AP State Board Notes

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 19 Social and Religious Reform Movements to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 19 Social and Religious Reform Movements

→ Many Christian missionaries came to India along with the European companies to preach Christianity in India.

→ The Europeans introduced the printing press in India.

→ In 1828 Rammohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj.

→ Swami Vivekananda was a disciple of Ramakrishna and he set up the Ramakrishna Mission.

→ Swami Dayananda Saraswathi set up Arya Samaj in 1875.

→ The suppression of the revolt of 1857 had created a lot of bitterness between Muslims and the British.

→ Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started the Aligarh Movement for the spread of modern education and social reforms among Muslims.

→ Kandukuri Veeresalingam was a social reformer of the Andhra Region.

→ Savitribai Phule along with her husband Jyothiba Phule played an important role in improving women’s rights in Maharashtra.

→ Ramabai devoted her life to helping women, especially widows.

→ Jyothiba Phule founded Satya Shodhak Samaj to build a new society based on truth and equality.

→ Narayana Guru was a religious leader who preached the idea of “One Jathi, One God and One Religion for all”.

→ Some of the reformers called Dalits of Andhra Pradesh ‘Adi Andhras’.

→ Gandhiji encouraged women to participate in the Non-Cooperation Movement and Satyagrahas.

→ Ambedkar founded an Independent Labour Party to represent the interests of the Dalits.

→ Reforms: A change in any pattern.

→ Sati: In some parts of the country, upper-caste women were burnt along with the bodies of their dead husbands. This was called ‘Sati’.

→ Purdah: There ¡s a system for women covering their faces with some clothes or sarees. This is known as the Purdah system.

→ Widow marriages: In the olden days the widows were suffered a lot in their families. So some reformists worked on this and introduced remarriages to them.

→ Untouchability: It was a sin in society. Some castes in the society were treated as lower castes. And the higher caste people wouldn’t touch them. These were called untouchability.

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 18 Rights Approach to Development to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 18 Rights Approach to Development

→ The right to liberty and freedom means that they can do, believe and speak out what they want without fear and live the life of their choice.

→ It is important to pass laws that sanction the economic and welfare rights of all people.

→ The Government of India has made laws related to the right to information, employment, and school education.

→ RTI prescribes that any individual can get documents from the government.

→ Under the RTI it is also compulsory for every government office to declare certain information in public even without being asked by the people.

→ RTE declares that all children of the age of 6 to 14 have the right to free education.

→ Children should be taught in their mother tongue.

→ The 86th Amendment of the Constitution, which made education a fundamental right was passed in the year 2002.

→ Human Rights: All human beings, irrespective of who they are, – their caste, gender, religion, country, etc., whether they are law-abiding or criminals have certain basic rights which cannot be denied to them.

→ RTI: Right to Information. This law prescribes that any individual can get documents like government orders, reports, advice, logbooks, rules and regulations, attendance lists, letters, etc. (Some exceptions are there).

→ RTE: Right to Education. It is a law. It declares that all children of the age 6 to 14 years have the right to free education etc.

→ Liberty: The state of being free or the ability to act as you please.

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 8 Service Activities in India to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 8 Service Activities in India

→ Services rendered by different people in any specified activity are known as service activities. They are not producing anything tangible. Nothing is done free of cost It is their livelihood. Service activities are required for agriculture and industrial activities.

→ We can classify the service activities into

1. Education
2. Health and Medical Services
3. Trade
4. Public Administration
5. Defence
6. Financial activities
7. Personal Services and
8. A variety of other activities.

→ Developmental activities such as infrastructure facilities are also a part of service a&bivities.

→ The continuously changing technology has changed job opportunities for educated personnel in India.

→ Business Process Outsourcing, Telecommunications, the entertainment industry, internet cafes, public booths, the advertising agencies and banks etc., have brought in new kinds of jobs to the educated or highly skilled in India.

→ But unskilled has low earning employment opportunities in service activity.

→ These service jobs although bring a lot of income to families but at the same time bring stress to the new jobs that they do.

→ In 2012, the government has allowed foreigners to invest in selling goods in India. There will be gainers and losers from FDI in retail but the overall gains will outweigh the losses.

→ Call Centre: A call centre is an office where people work answering or making telephone calls for a particular company or customer regarding certain information.

→ Service Activities: Services rendered by duff rent people in any specified activity, are known as service activities.

→ Outsourcing: Outsourcing is a process through which a company makes the things done by outsiders and pays them. As a result number of jobs or recruitment will be reduced.

→ Information Technology: The use of electronic processes for gathering and storing information and making it available using computers.

→ Economic Development: Economic development is the process whereby the real per capita income of a country increases over a long period of time in which the number of people below the poverty line does not increase and there is the reduction of economic inequalities.

→ Retail Trade: Retail trade is the activity of selling goods directly to the public, usually in small quantities.

→ Multinational Company: A multinational Company has branches or owns companies in many different countries,
im-

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 17 Understanding Poverty to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 17 Understanding Poverty

→ The situation of chronic hunger is widespread in India.

→ The energy is measured in kilocalories (k.cal.).

→ The national calorie standard was established as 2,400 and 2,100 k.cal. per day for rural and urban areas.

→ Hunger is not just painful to bear, it is also destructive.

→ Chronic hunger and calorie deficiency are related to undernourishment.

→ Constant hunger weakens the immune system.

→ The most important contributor to poverty is the lack of regular employment.

→ More than 50% of people in India, still depend upon agricultural activities for their livelihood.

→ In Andhra Pradesh, nearly 2/5ths of all rural families are mainly agricultural laborers.

→ The Right to Work states that everyone should be given the opportunity to work for a basic living.

→ After years of struggle by people’s groups the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA), 2005 was passed.

→ Alongside employment, the government has to ensure that everyone has access to affordable food.

→ The system of ration shops distributing foodgrains and other essential items is known as the Public Distribution System.

→ Based on BPL survey results, three types of cards were issued.

→ Ration shops are also called fair-price shops.

→ Undernourishment: Lack of nutrition in the food we take 1n :

→ Agricultural growth: At present agriculture is ¡n a critical stage. Facing all the negativities, it should be taken forward. This is called agricultural growth.

→ Directive Principles: The principles which direct the government

→ Public works: Works that are useful to the public

→ Social audit: It is meant for reducing corruption in government.

→ Below Poverty Line: It is a survey that takes into account the family’s income, means of livelihood, number of meals per day, clothing, housing, migration, debt, etc., to decide whether a household is a poor household.

→ Public Distribution: The system of ration shops distributing foodgrains and other System essential items is known as the Public Distribution System.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 12 Carbon and its Compounds to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 12 Carbon and its Compounds

→ Carbon always forms covalent bonds.

→ Carbon is present in all substances of animal and vegetable origin.

→ The ability of carbon to unite with an indefinite number of carbon atoms in straight branched or cyclic chains is known as catenation.

→ Carbon and hydrogen combine together in different proportions to form a large number of compounds called hydrocarbons.

→ There are two types of hydrocarbons – saturated and unsaturated.

→ Alkanes are represented by the general formula C_nH_2n+2.

→ Alkenes are represented by the general formula C_nH_2n.

→ Alkynes are represented by the general formula C_nH_2n-2.

→ Organic compounds having the same functional group and common properties but differing in the molecular formula from the next member by one CH₂ group, form a homologous series and such compounds are called homologs.

→ Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are known as isomers.

→ The decomposition of alkanes on heating in the absence of oxygen is known as cracking.

→ Methane is prepared by heating a mixture of sodium acetate and soda-lime.

→ When ethanol is heated with an excess of concentrated H₂SO₄ at 160° C ethane gas is produced.

→ Natural gas is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons mainly methane, ethane, propane, and butane.

→ Natural gas is used as a fuel.

→ Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is used as an alternative to petrol as automobile fuel.

→ Ethanol and Ethanoic acid are important carbon compounds in our daily life.

→ The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids.

→ Detergents are ammonium or sulfate salts of long-chain carboxylic acids.

→ The action of soaps and detergents is based on the presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups in the molecule and this helps to emulsify the oily dirt and hence its removal.

→ Alcohols are organic compounds that contain hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a carbon atom.

→ Alcohols are neutral to litmus.

→ Alcohols are poor conductors of electricity.

→ Alcohols react with sodium to liberate hydrogen gas.

→ Carbon chains may be in the form of straight chains, branched chains of rings.

→ Saturated hydrocarbons on combustion give carbon dioxide and water with the liberation of heat.

→ Unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions while saturated hydrocarbons undergo substitution reactions.

→ The occurrence of the same element in two or more different forms is known as allotropy.

→ Hybridization: The redistribution of orbitals of almost equal energy in individual atoms to give an equal number of new orbitals of equivalent energy is called hybridization.

→ Allotropy: The property of an element to exist in two or more physical forms having more or less similar chemical properties but different physical properties is called allotropy.

→ Diamond: A transparent form of carbon that is the hardest known material

→ Graphite: A soft dark grey or black form of carbon that occurs naturally as a mineral.

→ Buck minster fullerene: A hollow molecule, spherical like a football, has 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons, having 60 vertices on its surface and made from 60 atoms of carbon.

→ Nanotubes: Nanotubes are another allotropic form of carbon.

→ Catenation: Any element forms bands among its own atoms to give big molecules. This property is called catenation.

→ Tetravalency: The valency of a carbon atom is four. This valency of carbon otherwise is called tetravalency.

→ Hydrocarbons: The compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen in their molecules are called hydrocarbons.

→ Alkanes: Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between carbon atoms are called alkanes.

→ Alkenes: Hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond between carbon atoms are called alkenes.

→ Alkynes: Hydrocarbons containing at least one triple bond between carbon atoms are called alkynes.

→ Saturated hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons containing C – C single bonds are known as saturated hydrocarbons.

→ Unsaturated hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond (C = C) or containing at least one triple bond (C C) between the two carbon atoms are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.

→ Functional group: An atom or a group of atoms in an organic molecule, which is responsible for the compound’s characteristic reactions and determines its properties is known as a functional group.

→ Isomerism: The phenomenon of possessing the same molecular formula but different properties by the compounds is known as isomerism.

→ Homologous series: The series of carbon compounds in which two successive compounds differ by – CH₂ unit is called homologous series.

→ Nomenclature: The naming of organic compounds is known as nomenclature.

→ Combustion: The process of burning carbon or carbon compound in excess of oxygen to give heat and light is called combustion.

→ Oxidation: The addition of oxygen to a given compound or removal of hydrogen from the compound is called oxidation.

→ Addition reaction: The reaction in which an unsaturated hydrocarbon combines with another substance to give a single product is called an addition reaction.

→ Substitution reaction: The reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by some

other atoms (like chlorine) is called a substitution reaction.

→ Ethanol: Ethanol is the second member of the homologous alcoholic series. Its formula is C₂H₅OH.

→ Ethanoic adds: It is the second member of the homologous series of carboxylic acids. Its formula is CH₃COOH.

→ Ester: Esters are organic compounds that contain the functional group – COO^– and whose general structural formula is

where R = H or an alkyl group and R’ is an alkyl group. R and R’ may be the same or different.

→ Esterification: The reaction in which a carboxylic acid combines with an alcohol to form an ester is called esterification.

→ SaponIfication: The process of making soap by the hydrolysis of fats and oils with alkalies is called saponification.

→ Micelle: A spherical aggregate of soap molecules in the soap solution in water is called a micelle.

→ Enrico Fermi (1901 – 1954)

• Enrico Fermi was born in Rome on September 29, 1901.
• He became a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Rome in 1927.
• Fermi received the Nobel Prize in 1938 for his “discovery of new radioactive elements produced by a neutron in radiation, and for the discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons”.
• Fermi’s momentous accomplishment caused him to be recognized as one of the great scientists of the 20th century.

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 7 Industries in India to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 7 Industries in India

→ In a manufacturing production process, the raw materials are worked upon by people and changed using tools and machines to produce a good that can be useful

→ Industries produce a large variety of goods, generate employment and earn foreign exchange.

→ Machines, electricity, minerals and ores and transport facilities are basic needs and the government has taken responsibility to provide these basic goods.

→ During the early years of industrialization industrial production was increased But there were a lot of restrictions hence the Indian industry could not modernize.

→ In the 1990s, the government introduced new policies for industries. Many activities which were earlier restricted only to the government are now allowed for the private industries. Rules were relaxed

→ Due to that, there was a rise in the number of industrial units. Employment has increased but less than expected and of low paying quality.

→ Large industries began to replace workers with technology. This led to almost zero additional employment in large factories.

→ In the course of production, these industries release a lot of other materials They are causing pollution in the industrial locations.

→ Colonial rule: Under British rule. (During the middle age the European countries occupied much of African and Asian countries and established their trading centers or colonies. We were under the colonial rule of the British)

→ Consumer goods: The goods which are directly consumed by the consumers are known as consumer goods.

→ Infrastructure facilities: Building of roads, good transport facilities such as roadways, railways. waterways and airways. provision of power supply, development of telephone lines, etc. are known as infrastructure facilities.

→ Basic goods industries: Industries or factories producing essential goods such as machines, electricity, minerals, and ores, and transport facilities are basic industries.

→ Self-sufficiency: Ability to provide all the things needed without external help.

→ Per capita consumption: Average consumption by each person.

→ Liberalization: Process by which government controls usually in the areas of social or economic policies are relaxed or even removed.

→ Foreign exchange: Foreign exchange is used to refer to foreign currency that is obtained through a foreign exchange system.

→ The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 16 Abolition of Zamindari System to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 16 Abolition of Zamindari System

→ In India, a very large proportion of peasants were landless.

→ At the time of independence it was widely agreed that in order to end rural poverty, it was most important to give the poor access to land for cultivation.

→ The law to abolish the zamindari system was passed in the 1950s.

→ The zamindar’s own land is called Khudkasht.

→ As per the new laws the government took over the waste and forest lands held by zamindars.

→ The Madras Estate Bill came into force in 1950.

→ In the Telangana region, the powerful movement of the peasants was underway when the Nizam state was merged with India.

→ The famous Hyderabad Tenancy Act was passed in 1950 protecting all types of tenants.

→ Bhoodan means donating land to the landless.

→ The Challapalli Zamindar showed 2650 acres under his sugar factory.

→ Land Ceiling Acts were passed in most states after 1972.

→ The Land Ceiling Act defined a family with 5 members as a unit.

→ Several landlords gave false declarations to the officers and did not reveal the excess land.

→ One of the states in which the Land Ceiling Act was more efficiently implemented was West Bengal.

→ Land Ceiling: There is a limitation in the ownership of land – one unit – 10 to 27 acres of irrigated land and 35 to 54 acres of dryland

→ Jagirdari system: Lands were divided into jagirs and were ruled/administered by Jagirdars.

→ Firman: A Nizam government’s order.

→ Tenancy Act: The act which makes tenants as landowners

→ Bhoodan movement: A movement which was led by Sri Acharya Vinoba Bhave, it aims ‘donating land to the landless.

→ Sarf-e-Khas: Nizam’s own land

→ Maktas: Small kingdoms ¡n Nizam’s rule

→ Land holdIng: A piece of land owned by a person

→ Begar/Vetti: Working for somebody without any benefit

→ Compensation: Something which is received on behalf of something lost

→ Khudkasht: Own land of zamindars

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 15 Law and Justice: A Case Study to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 15 Law and Justice: A Case Study

→ If you have to make a complaint to the police, it is necessary to file an FIR at the police station.

→ A copy of the FIR should be given free of charge to the person making the report.

→ One important function of the police is to investigate any complaint about the crime.

→ It is not the job of the police to punish the accused.

→ Civil cases are related to people’s rights over land, property, income and people’s relationships with one another.

→ The police take charge of the criminal case because it is a violation of law made by the government.

→ Bail is a right of the accused.

→ A criminal offence is registered as a public wrong.

→ The judge is like an umpire in a game and conducts the trial impartially and in an open court.

→ One of the central features of the Constitution is to separate the powers of Executive, Judiciary and Legislative.

→ Each state has a High Court which is the highest court of that state.

→ Supreme Court is located in New Delhi.

→ Accused: The person who has done something wrong.

→ FIR: First Information Report gathered by the police.

→ Offence: A breach of law or rule; an illegal act.

→ Investigation: A formal inquiry or systematic study.

→ Arrest: To seize a person by legal authority or warrant.

→ Summons: An order to appear before a judge or magistrate.

→ Witness: One who furnishes evidence.

→ Fair Trial: A trial by a neutral and fair court.

→ Judgement: The legal document stating the reasons for a judicial decision.

→ Appeal: To make a serious or urgent request to the public.

→ Breach of contract: Failure to do something that is required in a contract.

→ Client: A person receiving social or medical services.

→ Public Prosecutor: A law officer who conducts criminal proceedings on behalf of the government or in the public interest.

→ Bail: The temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial.

→ ‘Magistrate: A civil officer or judge who administers the law, especially who conducts a court that deals with minor offences.

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 6 Agriculture in India to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 6 Agriculture in India

→ Agriculture is an age-old economic activity in our country. Farming varies from subsistence to commercial type.

→ Subsistence farming: This type of farming is alone in two forms. They are Simple Subsistence Farming and Intensive Subsistence Farming.

→ Commercial farming: The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. The plantation is also a type of commercial farming.

→ Agriculture crops depend on seasons and natural resources such as soil, water, and sunshine for cultivation. India has three cropping seasons.

1. Rabi
2. Kharif
3. Zaid

→ Major Crops: A variety of food and non-food crops are grown in different parts of the country.

Major crops grown in India are:

• Rice: It is a Kharif crop. High temperatures, heavy rainfall, and high humidity are essential for rice. Grown in the plains of north and northeastern plains of India.
• Wheat: It is a winter crop. Grown in the northern part of our country.
• Maize: It is used both as food and fodder. It is grown in old alluvial soil Major Maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.

→ Millets, Pulses, Sugarcane, Oilseeds, Tea are some other important crops.

→ Horticulture Crops: India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world

→ Non-Food Crops: Rubber, fiber crops such as cotton, jute, silk are important non-food crops.

→ Environmental Effects of New-Agricultural Technologies: The Green Revolution has brought in several environmental imbalances: In Punjab, Haryana, and parts of Uttar Pradesh, most farmers have shifted to the cultivation of HYVs of rice and wheat, which require plenty of water.

→ The food security of a nation depends on agriculture. A variety of raw materials required for industries are cultivated on farms. Agriculture is also a major source of livelihood for millions.

→ Two kinds of people are engaged in farming – agricultural laborers and cultivators.

→ A variety of crops are cultivated by farmers in India. They are food grains and non-food grains.

→ There are two challenges for the country

1. to grow food in sufficient quantity and
2. to ensure that people are not undernourished even when we have food available.

→ Agriculture crops depend on seasons and natural resources such as soil and water and sunshine for cultivation. Temperature and humidity conditions are important

→ The newly formed Indian Government also made (initiated) other important policy changes.
(a) The First Phase: Between 1950-65, big dams for irrigation and electricity generation like Bhakra-Nangal, Damodar Valley, Hirakund, Nagarjuna Sagar, etc. were constructed.

(b) The Second Phase – Green Revolution and its Spread: The government introduced a new kind of seeds to the Indian soil It was also accompanied by the use of chemical fertilizers, machinery such as tractors, and others besides irrigation facilities. High Yielding Varieties of seeds and fertilizers were the key elements of new agricultural technologies.

→ Effects of Green Revolution: The spread ofHYVs to large parts of the country and to newer crops have led to a significant increase in crop production in the country. As a result of the import of food- grains from other countries were reduced. Today farmer is able to produce nearly 800 kilograms of foodgrains per acre of cultivable land

→ The Green Revolution has brought in several environmental imbalances.

(c) The Third Phase – Post reform agriculture: Foreign trade in food products was not allowed The Government started offering minimum support prices. Thus the Indian farmer produced for markets within the country.

→ In recent years, however, the support of the government has not been so strong. For example, the government has started only a very few new irrigation projects. So a large section of farmers are compelled to depend on rainfall

→ Chemical fertilizer: Fertilizers that are prepared by using petro-chemicals are called chemical fertilizers. They are proved to be harmful to agriculture.

→ Green Revolution: It is a specific program introduced to increase the productivity of agriculture by using a high-yielding variety of seeds.

→ Organic Material: The material obtained from degrading all the biological waste in the compost pit can be termed as organic material.

→ Dryland Agriculture: The agriculture carried on the lands which cannot easily be irrigated is known as dryland agriculture.

→ Modern Farming Practices: The use of High Yielding Varieties of seeds, fertilizers, and use of machinery, etc., are modern farming practices.

→ Foreign Trade Policy: Policy of government regarding imports and exports.

→ Bio-chemical: Bio-chemical fertilizers are prepared by using biological materials. often they are used to enrich the soil.

→ Tropical climate: The hot climate which can be experienced within the tropics.

→ Environmental problems: Problems related to our environment are called environmental problems.

→ Environmental imbalances: Any disturbance created to our natural surroundings in which we live or exist. e.g.: Reduction in groundwater levels etc.

→ High Yielding Varieties: High Yielding Varieties of seeds and fertilizers were the key elements of new agriculture technologies. The HYV5 seeds grew well when fertilizers and water were used; they had larger amounts of grain and shorter stalks and a short period of maturity in most cases. The short period of maturity also enables double cropping-farmers can to use their lands more than once a year.

→ This policy was initially implemented in Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, and in some districts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. The HYV seeds required a lot of water and these areas were already irrigated. The new variety of wheat was grown in Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh, while the rice was grown in Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu.

→ Organic Farming – The experience of a farmer in Odisha: In order to overcome the ill effects of the Green Revolution, farmers in India have begun to adopt different farming practices. Let us look at an example. Aged 80, Natwarbhai is a resident of Narishu village, near Niali in Cuttack district, Odisha. A retired school teacher, he has been practicing organic farming for the last decade or so, and swears by its potential to feed India’s population. He says some of the varieties he grows yield over 20 quintals per acre, higher than the so-called ‘high yielding varieties that farmers around him get after using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. And he spends much less since his main inputs are gobar, natural pesticides when occasionally needed, and family labor.

→ Natwarbhai was earlier a ‘modern’ farmer. One day, while watching a laborer spray Carbofuran (a highly toxic pesticide), he was horrified to see him stagger and collapse. Rushed for treatment, the worker survived, but not Natwarbhai’s faith in the new agriculture. Especially after the laborer told him: “I could not breathe, my head was reeling”; and especially after, having buried the remaining stock of Carbofuran in a pit in his fields, Natwarbhai “saw dead snails, snakes, and frogs floating in the water that had accumulated there. “I immediately wondered what would be happening to the earthworms and micro-organisms that I knew kept the soil alive.” Natwarbhai switched to organic inputs, but with the high yielding varieties that them all, noting down their names, characteristics, and productivity.

→ What is fertile soil?
To be fertile, the soil has to provide the roots of plants with the right amounts of water, minerals, and air. To do this, it must have the correct texture and the correct composition. Soil is composed of mineral particles (which come from the breakdown of rocks) as well as organic components (which are or have come from living organisms). To be available to roots, the minerals must be dissolved in the water.

→ Why Government buys and stores some grain?
A lot of grain comes into the market at harvest time. One problem farmers faced was the low price of grain during this time. This means farmers were not able to sell grain at a high enough price to be able to repay their loans and continue using the new farming methods. They need to be protected from traders who might try to purchase the grains at low prices. Therefore, the government decided to set a Minimum Support Price (MSP). A Minimum Support Price is a price at which the farmers can sell their grain, if they want, to the government. The government sets the MSP so as to cover the cost of cultivation and allow a little bit of profit to the farmer. Because of the MSP, farmers are not forced to sell their grains at cheaper prices to the traders.

→ The Food Corporation of India (FCI) was formed by the government to purchase food grains from the farmers and store them. It keeps stockpiles and supplies grain to ration shops and other government schemes (e.g. for midday meals in schools).

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 14 Parliament and Central Government to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 14 Parliament and Central Government

→ The Constitution provides a parliamentary form of government.

→ Lok Sabha TV telecasts daily the discussions taking place in the Parliament.

→ In 1986, the Parliament adopted a National Policy on Education.

→ There are two houses of Parliament – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

→ Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both houses. Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters.

→ Normally, elections to the Lok Sabha are held every five years.

→ The first general elections were held in 1951-52.

→ An Election Commission was set up to conduct the elections in a free and fair manner.

→ In an ideal situation, every voter is expected to know about the different candidates, their policies and decide whose policies they would prefer and who they think can represent their interests best in the Parliament and then vote.

→ The Election Commission in recent times has taken very strict measures to control illegal practices.

→ The MLAs of all the states and the members of both houses of the Parliament elect the President.

→ The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are chosen from among the members of Parliament.

→ All decisions of the government of India are taken in the name of the President.

→ Legislature: The house which is constituted by the elected members of the state in our election. (By the voters)

→ Lok Sabha: The house which is constituted by the elected members of the nation. This is also known as Lower House.

→ Rajya Sabha: Some wise people are elected to this and some are nominated. This is also known as Upper House.

→ Election Commission: An independent statutory body in India

→ Council of Ministers: The Prime Minister appoints some members of Parliament to this council. This is known as the Council of Ministers.

→ Central list: Subjects on which laws can be made only by the Parliament.

→ State list: Subjects on which laws can be made only by State Legislature Assemblies.

→ Concurrent List: Subjects on which laws can be made by both Parliament and State Legislature Assemblies.

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Biology Notes Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Biology Notes Chapter 11 Bio Geo Chemical Cycles

→ The cycles that involve the flow of nutrients on earth involve the flow of nutrients on earth from the environment to organisms and back through certain pathways are known as biogeochemical cycles.

→ The interaction between the biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere consists of the transfer of matter and energy.

→ Biogeochemical pathways determine the path of transfer of matter on earth.

→ Water is a universal solvent and essential for various reactions to take place within a living cell

→ Nearly 97% of all the water on the earth is in the oceans and so only about 3% is freshwater.

→ Water participates in many biochemical mechanisms, including photosynthesis, digestion, and cellular respiration.

→ Water provides hydrogen and oxygen that form an integral part of basic organic compounds of life.

→ About 78% of nitrogen is present in the atmosphere, but plants and animals can not directly use it

→ A number of bacteria and blue-green algae are known to be able to fix atmospheric nitrogen into compounds in their own body e.g.: Rhizobium and Nitrosomonas.

→ The conversion of nitrates to ammonia by the denitrifying bacteria in the soil is known as nitrification.

→ Nitrogen compounds mainly nitrates or ammonium ions (NH₃) are taken up from soils by plants through a process known as assimilation.

→ The production of ammonia (NH₃) from nitrates and other nitrogenous compounds is called ammonification.

→ Solid (NO₃) is converted back to gaseous nitrogen (N₂) by a process called I denitrification.

→ Carbon dioxide or CO₂ makes up about 0.04% by volume of air.

→ Fixing of carbon in biological form takes place within plants and other organisms known as producers – in a process called photosynthesis.

→ Some gases present in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and water vapor trap heat from radiating back to space. This is known as the greenhouse effect

→ Excessive amounts of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases trap more amount of heat resulting in global warming.

→ Oxygen is found in the elemental form in the atmosphere to the extent of nearly 21 %.

→ Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), represents the amount of oxygen needed by aerobic bacteria to decompose the waste.

→ Ozone is concentrated in a layer in the stratosphere, about 15.30 kilometers above the earth’s surface.

→ The ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the planet’s surface.

→ Oxygen is also an essential component of most biological molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and fats.

→ The Montreal agreement in 1987 was to control and phase out the production and supply of ozone-depleting chemicals specifically chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

→ Water cycle or Hydrological cycle: It ¡s a process of constantly recycling water.

→ Nitro gen cycle: In this cycle nitrogen is converted from its inert atmospheric molecular form (N₂) into a form that is useful in biological processes.

→ Nitrogen fixation: It is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonium and nitrates.

→ Nitrification: It is the conversion of nitrates into ammonia by the denitrifying bacteria in the soil.

→ Assimilation: It is the intake of nitrogen compounds mainly as nitrates or ammonium ions (NH) by plants.

→ Ammonification: It is the production of ammonia from nitrates and other nitro generous compounds.

→ Denitrification: It is the conversion of solid nitrate (NO₃) to gaseous nitrogen (N₂)from animal and plant cells.

→ Carbon cycle: It is the movement of carbon from one component to other components of the ecosystem which ¡s including both living organisms and the abiotic environment.

→ Greenhouse effect: Gases present in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and water trap heat from radiating back to space.

→ Global warming: Increase in temperatures of the earth due to the release of more amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.

→ Oxygen cycle: Oxygen from the atmosphere is used up mainly by the processes, combustion, respiration and in the formation of oxides of elements like nitrogen, iron, etc., oxygen returns to the atmosphere through photosynthesis.

→ Precursor: A person or thing that comes before.

→ Condensation: The process of a gas changing to a liquid.

→ Precipitation: A chemical process in which solid material is separated from a liquid.

→ Soot: A black powder that is produced when wood, coal, etc. is burnt.

→ Ozone Depletion: Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen atoms. Certain industrial processes and consumer products result in the emission of ozone-depleting substances into the atmosphere.

→ Though we usually think of oxygen as being necessary to live in the process of respiration, It might be of interest to you to learn that some forms of life, especially bacteria, are poisoned by elemental oxygen. In fact, even the process of nitrogen-fixing by bacteria does not take place in the presence of oxygen.

→ Vladimir Vernadsky:

• The founder of biogeochemistry was Russian scientist Vladimir Vernadsky whose 1926 book ‘The biosphere’ in the tradition of Mendeleev, formulated a physics of the earth as a living whole.
• Vernadsky distinguished three spheres, where a sphere was a concept similar to the Rieman concept of a space-phase.
• He observed that each sphere had its own laws of evolution and that the higher spheres modified and dominated the lower.

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 5 Biosphere to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 5 Biosphere

→ The Earth is a unique planet that has life thriving on it

→ Air, water, and moderate temperature have made life possible on the earth.

→ AH, forms of life have an integral connection with the land, air, water, and sunshine around them.

→ Many forms of life are symbiotic that is they live by exchanging essential substances with each other.

→ Plants are the primary food producers.

→ Any disturbance in the cycle of life can create an ecological crisis.

→ Since all living and non-living things on earth are in one way or the other connected to each other, change affecting one, in due time affects all others too.

→ Natural vegetation is generally classified into three broad categories.
(a) Forests in areas of sufficient rainfall and sunshine.
(b) Grasslands regions of moderate rains.
(c) Shrubs in dry regions.

→ The thick forests which occur in the regions near the equator and close to the tropics are called tropical rainforests (or) tropical evergreen forests.

→ The forests in which trees shed their leaves and occur in the regions i&htch experience seasonal changes are called Tropical Deciduous Forests.

→ The forests which are located in the mid latitudinal coastal region are called the temperate Evergreen Forests.

→ The forests in which trees shed their leaves in the dry season and are located in higher latitudes are called Temperate Deciduous Forests.

→ The forests which are located in the west and southwest margins of the continents are called the Mediterranean Vegetation.

→ The trees which can be seen in the higher altitudes, in which tall softwood evergreen trees are grown are called Coniferous Forests.

→ The grasslands that grow on either side of the equator and extend to the tropics are called Tropical grasslands.

→ The thorny vegetation found in the dry desert-like regions is called Thorny bushes. The mosses; lichens and very small shrubs found in polar regions are called Tundra type of vegetation.

→ The building of knowledge of the environment is an essential part of human being’s interaction with the natural world.

→ The increase in population creates great pressure on earth as well as its resources.

→ The immense human industrial activity has had a profound impact on the air; water and the land around us.

→ The burning of fossil fuels releases large quantities of carbon dioxide and other chemicals that cause acid rains.

→ The burning of fossil fuels, release of enormous amounts of waste materials contaminate the air, water, and soil.

→ The cumulative impact of pollution poisons our environment which leads to global warming.

→ The extra radiation received at the earth’s surface produces the greenhouse effect The Greenhouse effect in simple terms is the property of the atmosphere, which permits sunlight rather easily and releases that heat with great difficulty.

→ The fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture eventually remain in the soil and also mix with water and result in contamination of water and soil Urbanisation causes a number of environmental problems.

→ Food chain: It is a complex phenomenon in which one kind of life becomes the food for another kind and so on.

→ Hardwood trees: These are the trees that yield hardwood necessary for making furniture, doors, and windows, etc.

→ Acid rains: Acid rains are caused by the mingling of acid particles of the atmosphere with rain increasing the acid content of rainwater.

→ Ecological crisis: Any disturbance in the cycle of life that goes on can create what s called an ecological crisis’.

→ Tundra: Tundra ¡s a biome where tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons.

→ Global warming: The increase in temperature of the earth’s atmosphere that is caused by the impact of pollutants especially carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

→ Fossil / Fuel: The remains of animals I plant, which had turned into rock.

→ Steppe: A large land of grass with few trees here and there.

→ Biosphere: The separate sphere that constitutes countless forms of life from microscopic bacteria to great Banyan trees and animals like elephants, tigers, and blue whales and of course human beings is called Biosphere.

→ Eutrophication: An increase in the rate of supply of organic matter in an ecosystem.

→ Herbivores: The plant-eating animals are called herbivores.

→ The greenhouse effect: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases and is radiated in all directìons.

→ Kyoto Protocol:
A conference was held in the city of Kyoto in Japan under United Nations Organization in December 1997 to protect mother earth from global warming. The countries that attended realized the effect of Green House Gases and signed a declaration called the Kyoto Protocol. The main aim of this is to bring down the release of Green House Gases to less than 5.2%. According to this declaration, this aim should be achieved between 2008-2012.

→ Approximately 13-15 tonnes of effluents and sewage water reach Kolleru lake daily from its nearby towns and villages.

→ One study found that the radiation released by cell phone towers affects the life of honey bees. This leads not only to a scarcity of honey but also affects pollination, biodiversity, and here agricultural products.