Srinivas

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 3 Animals and their Food to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 3 Animals and their Food

→ Different types of animals that live in our surroundings have their own food habits. (Way of taking in food and type of food taken)

→ Sucking, licking, pecking, chewing, peeling, swallowing are all the ways by which animals take in their food.

→ Plants and animals are the main sources of food in our surroundings.

→ Each animal has its own style of getting food. They track down, collected, grab or hunt and then use various parts of their body to take food into the mouth finally.

→ To locate the food most animals use a wide range of senses – Smell, sight, hearing, taste, and touch.

→ Different parts may be used to take the same type of food.

→ Beaks of different birds are used to eat different types of food.

→ Leeches stick onto the skin and suck the blood of cattle as well as humans.

→ Frog gets its food by its sticky tongue.

→ Animals are divided into three types on the basis of their food. They are herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.

→ Dogs eat food by using their sharp teeth and tongue.

→ Wild animals like lions, tigers have strong legs to run, sharp claws to catch and sharp teeth to tear flesh.

→ The food chain is the connection between the animals on the basis of their food habits.

→ The food chain consists of feeding levels known as producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.

→ Any living thing that uses the energy of the sun to make its own food is a producer.

→ All animals are consumers because they do not make their own food.

→ The food chain describes how organisms get energy and nutrients by eating other organisms.

→ The food chain explains the interdependence of diverse organisms in nature.

→ The decomposers help in the cycling of materials between producers, consumers, and soil.

→ Several food chains in an ecosystem are interconnected to form a food web.

→ Many animals live in colonies. Ex: Elephants, ants, honey bees.

→ The ant colony consists of workers, soldiers, female and male ants.

→ Food habit: The way a person or group eats.

→ Carnivore: Carnivores are animals that only eat animals. Ex: Wolf, Tiger, Lion.

→ Herbivores: Herbivores are animals that only eat plants. Ex: Cow, Deer.

→ OmnIvores: Omnivores are animals that eat both plants and animals. Ex: Crow, Hen, Man.

→ Rumination: To bring back swallowed food into the mouth. Ex Cow, Buffalo, Camel.

→ Food chaIn: A food chain shows the feeding relationship between different organisms in a particular habitat.

→ Producers: Producers are organisms that make their own food. Ex Green plants.

→ Consumers: The organisms that eat other organisms for food are called “Consumers”. Ex Deer, Tiger, Lion.

→ Decomposers: Decomposers are an organism thät breakdown dead or decaying organisms’: Micro-Organisms (Bacteria, Fungi)

→ Food Web: A food web is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what eats what is in a habitat.

→ Pet animals: An animal that you keep in your home to give you company or pleasure. Ex: Dog, cat, etc.

→ TrackIng: The act or the process of following something or source one.

→ Beak: The hard-pointed part of a bird’s mouth.

→ Reptiles: The vertebrates (having vertebral column) that crawl or move on their belly or on short legs. Ex: Snake, Lizard.

→ Natural scavenger: An organism or animal that feeds on waste, dead organic matter. They keep their surroundings clean in this manner. Ex: Crow, Vultures, Fungi, Microorganisms.

→ Wild animals: Wild animal Is an animal that is not tame: and lives on its own. Ex: Crow, Wolf, Squirrel.

→ RearIng: To take care and support up to maturity is called rearing.

→ Journal: The organisms that are active mainly in the daytime. Ex: Cow, Sheep, Goat, Hen, Man

→ Nocturnal: The organisms that are active mainly in the nighttime. Ex: Owl, Bat, Lizard.

→ PestIcides: A pesticide Is a chemical or other substance that is used to kill or prevent pests. Ex: Glycol

→ Insecticides: Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. Ex: Malathion, Pyrethrum.

→ Colony: A group of organisms of the same type living or growing together.

→ Primary Consumers: A primary consumer is an organism that feeds on producers for energy. Ex: Deer, Cow, Goat.

→ Secondary consumers: A secondary consumer is an organism that feeds on primary consumers for energy. Ex: Hen, Wolf, Fox, Fish.

→ Tertiary Consumers: A tertiary consumer is an organism that feeds on secondary consumers for energy. Ex: Tiger, Lion

→ Pond skater: A small insect that floats on the water surface.

→ Pest: An organism that may cause illness and damages the food crops.

→ Nectar: A sugar fluid secreted within the flowers.

→ RumInants: The animals that bring up food from their stomach and chew it again. Ex Cow, Camel.

→ Hunting: Chasing and killing of wild animals by other wild animals for food. Ex Tiger, Lion.

→ Ecosystem: It is an area of living organisms along with the non-living components of their environment.

→ Aphids: The insect which feeds on plant juices.

→ Frugivorous Animals
These animals feed mostly on raw fruits, succulent fruits-like vegetables, roots, shoots, nuts, and seeds. Frugivore can be any type of herbivore or omnivore where the fruit is a preferred food type. Because approximately 20% of all mammalian herbivores eat fruit, frugivory is common among mammals

→ Natural Scavengers
Crows and vultures that live in our surroundings usually eat waste, rotten food material, dead animals, etc. They keep our surroundings clean in this manner.

→ Ruminants
Animals like cows, buffalo, camels, etc., chew food very quickly, swallow and store it in a part of their stomach. After some time they take food material back from the stomach to the mouth and chew it again. This process is called rumination. These animals are called ruminants.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 7 Let us Measure to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 7 Let us Measure

→ Foot space, hand space, cubit are conventional methods to measure the lengths.

→ The standard unit of length is Meter.

→ The smallest unit of length is centimeter/millimeter (cm/mm) and the larger unit of length is Meter / Kilometer (m/km).

→ The measurement of the extent of plane surface occupied by an object is Area.

→ A square centimeter (cm²) is a standard unit to measure the area of a surface.

→ Volume is a measurement of the extent of space occupied by an object.

→ The volume of solids is measured in cubic meters, cubic centimeters.

→ The volume of liquids is measured in liters or milliliters.

→ We need standard instruments to measure lengths accurately.

→ The area is a measure of the extent of the plane surface occupied by an object.

→ France made a certain length of rod made of special material of platinum-iridium called a meter.

→ The original scale is preserved in the museum of France.

→ In our daily life, we use different types of measurements like plain type roll type centimeter scale of different sizes made up of wood iron, and plastic.

→ While measuring the length of objects the zero point of scale should be consisting the starting of an object

→ The perimeter of the bucket and perimeters of Kadai is examples of curved surfaces

→ For measuring the volume of liquids in laboratories like milk and oil etc., they use measuring cylinders

→ The volume of the box is = Length × Breadth × Height

→ Measure:‘ The unit used to know the size and weight of an object

→ The standard unit of area: A level of quality

→ Volume: The extent of space occupied by a body

→ Regular Surface: A systematic area whose length and breadth can easily measure

→ Irregular Surface: An unsystematic, changeable area whose length and breadth cannot easily measure

→ Rectangular body: A plane figure with four straight sides and four right angles. with opposite sides are parallel and of equal length.

→ Measuring cylinder: A long hollow tube which is using to measure the volume of liquids and solids

→ Graph Paper: A paper with equal designs and used to measure the area of irregular surface bodies

→ Yard: The distance between nose and tip of the middle fingers

→ Area: The surface occupied by an object

→ Handspan: The gap between thumb line and little finger

→ Cubit: The length between elbow and tip of the middle finger

→ Tarragona: A famous rural game in ÆP. gilildanda (karrabilla)

→ Feet: 12 inches of length in feet

→ Scale: The universal unit to measure length and width

→ Meter: 100 cm length is a meter

→ “Live and Let Live”:
You must have noticed that the volumes of liquids are written ¡ri ml while those of solids are written in cm³. Do you know the relation between these two units? The two units are related as follows: 1 ml = 1 cm³

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 10 Basic Electric Circuits to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 10 Basic Electric Circuits

→ The cell is the source of electrical energy in a torchlight.

→ The cell has two terminals, (+) and (-).

→ Do not connect the two terminals of a cell with a single wire.

→ The bulb consists of a filament that gives light and two terminals.

→ A circuit consists of a cell (power source), a bulb, and connecting wires.

→ An electric circuit provides a complete path for electricity to flow between the cell and the bulb.

→ Electricity requires a closed path for it to flow.

→ A switch helps us to allow or break the flow of electricity in a circuit.

→ The flow of electricity in a circuit is called a current.

→ A torchlight consists of a cell, a bulb, and a switch.

→ Substances that allow the flow of electricity are known as conductors of electricity.

→ Substances that do not allow the flow of electricity are known as insulators.

→ The electric bulb was invented by Thomas Alva Edison.

→ Electricity: The flow of electrons is known as electricity.

→ Cell: Cell is the source of energy. An electric cell is a sort of container that produces electricity from the chemical stored inside it.

→ Bulb: An electric bulb is a device that produces light when electricity is passed through its terminals. There are different types of bulbs.

→ Fused bulb: A bulb is said to be fused if the filament gets broken. The fused bulb does not glow.

→ Terminals: The terminal is a point of connection for closing an electric circuit, Cell has two terminals ‘+’ and ‘-‘. The bulb also has two terminals ‘+‘ and ‘-‘.

→ Filament: The metal resistance wire inside a bulb that transfers electrical energy to light.

→ Switch: A device for making and breaking the connection in an electric circuit.

→ Circuit: An electrical circuit is a path in which electrons from a current source flow.

→ Conductor: The material which permits (allow) the electric current to pass through it.

→ Insulator: The material which resists the current to flow through them.

→ Tungsten: A type of metal used for making filaments.

→ LED bulb: LED stands for the light-emitting diode. It is an energy efficiency bulb.

→ Electric shock: A reflex response to the passage of electric current through the body.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 6 Fun with Magnets to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 6 Fun with Magnets

→ Lodestone is a natural magnet.

→ Man-made magnets are of different shapes i.e. bar magnets, horseshoe magnets, ring-type magnets, Disc magnets, cylindrical, etc.

→ The materials that are attracted by magnets are called magnetic materials. Ex: Iron, Steel, Cobalt, etc.

→ The materials that are not attracted by magnets are called non-magnetic materials. Ex: Glass, Wood, paper, etc,

→ A bar magnet always has two ends whose attracting capacity is more than the other parts of it. The poles of the magnet lie at these ends.

→ Each magnet has two magnetic poles: North and South.

→ Like Poles (N-N, S-S) repel each other and unlike poles (N-S, S-N) attract each other.

→ A freely suspended magnet always aligns in the North-South direction.

→ The directional property of magnets is used to make a magnetic compass.

→ The magnetic compass is an instrument that is used to find directions.

→ The magnetic property possessed by a magnetic substance due to the presence of a magnet near to it is called magnetic induction.

→ Magnets lose their properties if they are heated or dropped from a height or hit with a hammer or placed near cell phones, computers, DVDs.

→ Improper storage can also cause magnets to lose their properties.

→ We use various equipment with magnets in our day-to-day life such as Speakers, electric motors, door locks, pin holders, magnetic cranes-etc.

→ Electromagnetic trains work on the principle of electromagnetic levitation.

→ Magnet: any material capable of attracting iron and producing a magnetic field outside itself.

→ Magnetic materials: the materials that are attracted by magnets are called magnetic materials.

→ Non-magnetic materials: the materials that are not attracted by magnets are called non-magnetic materials.

→ North pole: End part of the freely suspended magnet that points towards north.

→ South pole: End part of the freely suspended magnet that points towards the south.

→ Magnetic compass: A compass that is used with a magnetized needle is called a magnetic compass.

→ Like poles: Same poles of two magnets, either N – N or S – S. They repel each other.

→ Unlike poles: Different poles of two magnets, either N – S or S – N. They attract each other.

→ AttractIon: a force by which things are pulled towards each other

→ Repulsion: a force under the influence of which objects tend to move away from each other

→ Magnetic induction: the process by which an object or material is magnetized by an external magnetic field.

→ Magnetic levitation: magnetic levitation is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields.

→ Poles: each of the two opposite points on the surface of a magnet at which magnetic forces are strongest.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 9 Organisms and Habitat to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 9 Organisms and Habitat

→ There are living and non – living things around us.

→ Living things possess characteristics like growth, breathing, excretion, movement, response, and stimuli and giving birth to young ones.

→ Plants are also living things but can’t move like animals.

→ Our body produces different waste materials, sending these wastes out of the body is called excretion.

→ The organisms which lay eggs are oviparous and which give birth to young ones are called viviparous.

→ We can’t see microorganisms with our naked eyes. They can see only with a microscope.

→ The dead things are an intermediate stage between living and non-living things.

→ Seed is also a living thing but it does not have all characteristics of the living world.

→ Different organisms live in different places but many of them live in the same place.

→ The organisms usually stay in the places where most of their needs are met.

→ A habitat is a dwelling place for plants and animals that gives them optimum conditions for life.

→ Tree, pond, and house are some examples of habitat.

→ Temperature, moisture, air, water, food, shelter are the components of a habitat.

→ All the habitats may be broadly grouped into terrestrial and aquatic.

→ Habitats show the diversity of nature.

→ Birds often change habitat in search of better living conditions. For example, some birds change habitat before laying eggs.

→ We must not destroy habitats of other organisms to satisfy our needs, rather, we must try to protect them.

→ living thIngs: Things that have life

→ Non-living things: Things do not have life

→ Growth: Increasing in size

→ Breathing: Taking air into the body and sending out

→ Excretion: Removal of wastes from the body

→ Stimulus: Showing response to the reaction

→ Response: Reaction to stimulus

→ Micro-Organisms: The small organisms which cannot be seen with the naked eye

→ Microscope: An Instrument using for observing microorganisms

→ Habitat: The dwelling place of living things

→ Terrestrial habitat: Land living plants and animals

→ Aquatic habitat: Plants and animals which are living in the water

→ Orchard: Garden

→ Mangrove: Marshy soils on seashores

→ Locomotion: Movement of the body

→ Nutrition: Taking of food for health & growth

→ Adaptation: Changes in organisms to suit a new situation

→ DwellIng: LivIng place of organisms

→ Optimum: Possible options

→ Community: A group of the people


→ Live and Let Live”
Animals are partners in our habitat. They also have a right to live. We people are encroaching on their habitats. If we cut a tree, birds that live on it lose their nests and fall in danger. We often see dogs, cows, monkeys suffering from a lack of food and shelter. Some voluntary organizations work for animal rights and protection. We have to provide food and protect them. We should take it as our responsibility.

→ Cactus, Acacia, Aloe vera plants do not need much water. They are called Desert plants. We can see camels frequently in the desert. Desert plants and animals are suited to dry conditions and vast temperature differences. Different characteristics in the desert make up desert habitats.

→ Different kinds of birds come from long distances to the Kolleru and Pulicat lakes of our State. During the months of October to March, pelican birds appear on those lakes. Generally, we can see birds flying over long distances to find suitable conditions to reproduce. Animals like turtles and fish also move from place to place. Some kinds of turtles move away from the coasts of West Bengal and Odisha to the coasts of Visakhapatnam.

→ Have you heard about the Pulasa fish? Gather information about them. How and why do they change their habitat in some seasons.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 11 Indian Culture, Languages and Religions to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 11 Indian Culture, Languages and Religions

→ India has the greatest and unique heritage and culture. India is a combination of several customs and traditions.

→ Culture is a continuous process that we inherit from past generations to create future generations. It is a precious possession and a unique asset.

→ Culture is a way .of life of the people living in a society. The essential core of culture lies in the traditional ideas transmitted within a group.

→ Unity in diversity is one major feature of Indian culture which makes it unique. Indian culture is composite and dynamic.

→ The culture of India is very ancient. It began about 5,000 years ago. Indians made significant advances in yoga, architecture, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.

→ Language is a medium of communication. Man is the only living being on the earth who uses language. There is a close relationship between languages and culture.

→ Earlier people wrote on clothes, leaves, barks, etc. in the olden days. They used pens to write on the dried leaves. Initially, they drew pictures and symbols. Gradually the script developed.

→ Religion is a spiritual belief. It teaches a set of practices to live an enriched life.

→ The Vedas were carried from one generation to another through oral teaching.

→ The Indian sub-continent is the birthplace of a number of famous religions; namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, etc.

→ Hinduism is the world’s oldest religion. It is a way of life and also called ‘Sanatana dharma. It is based on the principles of universal truth. Ganesh Chaturthi, Dusserah, Diwali, etc., are some festivals celebrated by the Hindus. Tirumala in the Chittoor district located in Seshachalam hills is one of the prominent temples of the Hindus.

→ Mahavira was the famous Tirthankara in Jainism. Jain’s holy books are Triratnas. Gomateshwara Temple situated at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka is a historical Jain temple. Gomateshwara’s stature height is 57 feet. It is known as Bahubali. Bahubali was the first Tirthankara.

→ Gautama Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the most important Buddhist monuments. It was built in the third century BCE by the emperor Ashoka. It is counted among the best conserved ancient Stupas of central India.

→ Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in the world. The Bible is the holy book in the world. The Roman Catholic Church is the famous church in the world. The Pope is the head of the Roman Catholic Church. Vatican City is the smallest country in the world.

→ Mohammad is considered a prophet or messenger of Allah. The Kaaba is a building at the center of the Great Mosque of Mecca (Saudi Arabia). Mecca is the holiest city for Muslims. Muslim devotees attempt a hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca at least once in their lifetime if they can afford to do so.

→ Guru Nan$k was the founder of Sikhism. The Golden Temple located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab is known as the holiest Gurudwara and the most important pilgrimage site of Sikhs.

→ India is a land of diversities. The diversity is visible in the spheres of religion, language, creed, culture, lifestyle, dressing sense, faith in God, rituals of worship, eating different kinds of food, etc. Many kings of emperors like Chandragupta, Ashoka, Gauthamiputra Satakarni, Samudragupta, Akbar, etc. tried to unify the country politically.

→ Indians respect the great saints and philosophers who were born in all parts of the country like Mahavira, Buddha, Nanak, Kabir, Nizamuddin Auliya, Shaik Salim Chisti, Rabindranath Tagore, Dr. Radha Krishnan, etc.

→ People celebrate their festivals like Holi, Diwali, Eid, Christmas, Good Friday, Mahavir Jayanti, Buddha Jayanti, etc. very peacefully without disturbing other religious people.

→ The concept which is implying unity among people with diverse cultures and religions is known as “Unity in Diversity”.

→ Religion: the belief in God.

→ Worshipping: showing devotion to God.

→ Subcontinent: the southern peninsula of Asia, situated on the Indian Plate.

→ Language: a medium in which a person communicates his thoughts to others.

→ Script: the symbolic representation of the language.

→ Tirthankara: a spiritual teacher of the Dharma in Jainism.

→ Non-violence: the practice of being harmless.

→ Triratna’s: the Dharma, the Sangha, the Buddha ¡n Buddhism.

→ Enlightenment: the highest spiritual state.

→ Bodhi Vriksha: peepal tree.

→ Tripitikas: the sacred books of Buddhism.

→ Nirvana: a place of perfect peace and happiness, like heaven.

→ Eightfold Path: Buddhist practices leading to the liberation of row samsara.

→ Upanishads: a series of Hindu sacred written works.

→ Prophet: One who preaches God’s message.

→ Islam: “Submission to God”.

→ Muslim: one who surrenders to God”.

→ Scripts: Writings.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 The Food we Need to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 The Food we Need

→ We eat a variety of food in our day to day life.

→ For cooking food, we need different types of ingredients.

→ We take food for our health and energy.

→ We get food ingredients from plants, animals and other sources.

→ We use different parts of plants like stems, roots, leaves, fruits and flowers as food.

→ We get grains, vegetables and fruits from plants.

→ We get food ingredients like milk, meat, egg, etc. from animals.

→ Some of the food ingredients like water and salt are obtained from other sources.

→ The taste of food is based on its ingredients, method of preparation.

→ Boiling, steaming, fermentation, roasting are some of the methods of preparing food.

→ Food preservation is the process of treating and handling food to stop and slow down spoilage.

→ Spoiled food causes diarrhoea, vomiting etc.

→ We use preservatives to preserve food for some time.

→ Salt, oil, chilli powder, honey and sugar syrup used as a preservative to preserve the food.

→ Some chemicals such as Benzoates, Nitrates, Sulphates are also used as preservatives.

→ Eating the food material after the expiry date may spoil our health.

→ Homemade food is always good, healthy and hygienic.

→ IngredIents: The materials that are required to prepare the food.

→ Sources: A place, person, or thing from which something originates or can be obtained.

→ PreservatIon: The process f keeping the food safe from being spoilt.

→ Spices: Aroniatic Vegetable substancés are used to flavour the food. Ex: Pepper, cloves, cumin

→ Boiling: Boiling is the action of heating a liquid until it becomes a vapour.

→ Steaming: Steaming is a method of cooking using steam.

→ Fermentation: A process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into a simpler substance.

→ Recipe: A list of materials used for preparing dishes.

→ Menu chart: A list of the dishes served at a meal.

→ World Food Day: l6th October is celebrated as World Food Day.

→ Asafoetida: Asafoetida is an ingredient that is used in the preparation of dal, sambar along with other spices like turmeric.

→ Cereals: A grain used for food. Ex: rice, wheat, maize.

→ PuIses: PuIses are the dried seeds of the legume plants. Ex: Beans.

→ Roasting: To cook food in an oven or over a fire.

→ Carving: Making of different types of designs and decorations with vegetables and fruits.

→ Germs: The smallest organisms that cause diseases to humans and other living organisms.

→ Diarrhoea: Three or more Loose motions per day caused by bacteria.

→ Pollution: The water, the air is contaminated with harmful substances.

→ Preservatives: A substance or a chemical that prevents things from spoiling.

→ Syrup: Syrup is a sweet liquid made with sugar and water.

→ Expiry date: It indicates the maximum period to use the food item.

→ Junk food: Packaged food that is unhealthy and has low nutritional values.

→ Hygiene: Maintaining cleanliness that helps to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases.

→ World Food Day – October 16: World Food Day is celebrated every year across the world on 16th October. It’s an annual celebration in honour of the founding date of the F.A.O [Food and Agriculture Organization] launched by the United Nations in the year 1945. The aim of the celebration of this day is to promote worldwide awareness and action for those who suffer from hunger and for the need to ensure food security and nutritious diets for all. World food day adopts a different theme each year.

→ According to the UNDP [United Nations Development Programme] up to 40% of the food produced in INDIA is wasted.
According to the FAO [Food and Agriculture Organisation] report in “The state of food security and nutrition in the World, 2018” report, 195.9 million people are undernourished in INDIA.

→ “INDIAN SPICES”:
Spices are aromatic parts of tropical plants traditionally used to add flavour to the food. Spices come from the bark roots of certain plants, leaves, flowers or stems of plants primarily used for flavouring, colouring or preserving food. Spices are included in a variety of Indian dishes: cardamom, black pepper, curry leaves, fenugreek, fennel, ajwain, bay leaves, cumin, coriander seeds, turmeric, cloves, ginger, nutmeg and cinnamon.

→ Some people make different types of designs and decorations with vegetables and fruits. This is called vegetable carving.

→ Say NO to Junk Food
A Pizza, Burgers, Chips, Fried Fast Food, Noodles, Samosa, French Fries etc., are junk foods. Eating junk food causes obesity, digestion issues and loss, of appetite. It may cause drowsiness and are harmful to health.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 10 Local Self-Government to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 10 Local Self-Government

→ Local self-government in India refers to governmental jurisdictions below the level of the state.

→ Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act 1994 established three-tier local self-governments in rural areas. They are Grama Panchayat at the village level, Mandal Praja Parishad at the Mandal level, and Zilla Praja Parishad at the District level.

→ The ‘Grama sabha’ is the general body at the village level. It consists of all the voters in a village. It is presided over by the President / Sarpanch of the village.

→ Grama Panchayat is formed with Sarpanch and Ward Members. It is formed through elections. It is presided over by the President or Sarpanch of the village.

→ A village is usually divided into wards and each ward elects one member to the village panchayat, called ‘ward member’. A person who is twenty-one years age or above can contest the election.’

→ Panchayat functions as representative institutions of all people in the rural and tribal areas.

→ Ward members and the Sarpanch will be elected in elections. The person who gets the maximum votes is declared to be elected. Sarpanch is the head of the gram panchayat and he implements all the decisions of the panchayat and looks after the day-to-day functions of the panchayat.

→ Sarpanch and ward members elect one of the ward members as the deputy or up a Sarpanch through the indirect election. The UpaSarpanch acts in the absence of the Sarpanch.

→ The system of Grama Sachivalayam was started on October 2nd, 2019 in our state. There are eleven Village Secretariat functionaries (employees) in every Grama Sachivalayam.

→ About 20-40 Gram Panchayats come under a Maifdal Parishad. All the Mandal Parishad in the district come under the Zilla Parishad. The members of the Mandal Parishad are elected directly by the voters. Some members of Mandal Parishad are nominated The MPTCs elect one member among them as Mandal President and one as vice president through the indirect election.

→ The Zilla Parishad members are elected from Zilla Parishad by voters directly. Some members of Zilla Parishad are nominated. The ZPTCs elect one member among them as Zilla Parishad Chairman and one as vice-chairman through the indirect election. The Zilla Parishad and the Mandal Parishad coordinate the activities of the Panchayats in the district and the Mandal, approve their plans, and allocate the funds.

→ Nagar Panchayat has a committee consisting of a chairman with ward councilors. The councilors or ward members are chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the Nagar Panchayat.

→ The municipality has a Municipal council with elected members who are known as “councilors” and nominated members. The ward councilors are elected directly every five years. These councilors and the other members of the council together choose the Municipal Chairman indirectly.

→ Municipal Corporation consists of elected members known as “Corporators” and nominated members. These Corporators and the other members of the Corporation together choose the Mayor of Municipal Corporation indirectly.

→ Local self-government: Governmental jurisdictions below the level of the state.

→ Grama Sabha: General body in a Grama Panchayat.

→ Grama/Ward Sachivalayam: The system, to provide all government services to the people in their locality.

→ Village functionaries: The employees in the Grama Sachivalayam.

→ Public Amenities: The facilities provided by the government.

→ Municipal Council: The governing body in a municipality

→ Municipal Corporation: The governing body in a municipal corporation.

→ Councilor: Ward representative in Municipal council.

→ Corporate: Ward representative in Municipal Corporation.

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 6 Sound to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 6 Sound

→ The vibrating body produces sound.

→ Human beings are able to produce sound with the help of vocal cords.

→ Sound travel through solids, liquids, and gases.

→ The material through which sound travels is called a medium.

→ Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.

→ The vibration of the eardrum caused by the sound produced by a vibrating body gives us a sense of hearing.

→ The loudness or feebleness of a sound is determined by the amplitude of vibration.

→ The intensity of sound is measured in decibels (dB).

→ Pitch or shrillness are determined by frequency.

→ The number of vibrations per second is called frequency.

→ Normal sounds consist of mixed frequencies.

→ The hearing limit of sounds by human beings is called audible range.

→ Sounds pleasant to listen to are called music and unpleasant to listen to are called noise.

→ Excessive or unwanted sounds lead to noise pollution. It may cause health problems for human beings.

→ Attempts should be made to minimize noise pollution.

→ Plantation on the roadside and elsewhere can reduce noise pollution.

→ Vibration: The to ánd fr motion of o body from Its mean position is known as vibration

→ Vocal cords: The two muscular ligaments at the end of the windpipe called vocal cords

→ Medium: The substance which allows the passage of sound is called medium

→ Vacuum: Condition of no medium or without medium

→ Eardrum: The thin membrane at the end of the auditory canal.

→ Loudness: Loudness or softness of sound depends on upoñ’omplitude. Loud sounds are having greater amplitude

→ Feeble: Sounds of low amplitude

→ Amplitude: The maximum displacement of the vibrating body from ¡ts mean position is coiled amplitude.

→ Decibel: Decibel is the unit for measuring the intensity of sound

→ Pitch (Shnllness): The shrillness of a sound known as pitch (or) Sound of higher frequency produce shrillness

→ Frequency: The number of vibrations per second is called frequency.

→ Noise: The sounds which are not pleasant to hear are coiled noises.

→ Music: The sounds which pleasant to hear are called music.

→ Audible range: The hearing limit of sounds by human beings ¡s called audible range.

→ Alexarnkr Graham Bell (1847 – 1922):

• He was an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer, and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone.
• Bell’s other inventions are including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics.
• In 1888, Bell became one of the founding members of the National Geographic Society.

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 10 Reflection of Light at Plane Surfaces to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 10 Reflection of Light at Plane Surfaces

→ If In the reflection of the light angle of the incident (i), angle of reflection (r) are always equal.

→ Incident ray reflected ray and normal lie in the same plane. This plane is called the plane of reflection.

→ The image formed by the plane mirror is virtually erect and the same size as the object.

→ The object distance and image distance are the same in the case of the plane mirrors.

→ The image of an object in-plane mirror appears to be smaller when compared to its object because the angle of vision made by the image is smaller than that of the angle of vision made by the object.

→ In the plane mirror, the image is laterally inverted.

→ Fermat Principle: Light selects th€’path which takes the least time to travel.

→ Reflection: The bouncing back of the light is called reflection.

→ Incident ray: The ray which is incident on a surface is catted incident ray

→ Related ray The rd which ¡s reflected from the surface is called reflected ray

→Normal: The line perpendicular tå the surface is catted normal

→ The angle of incidence: The angÍe between the incident ray and normal is called angle (∠i) of incidence

→ The angle of reflection: The angle between normal and reflected ray is called angle (∠r) of reflection

→ Plane of reflection: The plane in which the incident ray, reflected ray, and a normal lie is called the plane of reflection.

→ Lateral inversion: The image of an object reverses its direction on reflection is a lateral inversion (This means that objects that are on the right side, appear on the left side in the mirror.)

→ Object distance (u): The distance between object and mirror is &illed object distance.

→ Image distance (v): The distance between image and mirror is called image distance.

→ Virtual image: Virtual image ¡s the image formed due to diverging of light rays.
OR
The image formed due to the extension of rays in the backward direction.

→ Real image: The image formed due to the converging of light rays is real.

→ Plane mirror: A plane mirror is that which has a planar reflective surface.

→ Ray diagram: A diagram showing the paths of selected rays through an optical system.

→ Pierre de Fermat (17 August 1601 -12 January 1665):

• A French Lawyer at the Parliament of Toulouse, France, and an amateur mathematician.
• He made notable contributions to analytical geometry, probability, and optics.
• He proposed his principle on the light which states that light selects the path which takes the least time to travel. This principle was famous as the Fermat principle.

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 2 The Natural Realms of the Earth to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 2 The Natural Realms of the Earth

→ There are four natural realms of the Earth.
They are (a) Lithosphere,
(b) Hydrosphere,
(c) Atmosphere, and
(d) Biosphere.

→ The solid crust or the hard top part of the earth which is made up of rocks and minerals and covered with a thick layer of soil is called the lithosphere.

→ The realm of water which comprises various sources of water and different types of water bodies is called the hydrosphere.

→ The thin layer of air that surrounds the earth is the atmosphere.

→ The realm of life including bacteria is called the biosphere.

→ The primary divisions of the earth’s crust are oceans and continents. These are called first-order landforms.

→ The landforms like mountains, plains, and plateau are called second-order landforms.

→ All the continents and even the oceans are actually situated on a massive base of rocks called ‘plates’.

→ The plates are constantly being pushed very slowly. This movement of plates is called plate tectonics. This process causes earthquakes, etc.

→ Mid-ocean ridges or ranges are formed by lava rising up from the mantle and these create a new ocean floor.

→ The plates move and push. The incoming plate dips under the stable plate.

→ The Himalayas mountains were formed by the process of Indian plate pushing into the Eurasian plate.

→ Many of the plate boundaries are characterized by volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

→ The lava that pours out on the surface from volcanoes and fissures form the extrusive landforms. This occurred many times on the Deccan and led to the formation of the Deccan plateau.

→ The constructive and destructive forces of water and air give rise to the great diversity of landforms.

→ Processes like weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition are largely responsible for the formation of carved mountains, valleys, deltas, and sand dunes, etc.

→ As it descends the steep slopes the river flows swiftly exerting a great force, cuts the mountains vertically, and forms V-shaped valleys.

→ The swift flow and force of the river lead to the formation of gorges and canyons.

→ When the river is in flood it cuts the soil and when it is not in flood it deposits silt This is how the Ganga plain or Krishna, Godavari plains were made.

→ As a result of the deposition the river changes its course and cuts new path, changes its course constantly, and forms meander and ox-bow lakes subsequently.

→ Glaciers through their processes of plucking and abrasion create U-shaped valleys.

→ The erosion and deposition of sea waves give rise to coastal landforms such as ‘sea arches, stacks, capes, and bays.’

→ The wind is the dominant agent in hot deserts. In deserts, the wind action creates a number of erosional and depositional features such as sand dunes, mushroom rock, Inselberg.

→ Loess is the fine dust bloom beyond the desert limit and is deposited on the neighboring lands.

→ The plains formed by the deposition of loess are called Loess Plains.

→ Plate tectonics: The movement of the massive bases of rocks, i.e. plates is called plate tectonics.

→ Igneous rocks: The hard rocks formed after the cooling of the molten material from volcanoes.

→ Sedimentary rocks: The debris is transported by rivers to the sea, where layer after layer is accumulated in the bottom and over time get transformed into sedimentary rocks.

→ Loess plains: The plains formed by the deposition of loess are called Loess plains.

→ ‘U’ shaped valley: The valley formed through the processes of plucking and abrasion by glaciers is called U shaped valley.

→ Lithosphere: The solid crust or the hard top part of the Earth.

→ Hydrosphere: The realm of water that comprises various sources of water and different types of water bodies like rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans, etc.

→ Atmosphere: The thin layer of air that surrounds the earth is the Atmosphere.

→ Biosphere: The realm of life including bacteria.

→ First-order landforms: The primary division of the earth’s crust into oceans and continents.

→ Second-order Landforms: Landforms like mountains, plains, and plateaus are called ‘second-order landforms’.

→ Seafloor spreading: The mid-ocean ridges or ranges formed by lava rise up from the mantle. This fresh crust slowly pushes the plate away which is called seafloor spreading.

→ Intrusive landforms: When a volcano erupts some part of the lava may cool under the surface and become rocks. These are called intrusive landforms.

→ Extrusive landforms: When a volcano is erupted some part of lava pours on the earth’s surface or pours out of fissures on the earth’s surface and forms rocks which are called extrusive landforms.

→ Third-order Landforms: The shaping of the landforms such as valleys, deltas, sand dunes, etc. by wind and water are called third-order landforms.

→ Erosion cycle (or) Geomorphic cycle: A process through which mountains, plateaus, and plains keep on changing is called the Erosion cycle (or) Geomorphic cycle.

→ Volcanoes: Volcanoes are places on the earth’s surface where molten material from the mantle erupts onto the Earth’s surface.

→ Weathering: The process by which the rocks are weakened and broken is called ‘weathering’.

→ Erosion: The active wearing away of the earth’s surface by the moving agents such as water and wind is called erosion.

→ Gorge: A narrow valley with very steep slopes that are cut of hard rocks by the rivers is called a Gorge.

→ Canyon: A narrow chasm with steep, cliff walls cut into the earth by running water.

→ Meanders: Gentle turns like a snake made by the river in its flood plain are called meanders.

→ Glacier: Slow-moving of mass of ice is called Glacier.

→ Canyon: A narrow chasm with steep, cliff walls cut into the earth by running water.

→ Meanders: Gentle turns like a snake made by the river in its flood plain are called meanders.

→ Glacier: Slow-moving of mass of ice is called Glacier.

→ Plucking: Lifting pieces of rock and transporting them by glaciers is called plucking.

→ Sand Dunes: The unstable hills of sand formed due to weathering and persistent wind action are called sand dunes.

→ Inselberg: The isolated residual hills rising abruptly from the ground are called inselberg or Island Mountain.

→ Loess: The fertile deposits of fine dust beyond the desert limit is called Loess.

→ Tectonics comes from the Greek word – ‘tekton’ meaning carpenter or builder. It is related ! to the Sanskrit word ‘takshan’ again meaning carpenter.

→ The Pacific Ring of Fire:
For many decades, geologists noted the high number of earthquakes and volcanic activity occurring around the ‘Pacific Rim’ — the edge of the Pacific Ocean basin. About three-quarters of all active volcanoes in the world lie within the Pacific Rim. The theory of plate tectonics provided the explanation for this pattern. Plate boundaries are found all the way around the Pacific basin. It is along these plate boundaries that many volcanoes and earthquakes occur, giving it the name ‘The Pacific Ring of Fire.

The Pacific Ring of Fire

→ The biggest Canyon in the world is on the river Colorado. The Grand Canyon in the USA is 466 km in length. Its depth is 1.6 km and its width is 188m to 29km.

• The highest waterfall in the world is Angel falls – its height is 979 m, on river Charan, in Venezuela.
• The second highest waterfall in the world is Tugela falls – its height is 947 m – on river Tugela, in South Africa.
• The highest waterfall in India is Jog fall (or) Jerosoppa – height is 253 m – on river Sharavathi, in Karnataka.

→ The largest delta in the world is Sunderbans. It is formed at the mouths of rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra. The rivers Krishna and Godavari together make two large deltas in Andhra Pradesh.

→ Mushroom Rock: Winds erode the lower section of the rocks more than the upper part. Therefore such rocks have narrower bottoms and wider tops. They look like mushrooms. So it is called mushroom rocks.

Mushroom Rock

→ Inselberg: The isolated residual hills rising abruptly from the ground are called inselberg or Island Mountain. They are characterized by their very steep slopes and rather rounded tops.

Inselberg

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 8 Combustion, Fuels and Flame to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 8 Combustion, Fuels and Flame

→ Burning material in the presence of air (oxygen) is called combustion

→ The substances which burn in the air are called combustible

→ Oxygen or air is needed for combustion to take place

→ During the process of combustion, heat and light are given out.

→ The lowest temperature at which a substance catches fire is called its ignition temperature.

→ Inflammable substances have very low ignition temperature,

→ The type of combustion in which material suddenly burns into flames without the application of any apparent cause is called spontaneous combustion

→ The type of combustion in which material burns rapidly and produces heat and light is called rapid combustion.

→ The amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel is called the calorific value of that fuel.

→ In the blue zone of the candle flame vaporized wax burns completely due to a good supply of oxygen.

→ Combustion: Burning o material in the presence of air (oxygen) is called combustion.

→ Combustible and Non – combustible materials: The materials which burn when brought near a flame ore are called combustible materials. The materials which do not burn are called non-combustible materials.

→ Ignition temperature: The lowest temperature at which a substance catches fire is called ignition temperature.

→ Inflammable material: The material which has a very low ignition temperature easily catches fire called an inflammable material.

→ Spontaneous combustion: The type of combustion in which material suddenly burns into flames without application of any apparent cause is called spontaneous combustion.

→ Rapid combustion: The type of combustion in which material burns rapidly and produces heat and light is called rapid combustion.

→ Explosion: The reaction ¡n which there is the liberation of heat, light, sound, and a large amount of gas is called an explosion.

→ Fuels: The materials which burn when brought near a flame producing heat and light are called fuels.

→ Calorific value: The amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel is called the calorific value of that fuel.

→ Joseph Priestly (1733 – 1804):

• Joseph Priestly was an English philosopher and chemist
• He was the first person to prepare artificially by heating mercuric oxide.
• He also prepared carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in the laboratory.