AP State Board Notes

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 13 Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 17th and 18th Centuries to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 13 Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 17th and 18th Centuries

→ In 1603, James I of the Stuart dynasty became the King of England. He was succeeded by Charles I. He was executed in 1649. In 1688 the Glorious Revolution restricted the powers of the king and the supreme power was transferred to the Parliament.

→ England established thirteen colonies in the USA. “No Taxation without Representation” was the slogan of the American war of independence. The Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776. War ended in 1783 and the USA became a republic in 1789.

→ In 1774, Louis XVI became the king of France. He was inefficient and was under the control of his wife Marie Antoinette. Long years of war had emptied the financial resources.

→ The French society was divided into three estates -1) Clergy, 2) Nobility, 3) Rest of the people. The first two classes were privileged classes and there was a lot of discontent among the third estate.

→ Louis XVI called on the Parliament “the Estates-General in 1789. The Third Estate declared itself as National Assembly. On 14 July the agitated Mob broke open the gates of the Bastille jail. Finally, the King and the Queen were executed in 1793.

→ The period from 1793 to 1794 is known as the Reign of Terror under Jacobins under the leadership of Robespierre.

→ Women in France fought for their rights but it was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote.

→ Glorious Revolution The Revolution of 1688 in England happened without shedding a drop of blood. This transformation, therefore, is known as “Glorious” or ‘Bloodless Revolution”.

→ Devine right: The rights that are provided by Gods are called Divine Rights.

→ Aristocracy: The Aristocracy is a class of people in some countries who have a high social rank and special titles.

→ Monarchy: Monarchy is a political system ¡n which all powers are concentrated in the hands of one single person.

→ Directory: An executive made up of five members.

→ Fraternity: Brotherhood.

→ National Assembly: On 20 June 1789 National Assembly was declared. It comprises three different institutions – the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

→ Civil war: Internal war in a country.

→ Guillotine: Beheaded by a machine.

→ Livres: Unit of currency in France till 1794.

→ Tithes: A tax levied by the church, comprising one-tenth of the agricultural produce.

→ Taille: Tax to be paid directly to the state.

→ Manor: An estate consisting of the lord’s lands and his mansion.

→ Chateau: Castle or a stately residence belonging to a king or a nobleman.

→ Clergy: Group of persons invested with special functions in the church.

→ Nobility: Aristocratic and bureaucratic class.

→ Convent: A building belonging to a community devoted to religious life.

→ Who were the inventors?
It is interesting to read about the individuals who brought these changes during industrialization. Few of them were trained scientists. Education in basic sciences like phys¬ics or chemistry was extremely limited until the late nineteenth century, even after the technological inventions described above. Since these inventions did not require full knowledge of the laws of physics or chemistry on which they were based, advances in science could be and were made by brilliant, intuitive thinkers and experimenters. They were helped by the fact that England had certain features which other European countries did not. Dozens of scientific journals and published papers of scientific societies appeared in England between 1760 and 1800. There was a widespread thirst for knowledge even in the smaller towns. This was met by the activities of the Society of Arts (founded in 1754), by traveling lecturers, or in ‘coffee houses’ that multiplied through the eighteenth century.

→ Most inventions happened because of determination, interest, curiosity, even luck, rather than the application of scientific knowledge. Some inventors in the cotton in¬dustry, like John Kay and James Hargreaves, were familiar with the skills of weaving and carpentry. Richard Arkwright, however, was a barber and wig-maker, Samuel Crompton was not technically skilled and Edmund Cartwright studied literature, medicine, and agriculture, ini¬tially wished to become a clergyman, and knew little of mechanics.

→ By contrast, in the area of steam engines, Thomas Savery, an army officer, Thomas Newcomen, a blacksmith and locksmith, and James Watt, with a strong mechanical bent, all had some knowledge relevant to their inventions. The road-builder, John Metcalf, who personally surveyed surfaces for roads and planned them, was blind. The canal builder James Brindley was almost illiterate, with such poor spelling that he could never spell the word ‘navigation’, but he had tremendous powers of memory, imagination, and concentration.

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 12 Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 12 Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800

→ From the ancient period till about 400 CE, Europe was dominated by the Roman Empire. The Romans carried out trade with distant countries like India.

→ They also influenced our art to a large extent, especially in northwest India.

→ The Roman Empire declined after 400 CE. The period from 400 CE to 1300 CE is called the Medieval Period.

→ Christianity, which had emerged during the first century-around 100 CE, had become the dominant religion in Europe replacing the older religions followed in the Roman Empire.

→ Feudalism grew stronger in Europe, the great cultural achievements of the ancient period were slowly forgotten and lost.

→ In Arabia, Persia, Iraq, and Northern Africa, the new religion of Islam were spreading and new political powers had emerged.

→ Turkish rule had been established in northern India around the beginning of the thirteenth century.

→ The Arabs established their empire in a region which was an intersection of several great cultures like China, India, Iran, Africa, and Europe.

→ There was a great revolt of peasants in England in 1381 which ended serfdom in England. Among the European countries, Italy was the first to benefit from urbanization and trade. Petrarch is considered one of the early Humanists of Italy.

→ During the middle ages, the culture of people came to be dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. In 1453, Constantinople was overthrown, Ottoman Empire took the place of the Eastern Roman Empire. Many of the educated men who spoke Greek fled to Italy for safety. They brought their books and ancient Greek literature was revived. This was called renais¬sance or rebirth.

→ Humanism started in Italy and soon spread to France, England, and the Netherlands.

→ Artists observed nature, the people, and places around them and sought to represent them as they were. Anatomy, Geometry, Physics, as well as a strong sense of what was beautiful, gave a new quality to Italian art, which was to be called “Realism” and which continued till the nineteenth century.

→ In Architecture, people studied the old Roman buildings to revive the old Roman style. Artists were known individually by name, not as members of a group as earlier. Michelangelo – immortalized by the ceiling he painted for the Pope in the Sistine Chapel, the sculpture called “The Pieta “and his design of the dome of St. Peter’s Church, all in Rome. Printing of the Bible led to the Reformation movement which questioned the corruption of the priesthood and laid foundations for the Protestant churches.

→ People started investigating the world in which they lived. Scientists like Bacon, Copernicus, Galileo, Harvey, Vesalius contributed a lot to the development of modern science. During the Renaissance, Europeans extended their limited knowledge of geography. The compass was invented. Constantinople was overthrown. Trade with Eastern countries was closed. So sailors like Bartholomew Diaz, Vasco-da-Gama, Columbus, Magellan discovered sea routes. These voyages were landmarks in human history.

→ Culture has been changing constantly in all ages. Even today, we can observe rapid changes in our cultural life.

→ During the medieval period, three great empires-Ottomans in Turkey, the Safavids in Iran, and the Mughals in India had emerged before 1550.

→ When Renaissance, Humanism, and Reformation were sweeping across Europe, in India styles of painting were refined as Mughal miniature painting and wall paintings of Vijaya Nagara.

→ Feudalism: It is a social system under which the political power was with large warrior-landlords who controlled the villages and peasants.

→ Serfs: Serfs were a class of people (during the Medieval period) who had to work on the land of the landlord, work in their workshops and also fight for them in wars.

→ Renaissance: Renaissance means “rebirth”. It was a period in Europe, especially Italy when there was a new interest in art, literature, science, and learning flourished.

→ Humanism: Humanism is the belief that people can achieve happiness and live well without religion.

→ Realism: Realism is a situation or the belief in which people recognize and accept the true nature of the situation.

→ Reformation: The reformation is the movement to reform the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century, which led to the Protestant Church is set up.

→ Protestant: A Protestant is a Christian who was separated from Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth century.

→ Culture: It relates to aspects of human activity such as literature; music; dance; painting; sculpture; architecture; religious beliefs and even science.

→ Scientists and Inventions:

→ Books and Authors:

→ Periods in European History :

• Ancient Period – up to 400 AD
• Medieval Period – 400 AD to 1300 AD
• Early Modern Period – 1300 to 1800 AD
• Modern Period – 1800 to present
• Note that these are rough dates.
• Different historians may use different dates.

→ “Art” is embedded in nature; he who can extract it has it… The more closely your work abides by life in its form, so much the better will it appear… No man shall ever be able to make a beautiful figure out of his own imagination unless he has well stored his mind by much copying from life.’ – Albrecht Durer (1471 – 1528)

→ This sketch by Durer (Praying Hands) gives us a sense of Italian culture in the six¬teenth century, when people were deeply religious, but also had a sense of confidence in man’s ability to achieve near-perfection and to unravel the mysteries of the world and the universe.

→ Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) had an amazing range of interests from botany and anatomy to mathematics and art. He painted the Mona Lisa (on left) and The Last Supper. One of his dreams was to be able to fly. He spent years observing birds in flight and designed a flying machine. He signed his name as ‘Leonardo da Vinci, a disciple of experiment’.

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 24 Disaster Management to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 24 Disaster Management

→ India with its vast population and unique geophysical characteristics is one of the world’s most “Disaster-prone” countries.

→ The East and South-East parts of India are frequently affected by cyclones.

→ The damage caused due to a hazard increases when people are not adequately prepared to face the disaster.

→ Disasters can be categorized into various types based on speed and origin/cause.

→ The term ‘Tsunami’ has been coined from Japanese words – ‘Tsu’ and ‘name’.

→ Coastal tidal gauges can stop tsunamis close to the shore, but they are useless in deep oceans.

→ Drought is basically a disaster situation caused by a lack of rainfall.

→ Excess or deficient rainfall is determined by the percent variation from the average rainfall of 70-100 years.

→ Certain regions due to their geographical location are more likely to receive less rainfall. These are called ‘drought-prone areas’.

→ Unlike sudden disasters drought being a slow-onset disaster, gives us ample time for preparedness, response, and mitigation.

→ In urban areas, all rainwater as it falls over roofs of houses should be harvested.

→ The government is implementing Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) in drought-prone areas.

→ Multi-Hazard Zone: Area which faces floods and cyclones frequently is called Multi’ Hazard Zone.

→ Human-Induced Hazard: A serious disruption of normal life triggered by human-induced hazard.

→ Famine: A disaster situation caused by lack of rains.

→ Pest Infection: Sometimes there may be attacks of pests on fields and the fluids get infected. This is called pest infection.

→ Environmental Degradation: Deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water, and soil, the destruction of the ecosystem.

→ Drought: Drought ¡s basically a disaster situation caused by a lack of rainfall.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 2 Ideas of Development to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 2 Ideas of Development

→ Development involves thinking about and adevùig goals of a better life for all and more quality among all

→ All persons do not have the same notion of development.

→ Persons seek things that can fulfill their aspirations or desires.

→ At times, two persons or groups of persons may seek things that are conflicting.

→ Besides seeking more income, people also seek equal treatment, freedom, security, respect from others, and resent discrimination.

→ More income means more of all things that human beings need. c& Average income, which is the total income of the country divided by the total population is also called per capita income.

→ World Development Report brought out by the World Bank in 2013 classified the countries into 3 groups.

→ Countries with per capita income of US $ 12,600 and above per annum in 2012 are called high-income countries or rich countries,

→ Countries with a per capita income of above US $1,035 and below the US $ 12,600 per annum in 2012 are called middle-income countries.

→ Countries with a per capita income of US $1,035 or less per annum in 2012 are called low-income countries.

→ The rich countries, excluding countries of west Asia and certain other small countries, are called developed countries.

→ The goods and services or required facilities that are provided by the government or society are called public facilities.

→ Human Development Report compares the countries, the educational levels of people, their health status, and per capita income as measures of development.

→ Human Development Report 2013 is the Human Development Index ranking among the 177 countries in all.

→ Per capita income is calculated in US Dollars for all countries so that one can compare all the countries.

→ A small country in our neighborhood, Sri Lanka, is much ahead of India in every indicator of development.

→ The schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh provided infrastructure in education, and, both the government and society complemented each other to achieve great indicators of education.

→ In the year 2005, the average spending on education by the government in Indian states was Rs. 1,049 per child, Himachal Pradesh was spending Rs. 2,005 per child.

→ Development entails a mix of goals.

→ India, a decade ago was a less developed country, and now transformed into a developing country or middle-income country.

→ Every Indian would like to see India as a developed country.

→ Per capita income: Total income of the country divided by the fatal population.

→ Human development: Comparing the countries and reporting their development based on the educational levels of people, their health status, and per capita income

→ Public facilities: The facilities, i.e., goods and services that are provided by the government or society

→ Education and health Indicators: The indicators which show the educational æd health conditions of the people like average years of schooling, life expectancy at birth, etc.

→ Development: Achieving the goals of making life better for all and bringing more equality

→ The idea of development: Sk the thing that is most important for one which fulfills his developmental goal or aspiration

→ Material things: The things that one can buy with money

→ Non-material things: The things that one cannot buy with money like equal treatment, freedom, etc.

→ High-income countries: Countries with annual per capita income of US $ 12,600 and above in 2012.

→ Middle-income Countries with per capita income of above US $ 1,035 countries and below LIS $12,600 per annum in 2012.

→ Low-income countries: Countries with per capita income of below US $ 1, 35 per annum in 2011

→ Infant Mortality Rate: Out of 1,000 live children burn, the number of children who die within one year.

→ Literacy Rate: The percentage of the literate population in the 7 years and above age group.

→ Net Attendance Rate: Out of the total number of children in the age group 6- 17 years the percentage of children attending school.

→ HDI: Human Development Index

→ Life expectancy at birth: Average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.

→ Average years of schooling: Average number of years of education received by people that age 25 years and above.

→ Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling that a child at school entrance age can expect to receive given the present enrollment rates.

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 23 Sports: Nationalism and Commerce to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 23 Sports: Nationalism and Commerce

→ We play games for many reasons.

→ Cricket was a game played by villagers of England in open fields of their village just like our villagers play kabaddi.

→ The origins of Indian cricket, that is, cricket played by Indians are to be found in Bombay.

→ The Parsis founded the first Indian cricket club, the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in 1848.

→ Modern cricket is dominated by Tests and Day internationals played between national teams.

→ Television channels made money by selling television spots to companies who were happy to pay large sums of money to advertise their products to cricket’s captive television audience.

→ Pakistan has pioneered two great advances in bowling: the ‘doosra and the ‘reverse swing’.

→ Hockey is another popular game in India.

→ Sports develop us mentally and physically.

→ Sports promote national integration in India, a multi-cultural country.

→ Colonial: A person or who lives in a colony (or)

→ A country or region under the rule of some other country conducting sports.

→ Global Commerce: The activity of buying and selling on a large scale in the world.

→ Nationalism: A patriotic feeling often to an extensive degree.

→ Sponsors: Those who support a person, organization, or activity by giving money, encouragement, or other help.

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 11 The Government Budget and Taxation to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 11 The Government Budget and Taxation

→ The government is responsible for a number of crucial functions. It has to perform both developmental and non-developmental functions.

→ To fulfill the various roles, the government must have adequate money. The money is collected from the people in the form of taxes. Revenues are necessary to finance the expenditure of the government

→ In 2011-12, the government spent around Rs. 23,00,000 crores in lots of heads. Nearly one-fourth of the total spending of the Indian economy is by the government

→ Taxes are levied with thorough approval of the Parliament

→ Taxes are the main sources of revenue for the government The taxes can broadly be classified into two categories

1. Direct taxes
2. Indirect taxes.

→ Excise duty, customs duty, VAT, sales tax, service taxes are indirect taxes. VAT has certain advantages.

→ Income tax, property tax, and corporate tax are indirect taxes.

→ In adopting a method of taxation, the government should be careful The poor should be exempted from paying taxes. Essential goes should not be taxed. Tax on luxuries can be increased Agriculture income is exempted from taxes.

→ There are many “tax evaders” and a lot of black money. To get hold of this hoard of money, the income tax department raids many people’s places.

→ Annual Budget: A written format of expected incomes and anticipated expenditure prepared by the Central or State Governments for a financial year.

→ Black Money: Many people do not disclose their entire income or show it to be less than what it actually is. This income which is kept hidden is known as black money.

→ Value Added Tax: VAT is a tax that is added to the price of goods and services.

→ Corporate tax: Corporate tax is the tax levied on the yearly profit of companies and business establishments.

→ Income tax: A direct tax in which tax is levied on the personal income of individuals.

→ Direct tax: Direct tax is that type of tax in which the tax burden will be on the same person on whom the tax is levied. e.g.: Income tax.

→ Indirect tax: Indirect tax is that type of tax in which the tax is levied on one person and the burden is shifted to some other person. e.g.: Excise duty.

→ Subsidies: The difference between the market price and the price at which the goods are offered is the subsidy given to the poor.

→ Consumers: Consumers are the persons who directly utilize the goods.

→ Subsidies: Money paid by the government to reduce the cost of certain important goods such as fertilizers, food grains, diesel, and other important goods so that their prices can be kept low and affordable to all.

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 22 Film and Print Media to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 22 Film and Print Media

→ The birth of cinema in India can be attributed to Lumiere’s brother’s first public show at Watson Hotel in Mumbai on July 7, 1896.

→ The plays written by George Bernard Shaw and Shakespeare were visualized with a camera and exhibited on the screen as a film.

→ The popularity of plays has decreased significantly while the films have gained prominence.

→ In Telugu the first ‘Mooki’ was ‘Bhishma Pratigna’ and ‘talkie’ was ‘Bhakta Prahlada’.

→ The father of the Telugu film industry is Raghupathi Venkaiah.

→ Before the cinema, there were various forms of entertainment like folk art forms, folk dances, classical dances, music, dramas, etc.

→ Several films on national movements were made later.

→ While society influences art and hence films, it is also true that films influence society.

→ Films can influence the opinions and ideas of people in society.

→ With the introduction of paper production in the 11th century and the printing machine by Gutenberg in the mid-15th-century things have changed.

→ The newspapers play a very important role in our daily life.

→ In Telugu, Krishna Patrika was edited by Mutnuri Krishna Rao.

→ Many freedom fighters of Indian Independence were the editors of newspapers.

→ Projector: A device for projecting slides or film onto a screen.

→ Commentary: A spoken description of an event on the radio or television

→ Compose: Create a work of art especially music or poetry.

→ Gazette: A journal or nèwspaper.

→ Publish: Produce a book, newspaper, journal, or piece of music for public sale.

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 21 Performing Arts and Artistes in Modern Times to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 21 Performing Arts and Artistes in Modern Times

→ Many of the folk arts are performed by the people themselves.

→ The Chuttuu Kamudu is one of the art forms of Telangana that came out of the daily labor of the peasants.

→ Dhimsa dance is performed by tribal groups living in Araku valley.

→ Raj Gonds of Adilabad dance during the celebrations of DIWALI known as ‘Gusadi’.

→ Kuchipudi is a group form of dance-drama from Kuchipudi, a village in Andhra Pradesh.

→ Golla Suddulu were practiced by shepherds who migrated from place to place.

→ Burrakatha is a Telugu art of storytelling. Its origin is associated with the Virashaiva movement in the 12 & 13 centuries.

→ The British and Nizam governments harassed Burrakatha artists as they suspected them of spreading rebellious ideas among people.

→ Progressive artists of the Communist Party set up the Praja Natya Mandali in 1943.

→ Tholubommalata is a shadow puppet show performed by traveling artists.

→ The classical dances that were prevalent in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh then were called Sadir, Kuravanji, and Kuchipudi.

→ E.Krishna Iyer, Rukmini Devi, and Bala Saraswathi promoted this dance.

→ Under British rule, propaganda prevailed against Indian art, misrepresenting it as crude, immoral, and inferior to the concepts of western civilization.

→ Many are forced to use recorded music in dance performances to keep costs down.

→ Kathakali, Yakshagana, Odissi, Manipuri, Kathak are other dance forms like Bharata- Natyam.

→ Cymbals: A musical instrument consisting of a round brass plate that is either struck against another one or hit with a stick.

→ Anklets: Chains or bands worn around the ankle.

→ Alms: Money or food given to poor people as charitable donations.

→ Mime: The use of silent gestures and facial expressions to tell a story or convey a feeling.

→ Tarangam: It is a tough task in the Kuchipudi dance form. In this, the artist dances in a ‘Plate’ and keeps a vessel with water on his/her head, sometimes candles in their hands.

→ Nattuvanars: Dance masters, who usually were male children of devadasis.

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 10 Prices and Cost of Living to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 10 Prices and Cost of Living

→ Every family makes a budget The balancing of expenditure to income is called a budget They reduce their expenditure in order to adjust their budget

→ Not everyone is affected by prices. Not all working people get compensated easily.

→ Continuous rise in prices of goods is known as inflation.

→ Change in price is measured with the help of a statistical device known as a price index.

→ Price Index numbers are of different types. We have the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and the Consumer Price Index. In India, different CPIs are published by the government

→ CPIs are used to calculated DA (Dearness Allowance) to be paid for government employees, to revise legal wages, etc.

→ WPIs are helpful in calculating the rates of inflation.

→ The government generally regulates prices through Administrative Price Mechanisms. Sometimes subsidies are given to regulate the prices.

→ The Reserve Bank of India which is an apex body reduces the money in circulation to control inflation.

→ Standard of living Quality of life that people lead in terms of goods and services is the standard of living of the people.

→ Inflation: Inflation means a general increase in the price levels and a gradual decrease in the value of money.

→ Consumer Price Index: Changes in the prices of the selected consumer goods at retail price in a statistical form are called Consumer Price Index.

→ Wholesale Price Index: A statistical measure used to measure the change ¡n the prices of all goods in their wholesale rates.

→ Administrative Price Mechanism: It is a system where prices are regularised by the governments

→ Food Inflation: Since 2009, the government began to estimate a new index – The Food Price Index (FPI). This index is used to estimate the rise in prices of food items called food inflation. The FPI consists wholesale price of food materials such as rice, wheat, pulses, vegetables, sugar, milk, eggs, meat, fish, and manufactured food materials such as edible oils. In 2011-12, edible oils accounted for higher food inflation. During that year, about 50 percent of India’s edible oil requirements were met through imports of crude palm oil sunflower oil, soyabean oil, and refined palm olein. When the price of these items increased at the international level – in other countries from where we import, Indian consumers also had to pay higher prices.

→ Since then the government has to take measures to control the rising prices, many research studies were conducted. It was found that the change in the dietary pattern of people has changed considerably in such a manner that their consumption of vegetables, eggs, meat, and fish increased recently. Any seasonal shortage causes a price rise since the demand for these products is quite high. People wish to consume them even at a higher cost. It has become a part of the regular diet.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 1 India: Relief Features to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 1 India: Relief Features

→ World landforms originated from two giant lands namely Angara land (Laurasia) and Gondwana land.

→ The Indian Peninsula was part of Gondwana land.

→ The Himalayan ranges run in the west-east direction in the form of an arch with a distance of about 2400 km.

→ The northernmost range is known as Himadri or Greater Himalayas.

→ The portion of the range found south of the Greater Himalayas is called ’Lesser Himalayas’.

→ The southernmost range of the Himalayas is the Shivaliks.

→ The valleys lying between the Lesser Himalayas and Shivalik ranges are called Duns.

→ The Himalayas are the reason for summer rains and monsoon type of climate in regions that are beyond the Western Ghats of India.

→ The interaction of three Himalayan rivers Indus, Ganga, and the Brahmaputra, and their tributaries resulted in the formation of the great northern plain.

→ In the western part of the great northern plain, the ’Doab’ features dominate the fertile land between the two rivers.

→ The Indian plateau is also known as the peninsular plateau as it is surrounded by the sea on three sides.

→ The peninsular plateau consists of two broad divisions, namely, the central I highlands (Malwa plateau) and the Deccan Plateau.

→ The Western Ghats lie parallel to the west coast and they extend for 1600 km.

→ The Eastern Ghats extend from Mahanadi valley in the north to Nilgiris in the south, The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is Aroma Konda found at Chintapalli (1680 m) in Andhra Pradesh.

→ The Thar desert is located on the leeward side of Aravalis and receives very little rainfall, ranging from 100 to 150 mm per year.

→ ’Luni’ is the only river in the Thar desert area.

→ The southern part of the peninsular plateau is bordered by narrow coastal strips along the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east.

→ Coastal zone enables rich fishing resources.

→ There are two groups of Islands – Andaman and Nicobar Islands stretched in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea.

→ There is a vast diversity in the landforms in which Indian people live.

→ Some areas are irrigated by the mighty rivers flowing from the Himalayas and some by the rainfed rivers from the Western Ghats and its forests.

→ Many places are located in the valleys and others in the mountains.

→ Perennial: LastIng a very long time, or happening repeatedly or all the time

→ Coral reefs: A bank of coral, the top of which can sometimes be seen just above the sea

→ Coastal plains: The East Coastal plain is between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal, the West Coastal plain Is between the Western Ghats and the Arabian sea.

→ Peninsula: A stretch of land surrounded by water on three sides

→ Angara land: Laurasia = The northerly of the two continents into which the earth’s landmass was once divided

→ Gondwana land: The southerly of the two continents Into which the earth’s landmass was once divided

→ Shivalik: The southernmost range of the Himalayas

→ Purvanchal: The divisions of the Himalayas In Arunachal Pradesh beyond the Dihang valley

→ Laurasia: Angara land

→ Duns: The valleys lying between the lesser Himalayas and Shivalik ranges

→ Leeward: The side or direction that Is sheltered from the wind. e.g. by a range of mountains

→ Relief features: The features which exhibit differences in the elevation of any part of the earth’s surface

→ Relief maps: Maps that seek to depict the surface relief of an area in three dimensions though not necessarily to scale

→ WeatherIng: The decay and disintegration of rocks of the earth’s crust by exposure to the atmosphere

→ DeposItion: The laying down of solid material that has been carried from a distant part of earth’s crust by natural agents like a river, wind, etc.

→ Erosion: The process of wearing away of the land surface by various natural agents like water, ice, wind, etc.

→ Landform: The shape, form, and nature of a feature of the earth’s land surface

→ Folding process: The formation of a bend In rock strata due to movements of the earth’s crust

→ Fold mountains: Mountains that have been thrown up into a massive fold or ridge by earth movements

→ Basin: A shallow structural down old In earth’s crust

→ River basin: The area drained by a single river system

→ Doab: The fertile land between two rivers

→ Topography: A detailed description or representation of both the natural and artificial features of an area Himadri Greater Himalayas = The northernmost range of the Himalayas.

→ Lesser Himalayas: Himachal The portion of the range found south of the Greater Himalayas.

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 20 Understanding Secularism to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 20 Understanding Secularism

→ Jews were persecuted by Hitler in Germany and several million were killed.

→ Now, the Jewish state of Israel treats its own Muslim and Christian minorities quite badly.

→ In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are not allowed to build a temple, church, etc., and nor can they gather in a public place for prayers.

→ Members of one religious community either persecute or discriminate against members of other religious communities.

→ The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices as they interpret these.

→ Any form of domination based on religion is in violation of the rights that a democratic society guarantees to each and every citizen irrespective of their religion.

→ Any interference in religion by the state has to be based on the ideals laid out in the Constitution.

→ Fundamental Rights are based on secular principles.

→ Fundamental Rights: Rights that are essential or fundamental for the well-being of a person is called Fundamental Rights. These rights are enshrined in the Part — Ill of the Constitution of India.

→ Democracy: A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.

→ Tyranny: Cruel and oppressive government or rule

→ Personal Law: Law that applies to a particular person or class of persons only. Wherever situated – distinguished from territorial law.

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Credit in the Financial System to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Credit in the Financial System

→ Banks accept deposits that can be withdrawn at any moment They work under the R.B.I. Banks honor withdrawals in cash and cheques.

→ Banks in India keep 15% of their deposits as cash to repay the depositors. Bank uses the major portion of the deposits to extend loans.

→ Bank charges interest on loans. The difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to depositors is the primary source of income for banks.

→ There are many reasons for taking credit A large number of transactions in our day-to¬day activities involve credit in some form or the other.

→ Interest rates, collateral and documentation requirement, and the mode of repayment together comprise what is called the terms of credit

→ There are two types of sources of credit One formal and the other informal.

→ Banks and cooperatives come under formal sources of credit The informal lenders are moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives, and friends,

→ Informal sources of credit are the reason for rural indebtedness.

→ Self-help groups give loans to the rural poor especially women without collateral and documentation. They save women from the exorbitant interest rates of money lenders. Group members are jointly responsible for the repayment of loans. These loans created self-employment and made women self-reliant

→ Demand deposits Since the deposits in the bank can be withdrawn on demand, these deposits are called demand deposits.

→ Economic activities: All the activities that deal with money involving – production, industrial activities, and trading activities, and other purposeful activities are called economic activities.

→ Cooperative societies: A business or organization owned equally by all the people working in the field, i.e. agriculture or mining or handlooms, etc.

→ Commercial banks: All institutions that accept deposits and lend loans and work under the regulations of the Reserve Bank of India are called commercial banks.

→ Informal sources of credit: All the people, who do not follow any rules and regulations in issuing loans together are called informal sources of credit. e.g.: Moneylenders, traders, friends, relatives, etc.

→ New Initiatives: The RBI has been taking steps for improving the financial access to people in rural areas. Banks operate in rural areas either through branches or through Business Correspondents (BCs). A Business Correspondent is an approved bank agent providing basic banking services using a Micro ATM (terminal). These Business Correspondents encourage people in rural and remote areas to open bank accounts, save money and also use loan facilities provided by the banks. Bio-metric smart card identification systems are used to open these accounts.

→ Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AEPS):

• AEPS is a new payment service offered by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) to banks, financial institutions using the ‘Aadhaar’ number and online UIDAI authentication through their respective Business Correspondent service centers.
• The customer needs his / her bank account linked to their Aadhaar number with the bank offering the AEPS service.
• A customer can at present avail of the following four services using AEPS through the micro – ATMs at BCs :
  (a) Cash Withdrawal
  (b) Cash Deposit
  (c) Balance Enquiry
  (d) Fund transfer

→ Financial Literacy: Financial Literacy is the process of equipping oneself with knowledge and information on financial matters. Taking interest in financial literacy helps one to have better financial planning, puts them in a better position to achieve their financial goals, and protect themselves from frauds and debt traps. It aims to inculcate savings habits, improve the understanding of financial products leading to effective use of financial services, and thus helps better money management. Further, financial literacy facilitates easy access to financial services.
Financial literacy material is available on the website of the Reserve Bank of India (www.rbi.org.in).

→ The financial literacy material available now covers subjects such as features of genuine banknotes, know your Reserve Bank, how RBI touches the life of the common person, caution against emails/ SMS offering huge sums of money from abroad, caution against providing bank account details on the internet, information of loan products available from banks, why save with banks ?, grievance redressal mechanism, Banking Ombudsman Scheme, caution against depositing money in unincorporated bodies/ unlicensed entities, Deposit Insurance (Are my deposits safe in banks ?, What is Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation), etc.

→ Financial literacy information is available in brochures/pamphlets prepared by RBI and other banks. Further, RBI has developed com¬ics on financial literacy subjects for the benefit of the school children. ‘Raju and the Money Tree’, ‘Money Kumar and Monitory Policy’ etc., are the names of the comics that can be downloaded from the RBI website mentioned above. In addition to the above, for the ben¬efit of word illiterate persons in rural, urban and remote areas, the State Level Bankers Committee (SLBC), Andhra Pradesh has prepared an audio CD on the benefits of saving with banks.

→ Financial Literacy is an important adjunct for promoting financial inclusion, consumer protection, and ultimately financial stability. Financial inclusion and financial literacy need to go hand in hand to enable the common man to understand the need and benefits of the products and services offered by formal financial institutions. In India, the need for financial literacy is even greater considering the low levels of literacy and the large section of the population that are still out of the formal financial setup. Financial literacy has assumed greater importance in recent years as financial markets have become increasingly complex and the common man finds it very difficult to make informed decisions. Further, in view of a higher percentage of household savings in our country, financial literacy can play a significant role in the efficient allocation of household savings and the ability of individuals to meet their financial goals.