grandmother and Chief Seattle expressing the same feelings about trees and nature? Why?
Answer:
Yes, the grandmother and Chief Seattle express the same feeling about nature. Good old people realise the value and the usefulness of nature. They go on wisely advising everyone to love and respect nature.

Project Work

Look at the picture. Our water resources are getting polluted every day. If we do not care enough to prevent pollution and save water, there is going to be an acute scarcity of drinking water.

I. Visit five houses in your locality and collect the following information.

1. Number of members in the family.
a) adults
b) children

2. The average quantity of water used in the household (in litres).
a) for drinking and cooking food
b) for washing clothes and cleaning the house
c) for cattle
d) for cultivation

3. The average quantity of drinking water wasted in the household (in litres).
a) for drinking and cooking food
b) for washing clothes and cleaning the house
c) for cattle
d) for cultivation

4. What are the water sources for the household and what is the average quantity 6f water used from these sources?
a) well in the household
b) public well
c) water from public taps
d) river, pond, lake, etc.

5. Does the ground water in the locality get polluted ? If so, the sources.
a) domestic sewage
b) industrial wastewater
c) agricultural wastewater
d) construction site run-off
e) urban run-off

Consolidated Sheets of the data collected from five houses
1. Number of members in the family.

2. The average quantity of water used in the household (in litres).

3. The average quantity of drinking water wastec in the household (in litres).

4. What are the water sources for the household and what is the average quantity of water used from these sources?

5. Does ground water in the locality get polluted? If so, the sources.

II. Work in three groups and make reports as suggested below. Present all the reports before the whole class.
Group A : The quantity of water used by the households in the locality from various water sources and how the usage can be minimised for conserving drinking water.
Group B : The water sources in the locality, how the water gets polluted and how it can be prevented.
Group C : What measures that can be taken for conserving water and preventing pollution of water ?
Answer:
Report of Group A
The survey discovers some startling facts. A huge quantity of water is wasted everyday in 90% of the households. The wastage is more in houses that have running water tap connections provided free of cost. An average household with 5 members uses 250 litres of water if their source is a hand pump or public well. But a household of the same size with free running water tap connection uses (or wastes) 1000 litres of water a day! So, there is an urgent need to check this wastage. Strict laws are to be enacted and enforced on oneside and awareness programmes are to be conducted on a massive scale on the other side!

Report of Group B
The only source of water in the locality surveyed is a pond. But the pollution levels in it are very high. Ignorance of pollution is the main reason. Domestic sewage joins the pond. Cattle freely swim around the pond. Even washing of clothes goes on in the pond. Agricultural waste water also enters the pond. A pond – protection committee should be formed and the committee should take round-the-clock care to prevent this pollution and protect the only water source.

Report of Group C
Water is precious. It is essential too I We need to conserve it. First wastage of water in all its forms must be prevented. Rain water harvesting, recycling of water in permissible sareas are to be encouraged. Pollution of water bodies is to be minimised. Promoting aw^-eness among people is most important. Enacting suitable and strict laws and enforce them eftuely are other measures.

The River Summary in English

Ruskin Bond is a famous writer for children. He is fond of writing about the bond between nature and man. “Can’t Climb Trees Any More” is an example. A middle aged man looks at a house, the trees and flower plants in the yard from outside. A young girl of about 12 comes there and asks him what he is looking at. He replies that he is looking at the house. She very innocently asks him if he wants to buy that. He says they lived there twenty five years ago and he just felt like seeing their old house. The little girl invites him in. To prove that he is still young, he climbs the wall but gasps. With the help of the girl, he climbs down. They sit on a stone bench. The man recollects his childhood days. He recollects his grandmother’s words that trees would bless those living in their shade. He says that he used to store his treasures in a hole in the jackfruit branch. An Iron Cross is among his treasures. He says it must be still in the hole. The girl asks if he will check. He says he can’t climb trees any more. The girl climbs the tree, finds the cross and gives it to the man. But the man gives it back to the girl saying that he has come there not for his cross but for his youth. So saying he walks briskly remembering the young girl’s lively features!

The River Glossary

verge (n) : a piece of grass on the edge of a path

turnstile (n) : a gate that moves in a circle allowing only one person at a time

dizzy (adj) : feeling that everything is spinning

hollyhocks (n – plural) : a kind of flowering plants

disembodied (adj) : a sound heard but the speaker not seen

slim (adj) : thin, lean

colonel; brigadier (nouns) : ranks in army

witty (adj) : humorous

offence (n) : hurting; injury

appraising (v + ing) : evaluating; understanding

prosperous (adj) : rich; wealthy

trapeze (n) : a swing used in circus

muttered (v – past tense) : murmered ; said in a low voice

slithered (v – past tense) : glided ; moved slowly and smoothly

shattering (v + ing) : breaking

spotted (v – past tense) : noticed

pruning (v + ing) : shortening; cutting

fragrance (n) : perfume

drenched (v – past tense) : filled with

chiming (v + ing) : soft, ringing sound

budgerigars (n – plural) : a small Australian bird belonging to the parrot family.

hollow (n) : hole

eddies (n – plural) : circular movement of air with dust

barefoot (adj) : without any footwear

sprightliness (n) : liveliness

lissome (adj) : thin and attractive

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 4B The River Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class English Solutions Chapter 4B The River

9th Class English Chapter 4B The River Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Is the river like a child? Why?
Answer:
Yes, the river is like a child at the place of its birth. It dances and shines like a child at play.

Question 2.
Why does the poet call it ‘swelling river’?
Answer:
As the river progresses, other streams join it. It widens. It goes on expanding. Hence the poet calls it ‘swelling river.

Question 3.
‘Seeming still yet still in motion.’ What does the word ‘still’ mean in either case?
Answer:
’Still’ in the first place means ‘motionless’. It is an adjective. ‘Still’ in the second place means ‘even though’. It is an adverb.

Question 4.
How does the sea remind you of eternity?
Answer:
The sea is almost endless. It is vast. It never dries up. Thus it reminds us of eternity.

Question 5.
What do the river and the sea remind the poet of?
Answer:
The river reminds the poet of the ages of man’s life. The sea reminds the poet of the immortality after death.

II. Read the poem once again and list the words in the poem which show the movement of the river at various stages.
Answer:
dancing, rush, sweeping, in motion, tending, dash.

II. Now, read the last line of each stanza. What do these lines say about the river?
Answer:
The last lines of the stazas tell us the stages of the river. They also compare the river to man in his various ages.

III. What are the word pictures used in the poem? How do they add to the beauty of the poem?
Answer:
Little river, dancing, a child at play, by rose – banks; impetuous youth; mortal prime still in motion ……… These word pictures create beautiful impressions in the minds of readers. Thus they add to the poem’s beauty.

IV. Read the following comparisons:
‘She skims like a bird.’
‘Her face shines as the moon in the sky.’

Pick out similar expressions from the poem ‘The River’. Say why the poet has made these comparisons. What would you compare them to?

Answer:

1. Now, read the last line of each stanza. What do these lines say about the river?
Answer:
The last line of the stazas tell us the stages of the river. They also compare the river to man in his various ages.

2. Do the river and its movement suggest something eise to you?
Answer:
Yes, the river and its movement suggest to me many things. They are; continuously moving time: gradual but endless progress in every area; man’s life through different ages.

3. Attempt an appreciation of the poem comparing and contrasting your experience of a river with that of the poet.
Answer:
The poet’s comparison between the river and the child at play is very impressive. But when I see the shining river glide through, I feel a dazzling snake creeping along. And whenever I see the river fall down from rocks I remember the jumping deer. As I see the brimming river the image of vast sky appears in my mind. But the poet’s comparisons refer to man’s ages and there is a continuity. That is because of the maturity and creativity of the poet.

The River Summary in English

C.A. Bowles presents a graphic picture of a river’s course in her artistic poem “The River”. The poet draws an interesting comparison between the river’s progress and man’s ages. The river at the beginning shines and dances like a child at play. Then it swells and runs fast and rash as an impulsive youth. In later stages, it is full and appears to be still. But, it is deep and moves on like man in his prime age. Finally, the river jumps into the sea and attains eternity along with the sea!

The River Glossary

sparkle (v) : shine

pebbles (n – plural): small stones

foliage (n): branches and leaves

glancing (v+ ing): looking at quickly

swelling (v + ing): expanding; increasing

rush (v): move fast

brawling (v + ing): noisily fighting one’s way

impetuous (adj): rash, impulsive ; acting quickly

brimming (v + ing): full

still (adj): without movement

still (adv): despite ; even though

tending (v + ing): moving

mortal prime: man in his important stage

headlong (adj): moving with head in the lead

dash (v): jump ; move

eternity (n): immortaily

AP SSC 9th Class English Textbook Solutions

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 5C The Ham Radio Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class English Solutions Chapter 5C The Ham Radio

9th Class English Chapter 5C The Ham Radio Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What are the places in which disaster management becomes imperative?
Answer:
Disaster management becomes imperative in public places, business centres and road junctions etc. Large number of people move around in such areas.

Question 2.
How can we empower the disaster management crew?
Answer:
We can empower disaster management crew by providing them with best devices.

Question 3.
In what way does Amateur Radio (Ham Radio) become inevitable in times of natural calamities?
Answer:
Ham radio is inevitable in times of calamities. This is because conventional communication network fails during disasters.

Question 4.
Cite the disasters in which Amateur Radio Operators commenced disaster relief when other systems failed.
Answer:
Disasters during which Ham radio helped the crew are : 2001 Gujarath Earthquake, 2001 WTC attack in the USA, 2004 tsunami in India and many more.

Question 5.
Explore other incidents in which Ham Radio Operators can take up rescue operations.
Answer:
Ham radio operators can take up rescue operations during road and fire accidents ; war and mega social, cultural or religious gatherings.

Question 6.
What is the central theme of the essay?
Answer:
The theme of the essay is the multiple uses of ham radio.

Question 7.
List the criteria to qualify for becoming a Radio Amateur.
Answer:
To become a ham, one should qualify in
1) Morse code
2) communication procedure and
3) basic electronics.

Project Work

Get into groups and collect information relating to various disasters from Newspapers, magazines and books etc. Each group should work on one disaster. Fill in the boxes in the table given in the next page with necessary information. One is done for you.

The Ham Radio Summary in English

Disasters and terrorism may strike thickly populated areas at anytime. Communication is most important in such situations. And conventional communications like cell phones fail exactly in those emergencies. It is in those times Ham radio comes handy. Ham radio uses high frequency and automatic batteries. And the Ham volunteers are skilful and ever ready to work. Failure of the system is very less likely. The only problem is the availability of information about Ham operators. During 2001 Gujarath Earthquake, 2001 attacks on WTC in the USA, 2004 Tsunami in India, Ham radio served disaster management personnel wonderfully. Ham radio is useful in day to day problems like medical emergencies too. Anyone above 12 with no specific educational qualifications can appear for Ham radio licence test and on passing it can obtain the licence.

The Ham Radio Glossary

ham (n) : a person who operates radio signals as a hobby, not as a job

strike (v) : attack

efficient (adj) : doing thoroughly

imperative (adj) : extremely important or urgent

calamities (n-plural) : disasters

adverse (adj) : unfavourable/harsh

crew (n) : persons working as a team

amateur (adj) : working for enjoyment, not as a job

innovation (n) : new, improved creation

adept (adj) : skilful

terrestrial (adj) : related to /on land

choke points : blocking or obstructing points

improvising (v+ing) : managing with available things when the right things are not availble

wiped out (phrasal verb) : destroyed totally

AP SSC 9th Class English Textbook Solutions