Class 10

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 7th Lesson People and Settlement Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 7th Lesson People and Settlement

10th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson People and Settlement Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
What is a settlement?
Answer:

1. The way we organize ourselves and our living spaces in a place is called a settlement.
2. The geographic space where we live and work is a settlement.
3. In a settlement, we have different kinds of activities – educational, religious, commercial, etc.
4. There may be various settlements of humans, right from a small hamlet to a megacity.
5. Settlements usually undergo changes.
6. Many basic concepts like site, situation, and the history of the place attract settlements in various places.
7. As settlements become more and more diversified in their characteristics, they also become more and more complex.

Question 2.
How did human lifestyles change with the settlement?
Answer:

1. Settlements change for many reasons.
2. Over the decades, cities have attracted people from all parts surrounding them as people migrated in search of livelihood, jobs etc.
3. This resulted in different types of slum areas or areas of the poor in the city.
4. Some are regularized and the rest are unauthorized colonies.
5. These places at a later time demarcated for other purposes.
6. People face constant threats of eviction.
7. Planning authorities ignore the existence of these and these colonies do not receive many public amenities.
8. Increasing urbanization is providing greater opportunities for people and causes more economic productivities.
9. Apart from that, people face many problems.

(OR)

1. Agriculture brought about many changes in human lifestyles.
2. People do not have to travel over large areas to obtain food.
3. They could now increasingly stay in one place. As agriculturalists, they were increasingly sedentary.
4. As agriculture progressed, people organized their life around patterns observed in nature.
   For example, the seasonal cycles, how to predict climatic conditions, how to plan the timing at cropping practices and so on.
5. They also had time to speculate on other things – The movements of heavenly bodies.
6. Population size also increased.

Question 3.
Define site features and situation features. Give one example for each from the place you live in.
Answer:

1. To understand what kinds of places attracted settlement we need to look at these basic concepts
   (I) site (ii) situation (iii) history of the place.
2. Site refers to the characteristics of the place its topography, altitude, water characteristics (the place with lakes, rivers, underground water, etc.) types of soils, security, shelter from natural forces, and so on.
3. The place we live in mostly consists of alluvial soil as it is on the banks of the river Krishna.
4. The situation describes the connections with other places.
5. The place we live in is equidistant from towns Mangalagiri and Tenali and the city of Vijayawada.

Question 4.
How does the Census of India define various kinds of places? How does it organize them in order of size and other characteristics?
Answer:

1. The Census of India, organizes settlements in India in a hierarchy based on the population.
2. The lowermost in hierarchy was a hamlet which is defined as a group of houses within the revenue village.
3. The next above is a revenue or census village, which is defined as a village with defined borders.
4. All the urban areas having a population between 5000 to 1 lakh are called towns.
5. Urban areas having a population between 1 lakh to 1 million are called cities or class I cities.
6. Cities having a population between one million to 10 million are called metropolitan cities or million plus cities.
7. Cities having more than 10 million people are called Mega cities.
8. The Census of India organizes the above on the basis or in order of size, population and a few other characteristics.

Question 5.
What is an aerotropolis? How is it structured?
Answer:

1. Aerotropolises are the settlements that are centered around large airports.
2. In an aerotropolis the port functions as a city in its own right.
3. Many facilities like hotels, shopping, entertainment, food, business conferencing etc. are provided right there.
4. People can fly in, conduct their business with their counter parts right there, and fly out with all the comfort of a city, without the traffic and other problems.
5. Some of aerotropolises are emerging in these places in India. Bengaluru International Airport, Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad), Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi).

10th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson People and Settlement InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 88

Question 1.
Field Work:
Look at your own city, town, or village. Draw a sketch map of a selected area using the methods you had learned earlier. Your map should show the following:
Roads; Houses; Shops and markets; Streams and drains;
Some pubic places – hospitals, schools, bus stand, railway station etc.
(a) Are the public places at points that would be convenient to most people?
(b) Do you find any pattern in the location of markets?
(c) Are the houses in clusters? Are they linked to the main road?
Talk to people in the selected area and find out the changes in the settlement during the past twenty years and the reasons for this.
What amenities should have been provided for, but has not been done?
Answer:

(a) Yes, the public places at points are more convenient to most people.
(b) Yes, the markets are located in definite distances for the use of people.
(c) Many houses are planned and built-in colonies. Most of the colonies are connected to the nearest main roads.
I have interviewed the people of Satyanarayanapuram in Vijayawada. The railway track in that area was removed. BRTS project was sanctioned in that area. Now the BRTS Road is in use to some extent. The nearest Railway Colony is redesigned. Many shopping complexes, educational institutions are established.
Many shops are shifted from I town to Mahatma Gandhi Road. The Vijayawada Bus Stand is the best in the state/country. The Railway Station building is designed as a palace. The roads are widened.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 89

Question 2.
Compare and contrast : Using the information above, compare and contrast nomadic and sedentary lifestyles. See how many points you can identify. (Make another table if the space is not enough here.)
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 92

Question 3.
Find out what factors have influenced the settlement of your place in the past ten years.
Answer:

1. The settlement where we live has been influenced by many factors in the past ten years.
2. The situation feature of it has been taken care of as all the villages and nearly towns are being connected with all-weather roads.
3. The soils are of a black cotton type and they were completely made use of with various crops are grown like cotton, rice, turmeric, banana etc.
4. The water facility has been provided by the river an 8 km distant and fresh water made available for usage.
5. The market was made an uplift with almost all facilities for vendors as well as the customers.
6. The visiting places were made aesthetic and tourist attractive.
7. A national disaster rescue force was in operation, providing shelter from natural forces.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 93

Question 4.
Observe the following table.

1. In the population data given in the above table, are the numbers reported for every decade? If not, which decade’s data is not reported here?
   Answer:
   Yes, the percentages are reported for every decade except in 1901.
2. From which decade to which decade has the population increase been the highest (in percentage)?
   Answer:
   The population increase has been the highest from 1951 to 1961.
3. From which decade to which decade has the population increase been the least (in percentage)?
   Answer:
   The decade 1911 to 1921 showed the lowest population increase.
4. Plot the absolute population of Visakhapatnam on a line graph covering 1901-2011. What observations can you make about the changes in the absolute population size?
   Answer:
   Observations :
   1. The population growth was stable till 1951.
   2. The population growth rate was above 50% after independence.
   3. The decade of 1951 to 1961 experienced the highest growth.
   4. The absolute population has crossed 10 lakhs between 1991 to 2001.
   5. It took 9 decades to cross 10 lakhs whereas it took only one decade to cross 20 lakhs.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 94

Question 5.
Review site and situation ….
Column A contains features of a place. In column B, write site, if it is a site feature or situation if it is a situation feature. In column C, write the ways in which this feature could impact.
Answer:

Question 6.
Field work … Understanding the settlement of your place.

1. Go to some of the production locations you have noted (farms, factories, offices, shops, quarries, etc.) in the sketch map you drew and find out where they get raw materials/inputs from and where they send their goods.
   Answer:
   VIJAYA MILK FACTORY (VIJAYAWADA)
   They get milk from the neighbouring villages and from our city. They send their production throughout the state and our neighbouring states also like Tamil Nadu.
2. Which raw materials come from within your settlement?
   Answer:
   Milk
3. Similarly, find out whether the finished goods are sold only in your own settlement or sent to other places (if other places, find out where).
   Answer:
   They supply their milk and milk products throughout the state and nearby states also.
4. Why did production begin here?
   Answer:
   Reasons for starting the production :
   1. Favourable location
   2. Animal wealth in the surrounding villages and in the city.
   3. Transport facilities
   4. Storage facilities
   5. Availability of skilled and unskilled labour.
   6. Power supply
   7. Investors
   8. Other facilities like water etc.
5. Give some example of site features that has influenced production in the area.
   Answer:
   1. It is near to the railway station and bus stand.
   2. Krishna river water and underground water is available.
6. Give examples of situation features that influenced production in your area.
   Answer:
   It has train routes and road routes to all the areas in the state and to nearby states.
7. How was production influenced by the history of the place?
   Answer:
   Vijayawada is a city on the banks of the river Krishna. Many kingdoms ruled this region. It is famous for its temples of Durgamata and Mary mata. From the historical periods it is con¬nected with the nearest villages. So the production is influenced.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 95

Question 7.
Consider your own place …
The bigger a place is, the more variety of services you can find there. Take educational facilities as an example. This exercise can help illustrate how more specialized services are found in bigger places (i.e., places that are higher in the hierarchy).

1. What are the levels of schooling you can get in your place? E.g.: primary,high school, higher secondary (“+2”), college (undergraduate, postgraduate).
   Answer:
   Postgraduate college.
2. If you want to study beyond the highest level offered in your place, where would you have to go?
   Answer:
   I would have to go to any capital city, like Delhi, Hyderabad, Madras etc.
3. What kind of professional courses can you join in your place? e.g.: engineering, medicine, commerce, technical diploma, etc.
   Answer:
   All the courses mentioned in the question.
4. If you want some other professional course, where will you have to go?
   Answer:
   I would have to go to capital city, like Delhi, Hyderabad, Madras etc.

Question 8.
Atlas work…
In your atlas and look at a map of Indict. Notice how different places are shown using differ¬ent sizes of symbols: national capital, state capital, other cities, etc. How many levels are shown using different symbols? Are tiny villages shown? Create your own table and arrange the places in decreasing order (i. e., most prominent place at the top, less prominent places as you go down).
Here is an example table for you. Two examples are shown, fill in details for other places.
Answer:
Repeat this kind of study for any other country of your choice.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 96 & 97

Question 9.
Indian settlements in the hierarchy.
The Census of India, organises settlements ¡n India using certain criteria. In the table 3 the Census departments definitions of various settlement types are given. Read them carefully and complete the exercise.
Given on text page 97 Is a pyramid. The bottom-most part of the pyramid shows the lowest level of the settlement hierarchy according to the Indian census. The top-most shows highest level. Fill in the details that are left blank.

1. The name given to the particular level of settlement (Two examples are shown).
2. Give one example of a settlement from Andhra Pradesh (except in Mega cities. Why?)
3. Try to place the town where you live (if you live in a village show the town in which your school is located) at the correct level, in the space below, give 1 or 2 reasons for your choice.
4. Do you think settlements should be classified only on the basis of the population? Can you think of any other way? Discuss with your teacher and identify the criteria for such classification.

Answer:

1. 
2. Vijayawada is a settlement from Andhra Pradesh.
   Reason: Andhra Pradesh has no megacity.
3. I live in Kalisipudi and I am studying in Akividu ZPH School. Kalisipudi is my native place. Akividu ZPH School is the best school we know.
4. Settlement can be classified on the basis of population.
   It can also be classified on the facilities and historical issues.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 98

Question 10.
What is at the centre of an aerotropolis ?
Answer:

1. A new kind of settlement is occurring in many countries, including India.
   These settlements are centered around large airports.
   Hence the name ‘Aerotropolis’ (or airport city).

Question 11.
Name any two facilities located at or near the centre of an aerotropolis.
Answer:

1. In an aerotropolis the airport functions as a city in its own right.
2. Many facilities like hotels, shopping, entertainment, food, business conferencing, etc. are provided right there.
3. People can fly in, conduct their business with their counterparts right there and fly out with all the comfort of any, without the traffic and other problems.

Question 12.
On an outline map of the world, locate and label the cities given in the examples. Name the country and the airport also on the map. Remember to use different types of text to identify the name of the country and the names of the cities and airports. Thus, it will be very easy to see which words are names of countries, and which are for cities and their airports.
Answer:

1. Kempegowda International Airport (Bengaluru)
2. Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi)
3. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad)
4. 5uvarnabhoomi International Airport (Bangkok, Thailand)
5. Dubai International Airport (Dubai, UAE)
6. Cairo International Airport (Cairo, Egypt)
7. London Heathrow Airport (London)
   

Question 13.
Suppose the place you have studied for this chapter gets an aerotropolis near it. Mention 3 ways in which the site features of your place may change. Similarly, mention 3 ways in which the situation features of your place may change.
Answer:

1. Suppose the place we have studied for this chapter gets an aerotropolis near It.
2. The security facilities for the region are beefed up.
3. Much of the underground waters are drawn to facilitate those constructions.
4. Many lakes underlying might be covered with soil to facilitate the required land.
5. Aerotropolis is within 15 minutes walking distance from the University gate.
6. It is 20 km away from the central bus station.
7. It has all weather connecting roads to all colonies of the city.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 100

Question 14.
Using your atlas locate Berhampur.
Answer:

Question 15.
What is the issue about which the people of Mohuda village are upset ?
Answer:

1. Mohuda village was on the outskirts of Berhampur Municipal Corporation, Odisha.
2. As per a survey made in 2009, Berhampur was producing over 150 tons of solid waste everyday.
3. The nature of solid waste also changes everyday as per change in life style of inhabitants.
4. So Berhampur Municipal Corporation chose Mohuda village to set up solid waste treatment plant in 30 acres of government land.
5. But from the very beginning, the proposal has received opposition from peasants and villagers of the area.
6. Villagers of Mohuda have started to protest against the establishment of the solid waste treatment plant near their village.

(OR)

The establishment of waste treatment plant near Mohuda upset them.

Question 16.
How many people and animals are expected to be adversely affected by the facility?
Answer:

1. Villagers of Mohuda area have started to protest against the establishment of the solid waste treatment plant near their village.
2. According to them, if this solid waste treatment plant was established near Mohuda, pollution caused by it may affect a population of around 30,000 people as well as around 10,000 domestic animals of the area.

Question 17.
What was the alternative location for the facility and why was it not used?
Answer:

1. The alternative location for this facility was Chandania hill on the outskirts of the city.
2. Twenty acres of land had also been ear marked for the purpose.
3. A boundary wall had been built up around the land patch at a cost of over 50 lakh rupees.
4. But it was found that the land at Chandania hill was forest land.
5. It was to be transferred to revenue department and consequently to Berhampur Municipal Corporation.
6. Then only the waste treatment plant can be established in that land.

Question 18.
What data does the report give about the quantity of solid waste produced by Berhampur ?
Answer:

1. As per a survey made in 2009, Berhampur was producing over 150 tons of solid waste every day.
2. In three years it must have increased say Berhampur Municipal Corporation Authorities.
3. The nature of solid waste also changes every day as per change in lifestyle of inhabitants.
4. This is the data that the report gives about the quantity of solid waste produced in Berhampur.

Question 19.
Berhampur Municipal Corporation authorities say that the amount of solid waste, produced by the city”must have increased in three years.”Do you agree or disagree with their statement? Why or why not ?
Answer:

1. Berhampur Municipal Corporation authorities say that the amount of solid waste produced by the city must have increased in three years.
2. I do agree with this statement.
3. In 2009, itself Berhampur was producing over 150 tons of solid waste every day.
4. Not only that, the nature of solid waste also changes every day as per change in the lifestyle of inhabitants.
5. Usually city population increases at a rapid rate due to urbanization.
6. Thus, the solid waste in Berhampur must have increased in 3 years.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 10th Lesson Globalisation Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 10th Lesson Globalisation

10th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Globalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
What were the reasons for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian government? Why did it wish to remove these barriers?
Answer:

1. After Independence, it had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment.
2. Because to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.
3. Industries were just coming up, with foreign competition, they may not survive.
4. Indian government levies tax on foreign goods.
5. And because of tax, prices of those goods become high.
6. Our goods will prosper.
7. Tax on imports is thus a barrier.
8. Around 1991, Indian government decided that the time had come for foreign competition.
9. It believed competition would improve our goods’ quality.
10. So it wished to remove these barriers.

Question 2.
How would flexibility in labour laws help companies?
Answer:

1. Flexibility in labour laws help companies to reduce the cost of labour for the company by negotiating the wages and other conditions.
2. Governments allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract foreign investment.
3. Instead of hiring workers on a regular basis, companies hire workers flexibly.
4. That is for short periods when there is intense pressure of work.
5. This is done to reduce the cost of labour for the company.
6. Foreign companies are demanding further flexibility in labour laws.

Question 3.
What are the various ways in which MNCs set up or control the production in other countries?
Answer:

1. At times, MNCs set up production jointly with the local companies of other countries.
2. The local companies benefit with additional investments and technology of MNCs.
3. MNCs buy local companies and then to expand production.
4. MNCs with huge wealth can quite easily do so.
5. Large MNCs place orders with small producers.
6. They sell them under their brand.

Question 4.
Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment? What do you think should the developing countries demand in return?
Answer:

1. Developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their foreign trade and foreign investment.
2. As most of the MNCs are owned by these developed countries they can expand into developing countries.
3. With huge wealths greater than the budgets of many developing countries, they can influence the power.
4. They will see the decision of polity were made in their favour.
5. Companies from developing countries may not be competing with MNCs in technology and marketing.
6. MNCs can capture the entire marketing potential of developing countries.
7. This will result in decay of the economy of indigenous developing countries.
8. They should demand proper share for their indigenous industries in marketing in their countries and in developed countries.

Question 5.
“The impact of globalisation has not been uniform.” Explain this statement.
Answer:

1. The impact of globalisation has not been uniform in India.
2. It is advantageous to well-off section in the urban areas.
3. They enjoy improved quality and lower prices of several products.
4. Industries like cellphones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast food or banking in urban areas are developed.
5. Several top Indian companies benefit from increased competition.
6. Some large Indian companies emerged as MNCs.
7. Wide opportunities for IT, data entry, accounting etc. fields.
8. Thousands of small producers closed their units and met losses.
9. Many employees lost their employment and workers saw their rights erode.

Question 6.
How has the liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisation process?
Answer:

1. Liberalisation of trade and investment policies has helped the globalisation process.
2. It opened the gates for MNCs to set up and produce and market goods at cheap production costs.
3. It resulted in greater integration of production and markets across the country.
4. MNCs are playing a major role in the globalisation process.
5. More and more goods, services, investments and technology are moving between countries.
6. Most regions of the world are in closer contact with each other than a few decades back.

Question 7.
How does foreign trade lead to the integration of markets across countries? Explain with an example other than those given here.
Answer:

1. Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producer to reach beyond the domestic markets.
2. For the buyers, trade expands the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.
3. Foreign trade thus results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in different countries.
4. Walmart is an American retail market giant.
5. The UPA government at the centre accepted for foreign investment in the retail sector.
6. So, Walmart in collaboration with Bharati set up many retail outlets across the country.
7. There is a wide choice for Indian retail consumers.

Question 8.
Globalisation will continue in the future. Can you imagine what the world would be like twenty years from now? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:

1. Globalisation has started, thus, it will continue in the future.
2. From 20 years now, the world would be a better one.
3. The developed countries continue to expand their MNCs.
4. They will try to capture the market of developing countries.
5. The developing countries in turn, fight for a better deal.
6. Over a period of time, they develop their economy and demand better place along with developed countries.

(OR)

1. Globalisation has started, thus it will continue in the future:
2. After 20 years, the native companies have no capacity to compete with MNCs and they will close.
3. People also will attract to foreign goods.
4. In health and education also MNCs will enter. Even though in Indian Railways also MNCs will enter.
5. Totally, the Indian people lost their culture and tradition.

Question 9.
Supposing you find two people arguing: One is saying globalisation has hurt our country’s development. The other is telling, globalisation is helping India develop. How would you respond to these arguments?
Answer:

1. I would support the second person.
2. Globalisation is helping India develop.
3. It brought many opportunities in IT, call centres, data entry, insurance and banking etc.
4. Many Indian companies became MNCs and are earning huge profits.
5. Many other Indian companies benefited with additional investment and technology from MNCs worldwide.
6. MNCs developed land and infrastructural facilities here.
7. Thus, India is developing due to globalisation.

(OR)
The benefits of globalisation have been unevenly distributed. It has benefited well-off consumers and also producers with skill, education and huge wealth. Certain services, enabled with technology have expanded.
On the other hand, thousands of small producers and workers have seen their employment and worker’s rights erode. It explains to understand the two-sided nature of globalisation.

Question 10.
Fill in the blanks.
Indian buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades back. This is closely associated with the process of —(i)—. Markets in India are selling goods produced in many other countries. This means there is increasing —(ii)— with other countries. Moreover, the rising number of brands that we see in the markets might be produced by MNCs in India.
MNCs are investing in India because —(iii)—. While consumers have more choices in the market, the effect of rising —(iv)— and —(v)— has meant greater —(vi)— among the producers.
Answer:
(i) globalisation;
(ii) foreign trade;
(iii) they have access to cheaper labour;
(iv) prices;
(v) standards;
(vi) competition

Question 11.
Match the following.

Answer:
(i) – b
(ii) – e
(iii) – d
(iv) – c
(v) – a

10th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Globalisation InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 131

Question 1.
Choose any one single item like Mobile phones or vehicles; identify the number of Brands available in the market. Are they owned and manufactured in India or abroad? Discuss with your parents or other adults and find out how many such brands were available 30 years ago.
Answer:

1. There are many mobile phone brands available now in our country.
2. Few of them are owned by and manufactured in our country.
3. Whereas most of them are owned by other nations and manufactured either here or abroad.
4. Brands are like Samsung, Nokia, LG, Karbon, Zen, Apple, i Phone, Sony, Panasonic, Infinix are a few of them.
5. Apple and i Phone are American brands; Nokia from the Philippines; LG and Samsung are of South Korea; Panasonic from Japan; Karbon and Zen, etc. are from China and Infinix and such mobiles are from India.
6. 30 years ago no cellular or mobile phone was available in India.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 133

Question 2.
Would you say Ford Motors is an MNC? Why?
Answer:

1. I would say Ford Motors is an MNC.
2. It is one of the world’s largest automobile manufacturers with production spread over 26 countries.
3. It was selling 27,000 cars in Indian Market by 2004.
4. By the year 2004, 24,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa, Brazil and Mexico.

Question 3.
What is foreign investment? How much did Ford Motors invest in India?
Answer:

1. The money that MNCs spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment is called foreign investment.
2. Ford motors came to India in 1995.
3. It spent Rs. 1700 crore to set up a large plant near Chennai.
4. This was done in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 134

Question 4.
By setting up their production plants in India, MNCs such as Ford Motors tap the advantage not only of the large markets that countries such as India provide but also the lower costs of production. Explain the statement.
Answer:

1. MNCs such as Ford Motors tap the large markets in India by setting up their plants here.
2. They also lower their cost of production. i
3. It is estimated that 50%-60% money they have saved on production by producing in India.
4. As labour is cheap here, other resources are also cheap. So they are producing goods at lower cost.
5. Apart from this, they are provided with educated youth in employment for lesser wages compared to other countries.
6. As the population in India and China alone accounts to 30% of the world population and Forbes surveys show that numbers of millionaires are increasing in these countries.
7. So MNCs have concentrated on tapping the markets here.

Question 5.
Why do you think the company wants to develop India as a base for manufacturing car components for its global operations? Discuss the following factors :
(a) cost of labour and other resources in India
(b) the presence of several local manufacturers who supply auto parts to Ford Motors
(c) closeness to a large number of buyers in India and China
Answer:

1. The company Ford Motors wants to develop India a base for manufacturing car components for its global operations.
2. In India the cost of labour is cheap.
3. The costs of other resources is also cheap in India.
4. India thus provides the advantage of being a cheap manufacturing location.
5. Another reason is that in India the presence of several local manufacturers who supply auto parts to Ford Motors.
6. It is another reason that in India and China there is presence of buyers in large numbers.

Question 6.
In what ways will the production of cars by Ford Motors in India lead to interlinking of production?
Answer:
The company is making engines and body at its plant. It is processing other components from various suppliers which operate in India. Even designing some of the new models has been done in India. So India is providing a perfect base for all the operations related to productions of cars for the Ford Motor. Hence it can be said that proper interlinking of production is happening in India for this company.

Question 7.
In what ways is an MNC different from other companies?
Answer:

1. An MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation.
2. Other company owns and controls production in only one country.
3. MNCs set up offices and factories where they get cheap labour.
4. They try to earn more profits.
5. The production process of MNCs is divided into small parts and spread across the globe.
6. Other companies tend to produce at a single place.
7. MNCs are rich and sound in technology.
8. Other companies may not be rich that much and may not possess such sound technology.

Question 8.
Nearly all major multinationals are American, Japanese or European, such as Nike, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Honda, Nokia. Can you guess why?
Answer:

1. Nearly all major multinationals are American, Japanese or European.
2. Because they are developed countries and MNCs have wealth exceeding the entire budgets of developing countries.
3. Those countries force developing countries to liberalise their foreign trade.
4. They place orders with small producers and sell these under their brand.
5. They have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour conditions for those distant producers.

Question 9.
What was the main channel connecting countries in the past? How is it different now?
Answer:

1. For a long time trade has been the main channel of connecting countries.
2. India had trade routes to both East and West.
3. It is different now, as the channel of connecting countries is now foreign trade.
4. Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets.
5. For buyers, foreign trade expands the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.

Question 10.
Distinguish between foreign trade and foreign investment.
Answer:

Question 11.
In recent years China has been importing steel from India. Explain how the import of steel by China will affect:
(a) steel companies in China.
(b) steel companies in India.
(c) industries buying steel for production of other industrial goods in China.
Answer:

1. In recent years China has been importing steel from India.
2. Steel companies in India strive to supply the best quality steel at possible cheaper rates.
3. They are able to expand their market.
4. They will compete with the steel companies in China and want to continue with exports.
5. On the other hand, Chinese steel companies try to compete with Indian steel companies.
6. They try to better the quality of steel and sell at cheaper prices.
7. There may be technological interchange.
8. The companies which produce other goods, but purchase steel from India, located in China try to make use of imported steel.
9. Thus, we could see varying impacts of this activity.

Question 12.
How will the import of steel from India into the Chinese markets lead to the integration of markets for steel in the two countries?
Answer:

1. In recent years China has been importing steel from India.
2. Indian cement producers found market outside our country.
3. Chinese have now got a choice of opting for cement produced beyond their state.
4. Thus it results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in these two countries.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 136

Question 13.
What is the role of MNCs in the globalisation process?
(OR)
How are multi-national companies promoting Globalisation? Explain.
Answer:

1. Multi-National Companies (MNCs) are looking for cheap locations for their production.
2. Foreign investment in developing countries has been raising.
3. A large part of the foreign trade is controlled by MNCs.
4. More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between countries.
5. MNCs, bring not only their products to a country but also the new business policies and cultures.
6. Most regions of the world are in closer contact with each other than a few decades back by MNCs. Thus, MNCs are playings major role in the globalisation process.
7. MNCs are helping in increasing competitiveness among native companies.
8. Latest models of vehicles in different countries are introduced by the MNCs in the globalisation process.

Question 14.
What are the various ways in which countries can be linked?
Answer:

1. There are various ways in which countries can be linked.
2. One is the flow of trade in goods as well as services.
3. The second is the flow of labour, i.e., the migration of people in search of employment.
4. The third is the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.
5. The fourth is ideas are also being shared and expanded.

Question 15.
Choose the correct option: Globalisation, by connecting countries, results in
(a) lesser competition among producers.
(b) greater competition among producers.
(c) no change in competition among producers.
Answer:
The correct option is (b). Globalisation, by connecting countries, results in greater competition among producers.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 137

Question 16.
In the following example, underline the words describing the use of technology in production.
Answer:
A news magazine published for London readers is to be designed and printed in Delhi. The text of the magazine is sent through Internet to the Delhi office. The designers in the Delhi office get instructions on how to design the magazine from the office in London using telecommunication facilities. The designing is done on a computer. After printing, the magazines are sent by air to London. Even the payment of money for designing and printing from a bank in London to a bank in Delhi is done instantly through the internet (e-banking).

Question 17.
How is information technology connected with globalisation? Would globalisation have‘been possible without the expansion of IT ?
Answer:

1. Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalisation process.
2. The developments in information technology are even more remarkable.
3. To contact one another around the world and to access information instantly telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax, etc. are used.
4. Computers have now entered almost every field of activity.
5. To share information and to know almost anything you want, Internet is useful.
6. So, globalisation would not have been possible without the expansion of Information Technology.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 138

Question 18.
What do you understand by the liberalisation of foreign trade?
Answer:

1. The Indian government, after independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment.
2. This was necessary to protect from foreign competition.
3. Around 1991, the government decided that the time had come for foreign competition.
4. So, barriers on foreign trade were removed to a large extent.
5. Goods can be exported and imported easily.
6. Foreign companies could set up factories and offices here.
7. This removing of barriers set by the government is liberalisation.

(OR)
Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government on foreign trade and foreign investment is known as liberalisation of foreign trade.

Question 19.
Tax on imports is one type of trade barrier. The government could also place a limit on the number of goods that can be imported. This is known as quotas. Can you explain, using the example of Chinese toys, how quotas can be used as trade barriers? Do you think this should be used? Discuss.
Answer:

1. Quotas can be used as trade barriers.
2. They can restrict the influx of foreign goods which is helpful for the prosperity of same goods of our make.
3. I think this should be used, but to a considerable extent.
4. That allows our producers to compete with foreign producers.
5. The quality of goods can be improved and prices also to be brought down with competition.
6. If quotas were adopted with regard to Chinese toys, so many Indian toy-makers would not have perished.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 139

Question 20.
Fill in the blanks.
WTO was started at the initiative of —(i)— countries. The aim of the WTO is to —(ii)—. WTO establishes rules regarding —(iii)— for all countries, and sees that —(iv)— . In practice, trade between countries is not —(v)—. Developing countries like India have —(vi)—, whereas developed countries, in many cases, have continued to provide protection to their producers.
Answer:
(i) developed;
(ii) liberalise international trade;
(iii) international trade;
(iv) these rules are properly obeyed;
(v) fair;
(vi) removed trade barriers.

Question 21.
What do you think can be done so that trade between countries is fairer?
Answer:

1. Many decisions that affect large parts of the world are taken by institutions of global governance.
2. They believe that the same set of rules and regulations are followed by all countries.
3. But, in practice, developed countries are not abided by them and still forcing the developing countries to follow those rules.
4. To avoid this, the institutions of global governance shall see that all countries are in same plane.
5. The developing countries should come together to resist the inequality meted out to them by other countries.
6. Then only the trade between countries will be fairer.

Question 22.
In the given example on the left (For example, refer to textbook on P. 139 – The agriculture sector ——– and fair trade ?) we saw that the US government gives massive sums of money to farmers for production. At times, governments also give support to promote the production of certain types of goods, such as those which are environmentally friendly. Discuss whether these are fair or not.
Answer:

1. Governments give support to promote certain goods, if they are environmentally friendly.
2. It is fair on the part of government.
3. It encourages many people to purchase them which does not cause any harm to environment.
4. The producers of those goods, as they get support from the government, can withstand the initial troubles.
5. It inspires others to invent many more goods which are environmentally friendly.
6. It emulates other producers towards eco-friendly products.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 140

Question 23.
How has competition benefited people in India?
Answer:

1. The competition in globalisation has benefited people in India.
2. It has been of advantage to consumers.
3. The well-off sections in the urban areas have a greater choice.
4. They now enjoy the improved quality and lower prices for several products.
5. These people today enjoy much higher standards of living than was possible earlier.

Question 24.
Should more Indian companies emerge as MNCs? How would it benefit the people in the country?
Answer:

1. Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals.
2. They are spreading their operations worldwide.
3. More Indian companies should emerge as MNCs.
4. A host of services like IT, data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, engineering are done cheaply and exported.
5. The people of the country would benefit from it.
6. They get quality goods and services at lower prices.

Question 25.
Why do governments try to attract more foreign investment?
Answer:

1. The central and state governments are trying to attract more foreign investment.
2. Because this investment boosts the infrastructural facilities in our country.
3. MNCs share with our companies the latest technology.
4. So governments are providing world-class facilities, tax exemptions, flexibility in labour laws etc. to attract more foreign investment.

Question 26.
Elsewhere we read what may be development for one may be destructive for others. The setting of SEZs has been opposed by some people in India. Find out who are these people and why are they opposing it.
Answer:

1. What may be development for one may be destructive for others.
2. The setting of Special Economic Zones has been opposed by some people.
3. SEZs need not pay taxes for first five years.
4. SEZs have labour laws flexible.
5. SEZs have world-class facilities.
6. People are against SEZs as many companies which set up SEZs are not functioning well.
7. They were provided exemptions at the expense of other companies.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 141

Question 27.
What are the ways in which Ravi’s small production unit was affected by rising competition?
Answer:

1. Ravi’s small production unit produced capacitors.
2. In 2001 government allowed imports of capacitors.
3. MNCs forced his clients to buy capacitors from them at half of the price of capacitors of Ravi.
4. Ravi now produces less than half the capacitors he produced previously.

Question 28.
Should producers such as Ravi stop production because their cost of production is higher compared to producers in other countries? What do you think?
Answer:

1. Producers like Ravi should not stop production because the cost of production is higher compared to producers in other countries.
2. The government should arrange Ravi, the technology with which he could compete the MNCs.
3. At the same time some restrictions must be put on MNCs without affecting norms of WTO.
4. People should be encouraged to purchase the capacitors produced by Ravi.

Question 29.
Recent studies point out that small producers in India need three things to compete better in the market:
(a) better roads, power, water, raw materials, marketing and information network,
(b) improvements and modernisation of technology, and
(c) timely availability of credit at reasonable interest rates.
Explain how these three things would help Indian producers?
Answer:

1. Small Indian producers are now unable to compete with MNCs.
2. If they are provided with good roads, water, power, raw materials, marketing and information network, they would better compete with the MNCs.
3. The technology that which they are using should be improved and modernised in order to compete with MNCs.
4. They should be provided with credit with less rate of interest, which help them to compete I with the MNCs.

Question 30.
Do you think MNCs will be interested in investing in these? Why?
Answer:

1. The MNCs definitely are not interested in investing in these.
2. Always MNCs invest with the aim of getting more profits, they won’t think of providing infrastructure.
3. If they try to provide these things, it would be useful to small Indian producers.
4. So, they do not show any interest in investing in these.

Question 31.
Do you think the government has a role in making these facilities available? Why?
Answer:

1. The government has a role in making these facilities available.
2. If the government makes these facilities available, then many small Indian producers develop themselves.
3. They would be able to compete with foreign MNCs.
4. As governments are nowadays welfare states, they have a role in making these facilities available.

Question 32.
Think of any other steps that the government could take. Discuss.
Answer:

1. The government could impose sanctions or restrictions on MNCs.
2. Make that MNCs should behave with corporate social responsibility.
3. Government should protect the interests of the people and see that MNCs prosper.
4. It should adopt the policy which provides for mutual consent.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 3rd Lesson Production and Employment Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 3rd Lesson Production and Employment

10th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Production and Employment Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:
(i) Employment in the service sector ——– increased to the same extent as production. (has/ has not)
(ii) Workers in the ——– sector do not produce goods. (service / agricultural)
(iii) Most of the workers in the ——– sector enjoy job security. (organized/unorganized)
(iv) A ——– proportion of laborers in India are working in the unorganized sector. (large/small)
(v) Cotton is a ——– product and cloth is a ——– product. (natural / manufactured)
Answer:
(i) has not
(ii) service
(iii) organized
(iv) large
(v) natural, manufactured

Question 2.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
(a) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in ——– sector.
(i) primary
(ii) secondary
(iii) tertiary
(iv) information technology
Answer:
(i) primary

(b) GDP is the total value of ——– produced during a particular year.
(i) all goods and services
(ii) all final goods and services
(iii) all intermediate goods and services
(iv) all intermediate and final goods and services
Answer:
(ii) all final goods and services

(c) In terms of GDP the share of service sector in 2009-10 was ——– .
(i) between 20 and 30 per cent
(ii) between 30 and 40 per cent
(iii) between 50 and 60 per cent
(iv) 70 per cent
Answer:
(i) between 50 and 60 percent

Question 3.
Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
Answer:
Vegetable vendor.

1. The remaining three are the occupations of educated skilled labour.
2. Vegetable vendor need not have education.

(ii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
Answer:
Cobbler.

1. The remaining three are government servants.
2. Cobbler is self-employed person.

Question 4.
Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and services sectors is useful? Explain how.
Answer:
Classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful.

1. If all the economic activities are remained in only one sector, it would be difficult for the calculation of National Income, Per capita Income, etc. parameters.
2. Concentration on various economic activities for their growth will not be possible.
3. Allocation of funds, administration of sectors all becomes a tough task.
4. Classification of activities paves way for smooth functioning of the various calculations concerned.

Question 5.
For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, why should one focus on employ¬ment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer:
We are studying about the production in our country and the employment in the country. So for each of the sectors we come across one focussed on employment and GDP.
Yes other issues which should be examined are:

1. We should know the life expectancy of the people.
2. Should prepare a developmental plan and should discuss to which sector will give importance.
3. To know the poverty and unemployment range and try to abolish.
4.  Balanced regional development.
5. Modernization of technology.
6. Self-reliance of the country.
7. How to achieve surplus food production in the country.

Question 6.
How is the service sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer:

1. Service sector is different from the other two sectors, agricuture and industry.
2. Agriculture and industry sectors produce goods whereas service sector does not produce any good.
3. In agriculture and in industrial sector they need the help of service sector in the production of their goods.
4. But service sector does not need the help of agriculture or industry in its service.
5. Without service sector the needs of people for their physical and mental growth are not fulfilled.
6. Service sector is the lifeline of people.
7. Growth in service sector indicates modernisation.

Question 7.
What do you understand by underemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer:

1. The situation of underemployment could be understand as each one is doing some work, but no one is fully employed.
2. Here people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential.
3. This underemployment has different areas facets in rural and urban areas.
4. In rural areas this could be clearly understood from the example of disguised unemployment.
5. Though there is need of 2 persons for the land they have, the entire family of village formers depend on agriculture, which will not sufficiently provide work.
6. In urban areas also people work as casual labour in many factories. If there is demand, the factories give them opportunities and if there is no demand, the people are asked to go back without work.

Question 8.
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues:
Wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer:

1. Unorganised sector workers need protection on issues of wages, safety and health.
2. There is low paid and irregular working days nature of their work.
3. They are not given paid leave, holidays with payment and payment for overtime work.
4. So they need protection for their wages on par with any organised sector employment.
5. There is no security of job for them.
6. So they must be provided with safety of the job.
7. They do not have leave due to sickness and if they are absent, they lose their wages.
8. There must be the protection for their health with paid holidays and medical insurance.
9. They are not even provided with safe working environment.
10. There must be protection for their safe working environment.

Question 9.
A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked are in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs. 6000 crores. Out of this Rs. 3200 crores was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What are the ways for generating more employment in the city?
Answer:
Contribution of organised and unorganised sectors in Ahmedabad in 1997-98:

1. Government must provide more incentives to people who are engaged in unorganised sector.
2. Government should give waiver of certain taxes, exemptions of certain taxes and encourage many others to take up the establishments.

Question 10.
Complete the given table with employment opportunities in organised sector and unorganised sector in various regions of our state.

Answer:

10th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Production and Employment InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 28

Question 1.
Classify the following list of occupations under agriculture, industry and service sectors. Give reasons for your classification :

Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 29

Question 2.
The following table shows the percentage of workers employed in different sectors in India in 1972-73 and in 2009-2010, i.e., after 37 years.
(i) What are the major changes that you observe from the above table?
Answer:

1. The percentage of workers employed in agricultural sector was decreased by 21%.
2. The percentage of workers employed in industrial sector was increased by 11%.
3. The percentage of workers employed in service sector was increased by 10%.
4. These changes suggest that India is a developing country in its economy,

(ii) From what you have read before, discuss what could be some of the reasons for these changes.
Answer:

1. After the planning was started in India, factories came up and started expanding.
2. People began to use many more goods.
3. Industrial sector became the dominant sector and the importance of agriculture declined.
4. In the past 50 years, there has been a further shift from industry to service sector.
5. The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production.

Question 3.
Observe the pictures and mention the sector which they belong to :

1. ——–
2. ——–
3. ——–
4. ——–

Answer:

1. Agricultural sector
2. Primary sector (Mining)
3. Service sector
4. Industrial sector

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 30

Question 4.
Observe the following graph and answer the given questions.
Graph : GDP by Agriculture, Industry and Service Sectors (Rs. in Crores)
(a) Which was the largest producing sector in 1972 – 73 ?
Answer:

1. Agriculture was the largest producing sector in 1972 – 73.
2. Out of the aggregate GDP of 5,86,346 the contribution of agriculture was 2,43,082 and the remaining industry was 1,33,912 and services was 2,09,352.

(b) Which was the largest producing sector in 2009 -10 ?
Answer:

1. Services vyas the largest producing sector in 2009 -10 .
2. Out of the aggregate GDP of 45,16,071 the contribution of service was 25,78,165 and the remaining industry was 11,73,089 and agriculture was 7,64,817.

(c) Fill in the blank :
The total value of production of goods and services in India increased approximately ——– times between 1972 – 73 and 2009 – 10.
Answer:
8

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 31

Question 5.
Discuss : To find out the total value of goods produced should we add them up?
Answer:
1) No. We should not add them all.
2) The value of final good (Idli, Dosa) includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used in making final good.
3) Goods such as paddy, rice and husk are at the intermediary stages.
4) They are not being used by the final consumer.
5) They are used as inputs to make final good. If we add them to final good, we are double counting.

Question 6.
In the above example, paddy or rice is the intermediate good and idli is the final good. The following are a few goods we consume in our daily lives. List some of the intermediate goods against each one.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 32

Question 7.

Discuss : Why do both methods give the same result ?
Answer:
Value added at all stages = Rs. 2500 + Rs. 1100 + Rs. 1400 = Rs. 5000. Stage 3 (sale of Idli and Dosa) = Rs. 5000

1. Whatever may be the method the value of final goods/services does not change.
2. In the first method, we do not add up the intermediate goods as the result in double counting.
3. But we calculated the value of the final goods (Idli, Dosa) that were produced.
4. In the second method, at every stage we counted the value added.
5. Finally we added up all the values added and got the final good value.
6. Thus both the methods give the same result.

Question 8.
The value of GDP is given the following table. Compute the growth rate of GDP as shown for 2010 – 11?
Answer:
10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 34

Question 9.
Can you find out some examples of trade, hotels, transport and communication ?
Answer:

1. Different types of shops, showrooms, supermarkets, groceries, hardware merchants, steel merchants, rice traders, fancy and general stores, malls and shopping complex are included in this.
2. Different types of tiffin centers, hotels are included in this.
3. Various types of vehicles like auto, rickshaw, jeep, van, truck, lorry, bus, passenger train, express train, goods train, double decker train, boat, ship, steamer, helicopter, aeroplane etc. are included in this.
4. Newspaper, journals, magazines, e-books, televisions, news channels, sport channels, devotional channels, land lines, cell phones, fax, email, internet and satellite services are included in this.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 35

Question 10.
Read the above table and fill in the blanks.

1. Majority of workers in agriculture are living in ——– areas.
2. Most ——– workers are employed in agriculture sector. Only a small section of ——– is in industrial sector.
3. More than 90% of urban workers are getting employment in ——– and ——– sectors.
4. Compared to males, female workers are getting employment in ——– and ——– sectors only to a small extent.

Answer:

1. rural
2. female, 16%
3. industrial, service
4. industrial, service

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 36 & 37

Question 11.
Observe the following pie charts.

Look at the above pie charts and fill in the following table.

Answer:

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 9th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 9th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy

10th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Every village in India is surveyed once in ten years during the Census and the details are presented in the following format. Fill up the following based on information on Rampur.
a. Location :
b. Total Area of the Village:
c. Land Use (in hectares):

Answer:
a. Location: RAMPUR
b. Total Area of the Village: 290 hectares
c. Land Use (in hectares):

Question 2.
Why are the wages for farm labourers in Rampur less than minimum wages?
Answer:

1. Farming requires a great deal of hard work.
2. Many landless farm labourers work on daily wages in Rampur.
3. They must regularly look for work.
4. Their wages are less than what the Uttar Pradesh government has set as minimum wages for labourers.
5. There is heavy competition for work among form labourers in Rampur.
6. So they agree to work for lower wages.

Question 3.
Talk to two labourers from your region. Choose either farm labourers or labourers working at construction sites. What wages do they get? Are they paid in cash or kind? Do they get work regularly? Are they in debt?
Answer:

1. Raju is a farm labourer.
2. He gets wages ₹ 200 per day.
3. He is paid in cash.
4. He does not get work regularly,
5. He is in debt.
6. Mohan is labourer at the construction site.
7. He is paid ₹ 350 per day.
8. He gets work regularly.
9. He is paid in cash.
10. He is not in debts.

Question 4.
What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use examples to explain.
Answer:

1. There are different ways of increasing production in the same piece of land.
2. Multiple cropping i.e., growing more than one crop on the same piece of land is one such thing.
3. Modern farming method i.e., use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, assured irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides is another such technique.

Question 5.
How do the medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming? How is it different from the small farmers?
Answer:

1. The medium and large farmers generally have their own savings from farming for the capital of farming.
2. They are able to arrange for seeds, fertiliser, pesticide, payments to labour etc.
3. They have tractors, threshers and harvesters as well as tubewells.
4. In contrast to this, small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for working capital.
5. They borrow money for inputs for cultivation.
6. The rate of interest is very high on such loans.
7. They are put great distress to repay the loan.

Question 6.
On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tejpal? Would Savita’s condition be different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest?
Answer:

1. Savita got a loan from Tejpal.
2. He imposed many conditions to give her loan.
3. He agreed to give loan at 36% per annum interest rate.
4. He also sought a promise from Savita that she should work on his field as a farm labourer during the harvest season at ₹ 100 a day.

Question 7.
Talk to some elderly persons in your region and write a small report on the changes in irrigation and changes in production methods during the last 30 years.
Answer:
I met Koya Sunil Kumar of Krishna district and Yeluri Rajakumar of Guntur district to conduct the survey.
Changes in irrigation:

1. Thirty years back, there were no proper irrigation facilities.
2. Canals were not dug completely.
3. Not only that there were very few tubewells, that too were owned by the government.
4. The system of production was customary and the yield was also not great. All the villages were not completely electrified.
5. Last thirty years saw a great improvement.
6. Now there were canals dug. Many tubewells were dug by medium and large farmers.
7. The system of production also saw few changes.
   Changes in production method :
8. Modern farm methods like the usage of High Yield Varieties, use of pesticides, fertilizers and water management and machinery for all activities of farming like harvesters, threshers, sowing and weeding machines came into existence.

Question 8.
What are the main non-farm production activities taking place in your region? Write a brief report on any one such activity.
Answer:

1. Many non-farm activities are taking place in this region.
2. Shopkeeping, small scale manufacturing, transport and handlooms etc. are famous among them.
3. Handloom working involves entire families in looming.
4. They work under contractors, who provide them with raw material and collect the finished handlooms.
5. He pays them less wages.
6. Workers cannot weave for themselves and market their handlooms.

Question 9.
Imagine a situation where labour is the scarce factor of production instead of land. Would the story of Rampur be different? How? Discuss in class.
Answer:

1. Usually land is a scarce factor of production.
2. If we imagine labour to be the scarce factor, the story of Rampur would be different.
3. The wages for the labourers will be high.
4. Not only farm labourers other labourers also get a benefit.
5. Government also fixes higher minimum wages.

Question 10.
Gosaipur and Majauli are two villages in North Bihar. Out of a total of 850 households in the two villages, there are more than 250 men who are employed in rural Punjab and Haryana or in Delhi, Mumbai, Surat, Hyderabad or Nagpur. Such migration is common in most villages across India. Why do people migrate? Can you describe (based on your imagination and previous chapter) the work that the migrants of Gosaipur and Majauli might do at the place of destination?
Answer:

1. Migration is common in most villages in India.
2. Usually the distress of rural unemployment drives men to migrate.
3. They migrate in search of employment.
4. Many urban migrants get employment in the unorganised sector.
5. They work as rickshaw pullers, hawkers, daily labour, casual labour in many unorganised sectors

Question 11.
Land is also required for produc&>n of goods in an urban area. In what ways is the use of land different from a rural area?
Answer:

1. Land is required for production of goods in an urban area.
2. But the use of land in urban area is different from that of a rural area.
3. In urban area land is mostly used for non-farm production activities.
4. They are like industrial complexes, commercial complexes, dairies, small, medium and large scale manufacturing units, market yards, shops etc.
5. Whereas in the village most land is under land farming activity.
6. Thus we can say that land is also required for production of goods in an urban area.

Question 12.
Read again the meaning of “land” in the production process. Give three examples, other than agriculture, where this requirement is most significant in the process of production.
Answer:

1. Land is the most crucial factor necessary for farm production.
2. Land is required most significantly in the process of production other than agriculture also.
3. Non-farm activities also require land.
4. To establish any small scale manufacturing unit, land is required.
5. To set up and operate a dairy, land is required.
6. To set up any shop or market yard, land is required.

Question 13.
Water, a natural resource for production, particularly agricultural production, now requires greater capital for its use. Can you explain the statement?
Answer:

1. Water is the natural resource required for agricultural production.
2. But now it requires greater capital for its use.
3. People now use electricity-run tubewells for irrigation.
4. The electricity charges are more. ‘
5. Farmers are setting up their own tubewells.
6. In situations of power cut, they use diesel to run motors to draw water from the tubewell.
   So, now it requires greater capital for its use.

10th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 115

Question 1.
What do you know about agriculture? How do crops change in various seasons? Do most people depending on agriculture belong to land owning groups or are laborers?
Answer:

1. Land is the most crucial factor necessary for agriculture.
2. Well developed irrigation facilities help us in changing of the crops in various seasons.
3. Villages like Rampur has the land where even three crops can be grown during a year’s three seasons.
4. Most people that depend on agriculture are landless labourers.
5. Majority of the working people are dependent on farming for their livelihood.
6. The well-being of these people is closely related to the production on the farms.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 117

Question 2.
Looking at your state or district physical map and identify areas that are well irrigated. Does your region fall under this category?
Answer:

1. Well irrigated areas in India are Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
2. Moderate to high irrigated areas are Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
3. In our state most of the region is tank irrigated.
4. Quite a considerable region is under canal irrigation.
5. Our region falls under this category.

Question 3.
The following table shows the land under cultivation in India in units of million hectares. Plot this on the graph provided. What does the graph show? Discuss in class.

Answer:

1. The graph shows that the cultivated area from 1970 to 2010 remained the same.
2. New area was not brought under cultivation.
3. Even some area was brought, the same amount of area from cultivated land was used as non¬farm area.
4. The area of the country is not extending.
5. The demand for non-farm land is also increasing.
6. So there was no growth recorded in cultivated area for the last 40 years or so.
   

Question 4.
You have read about the crops gr^nin Rampur. Fill the following table based on information? on the crops grown in your region.
Answer:

Question 5.
What are the reasons for multiple cropping in cultivation?
Answer:

1. The cultivation which is under multiple cropping has many reasons for it.
2. It has a well-developed irrigation system.
3. Different crops are grown in three crop seasons.
4. It increases the production from the land.
5. They may have two main crops and a third crop.
6. There is no land that is left idle.
7. There is no possibility of expansion in land area under cultivation.
8. The plants grown also used as cattle feed.

(OR)

The factors that contribute to the multiple cropping in village areas.

1. Availability of more labour.
2. Availability of irrigation facilities.
3. Availability of fertile soil.
4. Experienced farmers.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 118 & 119

Question 6.
In the map given below, shade the small plots of land.
Answer:
Students’ Activity

Question 7.
Why do so many families of farmers cultivate such small plots of land?
Answer:

1. Not all the people engaged in agriculture have sufficient land for cultivation.
2. The upper caste families own a majority of the land in the village.
3. They have land extending over 10 hectares or more.
4. Many families cultivate small plots of land less than 2 hectares.
5. Cultivation of such plots doesn’t bring adequate income to the farmer family.
6. Even these small plots were divided among sons when their father was dead.
7. Thus so many families of farmers cultivate such small plots.

Question 8.
The distribution of farmers in lndj£ and the amount of land they cultivate are in the following table and pie-charts.
What do the arrows indicate? Would you agree that the distribution of cultivated land is unequal in India? Explain. (OR)
a) Who are called small farmers?
b) Would you agree that the distribution of culivated land is unequal in India? Explain.
Answer:

1. The arrows indicate that 87% of the total farmers are cultivating only 48% of the total cultivated land.
2. The remaining 13% of the farmers are cultivating the remaining 52% of the land.
3. This indicates that there is no equal distribution of land among farmers.
4. I would agree that the distribution of cultivated land is unequal in India.

(OR)
a) The farmers who possess less than 2 hectares of land.
b) Yes. I agree because 87% of farmers are cultivating only 48% of land. On the other hand only 13% of farmers are cultivating 52% of land.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 120

Question 9.
Small farmer, Big farmer. After reading next section (Labour for the Farm’ on Text P. 121) write a caption that would describe their relation with the factors of production.
Answer:
Small farmer should carry the field while the field carries big farmer.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 121

Question 10.
Why are farm labourers like Dala poor?
Answer:

1. Dala is a landless farm labourer who works on daily wages in Rampur.
2. He must regularly look for work.
3. His wages are less that government fixed minimum wages.
4. There is heavy competition for work among the farm labourers in Rampur.
5. So they agree to work for low wages.
6. As machines are increasing, the number of days of work available to a worker is very low.
7. Thus farm labourers like Dala are poor.

Question 11.
What do the large and medium farmers in Rampur do to get labour for their farms? Compare with your region.
Answer:

1. Medium and large farmers generally have their own savings from farming.
2. They make that money as the working capital needed for farming.
3. They agree to give small farmers the loan at 36% per annum interest rate for four months, which is very high.
4. They also take promise from the small farmers to work on their lands as farm labourers during the harvest season for ₹ 100/- a day, which is quite low.
5. Thus they have the required labour.
6. In our region also that is one practice.
7. They get landless labourers for less wages.

(OR)
The large and medium farmers offer lower wages to get labour for their farms.
In our region most of the villagers are job holders in the nearest town. So there is no such competition. The farm labourers are less in number. So they get better wages.

Question 12.
Fill in the following table :
Answer:

Question 13.
What are the ways of providing labour, in the production of goods or services that you observe in your region?
Answer:

1. In our area farm activities are more prominent.
2. Different crops are grown here in different seasons.
3. Crops like rice, turmeric, banana, maize, cauliflower, cabbage, jasmine, etc. are grown here.
4. Labour is provided to the farmers here.
5. Other non-farm activities also are here like Coca-Cola factory where cool drinks are manufactured.
6. Many shopkeepers, small manufacturing units, dairies, transport facilities are present which are provided with labour.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 122

Question 14.
Read the following table.
Answer:

1. For every activity mentioned above in the farms, daily wages decided by government are less, they seem to be. However, there is a lot of variation across regions.
2. For ploughing men get more than the amount mentioned above.
3. For sowing and weeding also more earnings will be here.
4. Here all activities are charged per acre and distributed among those who worked there.
5. So, comparatively they earn more compared to those mentioned wages of government.

Question 15.
Find out the minimum wage and compare with this.
Answer:

1. Minimum wage mentioned above is ₹ 118 for women for threshing.
2. Whereas women here is get more than that nearly ₹ 300/- per day when they are doing threshing work.
3. So the amount they get here is more than that was listed by government.

Question 16.
Why do you think men receive a higher wage than women for the same job? Discuss.
Answer:

1. There are works in farming like ploughing fixed for men.
2. There are several others like transplanting and picking cotton are fixed for women.
3. But the remaining farm works can be done by both men and women.
4. Among them also more wages were set up by the government for men compared to women.
5. Because men are physically strong.
6. With that energy they got, they complete the works neatly and quickly.
7. Thus men receive higher wage than women.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 124

Question 17.
Surplus and Capital for Production
Consider three farmers. Each has grown wheat on his field though the production is different as in Column 2. To analyse the situation faced by different farmers we need to assume that some conditions are the same for all. To keep things simple, let us suppose the following conditions:

1. The consumption of wheat by each farmer family is the same (Column 3).
2. The whole of surplus wheat this year is used as seeds for working capital for the next year’s production by all the farmers. They also have land to do so.
3. Also suppose, production output is twice the working capital used in production in all the farms. There is no sudden loss in production.

Complete the table.
Answer:

a) Compare the production of wheat by the three farmers over the years.
Answer:

1. Farmer 1 will have more surplus over the years.
2. Farmer will have surplus which is enough for next year’s capital.
3. Farmer 3 will have to borrow the capital from second year onwards.

b) What happens to the Farmer 3 in Year 3? Can he continue production? What will he have to do to continue production?
Answer:

1. The farmer 3 in year 3 will not have any capital.
2. He cannot continue production like that.
3. He will have to borrow capital for third year.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 126

Question 18.
What physical capital did Mishrilal need to set up this process?
Answer:

1. Mishrilal set up the process wherein he can prepare jaggery.
2. Earlier sugarcane was crushed by using bullocks.
3. But these days people prefer to do it by machines.
4. Mishrilal has purchased mechanical sugarcane crushing machine run on electricity.
5. That is the physical capital he needed to set up this process.

Question 19.
Who provides the labour in this case?
Answer:

1. The labour in this case is provided by Mishrilal himself.
2. At times, he may be supported by his family members.

Question 20.
Why is Mishrilal unable to increase his profit? Think of reasons when he could face a loss.
Answer:

1. Mishrilal prepares jaggery from sugarcane with a machine.
2. He sells it to traders at Jahangirabad.
3. He uses the sugarcane he has cultivated and also buys sugarcane from others.
4. Thus he is making a small profit.
5. His production is in small scale, he also buys from others, the sugarcane and there is mechanism to provide him with minimum support price.
6. He sells to traders at Jahangirabad which results in transportation expenses.
7. So he is unable to increase his profit.
8. He could face loss when the prices of jaggery in the marked are decreased sharply.

Question 21.
Why does Mishrilal sell jaggery to traders in Jahangirabad and not in his village?
Answer:

1. Mishrilal sells jaggery to traders in Jahangirabad.
2. He cannot sell all the jaggery he has made in Rampur itself.
3. So he would sell it to the traders of Jahangirabad.

Question 22.
On whose land is the shop located?
Answer:
The shop is located on the land of the shopkeeper.

Question 23.
Who supplies labour to these small shops selling eatables?
Answer:
1) These small shops selling eatables are run by the shopkeepers.
2) They are assisted by the woman and the children in the family.

Question 24.
Guess what working capital would such shops require.
Answer:

1. Shopkeepers buy goods that villagers produce.
2. They supply it to shops/markets in bigger villages/towns.
3. They sell wide range of small items like rice, wheat, sugar, tea, oil, biscuits, soap, toothpaste, batteries, candles, notebooks, pen, pencil and even some cloth.
4. Shopkeepers need working capital to buy and stock all these to sell off.

Question 25.
List the physical capital items.!?
Answer:

1. They need shop set up that is prepared.
2. Different almirahs, boxes, weights and measures like balance, stones etc.

Question 26.
From a hawker in your area find out the daily sales. How will you find out if there is some savings? Discuss with your teacher.
Answer:

1. Srinivas is a hawker from our area.
2. He has a fruit vending career,
3. He invests nearly a thousand rupees to buy fruits like guava, apple or orange etc.
4. He sells and makes a profit of nearly ₹ 400 per day.
5. It is learnt that he has some savings around ₹ 50,000 after meeting all his family expenditures.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 127

Question 27.
What is Kishore’s fixed capital?
Answer:

1. Kishore bought a buffalo.
2. He attached a wooden cart to his buffalo.
3. Buffalo and cart are the only fixed capital of Kishore.

Question 28.
What do you think would be his working capital?
Answer:

1. He gets the fodder for the buffalo.
2. He takes care of the minor repairs of the wooden cart.
3. These would be his working capital.

Question 29.
In how many production activities is Kishore involved?
Answer:

1. Kishore is involved in four different production activities.
2. With his buffalo and wooden cart he transports various items.
3. Once in a week, he goes to Ganges to bring clay for the potter to prepare pots.
4. Sometimes he goes to Jahangirabad with a load of jaggery or other commodities.
5. Every month he gets some work in transport.

Question 30.
Would you say that Kishore has benefited from better roads in Rampur?
Answer:

1. Kishore has definitely benefited from the better roads in Rampur.
2. Because of them he is able to transport various items and people.
3. He is able to earn more than what he used to do some years back.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 6th Lesson The People Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 6th Lesson The People

10th Class Social Studies 6th Lesson The People Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Identify the false statements and correct them :
a) Census data is collected every 10 years.
b) Sex ratio refers to the number of females in an adult population.
c) Age structure shows us the distribution of people according to their age.
d) Population density is higher in mountains as people like the climate there.
Answer:
a) The statement is correct.
b) Sex ratio refers to the number of females per 1000 males.
c) The statement is correct.
d) Population density is lower in mountains due to hilly, dissected and rocky nature of the terrain, moderate to low rainfall, shallow and less fertile soils.

Question 2.
Based on the following table answer the questions below.
(a) Identify roughly how many centuries it took for the world population to double for the first time.
Answer:
300 years.

(b) In earlier classes you had studied about colonisation. Look at the table and identify in which of the continents the population decreased by 1800.
Answer: Oceania.

(c) Which continent has been most populous for most period of time?
Answer:
Asia.

(d) Is there any continent that is projected to show a significant decrease in population in future?
Answer:
Europe.

Question 3.
List out the impacts on society if sex ratio is too low or too high.
Answer:

1. The unbalanced sex ratios should be reflected in various social settings, including the modern college campus.
2. This ratio impacts the distribution of wealth, alter who sits in boardrooms and at the executive levels of the corporation and what governments do overtime.
3. A high sex ratio can have many implications, including on crime.
4. When there is a shortage of women in the marriage market the women can “marry up”, inevitably leaving the least desirable men with a marriage prospectus.
5. Gender imbalance will lead to a reduction in birth rate.

(OR)

The variations of sex ratio shows serious impact on society.
If the sex ratio is high: (i.e., more women than men)

1. Increase in women literacy – Better family management.
2. Better financial management.
3. Increases rural economy.
4. Controls rural-urban migration.
5. Increase in self-employment through self-help groups.

If sex ratio is low: (i.e., less women than men)

1. Scarcity of women.
2. It leads to illegal trafficking of women Ex: From Southern States to UP, Bihar etc.
3. Unequal distribution of resources like health, nutrition, education etc.

Question 4.
Compare the Indian literacy rates with other countries:

What similarities and differences do you note?
Answer:

Similarities and differences:

1. Almost all Asian countries have similar literacy rate except one or two i.e., low.
   All the European countries have same literacy rate i.e., high.
2. The male literacy rate is high in all the countries except Brazil and Norway.
3. The difference between male and female literacy rate is too high in India and Nepal.
4. Only Norway has achieved 100% literacy rate.

Question 5.
Which areas of Andhra Pradesh have high density of population and what may be some of the
reasons behind it ?
Answer:
Some of the coastal districts especially in delta area and the districts around the capital city Amaravathi have high density of population.
The reasons behind it are :

1. The regions in and around the delta areas have fertile soils.
2. They have plenty of water facilities and favourable living conditions.
3. The region around the capital city are developing industrially, and in all sectors.

Question 6.
Distinguish between population growth and population change.

Question 7.
Compare the population pyramid of India with the data of three other countries given here.
(a) Which country’s population is likely to grow ?
(b) Which country’s population is likely to reduce ?
(c) Compare the gender balance: What can you tell about each country’s family and welfare policies?
Answer:
(a) India’s population is likely to grow.
(b) Sweden’s population is likely to reduce.
(c) Among the four countries Mexico has high sex ratio of 1041, Sweden follows with 1020 and Kenya with 1000, but India has a negative sex ratio – 940 females per 1000 males. As for family and welfare policies, they are well organized in Kenya.

Question 8.
Map work:
a. On a blank map of India showing state boundaries, plot the state-wise population density based on the 2011 census by taking five ranges.
Answer:

b. On a blank map of Andhra Pradesh showing district boundaries, plot the popula¬tion distribution using the dot method (one dot is equivalent to 10,000 population).
Answer:

Note: Students are advised to do the map work using the dot method. The number of dots is mentioned in the brackets.

10th Class Social Studies 6th Lesson The People InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 71

Question 1.
1. Talk to a few people in your neighborhood who have different occupations and incomes. Find out about their views on the ideal family size.
Answer:
I have opted for the following persons in our neighborhood.

Question 2.
Have you ever wondered how information about the people living in your locality or village, and the country as a whole is collected and recorded? Ask your teacher to explain their experiences of collecting census data.
Answer:
To collect census information, areas of the country are divided into enumeration districts. A census interviewer is assigned to each individual district. The interviewer is trained to fully understand each and every aspect of the census information needed. During the month before the census, the interviewer begins preliminary enumerations. The interviewer will visit each building in his or her assigned district and quickly and accurately complete the census questionnaires. Once the questionnaires have been completed, they are taken to a main census office to be checked and coded. The census information is then ready to be input into computers that can generate the required statistics.

Question 3.
What is the difference in collecting information using a census or a sample method? Discuss with few examples.
Answer:
Census and sampling both serve the purpose of providing data and information about a population.
Sample method: Under this technique, some representative units or informants are selected from the universe. These selected units are called samples. Based on the data collected from these samples, conclusions are drawn upon the whole universe.
It is to be noted that if the size of the sample is considerably large and the samples have been properly selected, various results obtained from the study of the sample units, also hold good for the entire universe.
Census method: Under this technique, each and every item or unit constituting the universe is selected for data collection.
In the Indian Census, which is conducted once in ten years, this technique is invariably followed.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 72 & 73

Question 4.
Conducting a Survey

• Each group of two to three students will collect data from 10 families of their locality. The survey form is given below.
• Each group will fill in the details and construct the tables indicated.
• Based on the tables presented by each group, the class will discuss the questions.

Answer:
Self Activity

Before the survey:

The class needs to discuss and arrive at a common meaning for all the terms used in the survey form. Otherwise, there will be confusion in the actual survey and we would not be able to com¬pare the result of one group with another. With the help of your teacher discuss the following:

1. How would a “household” be defined? Whom all would you include?
   Answer:
   A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share meals or living accommodation and may consist of a single-family or some other grouping of people. I would not include any others.
2. For “Education” what are the categories that you would use?
   Examples: child below six; studying in school/college, class….; should be in school but not enrolled; studied up to class ..; did not attend school.
   Answer:
   1. School education – 6 to 15 years of age
   2. College education – 15+ to 20 years of age
   3. University education – 20+ to 25 years of age
   4. Other education – 15+ to 25 years of age
3. What categories would you use for occupation?
   Examples: Homemaker, student, self-employed as …, unemployed, retired, non-employed, senior citizen.
   1. Home maker
   2. Student
   3. Employed
   4. Non-employed
   5. Retired
   6. Senior citizen etc.

After the Survey:

1. Each group would construct a table to show a number of people in the surveyed families:
   
   Answer:
   
2. What is the female/ male ratio for your group? Are the ratios very different among the groups? Discuss.
   
   Answer:
   
3. What is the percentage of dropouts & never enrolled children as a whole-for all groups? What are the reasons for this?
   Answer:
   The percentage of dropouts never enrolled children as a whole = 8%
   Reasons:
   1. Parents’ economical background,
   2. Their superstitions,
   3. Teaching styles and
   4. Subjects like English, Mathematics etc.
4. For those above 20 years, what is the average time they have spent at school? Find this for your group. Is this data useful?
   Answer:
   They spent 5\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) hours per day at school.
   This data is useful for the assessment of their school education.
5. For all people in the age group 15-59
   
   How do you classify those who are “working” and those who are “dependent” in your sample?
   Answer:
   

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 74

Question 5.
Observe the following.
(a) From the age pyramid given above, identify a rough estimate of the percentage of children in the population.
Answer:
It is 31%.
Male : 190, 075, 426;
Female : 172, 799, 553

(b) Based on your survey present the following items in a table: Population, Children, Working, Aged.
Answer:
Self Activity.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 76

Question 6.
Do girls get similar opportunities for further studies as boys?
Answer:
Yes, at present girls also get similar opportunities for further studies as boys.

Question 7.
Do married women have opportunities for travel and work outside the home?
Answer:
Yes, many of the married women have opportunities for travel and work outside the home.

Question 8.
Are women expected to maintain a separation from their natal family and not ask for security or property rights?
Answer:
Yes, women are expected to maintain a separation from their natal family. But they are expected to ask for security or property rights.

Question 9.
Is there a strong preference for boys in your region?
Answer:
Yes, there is a preference for boys in our region, but it is not strong.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 77

Question 10.
Find out if there are illiterate people in your village or town. What does your survey reveal?
Answer:
There are 10 to 15 illiterates in our village. They are all over 70 years.
Our survey reveals that they remained illiterate due to their family background and lack of knowledge.

Question 11.
Discuss: How does literacy impact development?
Answer:
Conclusion:
Low literacy rates reduce development in a country because people who are educated are more able to become doctors and lawyers and set up businesses.
e.g.: If a country has a lower literacy rate then it will have a negative impact on the country’s economy due to less people having well-paid jobs, reducing its overall development for that period of time.

Question 12.
How is an agriculture laborer different from a cultivator?
Answer:

1. Cultivators are farmers who form or supervise the land that they own or take on rent.
2. Agricultural laborers are those who work on another’s form for wages in cash or kind.
3. Cultivator invests some capital and Agricultural laborer does not invest any capital.
4. Cultivator bears the profit or loss but Agricultural laborer is not responsible for profit or loss.
5. Cultivator avails credit facilities but Agricultural laborer does not get any credit facility.

Question 13.
Compare the type of workers that you find in your survey with that of the Census?
Answer:
Total workers: 84
Cultivators – 4%
Agricultural laborers – 10%
Workers in household industries – 15%
Others – 71%
This shows development in economy.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 78

Question 14.
Observe the increment in the population of India and its growth 1901-2011.

1. In which year did the population decrease?
   Answer:
   In 1921.
2. From which year onwards is the population continuously increasing?
   Answer:
   1931
3. What could be the reasons for the speed with which increases took place after Indian independence?
   Answer:
   India has grown dramatically since achieving independence.
   Reasons:
   1. Contact with western nations, in particular Great Britain, brought with it western medicine.
   2. The infant mortality rate dropped.
   3. The life expectancy rose.
   4. As the largest democratic nation in the world, India has been unable to force population controls.
   5. High fertility rate due to early marriages.
   6. Some religious superstitions, etc.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 79

Question 15.
Here are two posters from other countries. Can you guess the message given in them? Have you seen similar posters in India? Discuss.
Answer:
Messages:

1. A small family is an ideal family (2 children).
2. It is difficult to maintain a big family i.e., with 6 or more children.

Conclusion:
Yes, I have seen similar posters in India also.
“We two, ours two”

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 80

Question 16.
The Magnitude and Rate of India’s Population Growth (calculate the missing figures and write them down)

Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 81

Question 17.
When the fertility rate is near 2, what does this imply? Discuss. (OR)
When the fertility rate is 2, what does it imply?
Answer:
It implies the change in the outlook of people.
Families decide the number of children they want to have based on many considerations such as the resources they own, their security in old age, etc.

Question 18.
Talk to some couples who are recently married but do not have children. How many children do they plan for? What are the reasons?
Answer:

1. Couple — I: Pavan and Nagalakshmi Planned for two children.
2. Couple — II: Bindu Madhavi and Ravi Kiran Planned for two children.
3. Couple — III: Syamala Gayathri and Sharma Planned for two children
4. Couple — IV: Achyuth and Sita Planned for one child.

Reasons:

1. Their economic status.
2. They want to provide best facilities to their children.
3. They want to provide best education, etc.

Question 19.
In your family trace the number of children for every woman in three generations. What changes do you observe ?
Answer:
I observe that family planning was planned in the second generation itself. So the growth rate is decreasing at present.

Question 20.
Use the survey you have done in groups and find out total number of women in the age group 45 and above and number of their children. What is the average number of children per woman in your sample?
Answer:
The average number of children per woman in our sample is only 2.

Question 21.
What are the factors that influenced the decisions about children for Umed Singh? Do you think his daughter is thinking in a similar manner?
Answer:
Umed Singh wanted to have more living children, unlike his father. He believed in the saying ‘Puthrudu lenide Punnama Narakam Tappadu.’ He has a regular income and assets to feed up his large family.
These are the factors that influenced the decisions about children for Umed Singh.
I think his daughter is also thinking in a similar manner. So she planned for 3 children.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 82

Question 22.
By which year was all the land in the village cultivated?
Answer:
By 1970 all the land in the Rampur village was cultivated.

Question 23.
How do you think landed people responded to increasing family’s size ?
Answer:
1) The landed people can feed their children well.
2) They can share the property up to the needs of their children.
So I think landed people responded to increasing family size.

Question 24.
What was the response of small farmers, like Govind, when families expanded? How far was tubewell irrigation useful?
Answer:
Small farmers like Govind should minimize their families. Otherwise, their lands will be divided into small holdings.
The tubewell irrigation is useful up to some extent. The over usage of underground water leads to disaster.

Question 25.
Look at the following map. Find out if there is any relationship between re¬lief features of India and population density. Identify major urban centers across the country. How do you ex¬plain the high population density in the cities?
Answer:
Yes, there is a relationship between the relief features of India and population density. The population density is high in the coastal plains and the Ganga Sutlej plain. And it is also high on the river banks also. It is less in mountain¬ous regions and in desert areas.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 83

Question 26.
Observe the following map.
Here are the data for the population density of Andhra Pradesh – 2011. On the above blank district map of AP plot them in ranges.
Compare a high-density district and a low-density district on the following.

1. Terrain and potential for agriculture development
2. History of agriculture in that region- use of land, water and other natural resources
3. Migration to or from that region and reasons for this

Answer:

1. Highest – Krishna
   Lowest – YSR Kadapa
2. 
3. 1) Migration to YSR Kadapa is almost NIL.
   2) Migration from YSR Kadapa is due to education and employment.
   3) Migration to and from Krishna district is mainly due to education and employment.

Project work

Look at the following two maps of density and the graphs on growth of population. Use various aspects of the population you studied in this chapter and describe them.

Answer:

1. The population density is high in India when compared to Bangladesh.
2. The population distribution is more or less equal in all the regions in India. But in Algeria population is concentrated along the Mediterranean Sea coastline as the country is over 80% desert.
3. As the forests decrease population increases.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 1 Nutrition – Food Supplying System Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions 1st Lesson Nutrition – Food Supplying System

10th Class Biology 1st Lesson Nutrition – Food Supplying System Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Write differences between
(a) Autotrophic nutrition – Heterotrophic nutrition:
Answer:

(b) Ingestion – Digestion :
Answer:

(c) Light reaction – Dark reaction :
(OR)
Differentiate the reactions that take place in presence of light and the reactions which do not require light in photosynthesis.
Answer:

(d) Chlorophyll – Chloroplast:
Answer:

Question 2.
Give reasons.
a) Why photosynthesis is considered as the basic energy source for most of living world?
(OR)
Why can we say that photosynthesis is the basic energy source for the living world?
Answer:

1. All living organisms constantly need energy to be alive.
2. They get energy from the food they eat.
3. The food directly or indirectly comes from the green plants through photosynthesis.
4. Hence photosynthesis can be considered as the basic energy source for most of living world.

b) Why is it better to call the dark phase of photosynthesis as a light independent phase?
Answer:

1. The term dark reaction or light independent does not mean that they occur when it is dark at night.
2. It only means that the reactions are not depend on light.
3. Hence we call the dark phase of photosynthesis as a light independent phase.

c) Why is it necessary to destarch a plant before performing any experiment on photosynthesis?
Answer:
1) To get better results, it is necessary to destarch a plant before performing any experiment on photosynthesis.
2) Because if starch is present it may interfere with the result of the experiment.

d) Why is it not possible to demonstrate respiration in green plants kept in sunlight?
Answer:

1. We cannot demonstrate an experiment of respiration in green plants kept in sunlight.
2. Because if sunlight is present, the C02 produced in respiration will be used in photosynthesis.
3. So we must conduct an experiment on respiration in green plants in a dark room.

Question 3.
Give examples.
a) Digestive enzymes
Answer:
The digestive enzymes are:

1. Salivary Amylase (Ptyalin),
2. Pepsin,
3. Trypsin,
4. Lipase,
5. Peptidases,
6. Sucrase,
7. Amylase (Pancreatic juice)

b) Organisms having heterotrophic nutrition is seen in organisms like:
Answer:
Heterotrophic nutrition is seen in organisms like:

1. All animals and human beings.
2. Some protozoans Ex: Amoeba.
3. Some parasitic plants Ex: Cuscuta
4. Saprophytes Ex: Bread moulds, yeast, mushrooms, etc.

c) Vitamins
Answer:
Water soluble vitamins:
B complex (B₁) Thiamine, (B₂) Riboflavin, (B₃) Niacin, (B₆) Pyridoxine,
(B₁₂) Cyanocobalamine, Folic acid, Pantothenic acid, Biotin, (C) Ascorbic Acid.
Fat soluble: (A) Retinol, (D) Calciferol, (E) Tocoferol, (K) Phylloquinine.

d) Nutritional deficiency diseases
Answer:
Eg: Kwashiorkor, Marasmus etc.

Question 4.
Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
Answer:

Question 5.
Explain the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its by products.
Answer:
A. Necessary conditions:

1. Autotrophic nutrition takes place through the process of photosynthesis.
2. Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll pigment and sunlight are the necessary conditions required for autotrophic nutrition.
3. The rate of photosynthesis depends on availability of sunlight.

B. By products:

1. Photosynthesis is the main process for autotrophic nutrition.
2. Carbohydrates and oxygen are the by products of photosynthesis.

Question 6.
With the help of chemical equation explain the process of photosynthesis In detail with the help of a flow chart.
Answer:
Process of photosynthesis:

1. The chemical equation representing the process of photosynthesis is
   
2. Definition: Photosynthesis is a photochemical reaction during carbohydrates are formed using carbon dioxide and water in the chloroplasts of the green plants in the presence of sunlight.
3. CO₂ water, sunlight and chlorophyll are the requirements of photosynthesis.
4. Glucose, O and water are the end products of the reaction.
5. Photosynthesis have two phases.
   1) Light reaction 2) Dark reaction
6. Light reaction have three steps, i) Oxidation of chlorophyll ii) Photolysis iii) Formation of ATP, NADPH and O₂
7. In dark reaction CO₂ is utilized and finally glucose is formed which is converted and stored as starch.

FLOW CHART:

Question 7.
Name the three end products of photosynthesis.
Answer:
Glucose, oxygen and water are the three end products of photosynthesis.

Question 8.
What is the connecting substance between light reaction and dark reaction?
Answer:
The hydrogen of NADPH present in the stroma is the connecting substance between light reaction and dark reaction.

Question 9.
Most leaves have the upper surface is more green and shiny than the lower ones. Why?
(OR)
In most of leaves the upper surface will be more green and shiny than the lower surface. Why?
Answer:

1. The upper surface comprising of the palisade parenchyma.
2. The lower surface comprising of the spongy parenchyma.
3. Palisade parenchyma contains more number of chloroplasts than the spongy parenchyma.
4. Thus the upper surface is more green and shiny than the lower ones.

Question 10.
Explain the structure of chloroplast with a neatly labelled sketch.
(OR)
Explain the structure of a chloroplast with the help of a rough diagram.
Answer:

1. Chloroplast is a membranous structure consisting of 3 membranes.
2. The third layer forms stacked sac like structures called granum.
3. The intermediatery fluid filled colourless portion is called stroma.
4. It is responsible for enzymatic reaction leading to the synthesis of glucose in plants.
5. Substances found in chloroplast, capture sunlight are called photosynthetic pigments.
6. Chlorophyll pigment contain one atom of magnesium.
7. Two major kinds of chlorophylls are associated with thyakoid membranes.
8. Chlorophyll-a is blue-green in colour and chlorophyll-b is yellow-green colour.
9.  Around 250-400 pigments molecules are grouped as light harvesting complex units in granum.
10. Some of the events occur in chloroplast are :
    a) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
    b) Splitting of water molecule.
    c) Reduction of carbondioxide to carbohydrates.

Question 11.
What is the role of acid in stomach?
Answer:

1. The internal walls of stomach has number of gastric glands. They secret gastric juice.
2. It contains HCl and enzymes.
3. HCl kills the bacteria present in the food and protects us from their harmful effects.
4. And also denatures the proteins so that enzymes can act easily on them.

Question 12.
What is the function of digestive enzyme?
Answer:

1. The function of digestive enzyme is to increase the process of breaking up of complex molecules into simpler and absorb molecules.
2. This makes easy for the body to absorb food.

Question 13.
How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food? Explain.
(OR)
How is food absorbed by villi in small intestine?
Answer:

1. Small intestine is the largest part in digestive system.
2. Absorption is its main function including last stage of digestion.
3. The inner surface of small intestine has millions of tiny finger-like projections called villi.
4. Due to the presence of villi, the absorbing surface area of small intestine increases.
5. And the large surface area of small intestine helps in the rapid absorption of digested food.
6. The digested food which is absorbed through the walls of the small intestine goes into our blood.
7. Long and folding structure increase the ability of small intestine.

Question 14.
How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
What is emulsification? How it helps in digestion of fats? (OR)
How are fats digested? Where do they get digested?
Answer:

1. Bile juice and lipase enzymes helps in fat digestion.
2. Bile juice is secreted by liver.
3. Fats are digested by converting them into small globules like forms by the help of the bile juice.
4. This process is called emulsification.
5. Lipase enzyme is secreted by pancreas.
6. It converts emulsified fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
7. 
8. This process takes place in duodenum and small intestine.

Question 15.
What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food ?
(OR)
How does saliva digest food ?
Answer:

1. Saliva is secreted by three pairs of salivary glands present in the mouth.
2. Human saliva contains an enzyme called amylase (ptyalin).
3. It converts starch into maltose (a sugar).
4. The food is mixed thoroughly with saliva and becomes wet and slippery.
5. Saliva helps in the smooth passage of food in the food pipe.

Question 16.
What will happen to protein digestion as the medium of intestine is gradually rendered alkaline ?
Answer:

1. The food coming from the stomach to intestine is acidic in nature.
2. Bile and pancreatic juices render the internal condition of the intestine gradually to a basic or alkaline one.
3. Protein digestion continues even if the medium of intestine is gradually changed to alkaline.
4. In the alkaline medium pancreatic enzyme trypsin can act on the food and digests the proteins.
   
5. The enzymes present in the intestinal juice like peptidases complete the digestion of proteins into amino acids.
   

Question 17.
What is the role of roughages in the alimentary tract?
Answer:

1. Roughages are the fibres of either carbohydrates or proteins.
2. Plenty of roughages in the diet avoid constipation.
3. Roughages help in the easy movement of faeces in the large intestine.
4. They help in the easy digestion of food and keep the alimentary canal clean and healthy.

Question 18.
What is malnutrition? Explain some nutrition deficiency diseases.
Answer:
Malnutrition: Eating of food that does not have one or more than one nutrients in required amount is known as malnutrition.
Malnutrition is of three types:

1. Calorie malnutrition,
2. Protein malnutrition,
3. Protein calorie malnutrition.

Nutrition deficiency diseases:

1. Kwashiorkor disease: This is due to protein deficiency in diet.
   Symptoms:
   i) Body parts becomes swollen due to accumulation of water in the intercellular spaces,
   ii) Very poor muscle development,
   iii) Swollen legs,
   iv) Fluffy face,
   v) difficult to eat,
   vi) diarrhoea,
   vii) Dry skin.
2. Marasmus: This is due to deficiency of both protein and calories. Generally this disease occurs when there is an immediate pregnancy or repeated child births.
   Symptoms:
   i) Lean and weak,
   ii) Swelling in joints of limbs,
   iii) Less developed muscles,
   iv) Dry skin,
   v) diarrhoea.

Question 19.
How do non-green plants such as fungi and bacteria obtain their nourishment?
Answer:

1. Bacteria and fungi are non-green plants. So they cannot prepare their own food materials.
2. They are saprophytes which feed on dead and decaying plant and animal bodies.
3. The fungi and bacteria breakdown the complex organic molecules present in dead and decaying matter by releasing chemical substances into simple substances out¬side the body.
4. These simpler substances are then absorbed by fungi and bacteria as their food.

Question 20.
If we keep on increasing CO₂ concentration in the air, what will be the rate of photosynthesis?
Answer:

1. If the CO₂ concentration in the air increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases.
2. If the CO₂ concentration raises above 5% then the rate of photosynthesis reduces.
3. At certain CO₂ concentration the rate of photosynthesis is constant.
4. Here a rise in CO₂ levels has no affect on the rate of photosynthesis as the other factors such as light intensity become limited.

Question 21.
What happens to plant if the rate of respiration becomes more than the rate of photosynthesis ?
Answer:

1. Respiration is a catabolic (destructive) process and photosynthesis is an anabolic (constructive) process.
2. If the rate of respiration becomes more than the rate of photosynthesis, the amount of food oxidised will be more than the food produced.
3. This affects the growth and development of plants and may even results in the death of the plant.

Question 22.
Why do you think that carbohydrates are not digested in the stomach?
(OR)
Where are carbohydrates digested in alimentary canal?
Answer:

1. For the digestion of carbohydrates enzyme ptyalin or amylase are required.
2. The gastric juice produced by stomach do not contain the enzyme ptyalin or amylase, it contains only pepsin which digests proteins.
3. Hence carbohydrates are not digested in the stomach.
4. Carbohydrates are partially digested in the mouth and completely in small intestine.

Question 23.
What process do you follow in your laboratory to study the presence of starch in leaves?
(OR)
(Activity – 1)
How do you test the presence of starch in leaves ? (OR)
Mention the materials required and explain the experiment to prove the presence of starch in leaves. What inference do you draw from this experiment?
Answer:
Aim: To study the presence of starch in leaves.
Apparatus: Beaker, test tube, bunsen burner, tripod stand, asbestos gauze, ethanol, leaf, petridish, iodine solution.
Procedure:

1. Select a leaf of a potted plant with soft thin leaves.
2. Boil the leaf in methylated spirit over a water bath till it becomes pale white due to the removal of chlorophyll.
3. Observe the leaf.
   
4. Spread the leaf in a dish and add a few drops of tincture iodine / betadine solution on it. Again observe the leaf.

Observation: The presence of starch will be indicated by a blue-black colour in leaf. Result: The experiment proves that starch is present in leaves. It is formed by Photo-synthesis.
Precautions:

1. Do not boil the methylated spirit test tube directly on flame.
2. Boil the water bath with low flame.

Question 24.
How would you demonstrate that green plants release oxygen when exposed to light? (OR) (Lab Activity)
Write the experimental procedure to prove that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis in the presence of light. (OR)
What materials are required to prove that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis in the presence of light? What procedure we need to follow to perform the above experiment?
We have conducted experiment that prove the release of oxygen when photosynthesis happens?
i) What are the plants used for this experiment? Where do they grow?
ii) How did you conduct the above experiment? In which context large number of air bubbles released? Do you noticed?
Answer:
i) Hydrilla plants are used for this experiment they grow in water.
ii) Experiment to demonstrate the release of oxygen during photosynthesis.
Aim: To prove that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis by hydrilla funnel experiment.
Apparatus: Beaker with water, test tube, funnel, hydrilla twigs, glowing splinter.
Procedure:

1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure.
2. Place some water plant hydrilla in a beaker containing pond water, and cover these by a short stemmed funnel.
3. Invert a test – tube full of water over the stem of the funnel.
4. Ensure that the level of water in the beaker is above the level of stem of the inverted funnel.
5. Place the apparatus in the sun for at least 2 or 3 hours.
6. After sometime it is observed that gas bubbles come from the hydrilla plant. These bubbles are collected at the end of the test tube pushing the water into the beaker.
7. After sufficient gas is collected test – tube is taken out of the beaker carefully by closing it with thumb.

Observation: Test the gas in the test – tube by inserting a glowing incense stick which would burst into flames. This shows the presence of oxygen.
Result: This shows that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis.
Precautions:

1. Funnel should be smaller than the beaker.
2. Necessary care is to be taken while removing the test tube from the stem of the funnel.

Question 25.
Collect information from your primary health centre of malnutrition child at various ages and make a table your own and display in the classroom.
Answer:

Question 26.
If there were no green plants, all life on the earth would come to an end ! Comment.
(OR)
The survival of organisms would become difficult, if there are no green plants on the earth. How do you support?
Answer:

1. Plants play the most important part in the cycle of nature.
2. Without plants there could be no life on earth.
3. Plants are the only organisms that can make their own food and all other living beings directly or indirectly depend on plants for their food.
4. Moreover plants release oxygen into the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
5. Oxygen is essential for the organisms to respire.
6. Hence without green plants, all life on the earth would come to an end.

Question 27.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of chloroplast found in leaf, and its role in photosynthesis.
Answer:
Role of Chloroplast in photosynthesis:

1. Chloroplasts trap solar energy.
2. They convert that solar energy into chemical energy.
3. They help in the formation of glucose.

Question 28.
Draw the label diagram of human digestive system. List out the parts where peristalsis takes place.
Answer:
Parts where peristalsis takes place: Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

Question 29.
Raheem prepared a model showing the passage of the food through different parts of the alimentary canal. Observe this and label its parts.
Answer:

Question 30.
Observe the following diagram and write a note on light dependent, light independent reactions.
Answer:
Note on light dependent reactions:

1. Light dependent reactions are also called as photochemical phase.
2. The light dependent reaction takes place in chlorophyll containing thylakoids called grana of chloroplasts.
3. Several steps occur in the light dependent reaction.
4. Step – 1: The chlorophyll on exposure to light energy becomes activated by absorbing photons.
5. Step – II: The energy is used in splitting the water molecule into two component ions named hydrogen (H⁺), hydroxyl ion (OH^–). This reaction is known as photolysis.
6. Step – III: OH^– ions through a series of steps produce water (H₂O) and O₂.
7. The end products of light reaction are ATP, NADPH and O₂.

Note on dark reaction or light independent reaction:

1. In light independent phase the hydrogen of the NADPH is used to combine it with CO₂, by utilizing ATP energy and to produce glucose.
2. This synthesis occurs in a number of steps using certain special intermediate compounds (mainly RUBP – Ribulose hi phosphate) and enzymes. Finally glucose is converted to starch.
3. All these reactions occur in the stroma region of the chloroplast.

Question 31.
Almost all the living world depends on plants for food material. How do you appreciate the process of making food by the green plants?
(OR)
What facts about the green plants do you appreciate?
Answer:
Leaf is a wonderful machine to synthesize food:

1. The leaf is the important site of photosynthesis and is called as food factory of the plant.
2. This plant organ can be treated as a wonderful natural machine which converts solar energy into useful chemical energy.
3. With all his scientific knowledge and technical skills, man has not produced anything similar leaf for utilization of solar energy without polluting the atmosphere.
4. This machine provides food and supports the life by providing oxygen for all the organisms including man on this planet.
5. Nature has given us such a wonderful machine free !!

Question 32.
Even a hard solid food also becomes smooth slurry in the digestive system by the enzymes released at a particular time. This mechanism is an amazing fact. Prepare a cartoon on it.
Answer:

Question 33.
What are good food habits?
Answer:
The food habits I am going to follow after reading this chapter are:

1. I take balanced diet which contains proper amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.
2. I avoid taking food containing high proportion of fat.
3. I eat food as much required by my body. I do not over eat.
4. I will not eat rich meals over several days.
5. I eat simple balanced meals, eat it leisurely and thoroughly masticating the food.
6. I avoid doing violent exercise soon after eating food.
7. I empty the bowels regularly avoiding constipation.
8. I will see to have plenty of roughages in the diet.

(OR)
After reading the chapter nutrition, I would like to follow the following food habits.

1. Having simple, well balanced meals.
2. Eating them in a leisurely manner.
3. Thoroughly masticating the food.
4. Avoiding strenuous exercise soon after eating food.
5. Drinking plenty of water and having regular bowel movement.
6. Decreasing consumption of coffee or tea per day.
7. Taking leafy vegetables at least 3 times a week and taking of fruits and vegetables plenty.
8. Maintaining regular timings for daily food consumption.

Fill in the blanks.

1. The food synthesized by the plant is stored as ———–.
2. ———– are the sites of photosynthesis.
3. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes for carrying the process of digestion of ———– and ———–.
4. The finger-like projections which increases the surface area in small intestine are called ———–.
5. The gastric juice contains ———– acid.
6. ———– vitamin is synthesized by bacteria present in intestine.

Answer:

1. carbohydrates
2. Chloroplasts
3. proteins, fats
4. Villi
5. HCl
6. Cyanocobalamin

Choose the correct answer.

1. Which of the following plant take the food by parasitic nutrition? [ ]
   A) Yeast
   B) Mushrooms
   C) Cuscuta
   D) Leeches
   Answer: C & D
2. The rate of photosynthesis is not affected by [ ]
   A) Light intensity
   B) Humidity
   C) Temperature
   D) Carbon dioxide concentration
   Answer: B
3. A plant is kept in dark cupboard for about forty eight hours before conducting any experiment on photosynthesis in order to [ ]
   A) Remove chlorophyll from leaves
   B) Remove starch from leaves
   C) Ensure that no photosynthesis occurred
   D) Ensure that leaves are free from the starch
   Answer: B
4. The digestive juice without enzyme is [ ]
   A) Bile
   B) Gastric juice
   C) Pancreatic juice
   D) Saliva
   Answer: A
5. In single-celled animals, the food is taken by [ ]
   A) the entire body surface
   B) mouth
   C) teeth
   D) vacuoles
   Answer: A
6. Which part of the plant takes in carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis? [ ]
   A) Root hair
   B) Stomata
   C) Leaf veins
   D) Sepals
   Answer: B

10th Class Biology 1st Lesson Nutrition – Food Supplying System Activities

Activity – 1

How do you prove experimentally that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis by Mohl’s half leaf experiment?
(OR)
List out the materials required and the procedure to be followed to prove that ‘carbon dioxide’ is essential for photosynthesis.
(OR)
You know that the factors like CO₂, Light and Chlorophyll are essential for photosynthesis. Write any one of experiment related to the factors essential for photosynthesis.
Answer:
Aim:
To prove-that carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis by Mohl’s half leaf experiment.
Apparatus:
Wide mouthed transparent bottle, KOH solution, potted plant, vertically split cork, Iodine solution.
Procedure:
Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure.

1. Take a healthy potted plant and keep it in the dark for nearly a week for the removal of starch from the leaves.
2. A wide mouthed transparent bottle is taken.
3. Put potassium hydroxide pellets or potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) in the bottle.
4. This KOH absorbs CO₂ present in the bottle.
5. Insert splitted cork in the mouth of the bottle.
6. Insert one of the leaves of destarched plant through a split cork into transparent bottle.
7. Arrange half of the leaf is inside bottle and the remaining half outside.
8. Leave the plant in the sunlight for 2-3 hours.
9. After a few hours, test this leaf and other leaf of this plant for starch.

Observation :

1. The part of the leaf outside the bottle turns blue-black because starch is formed in this part due to photosynthesis.
2. The part of the leaf inside the bottle does not turn blue-black because the carbon dioxide present inside the bottle is absorbed by potassium hydroxide solution.
3. All the other factors water, sunlight and chlorophyll are available but not CO₂. Hence starch is not formed in the leaf part which is inside the bottle.

Result: This experiment proves that CO₂ is necessary for photosynthesis. Precautions:

1. The part of the leaf kept inside the bottle should not touch potassium hydroxide solution.
2. The apparatus should be kept air tight by applying grease or vaseline.

Activity – 2

Sunlight is necessary to form starch in green leaves.
(OR)
Write the materials required and the procedure to prove that light is essential for Photosynthesis.
(OR)
Write the procedure, precautions and observations in the lab activity, “Sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis”.
Answer:
Aim:
To prove that light is necessary for photosynthesis to form starch.
Apparatus:
Potted plant, light screen, iodine solution.

1. Keep potted plant in dark for one week to remove starch.
2. Take one black paper and cut it with your own design.
3. Keep design paper properly on the both sides with the help of clips.
4. Ensure that light does not pass through the covered area with black paper.
5. Keep the arranged apparatus at sunlight available area.
6. After few hours of exposure to bright sunlight detach the leaf.
7. Boil the leaf in methylated spirit over water bath. It becomes pale white due to the removal of chlorophyll. Take the leaf from test tube and spread the leaf in a petridish.
8. Add few drops of Iodine on leaf. The parts of the leaf, which could get light through the cut out design, turns blue-black colour.
9. The parts of the leaf which could not get light are not turned into blue – black colour.
   

Observation:
It is observed that only the parts of the leaf, which could get light through the cut out design, turn blue black, showing the presence of starch.

Result:
This experiment proves that light is necessary to form starch in the process of photosynthesis.

Activity – 3

Demonstrate litmus paper test on salivary amylase in the mouth.
Answer:

1. Before taking food into the mouth, take a litmus indicator paper and touch it to the tongue.
2. We observe no colour change in litmus paper.
3. Perform the litmus test again after chewing the food and swallowing it.
4. The red litmus paper turns to blue colour.
5. The blue litmus paper do not turns to red colour.
6. This demonstrates that amylase converts complex carbohydrates to simple sugar.
7. Amylase is alkaline in nature. This turns litmus paper blue when touches glucose at the second time.
   

Activity – 4

Observe different digestive enzymes and their role in digesting food in a tabular form.
Answer:

10th Class Biology 1st Lesson Nutrition – Food Supplying System InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 2

Question 1.
Can you think of some raw materials needed for photosynthesis?
Answer:
Yes. Photosynthesis needs the following raw materials.

1. Sunlight, CO₂ water are external factors.
2. Chlorophyll and enzymes are internal factors.

Question 2.
What could be the end products of the process of photosynthesis?
Answer:
Glucose, water and oxygen are the end products of photosynthesis.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 4

Question 3.
Do you think solar energy transforms into chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis?
Answer:
Yes, solar energy transforms into chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis.

Question 4.
What are the materials that you think would be essential for the synthesis of carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis?
Answer:
The materials essential for the synthesis of carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll.

Question 5.
Do you think the equation tells us about all the materials involved?
Answer:
Yes, the materials which are essential for photosynthesis and the products formed are involved in the equation.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 5

Question 6.
What had Priestly done to introduce the mint plant without disturbing the experimental setup?
Answer:
Priestly should have tilted the bell jar to one side and introduced the mint plant without disturbing the experimental set up.

Question 7.
How did Priestly light the candle from outside?
Answer:
Priestly might have used convex lens through which beam of sun rays can light the candle from outside or he might have used long burning stick, to light the candle by lifting the jar partially.

Question 8.
Do you find any relationship between candle, rat, mint plant? Discuss.
Answer:
Priestly’s experiment confirmed that gaseous exchange was going on and plants were giving out a gas that supported burning and was essential for the survival of animals.
By combustion process candle releases carbondioxide. By respiration process rat also releases carbondioxide. During photosynthesis process mint plant uses this carbondioxide and releases oxygen. This oxygen will be used by rat to stay alive and for the candle to burn.
So there is a relationship between respiration and photosynthesis by candle, rat and mint plant.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 6

Question 9.
Why was the plant kept in dark and then in sunlight?
Answer:

1. The plant is kept in the dark for nearly a week to remove the starch from the leaves.
2. Then only we can understand that the starch is formed in the leaves or not after the experiment when the plant is kept in the sunlight.

Question 10.
Why did we study two leaves in the Mohl’s half leaf experiment?
Answer:

1. To test CO₂ is essential or not for photosynthesis, two leaves are used in the experiment.
2. One leaf with the plant and another one used in the experiment.
3. The leaf which is exposed to the atmospheric air becomes bluish-black. It proves that starch is prepared in the leaf by using CO₂ from atmosphere.
4. The leaf inside the flask containing potassium hydroxide, which absorbs CO₂ present in the bottle does not become bluish black. It shows that CO₂ is necessary for photosynthesis.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 7

Question 11.
What precautions do you need while removing test tube from the beaker? Discuss with your teacher.
Answer:

1. When sufficient gas is collected lift the test tube carefully from the beaker by closing its mouth with the thumb.
2. Because of that the gas present in the test tube cannot escape into the atmosphere.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 8

Question 12.
Which part of leaf turns blue black? What about the remaining part?
Answer:

1. The part of the leaf, which could get light through the cut design turns to blue black showing the presence of starch.
2. The remaining part of the leaf which did not get light, do not turn blue, indicating that starch is not prepared.

Question 13.
Observe the colour of the leaf stained with iodine. Can you tell why it is stained differently?
Answer:

1. Some parts of the leaf prepared starch.
2. Some parts of the leaf does not prepared starch.
3. So it is stained differently.

Question 14.
What about plants having coloured leaves?
Answer:
Plants having coloured leaves also carry out photosynthesis. The coloured leaves containing pigments pass on the energy of sunlight trapped by them to chlorophyll.

Question 15.
How is that new leaves which look dark red in colour in several plants turn green?
Answer:

1. The new leaves which look dark red in colour contain coloured chromoplasts.
2. As the leaf grows the chromoplasts turns to chloroplasts and the leaf appears green in colour.

Question 16.
Do plants having reddish or yellowish leaves also carry out photosynthesis?
Answer:

1. Yes. Plants having reddish or yellowish leaves also carry out photosynthesis.
2. The pigments present in reddish or yellowish leaves pass on the energy of sunlight trapped by them to chlorophyll.

Question 17.
What made plants carry out photosynthesis while even green coloured animals (like some birds) could not?
Answer:

1. Chlorophyll and other pigment molecules trap (harvest) solar energy, convert it into chemical energy in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
2. But animals having green colour on their body cannot trap solar energy and cannot perform photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is possible only in plants but not in animals.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 9

Question 18.
Where is chlorophyll and other pigments present in the plant?
Answer:
Chlorophyll and other pigments are present in the grana thylakoids of chloroplast in leaf.

Question 19.
Do you think the new reddish leaves of plants also carry out photosynthesis? What could be the role of their colour?
Answer:

1. Yes. New reddish leaves of plants also carry out photosynthesis.
2. Chromoplasts are responsible for the reddish colour of leaves.
3. They also pass on the energy of sunlight which they trap to the photosystems.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 10

Question 20.
What makes chloroplast appear completely different from other cell organelles?
Answer:

1. Substances found in chloroplast, which capture sunlight are called photosynthetic pigments.
2. Two major kinds of chlorophyll are associated with thylakoid membranes.
3. Chlorophyll – a (blue – green in colour) and chlorophyll – b (yellow – green); around 250 to 400 pigment molecules are grouped as light harvesting units in each granum.
4. Such innumerable units in chloroplasts make them appear completely different from other organelles.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 13

Question 21.
What happens to the food once it enters our body?
Answer:

1. The food once enters our body it gets digested by various enzymes in different parts of alimentary canal.
2. Digestion starts in the mouth and it completes in the small intestine.
3. Finally it absorbed in the small intestine into the circulatory system.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 15

Question 22.
Name the enzymes which act on carbohydrates.
Answer:
Ptyalin (salivary amylase), amylase and sucrose are the enzymes that act on carbohydrates.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 16

Question 23.
What are the end products of fats?
Answer:
The end products of fats are fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 24.
What are the enzymes that act on proteins?
Answer:
Pepsin, Trypsin and Peptidases are the enzymes that act on proteins.

Question 25.
Which digestive juice contains no enzymes?
Answer:
Bile juice produced by liver contains no enzymes.

Question 26.
What do you think about the process of digestion?
Answer:

1. The process of digestion occurs in the alimentary canal or digestive system.
2. During the process of digestion large complex macro molecules present in the food are converted to simple and small molecules.
3. Digestion provides the food material properly absorbed by the body.

Question 27.
What are the major steps of digestion?
Answer:
The major steps of digestion are

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption and
4. Defecation.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 18

Question 28.
Collect information about pellagra and discuss with your teacher.
Answer:

1. Pellagra is a vitamin-deficient disease.
2. Niacin (Vitamin – B₃) is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
3. The resources for vitamin – B₃ are kidney, liver, meat, egg, fish, oil seeds and legumes.
4. Deficiency of niacin results in a disease called PELLAGRA.

Symptoms: Pellagra is described by 3 Ds – Diarrhoea, Dermatitis, Dementia.
A more comprehensive list of symptoms include

1. Sensitivity to sunlight
2. Aggression
3. Dermatitis
4. Alopecia (hair loss)
5. Edema (swelling)

Smooth, beefy red, glossitis, red skin lesions, insomnia (sleepless), weakness, mental confusion, nerve damage are the symptoms of this pellagra.

Prevention: By taking of yeast, meat, fish, milk, eggs, green vegetables, beans and cereal grains, we can prevent this disease.

Andhra Pradesh SCERT AP SSC 10th Class Maths Important Bits with Answers in English and Telugu Medium are part of AP SSC 10th Class Textbook Solutions.

Students can also read AP SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions for board exams.

AP SSC 10th Class Maths Important Bits with Answers in English and Telugu

10th Class Maths Bits in English Medium

• Chapter 1 Real Numbers Bits for 10th Class
• Chapter 2 Sets Bits for 10th Class
• Chapter 3 Polynomials Bits for 10th Class
• Chapter 4 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Bits for 10th Class
• Chapter 5 Quadratic Equations Bits for 10th Class
• Chapter 6 Progressions Bits for 10th Class
• Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Bits for 10th Class
• Similar Triangles Bits for 10th Class
• Tangents and Secants to a Circle Bits for 10th Class
• Mensuration Bits for 10th Class
• Chapter 11 Trigonometry Bits for 10th Class
• Chapter 12 Applications of Trigonometry Bits for 10th Class
• Chapter 13 Probability Bits for 10th Class
• Chapter 14 Statistics Bits for 10th Class

10th Class Maths Bits in Telugu Medium

• 1st Lesson వాస్తవ సంఖ్యలు Bits
• 2nd Lesson సమితులు Bits
• 3rd Lesson బహుపదులు Bits
• 4th Lesson రెండు చరరాశులలో రేఖీయ సమీకరణాల జత Bits
• 5th Lesson వర్గ సమీకరణాలు Bits
• 6th Lesson శ్రేఢులు Bits
• 7th Lesson నిరూపక రేఖాగణితం Bits
• 8th Lesson సరూప త్రిభుజాలు Bits
• 9th Lesson వృత్తాలకు స్పర్శరేఖలు మరియు ఛేదనరేఖలు Bits
• 10th Lesson క్షేత్రమితి Bits
• 11th Lesson త్రికోణమితి Bits
• 12th Lesson త్రికోణమితి అనువర్తనాలు Bits
• 13th Lesson సంభావ్యత Bits
• 14th Lesson సాంఖ్యక శాస్త్రం Bits

AP State Syllabus Bits with Answers