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Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 3rd Lesson Union Executive Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 3rd Lesson Union Executive

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the powers and functions of the President of India.
Answer:
Introduction:
The President of India is the constitutional head of the Indian Republic. He is the First citizen of India. He administers the affairs of the union Government either himself or through the officers subordinate to him. (Articles 52 and 53)

Qualifications :
A person to be eligible to contest the office of the President shall possess the following qualifications :

1. He should be a citizen of India.
2. He should have completed the age of 35 years.
3. He should be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.
4. He should not hold any office of profit under the union, state or local Governments (Article 59 (i))
5. Possess such other qualifications as prescribed by the Parliament.

Election Procedure :
The President of India shall be elected indirectly by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament. State Legislative Assemblies and elected members of Delhi and Pondicheri. The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote system and secret ballot.

Oath of office :
The person who is elected as President assumes office only after he takes oath of office and secrecy by the Chief Justice of India.

Term of office :
The President continues in office for five years from the date of his assumption of office.

Salary and Allowances :
The President now gets a monthly salary of ₹ 1,50,000/-. His official residence is Rashtrapathi Bhavan at New Delhi. On retirement, he will get a monthly pension of ₹ 75,000/-.

Removal (or) Impeachment :
The President can be removed from the office by a process of impeachment for violation of the constitution. Impeachment is a quasi-judicial procedure adopted by the Parliament.

Powers and Functions :
The President shall exercise his powers with the help of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. His powers may be analysed under the following heads :

1. Executive Powers :
An executive action of the Union Government shall be expressed in the name of the President. The President appoints the Prime Minister and other Ministers, Attorney General, Comptroller and Auditor General of India, State Governors, Judges of the Supreme Court and State High Courts, Finance Commission, Chairman and members of U.P.S.C., Election Commission, and Chief Commissioners of Unit Territories. He allocates portfolios to the Ministers.

2. Legislative Powers :
The President is an integral part of Parliament (Art. 79) and as such enjoys extensive legislative powers.
They are :

1. He summons from time to time each House of Parliament, adjours, and prorogues either or both the Houses.
2. He addresses either House separately or both the Houses Jointly.
3. He can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister.
4. He opens the first session of Parliament after the General Elections and at the commencement of the first session of each year.
5. He can send messages to the Parliament.
6. He arranges a joint session of both the Houses when there is a dead-lock over an ordinary bill.
7. All bills passed by Parliament require his assent for becoming in acts.
8. He nominates 12 members to Rajya Sabha and two Anglo Indian members to Lok Sabha.
9. He promulgates ordinances when the Parliament is not in session.
10. He sends the annual reports of Finance Commission, U.P.S.C etc., for the consideration and approval of Parliament.

3. Financial Powers :
The President also enjoys some financial powers. They are :

1. He recommends the financial bills to be introduced by the members in parliament. The Budget is caused to be laid down before the Parliament by the President.
2. He operates the Consolidated Fund of India.
3. He determines the shares of States in the proceeds of Income Tax.
4. No Money Bill can be introduced in the Parliament except on his recommendations.
5. He constitutes a Finance Commission for every five years etc.

4. Judicial Powers :

1. The President can grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remission of punishments.
2. He appoints the judges of the Supreme Court and State High Courts.
3. He can also remove them on an address by the Parliament.

5. Military Powers:
The President is the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces of the Union. He appoints the Chiefs on the Staff for Army, Navy, and Air Force. He can declare war and conclude peace. But he has to take the approval of Parliament.

6. Diplomatic Powers :
The president appoints Ambassadors to foreign countries to represent India. He receives the credentials of the Ambassadors appointed in India. He represents our Nation in International affairs. He makes treaties and agreements with other countries subject to the ratification by the Parliament.

7. Emergency Powers :
In extraordinary conditions, the President can proelaim emergency to safeguard the security, integrity, and independence of our country. They are of three types :

• Emergency caused by war or external aggression or armed rebellion (Article 352).
• Emergency due to failure of Constitutional machinery in the States (Article 356)
• Emergency due to threat to the financial stability of India (Article 360).

Question 2.
Write briefly the Emergency powers of the President of India. [Mar. 16]
Answer:
Articles 352 to 360 of part XVIII of Indian constitution deals with three types of emergency powers of the Indian President. They are :

1. National Emergency,
2. Constitutional Emergency,
3. Financial Emergency

They may be explained as follows.
1) National Emergency : (Article 352)
The President exercises this power during the period of war, external aggression or armed rebellion. He declares emergency if he is satisfied that the sovereignty and security of India or any part thereof is threatened by external aggression.

When National Emergency is in force, the federal provisions of our constitution ceases to operate. So far, National Emergency was proclaimed on four occasions in our country. They are : 1. Chinese Aggression (1962), 2. Indo – Pak war (1965), 3. Indo – Pak war in the context of Bangladesh Liberation Movement (1971), 4. Opposition’s call for blocking Parliament (1975).

2) Constitutional Emergency : (Article 356)
Article 356 of Indian constitution empowers the President to proclaim the constitutional emergency. If the President, on receipt of a report from the Governor or other wise; is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of a state cannot be carried on according to the constitutional provisions. He is empowered to proclaim this emergency. It is also called as the President’s Rule. So far this type of emergency was proclaimed for over 100 times.

3) Financial Emergency : (Article 360)
If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen where by the financial stability or credit of India is threatended, then he may proclaim financial emergency in the country. During the period of financial emergency, the President enjoys the following powers.

• The President may reserve all the money bills or other financial bills of the state after they are approved by the state legislature.
• He may reduce the salaries and allowances of all or any person serving in the states.
• The President can reduce the salaries allowances of the persons working at the union level including the judges of the Supreme Court and the State High Courts. But so far the financial emergency has not been yet imposed in the country.

Question 3.
Discuss the powers and functions of the Prime Minister of India. [Mar. 18, 16]
Answer:
The Prime Minister is the real executive head of the Union Government. He occupies an important position in the administration of our country. Since India has a Parliamentary form of Government the real power rests with him. He is the ‘uncrowned king’ and “the keystone of the Cabinet arch in the Union Government”.

Qualifications :

1. He should be citizen of India.
2. He should have completed the age of 25 ytears.
3. He should be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.
4. He should not hold any office of profit under the union or state or local governments.

Appointment:
The President appoints the Prime Minister. Generally the President has to summon the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha to form the Ministry. If no party gets an absolute majority, the President can use his discretion and summon the leader of the party, who in his opinion can manage to form a ministry. Afterwards the Prime Minister will be asked to prove his majority in the Lok Sabha.

Oath of Office :
The President of India will administers the oath of office of the Prime Minister.

Term of Office :
The Prime Minister shall remain in office during the pleasure of the President. But actually he assumes his powers as long as he retains the confidence of the majority members in the Lok Sabha. He resigns when the Lok Sabha accepts a no-confidence motion against his ministry.

Salary and Allowances:
The salary and allowances of Prime Minister are decided by the Parliament from time to time. He gets his salary and allowances that are payable to a member of Parliament. At present the Prime Minister gets a salary and allowances of ₹ 1,60,000/- per month.

Powers and Functions :
The Prime Minister is the head of the union government. He is the real executive. The Council of Ministers cannot exist without the Prime Minister. His powers are explained here under.

1) Leader of the Union Cabinet:
The Prime Minister is the leader of the Union Cabinet and Union Council of Ministers. He selects some eminent members of his party in parliament and sees that they are appointed as ministers by the President. He has a free choice of both allocating portfolios and reshuffling the ministry. All the ministers are personally and politically loyal to the Prime Minister. He decides the agenda, of the cabinet meetings. Further, he presides over the cabinet meetings.

2) Leader of the Union Government:
The Prime Minister acts as the leader of the union government. The union executive (Union Council of Ministers) initiates its business after the swearing in ceremony of the Prime Minister. All the ministers in the union ministry assume their office, owe their position and exercise their powers along with the Prime Minister. Infact, the Prime Minister influences the nature and working of the union government. He not only has a clear understanding but holds complete control over the affairs of the union government. All the high-level officers and the entire ministry in the union government behave and act according to the wishes of the Prime Minister.

3) Leader of the parliament:
The Prime Minister acts the leader of the Parliament in India. He is primarily a member of Parliament. He extends co-operation to the presiding officers in the smooth conduct of the two Houses. He wields complete control over his party members in the Parliament. He ensures that his party members maintain discipline during the sessions of the Parliament. He informs out the cabinet decisions to the Parliament. He communicates the major domestic and foreign policies of the union government to the members of Parliament. He maintains rapport with the opposition leaders and discusses the major issues confronted by the nation with them.

4) Link between the President and the Council of Ministers :
The Prime Minister acts as the main link between the President and the Union Council of Ministers. It is his duty to communicate to the President about the decisions of the Union Council of Ministers. He furnishes the every information required by the President concerning the affairs of union government. All the ministers shall formally meet the President only with the consent of the Prime Minister.

5) Leader of the Majority Party:
The Prime Minister acts as the leader of the majority party or group in the lower House of Parliament. He participates in the meetings of the party and acquaints his party members on various issues and steps taken by his ministry in implementing the party promises. He utilizes the services of the senior party leaders in running the government. He acts as the main link between the part and the government.

6) Leader of the Nation :
The Prime Minister is the leader of the nation. He takes initiative in finding solutions to several problems in the internal matters of the country. He plays an important role in the development of the nation.

7) Maker of Foreign Policy :
The Prime Minister plays a dominant role in shaping the foreign policy of the nation. He keeps in touch with the developments in all countries. He meets Heads of various countries and maintains friendly relations with them.

8) Chairman of NITI Aayog :
The Prime Minister heads the NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) NITI Aayog means policy commission. It is a policy think tank of government of India that replaces planning commission which aims to involve the states in economic policy making in India. It will provide strategic and technical advice to the central and state governments. It will have a governing council comprising Chief Ministers of all the states and it governors of Union Territories. Union government set up the NITI Aayog on January 1,-2015.

Question 4.
Explain the composition, powers and functions of the Union Council of Ministers. .
Answer:
Article 74 (1) of the Constitution provides for a Council of Ministers at the Centre. It’s main function is to aid and advice the President in the performance of his duties. It consists of Prime Minister and other Ministers. It is this body which runs the entire administration of our country. It is thefreal Executive authority of the country. It functions on the ‘Principle of Collective Responsibility1. It holds office till it continues to enjoy the confidence and support of the Lok Sabha.

Formation of Council of Ministers :
The formation of the Council of Ministers starts with the appointment of the Prime Minister. The President appoints the Prime Minister and on the advice of the Prime Minister, the other Ministers are appointed by the President.

Composition of Council of Ministers :
Our Constitution did not mention the exact size of the Union Council of Ministers. But there are three kinds of Ministers:

1. Cabinet Ministers
2. Ministers of State
3. Deputy Ministers.

The Cabinet Ministers are entrusted with the maintenance of some important ministries. They enjoy independence and decision making powers.

The Ministers of State act as the heads of some important sections in the ministry. They are directly responsible to the Prime Minister for their activities.

The Deputy Ministers have no independent and discretionary powers. They assist the Cabinet Ministers and perform the functions assigned to them.

The Cabinet or the Council of Ministers is the pivot around which the entire administration of our country revolves. “It is the steering wheel of the ship of the State.” It is the hyphen that joins the Executive and Legislative organs of the Government.

Powers and Functions :
1. Executive Powers :
The Union Cabinet is a deliberative and policy formulating body. It discusses and decides all National and International policies of the country. The policies decided by the cabinet are carried out by the Ministers. It directs and leads the Parliament for action and gets its approval for all its policies. It coordinates and guides the activities of departments of the Government. It also plays an important role by suggesting persons for all major appointments. It considers the reports of various committees before they are presented to the Parliament.

2. Legislative Powers :
The Cabinet plans the legislative programme of the Government at the beginning of each session of Parliament. It drafts Bills on all important matters and introduces them in the Parliament. It also decides the time of summoning and prorogation of Parliament. The inaugural speech of the President to the Parliament is prepared by the Cabinet.

3. Financial Powers:
The Cabinet possess important financial powers. It has complete control over national finance. It prepares the Union Budget. It decides what taxes are to be imposed and how much of expenditure is to be incurred. Money Bills are always introduced in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister.

4. Foreign Relations :
In the field of foreign relations also the Cabinet plays an important role. It determines and formulates the foreign policy of the country and decides India’s relations with other countries. It considers and approves all international treaties and agreements.

Collective Responsibility :
Article 75(3) of Indian constitution stated that the union council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, for all their acts of commissions and commissions. They act as a team under the leadership of the Prime Minister. They sail together, they swim together and they sink together.

Conclusion:
It is thus clear that the Council of Minister or Cabinet enjoys far reaching powers both with regard to the internal and external policies of the country. Internally it maintains law and order within the country and externally protects the country from foreign aggression. The progress of the country largely depends upon the ability of the Cabinet.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
How is the President of India elected?
Answer:
The President of India shall be elected indirectly by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament. State Legislative Assemblies and elected members of Delhi and Pondicheri. The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote system and secret ballot.

Each member of the Electoral College has one vote. But the value of the vote differes from State to State. The value of the vote of a Parliament member also differs from the value of the vote of a member of State Assembly.

The value of the vote of an M.L.A is worked out as follows. The total population of the State is divided by the total number of elected members of the Assembly. The quotient thus obtained is to be divided by 1,000. Fractions of half or more should be counted as one and added to the quotient. If it is less than half, it is ignored. This may be shown as follows.

1. Value of vote of an M.L.A = Population of State / number of elected members of the Assembly / 1,000.
2. Value of vote of M.P. = Total value of votes of all Assembly members / Total number of elected members of both Houses of Parliaments.

This method is followed to keep the election of the President above narrow political considerations.

Question 2.
Write briefly about the procedure of impeachment of President
Answer:
The President may be removed from the office for violation of the constitution by a process of impeachment. Impeachment is a quasi-judicial procedure adopted by the Parliament. Either House of Parliament shall prefer the charge for removal of the President. The other House shall investigate into the charges itself or cause the charge to be investigated.

There are four stages in the impeachment of the President.

Firstly the impeachment resolution has to be moved with a 14 days prior notice in writing signed by not less than 1/4^th of the total members of that House. Such a resolution has to be passed by a majority of not less than 2/3^rds of the total members of the House.

Secondly, the resolution approved by the first House will be sent to the second House for consideration and approval.

Thirdly, the second House investigates into the charges directly or constitutes a committee to enquire into the charges. The President has the right to present his views directly or through a deputy during such enquiry.

Fourthly, if the charges against the President are established and adopted by the second House with 2/3^rds majority of the total members, the President stands removed from the office. With regard to voting on the resolution for impeachment, only the elected members cast their vote. No president has so far been impeached in our country till today.

Question 3.
Mention any two Emergency powers of the Indian President.
Answer:
1) National Emergency : (Article 352)
The President exercises this power during the period of war, External aggression or armed rebellion. He declares emergency if he is satisfied that the sovereignty and security of India or any part thereof is threatened by external aggression.

When National Emergency is in force, the federal provisions of our constitution ceases to operate. So far, National Emergency was proclaimed on four occasions in our country. They are :

1. Chinese Aggression (1962) ‘
2. Indo – Pak war (1965) .
3. Indo – Pak war in the context of Bangaldesh Liberation Movement (1971)
4. Oppositions call for blocking Parliament (1975)

2) Constitutional Emergency : (Article 356)
Article 356 of Indian constitution Empowers the President to proclaim the constitutional emergency. If the President, on receipt of a report from the Governor or other wise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of a state cannot be carried on according to the constitutional provisions. He is empowered to proclaim this emergency, It is also called as the President’s rule. So far this type of emergency was proclaimed for over 100 times.

Question 4.
Explain the role and position of the President in Union Government.
Answer:
The President of India is the head of the union executive. He is the first citizen of India. He could exercise many powers as enstined in the constitution in the following manner.

Position of the President:
There are different opinions on the actual position of the president of India in the administration of our country. The farmers of the constitution wanted him to be a nominal Head of the state.

Dr. Ambedkar compared his position to that of the British King Sri. M. C. Setalved, the farmer Attorney General of India mentioned that the position of the President of India is like the king in England and the Governor General in a Dominion. Sri Alladi Krishna Swamya Ayyar also said that it was perfectly clear that our presidents position was similar to that of the constitutional Monarch in England.

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, said that “We have not given our President any real power but we have made his position one of great authority and dignity.” These opinions make it clear that our President is only a nominal figure head and he does not have any real powers. This is confirmed by the 42nd Amendment of the constitution of India.

However, the President exercises independent powers under some conditions. He utilises these powers in regard to the appointment of the Prime Minister, dissolving the Lok Sabha and ordering midterm poll to the Lok Sabha. Some presidents like Sanjiva Reddy, Zail Singh, R.Venkata Raman, Dr. S.D. Sharma etc., utilised their discretionary powers where there was political instability or Hung Parliament after the general elections in the country. Like the Monarch of England, he still enjoys three rights the right to be ! consulted the right to encourage and the right to warn.

Question 5.
Write about any two powers of the Vice – President of India.
Answer:
The Vice President of India occupies the second highest position in the union government. He is accorded a rank next to the President.

Qualifications :
A person to be eligible as vice-president should possess the following qualifications.

1. He should be a citizen of India.
2. He should have completed 35 years of age.
3. He should be qualified for election as a member of the eousil of states.
4. He should not hold any office of profit under the union, state or local Governments in India.

Election :
The election of the vice – president like that of the President shall be indirect and in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote system. He is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both the houses of Parliament.

Term of Office :
The Vice-President holds office for a term of 5 years from the date on which he enters his office.

Removal:
The Vice President may be removed from his office by a resolution of the council of states passed by a majority of all the members of the council and agreed to by the house of the people.

Salary and Allowances :
The Vice President of India receives a monthly salary of ₹ 1,25,000/-in addition, he is entitled to daily allowance, free furnished residence, medical, travel and other facilities.

Powers and Functions :
The Vice – President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. As. such he enjoys the same powers like the Speaker of Lok Sabha, such as (1) presiding over the meetings of Rajya Sabha, (2) maintaining discipline, decency and decorum in the House, (3) exercising casting vote in case of a tie, (4) admitting visitors, (5) protecting the privileges and rights of the members. He has no right with regard to money bills.

Acting as President of India :
He discharges the functions of the President during the temporary absertce of the President. He may take over the office of the President under 4 situations like (1) Death of the President, (2) Resignation of the President, (3) Removal of the President, (4) Inability of the President due to absence, illness or any other cause.

Question 6.
How is the Prime Minister appointed?
Answer:
Article 75 (1) of the Indian constitution deals with the appointment of the Prime Minister of India.

Appointment:
The constitution simply lays down that the Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President. After the conduct of General Elections to the Lok Sabha, the President has to invite the majority party leader of the Ldk Sabha to form the Government.

When no single party is able to secure majority seats in Lok Sabha, the President invites the leader of a coalition to form the Government. The president uses his discretionary powers in this regard. The President appoints the leader of the coalition as the Prime Minister on the condition that he has to prove his majority in the Lok Sabha within a specified period. Being the leader of the majority in Lok Sabha to be the Prime Minister, the person has to be a member of Parliament. If he is not a member at the time of appointment, he has to acquire it within six months from the date of his appointment as Prime Minister.

The powers of the President in choosing, inviting and appointing the Prime Minister cannot be questioned in any court of Law.

Question 7.
Explain the role of the Prime Minister in Union Government.
Answer:
The prime Minister plays a predominant role in the affairs of the union government. He will have an indelible impression on every one in the administration of the union government. He is described as the Primus Interparus (first among equals). His role as the leader of the Union Council of Ministers, Union Cabinet, Party in power, Lok Sabha, Nation and as the link between the President and the Union Council of Ministers is unique. He wields tremendous political power and patronage. He enjoys enormous powers and fulfils innumerable tasks. It all depends on the image, influence, stature, and personality of the Prime Minister in the union government.

Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Ambedkar, and other eminent leaders of the National Movement and members of the Constituent Assembly described the Prime Minister as the linchpin of the union government. It is in this context that Sir william Harcourt remarked that every one expects from the Prime Minister dignity and authority, firmness to control, tact, practice and firmness, an impartial mind, a tolerant temper, a kind and prudent counsellorship, and accessibility to the people.

Question 8.
Describe the composition and powers of the Union Council of Ministers.
Answer:
Composition of Council of Ministers :
Our Constitution did not mention the exact size of the Union Council of Ministers. But there are three kinds of Ministers: 1) Cabinet Ministers 2) Ministers of State 3) Deputy Ministers.

The Cabinet Ministers are entrusted with the maintenance of some important ministries. They enjoy independence and decision making powers.

The Ministers of State act as the heads of some important sections in the ministry. They are directly responsible to the Prime Minister for their activities.

The Deputy Ministers have no independent and discretionary powers. They a&ist the Cabinet Ministers and perform the functions assigned to them.

The Cabinet Or the Council of Ministers is the pivot around which the entire administration of our country revolves. “It is the steering wheel of the ship of the State”. It is the hyphen that joins the Executive and Legislative organs of the Government.

Powers and Functions :
1) Executive Powers :
The Union Cabinet is a deliberative and policy formulating body. It discusses and decides all National and International policies of the country. The policies decided by the cabinet are carried out by the Ministers. It directs and leads the Parliament for action and gets its approval for all its policies. It co-ordinates and guides the activities of departments of the Government. It also plays an important role by suggesting persons for all major appointments. It considers the reports of various committees before they are presented to the Parliament.

2) Legislative Powers :
The Cabinet plans the legislative programme of the Government at the beginning of each session of. Parliament. It drafts Bills on all important matters and introduces them in the Parliament. It also decides the time of summoning and prorogation of Parliament. The inaugural speech of the President to the Parliament is prepared by the Cabinet.

3) Financial Powers :
The Cabinet possesses important financial powers. It has complete control over national finance. It prepares the Union Budget. It decides what taxes are to be imposed and how much of expenditure is to be incurred. Money Bills are always introduced in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister.

4) Foreign Relations :
In the field of foreign relations also the Cabinet plays an important role. It determines and formulates the foreign policy of the country and decides India’s relations with other countries. It considers and approves all international treaties and agreements.

Very Short answers

Question 1.
Composition of the Union Executive.
Answer:
The constitution of India provides for the Union Executive. Articles 52 to 78 in part V of the constitution deal with the union executive. The Union Executive consists.
i) The President
ii) The Vice-President
iii) The Prime Minister and
iv) The Union Council of Ministers

Question 2.
Qualifications required for contesting the Presidential elections.
Answer:
A person to be eligible to contest the office of the president shall possess the following qualifications.

1. He should be a citizen of India.
2. He should have completed the age of 35 years.
3. He should be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.
4. He should not hold any office of profit under the Union, State or Local Governments.
5. Possess such other qualifications as prescribed by the Parliament.

Question 3.
Election of President.
Answer:
The President of India shall be elected indirectly by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of Parliament, State Legislative Assemblies and elected members of Delhi and Pondicheri. The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote system and secret ballot.

Question 4.
Important appointments of President.
Answer:
The president has the power to appoint the following high dignitaries :

• The Prime Minister of India.
• Members of the union council of Ministers.
• The Affomey General of India.
• The Comptroller and Auditor general of India.
• The judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court.
• State Governors etc.

Question 5.
Judicial Powers of the President.
Answer:

1. The President can grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remission of punishments.
2. He appoints the Judges of the Supreme Court and State High Courts.
3. He can also remove them on an address by the Parliament.

Question 6.
Article 352. [Mar. 18, 16]
Answer:
Article 352 of the Indian constitution empowers the President to impose National Emergency during the period of war, External Aggression, Armed Rebellion or internal disturbance. So far National Emergency was proclaimed on Four occasions. They are :

1. Chinese Aggression (1962)
2. Indo – Pak War (1965)
3. Indo – Pak war in the context of Bangladesh Liberation movement (1971) and
4. Opposition’s call for blocking Parliament (1975).

Question 7.
Article 356.
Answer:
Article 356 of Indian Constitution empowers the President to proclaim the constitutional emergency. If the President on receipt of a report from the governor or otherwise is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of a state cannot be carried on according to the constitutional provisions. He is empowered to proclaim this emergency. It is also called as the President’s Rule.

Question 8.
Financial Emergency.
Answer:
If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen where by the financial stability or credit of India is threatened then he may proclaim financial emergency in the country as per Article 360 of the Indian Constitution.

Question 9.
National Emergency.
Answer:
Article 352 of the Indian constitution empowers the president to impose National Erpergency during the period of war, External Aggression, Armed Rebellion or Internal disturbances. When National Emergency is in force, the Federal provisions of our constitution cease to operate. So far, National Emergency was imposed four times in 1962, 1965, 1971 and 1975.

Question 10.
Qualifications required for contesting as Vice-President. [Mar. 16]
Answer:
A person to be eligible for election as Vice-president should possess the following qualifications : ,

1. He should be a citizen of India.
2. He should have completed 35 years of age.
3. He should be qualified for election as a member of the council of states.
4. He should not hold any office of profit under the Union, State or Local Governments in India.

Question 11.
Chairman of Rajya Sabha,
Answer:
The Vice President is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha. As such he enjoys the same powers like the speaker of Lok Sabha such as

1. Presiding over the meetings of Rajya Sabha.
2. Maintaining discipline, decency and decorum in the House.
3. Exercising casting vote in case of a tie.
4. Protecting the privileges and rights of the members.

Question 12.
Appointment of Prime Minister.
Answer:
After the conduct of General elections of the Lok Sabha, the President has to invite the majority party leader of the Lok Sabha to form the Government. When no single party is able to secure majority seats in Lok Sabha, the President invites the Leader of a coalition to form the Government. The president uses his discretionary powers in this regard.

Question 13.
Categories of Union Council of Ministers.
Answer:
There are three kinds of ministers in the union council of ministers. They are

1. Cabinet Minister.
2. Ministers of State.
3. Deputy Ministers.

1) The Cabinet Ministers are entrusted with the maintenance of some important ministries like Finance, Home, Defence etc.

2) The Ministers of state act as the heads of some important sections in the Ministry. They are directly responsible to the Prime Minister for their activities.

3) The Deputy Ministers have no independent and discretionary powers. They assist the Cabinet Ministers.

Question 14.
Any two functions of the Union Cabinet.
Answer:

1. The Union Cabinet formulates the policies of the union government. It finalizes the domestic as well as foreign policies of the nation after having serious deliberations.
2. It pilots several bills in the Parliament at various stages and strives to secure the approval of the latter.

Question 15.
Collective Responsibility. [Mar. 18]
Answer:
Article 75 (3) of Indian constitution stated that the union council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, for all their acts of omissions and commissions. They act as a team tinder the leadership of the Prime Minister. They sail together, they swim together and they sink together.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material 6th Lesson Tertiary Sector Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material 6th Lesson Tertiary Sector

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Define tertiary sector. Explain the importance of tertiary sector in Indian economy.
Answer:
The tertiary sector activities include all other activities like transport communication, banking, insurance and trade. Tertiary sector with its sub-sectors act as complementary sector to the development of primary and secondary sectors. Economists argue that the development of the economy is associated with high proportion of grass domestic product and working population employed in tertiary sector. The importance of the tertiary sector can be illustrated by the following indices.

1) Share in the gross domestic product: A review of the sectoral contribution to the gross domestic product reveals that the contribution of service sector has been increasing from 1950, its share was 27.5 percent of the GDP in 1950 – 51 and increased to around 56.0 percent in 2007 – 2008. The share of services sector in India is continuously increasing. It was only 27.5 percent in 1950 – 51 and increased to 40.59 percent in 1990 – 91 and further to 55.73 percent in 2007 – 08. In 2013 it was 57.0%.

2) Workers employed : Generally there is a tendency for the tertiary sector to expand more rapidly than secondary sector activities as a consequency the percentage of labour force engaged in this sector also registers an increase.

The workers engaged in tertiary sector has increased from 178.56 lakhs (1991) to 182.65 lakhs in 2008. Though 189.60 lakh workers were employed in tertiary sector during 2001 there was a decline in the number of workers employed to 182.65 lakhs in 2008. This was mainly due to the decline in the employment of workers in public sector.

It is evident form the data that 54.1 percent of the workers employed in tertiaiy sector are in rural areas and the proportion of urban areas was 45.9 percent.

3) Exports of services: India has been recording high growth in the export of services during the last few years. Exports of services was US $ 460 billion in 2004 – 05, increased to US $ 61.4 billion in 2005 – 06 and to US $ 90.1 billion in 2007 – 08 growth of exports was particularly repaid in the miscellaneous services which comprise software services, business services, financial services and communication services India’s export of services is expected to touch US $ 310.9 billion powered by the booming software consultancy, engineering and tourism sectors by 2011 -12.

Question 2.
Infrastructure contributes to the economic development of a country. Explain.
Answer:
“Infrastructure” is an umbrella term for many service activities referred to as social overhead. Capital by many development economists infrastructure facilities are also referred to as economic and social overhead often they have also referred to urban and rural infrastructure. Adequate infrastructural facilities help to determine a country’s success and another failure. They diversity production, expand trade, reduce poverty and improve the environmental conditions.
Generally infrastructure is categorised into two groups. They are :

1. Economic infrastructure
2. Social infrastructure

The services and facilities that are used in the economic production and by households is called as Economic infrastructure.

Engineering structures, equipment, power, gas, telecommunications, water supply, sanitation public works for irrigation, roads and railways, urban transport ports, waterways, air ports etc., are grouped as “economic infrastructure”.

Social infrastructure includes education, healthcare, family welfare housing, labour welfare etc. Both economic and social infrastructural serve as the true “engine of growth” and provides the needed impetus to the economy. The services associated with the use of infrastructure are called as infrastructural services, act as wheels of the economic activity. The availability on infrastructure improves the per capita GDP and has the following effects:

1. Raises the productivity of the production process.
2. Increases access to markets.
3. Leads to agricultural expansion.
4. Brings higher yields in agriculture.
5. Lowers the cost of doing business.
6. Provides ability to complete in the international trade, even in traditional commodities.
7. Provides employment opportunities.
8. Achieves cost – saving in inventory and working capital.
9. Delivers the product just-in-time particularly in exports.
10. Facilitates diversification of trade.
11. Leads to modernisation and diversification of production.
12. Provides ability to repond to changes in demand and prices.
13. Facilitates employment intensive growth.
14. Defines welfare and ensures growth with poverty reduction.
15. Helps to identify the poor.
16. Improves the quality of life.
17. Offers non-farm employment opportunities.
18. Encourages the modification of physical surroundings as environment friendly surroundings.
19. Promotes environment sustainability of human settlements.
20. Removes and disposes the liquid and solid wastes.
21. Protects public health and provides health benefits.

Keeping in view all these beneficial impacts of infrastructural services, the Government of India has decided to invest ₹ 4,35,349 crore, to spend exclusively on the improvement of rural infrastructure. This amount is allocated for the development of electricity, roads, telecommunications, irrigation, water supply and sanitation.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the contribution of GDP in service sector.
Answer:
Service sector has become very prominent in world’s economies. The importance may be highlighted in terms of its contribution to GDP, employment and exports.

The share of GDP is high in many countries. The following table shows that the contribution of services sector to the overall GDP those countries is very high in the tuble U.K has highest share of service sector followed by U.S.A, France. In India the share of service sector increase between 2001 and 2013.

Question 2.
What are the activities considered under the India’s Services Sector ?
Answer:
Services in India are emerging as a prominent sector in terms of contribution of national and State incomes, trade flows, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and employment. The following activities can be considered to form the part of the service sector.

1. Trade.
2. Hotels and Restaurants.
3. Transport (Including Railways and transport by other means)
4. Storage.
5. Communication.
6. Banking and Insurance.
7. Real Estate and Business Services.
8. Public administration and defence.
9. Construction.
10. Other services including education, medical and health, religious and other community services, legal services, recreation services.

Question 3.
What are the advantages of Roadways? [A.P. Mar. 18, 17, 16]
Answer:
The principle mode of connectivity between places in roadways. India has one of the largest road networks in the world, spread over 48.65 lakh k.m. district and villages road constitutive 95.2% of the total road network in our country.
Advantages of Roadways :

1. Road transport connects all the villages and regions and finally it connects to the railways.
2. Road transport does not required heavy capital expenditure.
3. The chances of delay, damages are less in case of road transport.
4. Road transport provides transports the goods to the railway station.
5. Road transport help the farmers particularly easily and quickly to transport to mandis and towns.
6. Road transport is more flexible when compared to other means of transport. It can provide door to door service.
7. Enables to defence forces to move areas inaccessible by railways in emergencies.

Question 4.
Explain the importance of Railways.
Answer:
Railways provide the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers. They are the great integrating force for the past 150 years and helping in acclerating the development of industry and agriculture railways made a very modest beginning in 1853. With a route length of 34 kms. Indian railways have grown into a vast network of 7,183 stations spread over a route length of 53,332 kilometers. They have a flat of 8025 locomotives, 44090 passenger service vehicles, 5990 other loading vehicles and 2,07,176 wagons. The Indian railways is the world’s third largest rail network under a single management. Better resource management rational pricing policy have led to a significant improvement in the performance of the railways. In India the development of agriculture and industrial sectors has generated higher level of demand for rail transport. Coal, pig iron, iron ore, cement, food grains, fertilizers sugar, salt, steel, petroleum products and other essential commodities are transported by railways.

Question 5.
What is tourism ? Explain its importance in Indian economy.
Answer:
Tourism is the sub – sector of tertiary sector in general and services industry in particular.

W.T.O defined Tourism as “the activities of persons travelling and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more then one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes”.
Importance:

1. Tourism provides revenue to the government.
2. Tourism creates employment facilities for women.
3. It provides regional development.
4. It is a source of foreign exchange earnings.
5. Tourism sells indirectly the environmental resources.
6. It can be used as a means of reducing poverty.
7. It builds partnership with private sector.

Question 6.
Explain the banking system in India.
Answer:
A well – developed banking system is necessary pro -requisite for achievement of economic development. Banks play an important role in mobilization of savings and investments. Banks are the efficient agents of capital formation in the economy and give access to use the resources in a productive way.

Banking system in India has been playing a very important role in the process of economic development. Depending upon the nature of the activity performed by them, banking system in India may be classified into the following categories. They are :
a) Commercial Banks
b) Cooperative Banks
c) Central Bank (Reserve Bank of India)

a) Commercial Banks : The commercial banks were nationalized in phased manner in 1969 and 1980. They are classified as public sector (nationalized) banks and private sector banks. The State Bank of India and its associates along with another 20 banks are the public sector banks. The Indian scheduled banks, which are not nationalized and branches of foreign banks operating in India are called as private sector banks.

b) Cooperative Banks: Under Cooperative Banking System State Cooperative Banks, District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCB) and primary to short term credit. State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks and Primary Agriculture and Rural Development Bank provide long term credit.

c) Reserve Bank of India (RBI) : The RBI is India’s Central Bank was established on 1^st April 1935 was nationalized on 1^st January 1949. RBI is Supreme Monetary Authority in the country. It keeps the reserves of all scheduled banks, which were included in 2nd schedule of RBI and which were not included is called as ‘Non-schedule Banks’.

Question 7.
What are the major constituents of insurance industry in India ?
Answer:
A Health and Development Insurance Sector of vital importance to every modem economy. It encourages the savings habits provides a safety net to rural and urban enterprises and individuals and generates long term funds for infrastructure development. Development and insurance is therefore, necessary to support continued economic growth social security and person reforms also benefit from a mature insurance industry.
There are two major constituents of Insurance :

1. Life Insurance
2. Non Life Insurance (General)

1) Life Insurance : LIC offers schemes, policies and plans to investors. Particularly the main objective of UC is giving protecting against risk of death and channalizing the funds for the benefits and the economy in the socially oriented sectors during 2013 -14.

Life Insurance under wrote first – year premium of ₹ 1,19,641 crore as against ₹ 1,07,361 crore during 2012-13 registering a growth of 11.44 percent.

2) Non Life Insurance (General): The general insurance companies deal with non life insurance. The GIC was approved as the Indian Reinsurer on 3^rd November 2000. It offers fire, marine, motor, health and other insurance. During 2013-14, non-life insurance including stand lone health insurance and specialize insurance (Export Credit Guarantee Scheme) and Agriculture Insurance Company (AIQ underwrote premium worth ₹ 77,584 crore as against ₹ 69,089 crore during 2012 -13 registering a growth of 12.23 percent.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Service sector [A.P. Mar 17]
Answer:
Service sector is also known as tertiary sector. Service sector is the life, line for the social and economic growth of a country. The service sector activities include trade, transport, communications, banking, insurance, education, health, energy, marketing etc., all these facilities and services constitutes collectively the tertiary sector.

Question 2.
Infrastructure
Answer:
An umbrella term for service activities in the economy. Infrastructure is categorized into two groups. They are economic infrastructure and social infrastructure.

Question 3.
Transport
Answer:
Transport means conveyance of people or property from one place to another. These services provide a link between production distribution and consumption activities. Road ways, railways, airways, waterways are the important means of transport.

Question 4.
Water Transport
Answer:
Water Transport is the another important means of transport. Shipping is an important indicator of both commodity and service trade of any country. Water transport in India is of two types. They are the land water transport and International water transport (Shipping).

Question 5.
Civil Aviation
Answer:
Air transport has a vital role in the economic development of the country. It is the modem and quickest transport. In India the first commercial flight started on February 18^th, 19.11. The real progress in civil aviation started in 1920.

Question 6.
Tourism [A.P. Mar. 17, 16]
Answer:
Tourism is the sub-sector of tertiary sector in general and services industry in particular. Tourism as “the activities of persons travelling and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.

Question 7.
LIC [A.P. Mar. 18, 16]
Answer:
Life Insurance Corporation of India was set up in 1956. UC has its central office at Mumbai with 7 Zonal offices, 101 divisional offices and 2,048 branch offices. It mobilise savings of the public to invest in the industrial securities.

Question 8.
GIC
Answer:
General Insurance Industry in India was nationalized in 1972 and a government company known as General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) was established. There are four GIC companies.

1. National Insurance Company Limited
2. New India Assurance Company Limited
3. Oriental Insurance Company Limited
4. United India Insurance Company Limited. The GIC deal with non-life insurance.

Question 9.
Micro – Insurance [A.P. Mar. 18]
Answer:
A system that blends insurance with savings and credit practices. The member of self help groups, farmers, migrant workers and tribals are the target groups for this micro finance. This insurance offers both individuals and group insurance services.

Question 10.
Communication
Answer:
The communication system is an integral part of the development process. Communication means the transmission of information. By providing necessary information about markets and supply of goods. It consists of posts of telegraphs, telecommunications broadcasting, television etc.

Question 11.
Science and Technology
Answer:
Science and technology are ideas and means with which man seeks to change his environment. Science represents accumulation of knowledge, while technology represents ‘refinement in tools. These two have helped to improve the quality of human life.

Question 12.
Performance of software industry
Answer:
The software industry is the main component of the information technology in India. India’s pool of young-aged man power is the key behind this success story. Presently there are more then 500 software forms in the country. Global software gaints like Microsoft, Oracle etc.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material 10th Lesson Chemistry In Everyday Life Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material 10th Lesson Chemistry In Everyday Life

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are drugs ?
Answer:
Drug : The chemicals of low molecular masses ranging from 100 to 500 U that react with macromolecular targets to produce biological response are called drugs.
E.g.: Morphine, Codeine, Heroin etc.,

Question 2.
When are the drugs called medicines ?
Answer:
When the biological response of a drug is therapeutic arid useful then the chemical substances (drugs) are called medicines.

Question 3.
Define the term chemotherapy.
Answer:
Chemotherapy : The use of medicines (chemical substances) in the treatment of diseases is called chemotherapy.
In chemotherapy diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases involved.

Question 4.
Name the macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.
Answer:
The macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and enzymes.

Question 5.
What are enzymes and receptors ?
Answer:
Enzymes : The proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts in the body are called enzymes.
Receptors : The proteins which are crucial to communication system in the body are called receptors.

Question 6.
Which forces are involved in holding the drug to the active site of enzymes ?
Answer:
The forces involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes are ionic bonds, vander waal’s forces, hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions etc.,

Question 7.
What are enzyme inhibitors ?
Answer:
The drugs which inhibits the catalytic activity of enzymes and can block the binding site of the enzyme and prevent the binding of substrate are called enzyme inhibitors.

Question 8.
What is allosteric site ?
Answer:
Some drugs do not bind to the enzyme’s active site and bind to a different site of enzyme. This different site of enzyme is called allosteric site.

Question 9.
What are antagonists and agonists ?
Answer:
Antagonists : The drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonists.

• These are useful when blocking of message is required.

Agonists : The drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on receptors are called agonists.

• These are useful when there is lack of natural chemical messenger.

Question 10.
Why do we need to classify the drugs in different ways ?
Answer:

1. By knowing the pharmacological effect it makes easy for doctors.
2. Antacid can be used in case of excessive acidity in stomach.

Question 11.
What are antacids ? Give example. [Mar. 14]
Answer:
Antacids : Chemicals that remove the excess of acid in the stomach and maintain the pH to normal level are antacids. E.g. : Omeprazole, Lansoprozole etc.,

Question 12.
What are antihistamines ? Give example.
Answer:
Antihistamines : Chemicals that prevent the interaction of histamines with receptors of the stomach wall thus producing less amount of acid are antihistamines.
E.g. : Dimetapp, Terfenadine (Seldane).

Question 13.
While antacids and antiallergic drugs interfere with the function of histamines why do not these interfere with the function of each other ?
Answer:
Antacids and antiallergic drugs donot interfere with the function of each other because they work on different receptors in the body.

Question 14.
What are tranquilizers ? Give example.
Answer:
Tranquilizers : The drugs which are used in the management (or) treatment of psychoes and neuroses are called tranquilizers.
E.g.: Luminal, Seconal, Barbituric acid etc.,

Question 15.
What are barbiturates ?
Answer:
Barbiturates : Derivatives of barbituric acid which functions as important class of tranquilizers are called barbiturates.
E.g.: Veronal, Amytatt etc.,

Question 16.
What are analgesics ? How are they classified ?
Answer:
Analgesics : These are to reduce or totally abolish pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination, paralysis, disturbances of nervous system etc. Analgesics are classified as

1. Narcotic analgesics : These are most potent and clinically useful agents causing depression of central nervous system and at the same time act as strong analgesics.
   E.g. : Morphine, Codeine etc.
2. Non-narcotic analgesics : These drugs are analgesics but they have no addictive properties. Their analgesic use is limited to mild aches and pains.
   E.g.: Aspirin, Ibuprofen etc.

Question 17.
What are narcotic analgesics ? Give example.
Answer:
Narcotic analgesics: These are most potent and clinically useful agents causing depression of central nervous system and at the same time act as strong analgesics.
E.g. : Morphine, Codeine etc.

Question 18.
What are non-narcotic analgesics ? Give example.
Answer:
Non-narcotic analgesics: These drugs are analgesics but they have no addictive properties. Their analgesic use is limited to mild aches and pains.
E.g.: Aspirin, Ibuprofen etc.

Question 19.
What are antimicrobials ?
Answer:
Antimicrobials : The chemical substances which destroy (or) prevent the developement (or) inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus are called antimicrobials.
E.g.: Lysozyme, Lactic acid etc.,

Question 20.
What are antibiotics ? Give example. [T.S. Mar. 19; A.P. Mar. 16]
Answer:
Antibiotics: The chemical substances produced by micro organisms and inhibit the growth or destroy microorganisms are called antibiotics.
(Or)
The substance produced totally or partly by chemical synthesis which in low concentration inhibits the growth (or) destroy microorganism by intervening in their metabolic process are called antibiotics.
E.g. : Penicillin, Chloramphenicol etc.

Question 21.
What are antiseptics ? Give example. [T.S. Mar. 19; A.P. Mar. 19, 15]
Answer:
Antiseptics : The chemical compounds that kill (or) prevent the growth of micro organism are called antiseptics.
Antiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.
E.g. : Dettol, Bithional etc.

Question 22.
What are disinfectants ? Give example.
Answer:
Disinfectants : The chemical compounds used for killing (or) preventing the growth of microorganism are called disinfectants.

• These are applied to inanimate objects like floors, drainage systems etc…
  E.g.:
  • 4% aqueous solution of formaldehyde called formalin is a disinfectant
  • 0.3 ppm chlorine aqueous solution is disinfectant.
  • SO₂ in very low concentration is disinfectant.

Question 23.
Name a substance which can be used as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant.
Answer:
Phenol is used as antiseptic as well as disinfectant.

1. 0.2% phenol is antiseptic.
2. 1% phenol is disinfectant.

Question 24.
What is the difference between antiseptics and disinfectants ?
Answer:
Antiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.
Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments etc.

Question 25.
What are the main constituents of dettol ?
Answer:
Dettol (antiseptic) is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol.

Question 26.
What is tincture of iodine ? What is its use ?
Answer:
Tincture of iodine (antiseptic) is a mixture of 2 – 3% Iodine solution in alcohol-water.

Question 27.
What are antifertility drugs ? Give example.
Answer:
Antifertility drugs: These are birth control pills and contain a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives.
E.g. : Norethindrone, Ethynylestradiol (novestrol)

Question 28.
Why chemicals are added to food ?
Answer:
Chemicals are added to food for

1. preservation
2. enhancing their appeal
3. adding nutritive value in them.

Question 29.
Name different categories of food additives.
Answer:
The following are the categories of food additives.

1. Food colours
2. Flavours and sweetners
3. Fat Emulsifiers and stabilising agents
4. Anti oxidants
5. Flour improvers – antistaling agents and bleaches
6. Preservatives .
7. Nutritional supplements such as minerals, vitamins and amino acids.

Question 30.
What are artificial sweetening agents ? Give example. [A.P. Mar. 16; 15]
Answer:
The chemical substances which are used instead of sucrose (or) sugar are called artificial sweetening agents.
E.g.: Aspartame, Alitame, saccharin.
These decrease the calorific intake and at the same time several times sweater than sucrose.

Question 31.
Why do we require artificial sweetening agents ?
Answer:

1. Artificial sweetening agents are very useful to diabetic persons.
2. These decrease the calorific in take and at the same time several times sweeter than sucrose.
3. These are harmless.

Question 32.
Why is the use of aspartame limited to cold foods and drinks ?
Answer:
Aspartame is unstable at cooking temperature so it’s use is limited to cold foods and soft drinks. –

Question 33.
Name the sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.
Answer:
The sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient is saccharin (or) sucralose. It is stable at cooking temperature.

Question 34.
What problem does arise in using alitame as artificial sweetener ?
Answer:
While using alitame as artificial sweetener, the control of sweetness of food is difficult. Alitame is a high potency sweetner.

Question 35.
What are food preservatives ? Give example.
Answer:
The chemical substances which prevent the spoilage of food due to microbial growth are called food preservatives.
E.g.: Sodium benzoate, Salt of sorbic acid etc.

Questions 36.
Name two most familiar antioxidants used as food additives.
Answer:
The most familiar antioxidants are butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA)

Question 37.
What is saponification ?
Answer:
The process of formation of soaps Containing sodium salts by heating esters of fatty acid with aq. NaOH solution is called saponification.

Questions 38.
What are soaps chemically ?
Answer:
Chemically soaps are sodium (OF) potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.
E.g.: Sodium stearate.

Question 39.
Why do soaps not work in hard water ?
Answer:
In hard water Ca, Mg-dissolved salts are present. Ca⁺², Mg⁺² ions form insoluble Ca, Mg, soaps respectively when sodium (or) potassium soaps are dissolved in hard water.

1. These insoluble soaps separate as scum in water and are useless as cleansing agent. These are problematic to good washing because the ppt adheres into the fibres of cloth as gummy mass.
2. Hair washed with hard water looks dull.
3. Dye does not absorb evenly on cloth washed with soap using hard water due to this gummy mass.

Question 40.
What are synthetic detergents ?
Answer:
The cleasing agents which are having all the properties of soaps but do not contain any soap are called synthetic detergents.
Synthetic detergents can be used both in soft and hard water as they give foam even in hard water.
E.g.: Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate.

Question 41.
What is the difference between a soap and a synthetic detergent ?
Answer:

1. Generally soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fattyacids.
2. Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents having all the properties of soaps and do not contain any soap.
3. Soaps do not work in hard water but synthetic detergents can be used both in soft and hard water as they give foam even in hard water. Some of the detergents give foam even in ice cold water.

Question 42.
How are synthetic detergents better than soaps ? [Mar 14]
Answer:
Soaps do not work in hard water but synthetic detergents can be used both in soft and hard water as they give foam even in hard water. Some of the detergents give foam even in ice cold water.

Question 43.
Name the different categories of synthetic detergents.
Answer:
Synthetic detergents are classified into three types

1. nionic detergents
2. Cationic detergents
3. Non-ionic detergents.

Question 44.
Can you use soaps and synthetic detergents to check the hardness of water ?
Answer:

1. Soaps are used to check the hardness of water because soaps form insoluble precipitate with hard water.
2. Detergents are soluble in both types of water i.e hardwater and soft water, so detergents are not used to check the hardness of water.

Question 45.
If water contains dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate, out of soaps and synthetic detergents which one will you use for cleaning clothes and why ?
Answer:
Water contains dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate is called hard water. This water form insoluble precipitate with soap. Synthetic detergents donot form this type of precipitates, so synthetic detergents are used for cleaning clothes with water containing dissolved Ca(HCO₃)₂.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the term target molecules or drug targets as used in medicinal chemistry.
Answer:
Drug Targets (or) Target molecules: Macro molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and enzymes which interact with the drugs are ailed drug targets (or) Target molecules.

Question 2.
Explain the catalytic action of enzymes as drug targets.
Answer:
a) Catalytic action of Enzymes : In the enzyme catalytic activity it performs two functions

1. The first function of an enzyme is to hold the substrate for a chemical reaction. Substrate bind to active site of enzyme through ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, vander waal force etc.
2. The second function of an enzyme is to provide functional groups that will attack the substrate, and carry out the chemical reaction.

b) Drug- Enzyme interaction :

1. Drugs which inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzymes are called Enzyme inhibitors.
2. Drugs which compete with the substrate for their attachment on active sites of enzymes are called competitive inhibitors.
   

Question 3.
Explain the drug – enzyme interaction.
Answer:
Explanation of drug – Target interaction with Enzymes :

1. The proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts in the body are called enzymes.
2. The binding of inhibitor ai allosteric site changes the shape of the active site.
3. If the bond formed between an enzyme and an inhibitor is a strong covalent bond it cannot be broken easily In this case enzyme is blocked permanently and the body then degrades the enzyme-inhibitoi complex and synthesises the new enzyme.
   

Question 4.
Why are cimetidine and ranitidine better antacids than sodium hydrogen carbonate or magnesium hydroxide or aluminium hydroxide.
Answer:
Sodium hydrogen carbonate or magnesium hydroxide (or) aluminium hydroxide treatment as antacids control only symptoms and not the cause. In advanced stages, ulcers become life threatening and only treatment is removal of affected part of stomach.
The drugs cinetidine, ranitidine prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach wall and results in release of lesser amount of acid.
So cinetidine, ranitidine are better antacids than NaHCO₃ (or) Mg(OH)₂ (or) Al(OH)₃.

Question 5.
Low level of noradrenaline in the cause of depression. What type of drugs are needed to cure this problem ? Name two drugs.
Answer:
If the level of Noradrenaline is low then the signal sending activity becomes low and the person suffers from depression. In this situations antidepressant drugs (tranquilizers) are required, These drugs inhibit the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline. If the enzyme is inhibited, this important neurotransmitter is slowly metabolised and can activate its receptor for longer periods of time.

Two important antidepressant drugs are IProniazid and phenelzine.

Question 6.
What are analgesics ? How are they classified ? Give examples. [T.S. & A.P. Mar. 19]
Answer:
Analgesics : These are to reduce or totally abolish pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination, paralysis, disturbances of nervous system etc.
Analgesics are classified as

1. Narcotic analgesics : These are most potent and clinically useful agents causing depression of central nervous system and at the same time act as strong analgesics.
   E.g. : Morphine, Codeine etc.
2. Non-narcotic analgesics : These drugs are analgesics but they have no addictive properties. Their analgesic use is limited to mild aches and pains.
   E.g.: Aspirin, Ibuprofen etc.

Question 7.
What are different types of microbial drugs ? Give one example for each.
Answer:
Antimicrobials : The chemical substances which destroy or prevent the developement (or) inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus are called antimicrobials.
E.g.: Lysozyme, Lactic acid etc.,
Different types of antimicrobial drugs are antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants.
1) Antibiotics : The chemical substances produced by micro organisms and inhibit the growth or destroy microorganisms are called antibiotics.
(Or)
The substance produced totally or partly by chemical synthesis in low concentration inhibits the growth (or) destroy microorganism by intervening in their metabolic process are called antibiotics.

2) Antiseptics: The chemical compounds that kill (or) prevent the growth of micro organism
are caiied antiseptics. .
Antiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.

3) Disinfectants : The chemical compounds used for killing (or) preventing the growth of microorganism are called disinfectants.
These are applied to inanimate objects like floors, drainage systems etc…
E.g.:

• 4% aqueous solution of formaldehyde called formalin is a disinfectant
• 0.3 ppm chlorine aqueous solution is disinfectant.
• SO₂ in very low concentration is disinfectant.

Question 8.
Write the characteristic properties of antibiotics.
Answer:
Characteristic properties of antibiotics :

1. Antibiotic drugs must be the products of metabolism. ,
2. Antibiotic drugs are effective in low concentration.
3. Antibiotic drug retards the growth (or) survival of microorganism.
4. Antibiotic should be a synthetic substance produced as a structural analogue of naturally occurring antibiotic.
5. Antibiotics have either cidal (killing) effect (or) a static (inhibiting) effect on microbes.
   E.g.: Penicillin, Ofloxacin are Bactericidal.
   Erythromycin, Tetracycline are Bacteriostatic.

Question 9.
What is meant by the term broad spectrum antibiotics ? Explain.
Answer:
The range of bacteria (or) other micro organisms that are effected by a certain antibiotic is expressed as its spectrum of action.
Broad spectrum antibiotics : Antibiotics which kill (or) inhibit a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are called broad spectrum antibiotics.

Question 10.
What are broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics ? Give one example for each.
Answer:
The range of bacteria (or) other micro organisms that are effected by a certain antibiotic is expressed as its spectrum of action.
Broad spectrum antibiotics : Antibiotics which kill (or) inhibit a wide range of gram¬positive and gram-negative bacteria are called broad spectrum antibiotics.

Narrow spectrum antibiotics: Antibiotics which are effective mainly against gram-positive (or) gram-negative bacteria are called narrow spectrum antibiotics,
E.g.: Penicillin – G is a narrow spectrum antibiotic.

Limited spectrum antibiotics : Antibiotics which are effective mainly against a single organism (or) disease are called as limited spectrum antibiotics.

Question 11.
Write notes on antiseptics and disinfectants.
Answer:
Antiseptics: The chemical compounds that kill (or) prevent the growth of micro organism are called antiseptics.
Antiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.
E.g.: Dettol, Bithional etc.
Phenol is used as antiseptic as well as disinfectant. 0.2% phenol is antiseptic.
Dettol (antiseptic) is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol.
Tincture of iodine (antiseptic) is a mixture of 2 – 3% Iodine solution in alcohol-water.

Disinfectants : The chemical compounds used for killing (or) preventing the growth of microorganism are called disinfectants.

1. These are applied to inanimate objects like floors, drainage systems etc…
   E.g.: 4% aqueous solution of formaldehyde called formalin is a disinfectant.
2. 0.3 ppm chlorine aqueous solution is disinfectant.
3. SO₂ in very low concentration is disinfectant.

Phenol is used as antiseptic as well as disinfectant 1% phenol is disinfectant.

Question 12.
How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants ? Does the same substance be used as both ? Give one example for each.
Answer:
Antiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.
Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments etc.
Phenol is used as antiseptic as well as disinfectant.
i) 0.2% phenol is antiseptic.
ii) 1% phenol is disinfectant.

1. Examples of Antiseptics :
   • Dettol (antiseptic) is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol.
   • Tincture of iodine (antiseptic) is a mixture of 2.3% Iodine solution in alcohol-water.
2. Examples of disinfectants :
   • 4% aqueous solution of formaldehyde called formalin is a disinfectant.
   • 0.3 ppm chlorine aqueous solution is disinfectant.
   • SO₂ in very low concentration is disinfectant.

Phenol is used as anti in very low concentration is disinfectant.

Question 13.
What are the main categories of food additives ?
Answer:
The following are the categories of food additives.

1. Food colours
2. Flavours and sweetners
3. Fat Emulsifiers and stabilising agents
4. Anti oxidants
5. Flour improvers – antistaling agents and bleaches
6. Preservatives
7. Nutritional supplements such as minerals, vitamins and amino acids.

Question 14.
Write notes on antioxidants in food.
Answer:
Antioxidants :

• Antioxidants are important and necessary food additives.
• Antioxidants help in food preservation by retarding the action of oxygen on food. Antioxidants are more reactive towards, oxygen than the food material which they protecting.
• The most familiar antioxidants are Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA).
• The addition of BHA to butter increases its shelf life from months to years.
• BHT and BHA along with citric acid are added to produce more antioxidant effect.
• SO₂ and sulphites are useful anti Oxidants for wine and beer, sugar syrups and cut, peeled (or) dried fruits and vegetables.

Question 15.
Name different types of soaps.
Answer:
The following are the different types of soaps.

1. Toilet soaps
2. Soaps that float in water
3. Medicated soaps
4. Shaving soaps
5. Laundry soaps
6. Soap powders and scouring soaps etc.

Question 16.
Explain the following terms with suitable examples.
i) Cationic detergents
ii) Anionic detergents
iii) Non-ionic detergents
Answer:
Synthetic detergents are classified into three types.
i) Cationic detergents : These are synthetic detergents.
a) Cationic detergents are quarternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides (or) bromides as anions.

b) Cationic part possess a long hydrocarbon chain and a positive charge on nitrogen atom. Hence these are called catiomc detergents.
E.g. : Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide
It is used in hair conditioners.

ii) Anionic Detergents: These are synthetic detergents.
a) Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols (or) hydrocarbons.
b) Anionic detergents are formed by the treatment of long chain alcohols with conc. H₂SO₄ followed by the neutralisation with alkali.
E.g.: Sodium lauryl sulphate.

These are used for house hold work and in tooth pastes.

iii) Non-ionic detergents : These are synthetic detergents.
a) Non-ionic detergents do not contain any ion in their constitution.
b) The detergent formed by the reaction of stearic acid with poly ethylene glycol is an example of non ionic detergent.

Non-ionic detergents are used in liquid dish washing purpose.

Question 17.
What are biodegradable and non-bio degradable detergents ? Give one example for each.
Answer:

1. Biodegradable detergents :
   The detergents which are degraded (or) decomposed by micro organisms are called biodegradable detergents. Biodegradable detergents have less branching.
   These do not cause water pollution.
   E.g.: n-dodecyle benzene sulphonate, soap (non synthetic),
2. Non Biodegradable detergents :
   The detergents which are not decomposed (or) degraded by microbes (or) micro organisms are called non-biodegradable detergents. These have more branching.
   These cause water pollution.
   E.g.: ABS detergent.

Question 18.
Explain the cleansing action of soaps.
Answer:
Soap is sodium stearate, C₁₇H₃₅COONa, in water soap gives the ions stearate anion and sodium ion.

Cleansing action of soap : Soap anions form a micelle. The grease or dirt of the cloth are absorbed into the interior of the micelle. The tails of the anion are pegged into micelle and these micelle are washed away with the soap solution.

The main function of the soap is therefore, to convert the oily and greasy dirt on the cloth into large colloidal particles. For this a critical concentration of soap solution is required. Soap thus, functions as an emulsifying agent for the water – dirt emulsion. The emulsified grease or dirt is then washed away with soap solution.

Question 19.
Label the hydrophilic and. hydrophobic parts in the following compounds.
i) CH₃ (CH₂)₁₀ CH₂ OSO^–₃ Na⁺
ii) CH₃(CH₂)₁₅N⁺(CH₃)₃ Br^–
iii) CH₃ (CH₂)₁₆ COO (CH₂ CH₂O)_n CH₂ CH₂ OH
Answer:

Question 20.
Draw the structures of following:
i) Serotonin
ii) Bithionol
iii) Chloramphenicol
iv) saccharin
Answer:

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe the classification of drugs into different classes.
Answer:
Classification of drugs : Drugs are classified in different ways.

1. On the basis of drug action : Based on the actions of drugs on particular biochemical processes they are classified as
   • Antibacterials
   • Antibiotics
   • Hypnotics
   • Sedatives and tranquilizers
   • Cardio vascular drugs
   • Antiseptics etc.
2. On the basis of molecular targets : Biomolecules like Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids etc. react with drugs. These biomolecules are called drug targets or simply target molecules.
3. On the basis of chemical structure : The drugs with some common structural features generally show similar pharmacological activity.
   E.g.: Sulfonamides have common structural feature.
   So they have same chemotherapeutic action.
4. On the basis of pharmocological effect:
   This type of classification is useful for doctors because it provides them the whole range of drugs available for the treatment.
   E.g.: Analgesics have pair killing effect.

Question 2.
Describe briefly the therapeutic action of different classes of drugs.
Answer:
The therapeutic action of different classes of drugs discussed below.
Antacids : Chemicals that remove the excess of acid in the stomach and maintain the pH to normal level are antacids.
E.g. : Omeprazole, Lansoprazole etc.,

Antihistamines : Chemicals that prevent the interaction of histamines with receptors of the stomach wall thus producing less amount of acid are anti histamines.
E.g.: Dimetapp, Terfenadine (Seldane)

Tranquilizers : The drugs which are used in the management (or) treatment of psychoes and neuroses are called tranquilizers
E.g.: Luminal, Seconal, Barbituric acid etc.,

Barbiturates : Derivatives of barbituric acid which functions as important class of tranquilizers are called barbiturates
E.g.: Veronal, Amytal etc.,

Analgesics : These are to reduce or totally abolish pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination, paralysis, disturbances of nervous system etc.
Analgesics are classified as

1. Narcotic analgesics : These are most potent and clinically useful agents causing depression of central nervous system and at the same time act as strong analgesics.
   E.g.: Morphine, Codeine etc.
2. Non-narcotic analgesics : These drugs are analgesics but they have no addictive properties. Their analgesic use is limited to mild aches and pains.
   E.g. : Aspirin, Ibuprofen etc.

Antimicrobials : The chemical substances which destroy (or) prevent the developement (or) inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus are called antimicrobials. E.g.: Lysozyme, Lactic acid etc.,

Antibiotics: The chemical substances produced by micro Organisms and inhibit the growth or destroy microorganisms are called antibiotics. .
(Or)
The substance produced totally or partly by chemical synthesis in low concentration inhibits the growth (or) destroy microorganism by intervening in their metabolic process are called antibiotics.
E.g. : Penicillin, Chloramphenicol etc.

Antiseptics : The chemical compounds that kill (or) prevent the growth of micro organism are called antiseptics.
Antiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.

Disinfectants : The chemical compounds used for killing (or) preventing the growth of microorganism are called disinfectants.
These are applied to inanimate objects like floors, drainage systems etc.
E.g.:

1. 4% aqueous solution of formaldehyde called formalin is a disinfectant.
2. 0.3 ppm chlorine aqueous solution is disinfectant.
3. SO₂ in very low concentration is disinfectant.

Antifertility drugs: These are birth control pills and contains a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives.
E.g. : Norethindrone, Ethynylestradiol (novestrol).

Question 3.
Write an essay on antimicrobials.
Answer:
Antimicrobials : The chemical substances which destroy or prevent the developement (or) inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus are called antimicrobials
E.g. : Lysozyme, Lactic acid etc.,
Different types of anti microbial drugs are antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants.

Question 4.
Write notes on the following : [T.S. Mar. 16]
i) Artificial sweetening agents
ii) Food preservatives
iii) Antioxidants in food.
Answer:
i) Artificial sweetening agents: The chemical substances which are used instead of sucrose (or) sugar are called artificial sweetening agents.
E.g.: Aspartame, Alitame, saccharin.

1. These decrease the calorific intake and at the same time several times sweeter than sucrose.
2. Artificial sweetening agents are very useful to diabetic persons.
3. These are harmless.
4. Aspartame is unstable at cooking temperature so it’s use is limited to cold foods and soft drinks.
5. The sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient is saccharin (or) sucralose. It is stable at cooking tenperature.
6. While using alitame as artificial sweetener, the control of sweetness of food is difficult. Alitame is a high potency sweetner.

ii) Food preservatives : The chemical substances which prevent the spoilage of food due to microbial growth are called food preservatives.
Sodium benzoate, C₆H₅COONa is the most important food preservative used in limited quantities and is metabolised by conversion into hippuricacid. Which is finally excreted in the urine. Salts of sorbicacid, propionic acid are also food presevatives.

iii) Antioxidants :

1. Antioxidants are important and necessary food additives.
2. Antioxidants help in food preservation by retarding the action of oxygen on food.
3. Antioxidants are more reactive towards oxygen than the food material which they protecting.
4. The most familiar anti oxidants are Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA).
5. The addition of BHA to butter increases its shelf life from months to years.
6. BHT and BHA along with citric acid are added to produce more antioxidant effect.
7. SO₂ and sulphits are useful anti oxidants for wine and beer, sugar syrups and cut, peeled (or) dried fruits and vegetables.

Question 5.
Write notes on the following :
i) Soaps
ii) Synthetic detergents.
Answer:
i) Soaps : 1) Soaps are the detergents which improve cleansing properties of water and help in removal of fats which bind other materials to the fabric (or) skin.
Chemically soaps are sodium (or) potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.
E.g.: Sodium stearate.
The process of formation of soaps containing sodium salts by heating esters of fatty acid with aq. NaOH solution is called saponification.
Only sodium and potassium soaps are soluble in water and are used for cleaning purpose. Potassium soaps are soft to the skin and are prepared by using KOH instead of NaOH.

Types of soaps :
The following are the different types of soaps

1. Toilet soaps
2. Soaps that float in water
3. Medicated soaps
4. Shaving soaps
5. Laundry soaps –
6. Soap powders and scouring soaps etc.

In hard water Ca, Mg-dissolved salts are present. Ca⁺², Mg⁺² ions form insoluble Ca, Mg, soaps respectively when sodium (or) potassium soaps are dissolved in hard water.

1. These insoluble soaps separate as scum in water and are useless as cleansing agent. These are problematic to good washing because the ppt adheres into the fibres of cloth as gummy mass.
2. Hair washed with hard water looks dull.
3. Dye does not absorb evenly on cloth washed with soap using hard water due to this gummy mass.

ii) Synthetic detergents : The cleansing agents which are having all the properties of soaps but donot contain any soap are called synthetic detergents.
Synthetic detergents can be used both is soft and hardwater as they give foam even in hard water.
E.g. : Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate.
Soaps do not work in hard water but synthetic detegents can be used both in soft and hard water as they give foam even in hard water. Some of the detergents give foam even in ice cold water.

Synthetic Detergents are classified into three types :
i) Cationic detergents : These are synthetic detergents.
a) Cationic detergents are quarternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides (or) bromides as anions.

b) Cationic part possess a long hydrocarbon chain and a positive charge on nitrogen atom. Hence these are called cationic detergents.
E.g. : Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide.
It is used in hair conditioners.

ii) Anionic Detergents :
These are synthetic detergents.
a) Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols (or) hydro-carbons.
b) Anionic detergents are formed by the treatment of long chain alcohols with cone, H2S04 followed by the neutralisation with alkali.
E.g. : Sodium lauryl sulphate.

These are used for house hold work and in tooth pastes.

iii) Non-ionic detergents : .
These are synthetic detergents.
a) Non-ionic detergents donot contain any ion in their constitution.
b) The detergent formed by the reaction of stearic acid with poly ethylene glycol is an example of non ionic detergent.

Non-ionic detergents are used in liquid dish washing purpose.

Intext Questions

Question 1.
Sleeping pills are recommended by doctors to the patients suffering from sleeplessness but it is not advisable to take its doses without consultation with the doctor. Why ?
• Consider the effect of tranquilizers or antidepressants on the nervous system.
Solution:
Sleeping pills contain drugs that may be tranquilizers or antidepressants. They affect the nervous system, relieve anxiety, stress, irritability or excitement. But they should strictly be used under the supervision of a doctor. If not, the uncontrolled and over dosage can cause harm to the body and mind because in higher doses these drugs act as poisons.

Question 2.
With reference to which classification has the statement, “ranitidine is an antacid” been given ?
Solution:
This statement refers to the classification of drugs according to pharmacological effect because in neutralizes the acidity (excess) of stomach.

Question 3.
Why do we require artificial sweetening agents ?
• Mention the function of natural sweeteners, discuss the same for artificial sweeteners.
Solution:
Natural sweeteners (sucrose etc.) provide calories to the body. Taking extra calories is harmful
for diabetic patients. So, artificial sweeteners are used
(a) to control intake of calories and
(b) as a substitute of sugar for diabetics.

Question 4.
Write the chemical equation for preparing sodium soap from glyceryl oleate and glyceryl palmitate. Structural formulae of these compounds are given below.
i) (C₁₅H₃₁COO)₃ C₃H₅ – Glyceryl palmitate
ii) (C₁₇H₃₂COO)₃ C₃H₅ – Glyceryl oleate
• Consider the following method.

Solution:

Question 5.
Following types of non-ionic detergents are present in liquid detergents, emulsifying agents and wetting agents. Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in the molecule. Identify the functional group (s) present in the molecule.

Solution:

(b) Functional group : Ether and alcohol.