Class 6

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Study Material Pdf 10th Lesson – Emergence of Kingdoms and Republics Textbook Questions and Answers.

Emergence of Kingdoms and Republics – The Earliest People – TS 6th Class Social 10th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
What do you mean by Gana ? How were they different from the kingdoms ruled by kings ?
Answer:
Gana is used for a group that has many members.The Vajji Mahajanapada was to the North of Magadha and it had a Gana form of government. In a Gana there is no single ruler but a group of rulers. Sometimes even thousands of men ruled together and each of them called themselves a ‘Raja’. They performed rituals, met and decided upon issues of common interest in assemblies through discussion and debate.

However, women, slaves and wage workers could not participate in these assemblies. Buddha and Mahavira belonged to ganas and became famous teachers respected all in the Mahajanapadas. Even though the kings tried to conquer the ganas they remained active for more than 1500 years.

Question 2.
Compare the ganas with Gond Panch – what similarities and differences do you see between them ?

Question 3.
Can you point out the difference between the way villages are managed today and in the time of Mahajanapadas ?
Answer:

1. There are some differences between the way villages are managed today and in the time of Mahajanapadas.
2. Now villages have elected representatives but then the largest land owner became the headman of the village%
3. Now government servants collect taxes in villages are remit to the government account, but then headman collected taxes and paid to the king.
4. Farmers in villages now hire agricultural labourers to work in their fields, but then land-owners employed slaves (dasas) and bhrutakas.

Question 4.
Find out how the crafts persons are taxed by the government today. Was it the same in the times of Mahajanapadas ?
Answer:

1. Crafts persons were very low taxed or exempted of the tax by the government now.
2. In mahajanapadas crafts persons are to pay tax often by working free of charge for the king for one day every month.
3. If anyone refuses to pay tax at that time they could be punished by the soldiers of the king.
4. Now government may collect taxes with fine at a later time.
5. King used his officers and army in the collection of taxes.
6. Government servants now collect taxes and remit to the government.

Question 5.
Read the para five in page 174 (87) ‘In most villages ‘ and write your comment.
Answer:
The villages had rich mineral resources and were blessed with many crafts persons. The crafts persons worked successfully to meet the needs of the villagers. In return they received grains. This is an example for self sufficiency and Barter system of exchange.

Question 6.
Locate the 16 Janapadas on the map of India (Refer to the map 1 given in page 172 (86).
Img-1

I. Conceptual understandings

Question 1.
Why did the kings of Mahajanapadas need armies ?
Answer:
Most of the Mahajanapadas were ruled by kings. These kings need armies because :

1. The people followed their orders.
2. No other king would attack their kingdom.
3. The strong fortresses were built by the armies.
4. The people who refused to pay taxes were punished by the armies.

Question 2.
What are the differences between the Gond Patla and the king of Mahajanapada in terms of their income and expenditure ?
Answer:

Question 3.
What was Bhaga ? Does the government of our times take the produce of farmers in similar way ?
Answer:
The kings began to collect regular taxes from the grihapatis who cultivated the land. The grihapatis had to divide their crops into six equal parts and give one part to the king. This was called BhagAnswer: The government of our times does not take the produce of farmers. It collects minimum tax as per the quantity of produce of the farmers.

Question 4.
Name the persons who paid taxes to the Raja (King) of the Mahajanapada ?
Answer:
The following are all those persons who paid taxes to the king of Mahajanapadas.

1. Grihapatis : They had to divide their crops into six equal parts and give one part to the king.
2. Herders : They give the animal produce to the king in the form of tax.
3. Craft persons : They also had to pay taxes often by working free of charge for the king for a day every month.
4. Hunters and gatherers : They had to bring forest produce like hides, wood, etc.

Question 1.
How do we know about the Mahajanapadas?
Answer:
We get to know much about these villages and towns from two kinds of sources – from archaeological excavations in different places and also from the books composed during this period. Archaeologists have excavated hundreds of sites in the Ganges Valley and have tried to know about the lives of people of those days. The books during that period were mostly composed by Brahmins, Buddhists and Jaina monks.

Even though they were religious books, they tell us about the towns and villages and also about the kings and rulers of those times. Some important archaeological sites of the time of Mahajanapadas: Delhi, Atran- jikhera, Kausambi (near Allahabad) Patna, Ayodhya, Rajgir, etc. Some important books written during this period : Upanishads, Dharma Sutras, Digha Nikaya, Majjhima Nikaya, Heredotus’ History and Strabo etc.

Question 2.
Describe the relationship between Grihapatis and Craft persons of the village.
Answer:
In most villages there were craft persons like blacksmiths who made tools necessary for agriculture (like ploughshares, sickles, axes, arrows, etc), potters who made pots for cooking and storing grains, carpenters who made carts, ploughs, furniture, etc., and weavers who wove cloth for the villagers. Probably the grihapatis gave them grains in return for their products. These craft products were necessary for agriculture, but the grihapatis may not have had the time or skill to make them.

Question 3.
How do you think the king maftaged to get the wealth needed for all this ?
Answer:

1. Many kings wanted to be more powerful and wealthy. They could do this in two ways.
2. Firstly, by increasing the taxes on their subjects and secondly, by conquering neighbouring kingdoms.
3. The kings began to collect regular taxes from the grihapatis who cultivated the land.
4. The grihapatis had to divide their crops into six equal parts and give one part to the king.
5. This was called bhagAnswer: Craft persons also had to pay taxes, often by working free of charge for the king for a day every month.
6. Herders of cattle and sheep too had to give the animal produce to the king in the form of tax.
7. Traders were also made to pay taxes on the goods they sold.
8. Hunters and gatherers in the nearby forest areas too had to bring forest produce. like hides, wood etc. In this way the kings had a variety of goods which they obtained as taxes. During this period the use of coins had just begun. Some of the taxes were probably in the form of coins.

Question 4.
Why do you think they agreed to pay the taxes ? Do you think they benefited in any way from the new arrangements ?
Answer:
Most of the Mahajanapadas were ruled by kings. These kings had an army of their own to ensure that people followed their orders and no other king would attack their kingdom. All these required huge expenditure. The soldiers and their families had to be provided for, the brick makers who made lakhs, of bricks had to be paid for, thousands of men and women who worked to construct these public, buildings had to be paid wages. The king could also ensure that all his commands for the common people were obeyed by them.

Question 5.
Why were the kings of Mahajanapadas keen to increase craft production and trade?
Answer:
Historians feel that these kings would have persuaded the farmers to grow more crops and adopt better methods of cultivation and irrigation so that production would increase and they can get more taxes.

a) Traders : Similarly they may have encouraged traders of their kingdoms to trade more in distant places. The kings also wanted the village headmen to collect taxes on their behalf. This may have helped many headmen to increase their power and resources in the villages.

b) Craft Production : In most villages there were craft persons like’blacksmiths who made tools necessary for agriculture (plough shares, sickles, axes, arrows etc), potters who made pots for cooking and storing grains, carpenters who made carts, ploughs, furniture, etc., and weavers who wove cloth for the villagers. These craft products were encouraged by king for imposing taxes.

Question 6.
How did the headmen of the villages benefit from the imposition of taxes by the kings ?
Answer:
Usually the largest land owner became the headman of the village. He was the leader of the village like the Gond Patla and he was also used by the king to collect taxes from other villages.

He also acted as the judge and sometimes as a policeman to maintain law and order in the village. The kings also wanted the village headmen to collect taxes on their behalf. This may have helped headmen to increase their power and resources in the villages.

III. Information Skills

1. Read the following passage.

Villages in the Times of Mahajanapadas

We learn from the books of those times that agriculture was managed by landowners called Grihapatis or Gahapatis, who usually worked along with their family members on the fields. But they also employed ‘dasas’ or slaves (those who were surrendered and made to serve ) and workers ‘bhartukas’ or who worked on their fields and homes in return for wages.

Some wealthy grihapatis had more land and slaves to work for them. Usually the largest landowner became the headman of the village. He was the leader of the village like the Gond Patla and he was also used by the king to collect taxes from other villagers. He also acted as the judge and sometimes as a policeman to maintain law and order in the village.

Answer the following questions:

1) Who were Grihapatis ?
Answer:
The agriculture was managed by landowners called Grihapatis or Gahapatis.

2) Who were ‘dasas’ ?
Answer:
Grihapatis employed dasas or slaves (the who were surrendered and made to serve.)

3) What do they call workers at that time ?
Answer:
The workers were called bhrutakas or who worked on their fields and homes in return for wages. •

4) Who became the headman ?
Answer:
Usually the largest landowner became the headman of the village. He was the leader of the village.

5) What was the duty of headman ?
Answer:
He had to collect taxes from the other villagers. He also acted as judge and sometimes as a policeman to maintain law and order in the village.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
What do you mean by Janapada ? How is this different from Mahajanapadas ?
Answer:
1. Janapadas: The word Janapada literally means the land where the Jana set its foot and settled down. ,
Initially the people of different tribes.settled down to practice agriculture in convenient parts of the valley.

2. Mahajanapadas : People began settling down along these rivers in large numbers some 4000 years ago. They cut down the forests with the help of tools made of stone, copper, bronze and iron for clearing of forests, settlements and tilled the land to grow paddy and other crops. Large villages and towns developed in these parts and these were inhabited by many people – probably belonging to many different tribes. Large groups of such villages and towns were called Mahajanapadas or big Janapadas.

Question 2.
How would they decide if a site was a village or a town ?
Answer:
Archaeologists have excavated hundreds of sites in the Ganges Valley and have tried to know about the lives of people of those days. The books during that period were mostly composed by the followers of Vedic traditions Brahmins, Buddhists and Jain monks.

Even though they are religious books, they tell us a lot about the towns and villages and also about the kings and rulers of those times. Some important archaeological sites of the time of Mahajanapadas : Delhi, Atranjikhera, Kausambi (near Allahabad), Patna, Ayodhya, Rajgir, etc.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
In what way do you think the kings of Magadha used the natural wealth of the region to build a powerful kingdom ?
Answer:
The rivers made the land very fertile and the grihapatis could irrigate their lands easily. The rivers were also used for transporting goods and armies. Parts of the Magadha were forested. Elephants were captured from there and trained for fighting in the armies. Wood from the forests was used for building fortresses and palaces and chariots. In the southern parts of Magadha there were iron ore deposits which could be used for making weapons etc.

All this enabled Magadha to emerge as a very powerful kingdom. Bimbisara and his son Ajatasalru were early kings who built the power of MagadhAnswer: Mahapadma Nanda was another powerful ruler of MagadhAnswer: All these kings used their armies to conquer other kingdoms. During the time of Mahapadma Nanda the kingdom extended from the northwest part of India to OdishAnswer: Thus Magadha used the natural wealth of the region to build a powerful kingdom.

Question 2.
Write a story about a slave of a Grihapati who travelled from his village to the city of Pataliputra with his master.
Answer:
Once a man was sold to a grihapati of Magadha as slave. The grihapati took him to his Mahajanapada from ‘Asmaka’. The slave was tied with iron chains. It was very difficult to run behind his owner’s horse with chains. After a few days the slave was unchained. He had to do all the personal works for his master. But one day he memorized his family members, and tried to escape. But the grihapati caught him. Then the slave was tied to his horse. He was wounded totally in two days. He reached Magadha without any treatment. There he spent his life time alone with that grihapati.

TS 6th Class Social 10th Lesson Notes – Emergence of Kingdoms and Republics

• Kingdom : A country ruled by a king is called kingdom.
• Republic : A country that is governed by a President and politicians elected by the people and where there is no king or queen.
• Janapada : Initially the people of different tribes settled down to practice agriculture in convenient parts of the valley. These tribes were called ‘Jana’ in Sanskrit and the place where they settled was called JanapadAnswer:
• Mahajanapada : Large groups of such villages and towns were called Maha Janapadas or big JanapadAnswer:
• Dasas : Land owners employed ‘dasas’ or slaves who were probably captured in wars and sold to farmers.
• Bhartukas : The workers “Bhartukas’ who worked on their fields and homes in return for wages.
• Grihapatis : The agriculture was managed by land owners called Grihapatis or Gahapatis who worked along with their family members on the fields.
• Gangetic Plain : The plain is called Gangetic Valley (as the Ganga and Yamuna rivers flow between the Himalayan Mountains and the hills of the Deccan Plateau). As this plain receives very high rainfall, it is very fertile.

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Study Material Pdf 9th Lesson – Community Decision-Making in a Tribe Textbook Questions and Answers.

Community Decision-Making in a Tribe – The Earliest People – TS 6th Class Social 9th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
Why do you think was Panch and Patla possible only with in a tribe ? Why is it not possible in societies with people from different communities ?
Answer:
Different communities have difficult customs and traditions. So Panch and Patla was possible only with in a tribe of same customs and traditions.

Question 2.
Have you heard of any such community panchayat in your area ? Discuss its functioning with your teachers, parents and elders.
Answer:
No, I have not heard of any such community panchayat in our areAnswer: Here only elected panchayat is existed. But I have heard about such community panchayat in Aswaraopet, in which my aunt is working as headmistress in a tribal welfare school. The tribes living there are ‘konda reddys’. They also have the same type of community panchayat. Their head of the community is their village headman. There is a panchayat also with a group of elder men. This conducts meetings and trials.

Question 3.
Would you accept the judgement of the Gond panchayat without going to the police or the court ?
Answer:
In tribal villages they settle their disputes through panchayat or panch. It is very common in that villages. Police and court will not interfere in that matter. Tribals don’t accept to consult police and court. It is not acceptable in my opinion. But in the case of a girl the judgement is good and was satisfied by the girl. Sometimes the judgement will be wrong felt by the wishes of people the Panch may remove the Patla and replace him with another person or they look for the alternative legal remedies.

Question 4.
If the Panch did injustice, what alternatives did the tribes have ?
Answer:

1. When a dispute is presented to the Panch, two parties are allowed to make detailed presentation of their points of view.
2. Panch try to arrive at a solution acceptable to both the parties under customs of the Gonds.
3. When all aspects debated senior members propose a settlement.
4. Person affected can propose changes and Panch will take the final decision.
5. If the Panch did injustice, there are no alternatives the tribe have.
6. The decision of the Panch is final in the tribe.

Question 5.
Locate the following districts in the Telangana map where the more tribal people live.
a) Khammam
b) Adilabad
c) Mahaboobnagar

Question 6.
Read the para under the title ‘Village Headman’ and comment on it.
Answer:
Village headman or Patla is a hereditary leader functions on daily basis. Main function of Patla is to ensure unity of villagers and negotiate with outsiders and government agencies on behalf of the villagers. He coordinates community activities and festivals. He entertains and feeds the guests.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
What are the major occupations of the tribes ?
Answer:
Generally all families of a tribe do all kinds of work like cultivation, gathering food from forests, grazing animals, making cloth, basket, houses, tools, etc. There are few or no special craft persons. Women and men and even children share the work of the family. However in many tribes men have greater power and role in decision making than women.

Question 2.
Who was Furer Haimendorf ? What did he study ?
Answer:
Scholars called anthropologists have been studying the tribal people. They lived among the tribes and noted down their observation about the culture, life style, beliefs, decision making, etc. of the tribes Furer Haimendorf was one such famous scholar who studied the tribes of TelanganAnswer: He came to Telangana in the 1940s. He studied the Chenchus, the Konda Reddys and the Gonds and wrote books about them. He 5lso studied several other tribes of India, especially in the North Eastern states.

Question 3.
Who cannot be members of the Gond Panch ?
Answer:
When the members of the Panch becomes arrogant and go against the wishes of the people, they cannot be the members of the Gond Panch.

Question 4.
What facts does the Panch take into account in deciding upon a case ?
Answer:
When a dispute is presented to the Panch the first aim of the Panch is to get the facts of the case. The two parties are allowed to make detailed presentation of their points of view. Then some elder member of the community may cross question them to ascertain the actual facts and also ask witnesses of the case to give their evidence.

After this the Panch discusses the provisions of the traditional customs of the Gonds and the decisions in previous cases of similar kind. They try to arrive at a solution acceptable to both parties. When all aspects of the case have been debated one of the senior members proposes a settlement. This is no means a final decision as the person ‘affected may want some change. After hearing his or her response the Panch will take a final decision.

Question 5.
Who becomes the headman (Patla)?
Answer:
Every village has a headman or Patla who is generally heriditary. He is responsible to the Panch but in many cases he can be an effective leader. While the Panch only meet once in a while the headman functions on daily basis. He is usually from the family of the person who had led the formation of the village in the beginning. The main function of the Patla is the ensure the unity of the villagers and to negotiate with the outsiders and government agencies on behalf of the villagers.

Question 6.
What is the relation between the Panch and the Patla ?
Answer:
1) Gond Panch :
a) The village headmen derive their authority from the village ‘Panch’ or the council of adult male householders.
b) This council has the last word in matters concerning the village as a whole and the headman is no more than its chairman.
c) It represents the Gond society as a whole.
d) It doesn’t meet regularly but only when necessary.

2) Patla:
a) Every village has a headman or patla who is generally hereditary.
b) He is responsible to the Panch but in many cases he can be an effective leader.
c) The headman functions on a daily basis.

Question 7.
What is the special role of Patla ?
Answer:
The main function of the Patla is to ensure the unity of the villagers and to negotia; with the outsiders and government agencies on behalf of the villagers. He also coordinates various community work of the village including festivals. He also has to entertain and feed guests of the village. In return for all this he gets one day’s labour m a year on his field from all men and women of the village. This assistance enables him to till more land than his own family can till and thus to feed the guests of the village.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

1. Read the para in page 166 (84) and comment on it.

We read that the customs of the tribe as understood by all the adult members of the community, every family must participates in conducting the activities of the community. Sometimes the community was more powerful than the headman. The headman had to persuade and keep the members of the community happy to retain his position and could not go against their wishes.

We also read that in return for his services to the tribe, he received some special privileges in the form of free labour on his field. This gave him more wealth than the other members of the tribe, but he was expected to spend this for the welfare of the tribe. Such was the arrangement in many of the tribes.
Answer:
Adult males are given much importance in the tribe. No such importance is given to female persons. The headman acts as a well wisher of the tribe. He safeguards the wishes of the tribe / particular community. In return he receives some services. He has to spent his wealth for the welfare of the tribe. 1 think our politicians should learn from these headman.

Question 2.
In what way are the people of a tribe are equal ?
Answer:
The people of a tribe believe that all their resources like land forests and water are the common wealth of the entire tribe and not of individual families or persons. Therefore all members of the tribe can share and use these resources subject to the rules they frame together. In tribal societies there are no sharp differences like rich and poor as everyone has a share in the common resources of the tribe. In some tribes all members of a tribe may till the soil together and share the produce equally.

Question 3.
Is it important for all houses to be represented on the Panch?
Answer:
Among the functions of the Panch is the fixing of the dates of major festivals, allow marriages or divorces, set down norms for marriages or death rites and settle disputes. The Panch can impose fines and may even force a person to leave the village or even order all other Gonds not to leave any relation with him. When a dispute involved people from many villages then council of all the villages concerned will meet in a joint panchayat.

Question 4.
Do you think the girl was satisfied with the decision ?
Answer:
Yes. She wanted the greatest possible insult should be done to him and that he should give in writing that he will not trouble me anymore. The Panch then ordered him to stand in the middle of the Panch and to bow down before the girl, asking her pardon. Thus the girl was satisfied with the decision.

Question 5.
When can a Patla be removed ?
Answer:
Whenever a headman becomes arrogant and goes against the wishes of the people, the Panch may remove him and replace him with another person. Or the other families may just leave the village and settle in a new place.

III. Information Skills

1. Read the following passage.

One day a girl brought a case before the Panch against a man who teased her. When she slapped him for it, he hit her and she fell on the ground, but managed to run away. Then the accused man was asked what he had to say. He admitted his guilt. The Panch asked the girl what she wished to be done to the accused. She said that he should be given the most insulting  punishment and that he should give in writing that he would not trouble her anymore in future. The Panch then ordered him to stand in the middle of.the Panch, bow down before the girl and beg for pardon.

Now, answer the following questions.
1) What is a Panch ?
Answer:
It is a council of adult male householders in the village.

2) What was the case brought by the girl ?
Answer:
The case was against a man who teased the girl and when she slapped him for it he hit her and she fell on the ground.

3) Did the mem admit his guilt ?
Answer:
Yes, the man admitted his guilt. .

4) Was the girl satisfied with the decision ?
Answer:
Yes, she got satisfied because the Panch asked the girl what she wished to be done to the accused.

5) What was the judgement ?
Answer:
The Panch ordered the man to stand in the middle of the Panch and to bow down before the girl, asking her pardon.

Question 2.
Collect information about the relationship between Furer Haimendorf and the tribal societies.
Answer:
Furer Haimendorf was a famous scholar who studied the tribes of TelanganAnswer: He came to Telangana in the 1940s. He studied the Chenchus, the Konda Reddys and the Gonds and wrote books about them. He also studied several other tribes of India, especially in the North Eastern states.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
What is the special role of Patla ?
Answer:
Every village has a headman ‘Patla’ who is generally hereditary. He is responsible to the Panch but in many cases he can be ah effective leader.

1. The main function of the Patla is to ensure the unity of the villagers and to negotiate with the outsiders and government agencies on behalf of the villagers.
2. He also co-ordinates various community work of the village including festivals.
3. He also has to entertain and feed guests of the village.
4. In return for all this, all men and women of the village work in his fields for one day.
5. This assistance enables him to till more land than his own family can, and thus to feed the guests of the village.

Question 2.
Discuss the salient features and short comings of this system.
Answer:
We saw that the customs of the tribe as understood by all the adult male members of the community were very important in conducting the affairs of the community. We also saw that every family had a say in the affairs of the community and together they – were more powerful than the headman. The headman had to persuade and keep the members of the community happy to retain his position and could not go against their wishes.

We also saw that in return for his services to the tribe he received some special privileges in the form of free labour on his field. This gave him more wealth than the other members of the tribe, but he was expected to spend this on the welfare of the tribe. Such was the arrangement in many of the tribes.

Question 3.
Why do you think this was possible only with in a tribe whose members were more or less equal ? What will happen if the members were not equal or if people from different communities lived together ?
Answer:
Usually all members of a tribe consider themselves to be descendents of a common ancestor. Therefore all members of a tribe consider each other to be their relatives. Therefore all members of the tribe can share and use their resources subject to the rules they frame together. In tribal societies there are no sharp differences like rich and poor as everyone has a share in the common resources of the tribe.

For example, tribal land may be divided among all families depending upon size of the family. The land may be redistributed or redivided among the families. So this was possible only within a tribe. If the members were not equal these is not possible to share and use these resources subject to the rules they frame together.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
Many different kinds of societies follow the rule of “people are equal”. Name the different kinds of societies.
Answer:
Many different kinds of societies are called tribes. In Telangana we have the Chenchus, the Konda Reddys, the Gonds, the Koyas, the Yanadis, the Savaras, etc. Almost all states in our country have one tribe or the other living in the forests. They all have different ways of life, different languages, culture, etc. But the societies followed the rule of “people are equal”.

TS 6th Class Social 9th Lesson Notes – Community Decision-Making in a Tribe

• Hereditary : Related to the inheriting of something.
• Shared celebrations : The tribals celebrate their festivals in groups. They share every thing in these festivals. They share the celebrations.
• Anthropologist : A person who studies the human race, especially of its origins, developments, customs and beliefs.
• Common Resources : Tribals use the forest resources for their daily needs. Those re¬sources are common to all of them.
• Community : A group of people who share the same religion, race, job etc., or all the people who live in a particular area.
• Tribe : A group of people of the same race and with the same customs, language, religion, etc., living in a particular area and often led by chief.
• Hearing : An official meeting at which the facts about a crime, complaint, etc. are presented to the person or group of people who will have to decide what action to take.
• Accuse : To say that somebody has done something wrong or is guilty of something.
• Dispute : To argue or disagree strongly with somebody about something.
• Panch : The Council of five adult male householders.

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Study Material Pdf 8th Lesson – Trade in Agricultural Produce Part 2 Textbook Questions and Answers.

Trade in Agricultural Produce Part 2 – The Earliest People – TS 6th Class Social 8th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
Make a list of the different paddy traders operating in Venkatapuram and the prices they offer for paddy per quintal.
Answer:

1. AMY committee officials noted down the rates bid by different traders for the paddy heaps. They went back to the office and noted down the name of the trader and slip number and informed Chandra Sekhar of the maximum rate bid by the trader for his paddy. He agreed to sell at the rate of Rs. 1150.

2. Mallaiah from Venkatapuram village was able to harvest only 14 quintals of paddy from his one acre of irrigated land. His yield was low as he was not able to put required amount of fertilizer and pesticides. Chandulal fixed the price of paddy at Rs. 950 per quintal on the basis of its dryness and thaalu.

3. Shanti is also another farmer residing in Venkatapuram. Her harvest from her 1.5 acre fields during this season was 14 quintals. A broker of a big rice mill in Nalgonda came to the village to buy paddy and approached the farmers. He saw her paddy and after much bargaining offered her Rs. 1,000 per quintal.

Question 2.
Who purchases paddy in your place ? Collect details about how prices are fixed and what prices are paid by different traders and landlords.
Answer:
Sri. Gogan Nagabhushanam purchase paddy in our village. Prices are fixed above the M.S.P. (Minimum Support Price) jvhile fixing the prices they take quality of the paddy and demand of that year, into consideration.

Rates paid by different traders and landlords:
Self exercise.

Question 3.
Compare the cost of one quintal of rice and one quintal of paddy. Find put the reasons for the difference. (1 quintal = 100 kilograms).
Answer:

1. One quintal of paddy costs around Rs. 1100/-
2. Whereas one quintal of rice costs around Rs. 4000/
3. Usually we prefer the rice when the paddy gets old (dry) so, it includes weight loss and thaalu.
4. All the paddy completely not converts into equal amount of rice as there will be removed husk and broken rice and polish.
5. In this way there will be difference in the prices of quintal rice and quintal paddy.

Question 4.
Do you think it is necessary for the government to fix a single price for paddy ?
Answer:
Many small and medium farmers are increasingly having to borrow money in order to carry on agriculture, especially to purchase seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation facilities, etc. Since it is. difficult for them to obtain loan from regular banks, they are forced to borrow from moneylenders, traders, millers, etc. Once a farmer borrows from them, he or she has no option but to sell only to them at the price they quote. Paddy traders not only pay lower price but also under weigh in different ways. So it is necessary for the government to fix a single price for paddy.

Question 5.
In what ways do you think the farmers benefit from Self – Help Groups ?
Answer:
Farmers can get benefits from self help groups. Here is an example about this Shanti is a farmer residing in Venkatapuram. She began to manage her farm after her husband passed away. She is a member of the local Self Help Group (SHG) from which she borrowed Rs. 20,000 for cultivation purposes. Her harvest from her 1.5 acre fields during this season was 14 quintals. She weighed seven quintals and kept them aside for selling. The rest she kept for household consumption.

A broker of a big rice mill in Nalgonda came to the village to buy paddy and approached the farmers. He saw Santhi’s paddy and after much bargaining offered her . Rs.l ,000 per quintal. She got Rs\ 6825. When she weighed the bags it was 7 quintals but . when the broker weighed the next day, he said it was only 6.5 quintal. She insisted on weighing it properly in the presence of other S.H.G. members. This time it turned out to be 7 quintals! The broker took the paddy and promised to pay Shanthi the money in 15 days. Thus Shanti got benefit from Self Help Groups.

Question 6.
Read the para under the title ‘Indebtedness and selling paddy’ of pages 156 (78) and 157 (79) and*comment on it.

Indebtedness and selling paddy

We saw that small and medium farmers have to borrow money for agriculture, especially to purchase seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation facilities. Since it is difficult for them to get loans from banks, they are forced to borrow from money lenders, traders, millers, .etc. Once a farmer borrows from them, he or she has no option but to sell the produce only to them at the prices they offer. Paddy traders not only pay lower price but also cheat in weighing. Moreover, they take commissions of various kinds. Many of these farmers get delayed payments. Since these traders and landlords lend money in desperate times, farmers have to sell their paddy to them.
Answer:
It is very expensive to cultivate land for middle class farmers. To meet their expenses they have to approach moneylenders for loans. It is very difficult for them to repay these loans, so they sell their paddy for cheaper rates to these moneylenders. Due to all these they suffer from many losses.

Question 7.
Imagine a situation where there is no AMY near by your village. What challenges will the farmers face in this situation ?
Answer:

1. There is no Agricultural Market Yard nearby our yillage.
2. So we may not get minimum support price that government fixed and the additional amounts auction fetch.
3. We need to sell our produce to either rice millers or through brokers. They may not be advantageous to us.
4. If at all we were to take these produce to a distant Agricultural Market Yard, much 1 of the money needed to be spent on transportation and other miscellaneous expenses.
5. In this way we need to face a lot of problems.

I. Conceptual Understandings

Question 1.
What.is an Agriculture Market Yard ?
Answer:
Agriculture Market Yard (AMY): It is a market run by government in which farmers . can sell their produce and get paid immediately.
AMY committee members daily came at 10 Answer:m and put a slip on the bags indicating the name of the farmer and the amount of paddy in quintals. At about 11 a:m, wholesale traders and rice mill owners came to the paddy heaps and looked at the quality. Then the committee members began their auction from that price. In order to buy paddy from AMY, each trader is required to pay license fee.

When paddy is purchased by them, they are required to pay Rs. 1 for every hundred rupees of’ purchase as commission to the committee. Although farmers are not required to pay anything in practice, they pay Rs. 3.50 per every hundred rupees of trading towards unloading, cleaning and maintenance charges. This is deducted by the trader while making payment to tfie farmer and is paid to the AMY office.

Question 2.
Define Minimum Support Price.
Answer:
Minimum Support Priee : The government every year announces the minimum support price for various crops like rice, wheat, taking into consideration the cost of inputs. If no trader is willing to buy at a higher price, then the government agencies like the Food Corporation of India buy the produce from the farmer at the minimum supiport price. In this way the government seeks to ensure that farmers get a minimum price for their produce. Of course the farmers are free to sell at a price higher than the – MSP if any trader is willing to buy.

Question 3.
Do you think this practice is appropriate ? How do farmers benefit from this process ?
Answer:
There are nearly 100 AMYs in TelanganAnswer: Nearly-1/4 of farm products are traded in them. The government agencies like the Food Corporation of India buy the produce from the farmer at the minimum support price. In this way the government seeks to ensure that farmers get a minimum price for their produce. Of course the farmers are free to sell at a price higher than the MSP if any trader is willing to buy.

AMY committee officials noted down the rates bid by different traders for the paddy heaps. They went back to the office and noted down the name of the trader and slip number and informed the maximum rate bid by the trader for his paddy. If a farmer is not interested in selling at the maximum price bid by the trader, he or she can wait for the next day or up to one week. So that the practice is appropriate. The farmers can get benefit from this process.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
Discuss why Mallaiah was selling the paddy at a lower price.
Answer:
Four months back Mallaiah borrowed Rs. 5,000 from Chandulal for purchasing fertilizers and pesticides. Many small farmers borrowed money from Chandulal on similar terms. Hence they are forced to sell their produce to him at the rate fixed by him. So instead of paying Mallaiah the amount due to him Chandulal also deducted the borrowed amount and the interest.

Amount of money borrowed by Mallaiah = Rs. 5000/-
Interest for 4 months = Rs. 400/-
Total deductions = Rs.5400/-
Amount due for paddy = Rs.13,100
Total amount paid (Rs. 13100 – 5,400) = Rs. 7,700 (All calculations are rounded to rupee)

Farmers like Mallaiah in Venkatapuram village borrow from rice mill owners arid other money lenders or rich landlords and are forced to sell their produce to them at a lower rate. They may also be cheated in weighing and rating of paddy.

Question 2.
What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages for farmers in selling their produce in AMYs ?
Answer:
The Agriculture Market Yard (AMY) is a market run by government in which farmers can sell their produce and get paid immediately.

Advantages:

1. Daily at about 10 Answer:m the AMY committe members come and put a slip on the bags indicating the name of the farmer and amount of paddy in quintals.
2. At abolit llAnswer:m wholesale traders and rice mill owners come to the paddy heaps and look at the quality. Then the committee members begin the auction from the first paddy heap of the farmer.
3. The committee officials begin their auction from that price.
4. In this way the government seeks to ensure that farmers get a minimum price for their produce. Of course the farmers are free to sell at a price higher than the MSP if any trader is willing to buy.
5. Farmer has a choice if he is not interested in selling at the maximum price bid by the trader, he or she can wait for the next day upto one week.
6. Since the sale is by open auction, farmers have a chance of getting the best price possible.
7. Normally there is no delay in payment or charges for on the spot payment as in the village.

Disadvantages:

1. In some AMYs corrupt officials and traders join hands together and give farmers lower prices but this may not happen everywhere.
2. Farmers selling in AMY sometimes have to spend Rs. 10 per quintal of agricultural produce towards transport and other charges.
3. Several traders and mill agents may cheat farmers in considering the quality of the grains.
4. Brokers charge commission from both the farmers and the millers.
5. Sometimes they will not get higher rate.
6. They have to pay rent for loading and unloading charges.

Question 3.
Compare and contrast the difference between landlord and ricemill owner in the way they procure paddy from Venkatapuram formers.
Answer:
a) Selling to Rice Miller:
Four months back Mallaiah borrowed Rs.5,000 from Chandulal for purchasing fertiliziers and pesticides. Hence he is forced to sell his produce at the rate fixed by him. Scwnstead of paying Mallaiah the amount due to him Chandulal also deducted the amount borrowed in the interest. Mallaiah borrowed Rs. 5,000. He has to pay interest Rs. 400. Total deduction Rs. 5,400.

Amount due for paddy Rs. 13100 – 5400 = Rs. 7700 (Calculation is rounded).
As per the above information, farmers like Mallaiah in Venkatapuram village borrow from rice mill owners and other money lenders or rich landlords and are forced to sell their produce to them at a lower rate. They may also be cheated weighing and rating of the paddy.

b) Selling paddy to landlords:
Big farmers or landlords of Venkatapuram do lend money to small farmers and purchase paddy for them. They sell their own harvest and all that is procured from other farmers in AMYs, town-based wholesale paddy merchants or in rice mills. Farmers are indebted to landlords in many ways they borrow money, seed, tractors, even water. As such they are bound to sell paddy to the landlords and accept whatever price they pay. However, in this way the farmers are not able to sell their produce at the highest price possible and have to agree to lower prices for their goods.

III. Information Skills

Question 1.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions.

Paddy cultivated in Telangana is mostly sold in the market and farmers keep only a small share for their own use. A considerable amount of paddy produced by small farmers like Shanti is used for their own consumption. Large farmers sell most of their produce in the markets.

Telangana farmers sell nearly three-fourth of their harvests’ within the village and one-fourths in AMY. Big farmers sell their harvest in AMYs. They own vehicles like tractors which reduce their transportation expenses.

Answer the following questions:
1) What is AMY?
Answer:
Agriculture Market Yard.

2) How is paddy sold in Telangana ?
Answer:
The paddy is mostly sold in the market and farmers keep only a small share for their own.use.

3) Does Shanti sell her paddy ?
Answer:
No, she is used for her own consumption.

4) Where do big farmers sell their paddy ?
Answer:
Big farmers sell their paddy in AMYs.

5) Why do big farmers sell in AMYs ?
Answer:
Big farmers have own vehicles like tractors which reduce their transportation

V. Mapping Skills

Question 1.
Locate the following in the map of Telangana
a) Warangal Rural
b) Hyderabad
c) Ranga Reddy
d) Nizamabad
e) Khammam
f) Nalgonda


VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
Brokers mediate between farmers and town-based big millers”. Discuss about it.
Answer:
Brokers mediate between farmers and townbased big millers or wholesale paddy merchants. They produce paddy in small quantities from farmers like Shanti. They neither have any permanent shop nor godown for doing their business. They visit each farmer duripg harvest season, negotiate with them to buy paddy. They collect sufficient amount of paddy and inform the wholesale traders/rice mill owners who then send money and vehicles for transportation. They charge commission from both the farmers and the millers.

Project:

Question 1.
A few students can be taken to a near by AMY. After observing what happens there, a role play can be enacted to illustrate how traders bid prices for paddy and other produce.
Answer:
Teacher should conduct a study tour. Children should enact under guidance of teacher.

Question 2.
Write the script for small play to explain the plight of small farmers in Telangana
Answer:
Students should take up this job under the guidance of teacher.

TS 6th Class Social 8th Lesson Notes – Trade in Agricultural Produce Part 2

• Agriculture Market Yard (AMY) : It is a market run by government in .which farmers can sell their produce and get paid immediately
• Minimum Support Price : The government every year announces the minimum support price for various crops like rice, wheat, taking into consideration the cost of inputs. In this way the government seek to ensure that the farmers get a minimum price for their produce.
• Food Corporation of India (FCI) : It is the Government Agency. It buys the produce from the farmer at the minimum support price.
• Merchants : The persons whose job is to buy and sell in large amounts by trading with farmer’s and others. They purchase the produce from farmers by way of recovering loans also.
• Commission Agents : They are the brokers who mediate between farmers and town-based big millers or wholesale paddy merchants. They collect sufficient amount of paddy and inform the wholesale traders/ rice mill owners who then send money and vehicles for transportation. They charge commission from both the farmers and the millers.
• Wholesale Traders : The traders who buy in large amounts of produce from the farmers and sell it to shops. They raised the rate considering the quality of the produce.

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Study Material Pdf 8th Lesson – Trade in Agricultural Produce Part 1 Textbook Questions and Answers.

Trade in Agricultural Produce Part 1 – The Earliest People – TS 6th Class Social 8th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
How are agricultural products traded ?
Answer:
People get agricultural products from street vendors, santhas and small shops. In recent times farmers are selling their fruits and’ vegetables in Rythu Bazaars. The markets held for a day in the week at different localities of a town (or) at different small towns. These markets are called weekly markets.

The traders move from one weekly market to another weekly market and sell their goods. The traders of weekly market procure goods from wholesale shops in towns and cities and reach out to a large section of the people. Most agricultural goods like grains and pulses are sold directly to wholesale merchants. Small traders buy these goods from them to sell to the consumers.

Question 2.
List the differences between Gouri, Indra and Ramagopal on the following issues.

Question 3.
List a few difficulties that retail traders face in their business.
Answer:

1. Retail traders lead a very difficult life and are chronically in debt, since they borrow from money lenders and a considerable part of their earnings goes towards paying interest.
2. Retail traders do not have any facilities ?for preserving perishable goods like vegetables and fruits which have to be sold at a very low price.

Question 4.
In what ways can the retail traders can also increase their income ?
Answer:
The retail traders can also increase their income in the following ways :

1. By obtaining loans from self-help groups.
2. By saving some of their earning for tomorrow’s purchase.
3. By having storage facilities for perishable goods.
4. By selling imperishable goods.

Question 5.
Why is it better to borrow from Self-Help Groups rather than money-lenders ?
Answer:

1. It is better to borrow from Self – Help Groups rather than money-lenders.
2. Self-Help Group charges only 25 paise per 100 rupees per month i.e. Pavala vaddi.
3. Whereas money lenders charge Rs. 3 per 100 per month.
4. Loan amount can be paid in installments with Self-Help Group.
5. Monthly interest needed tobe paid to money lender and the principal amount finally.
6. Thus borrowing from Self-Help Groups is better compared to money lenders.

Question 6.
What are the difference and similarities between money lenders, banks and self – help groups ?
Answer:

1. Both the money lender, self help groups lend money immediately according to their needs while banks cause delay.
2. One can pay in easy instalments to banks and self-help groups but money lenders won’t accept this.
3. Bank and money lenders ask for mortgage of land but self-help groups won’t ask. These are the differences and similarities between money lenders, banks and self-help groups.

Question 7.
Why do you think selling through Rythu Bazaars is better than selling through wholesale shops ?
Answer:
Earlier the farmers used to take their produce to wholesale market. They don’t have any choice but to sell at the price fixed by the wholesalers. Many times the farmers have to sell vegetables at throw away price, not even covering the expenses they incurred. Rythu Bazaars are big relief for them. The price for bazaar products is fixed daily in the morning by the officers in consultation with a committee set up for the purpose comprising three farmers.

Question 8.
Read the paragraph “Vendors like Gouri…. small trader become poorer” on page 132 (66) and comment on it.

Vendors like Gouri lead a very difficult life and are chronically in debt. Since they borrow from moneylenders (Generally banks do not lend money to these small traders) a considerable part of their earnings goes towards paying interest or vaddi. Secondly, they do not have any facilities to preserve the unsold vegetables. In contrast to this, big traders have cold storage facilities and godowns. They can also borrow money from banks at low rates of interest. Thus, they earn more and become richer whereas the small traders become poorer.
Answer:
The street vendor borrow money from moneylenders in order to run their daily bussiness. As the banks do not lend money to the vendors they mainly depend on ‘moneylenders. They pay high interest rates on these loans. As a result moneylenders become richer and the small traders become poorer.

Question 9.
With the help of your teacher, locate the places in the map of your district where weekly markets (Santha) .are held ?
Answer:
Self exercise.

Question 10.
What is Rythu Bazaar ? What are its benefits and limitations ?
Answer:
Definition : Rythu Bazaar is a market place where the producers directly sell their agricultural goods like vegetables, grains, pulses, etc. to consumers at reasonable prices. Most agricultural goods like grains and pulses are sold directly to wholesale merchants. Small traders buy these goods from them to sell to the consumers. However there are a few markets in which the producers directly sell their goods to consumers. “Rhythu Bazaars” are one such market.

Benefits:

1. Only a person with a valid photo identity is allowed to enter the Rythu Bazaar to Sell his/her produce.
2. Stalls in the bazaar are allocated to the sellers daily on a first come first serve basis.
3. The farmers need not pay any rent for their premises. .
4. The price for bazaar products is fixed daily in the morning by the officers in consultation with a committee set up for the purpose comprising three farmers.
5. Customers get all the items at reasonable prices.
6. Here they get not only fruits and vegetables but also many other essential items like pulses, tamarind, dry chillies and edible oils.

Limitations

1. Some people in the guise of farmers coming to sell vegetables in the bazaar.
2. There is no sufficient space for parking our vehicles and at time it is risky.
3. It is difficult to get good space to sell vegetables.

Question 11.
Why does panchayat or municipality collects money from traders in Chouttuppal weekly market ?
Answer:
Besides agricultural produce like chilli, a large number of industrial products of daily use like cloth, torches, matches, pots, utensils, tools, baskets, plastic items, etc. are sold by small traders in the weekly markets. All such traders pay about Rs.10 each to the Town Panchayat as tax. There are separate and famous weekly markets where cattle, sheep and goats too are sold. Most of the spaces in weekly markets are reserved for a specific trader. No other trader can come and set up a shop in that place.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
What are the terms and conditions of money lenders for lending money ?
Answer:
Money lenders charge with high rates of interest. Vendors like Gouri lead very difficult life and are chronically in debt. Since she borrow money lenders and a considerable part of their earning goes towards paying interest or vaddi. Banks generally do not lend to these small traders. If anyone wants Rs.500 from the money lender or merchant who gives him / her only Rs.450 and he / she has to pay back Rs.500 on the next day. .

Question 2.
Why do you think banks lend money only to large traders having permanent shops ?
Answer:
Banks generally do not lend to small traders. Secondly, they do not have any facilities like refrigerators for preserving the unsold vegetables and they have to be sold at a very low price. In contrast to this, large traders have cold storage facilities (or) godowns. They can also borrow from banks for which they pay only a small amount as interest.

Question 3.
Who are the beneficiaries of Rythu Bazaar and why ?
Answer:
Stalls in the Bazaar are allocated to the’sellers daily on a first come first serve basis. It is meant only for farmers. Rythu Bazaar is a big relief for farmers. They will get much profits instead of wholesale markets and customers get the full value for their money.

Question 4.
What are the difficulties that retail traders face while doing their business ?
Answer:
Since their residences are far away from santhas, they have to sell all the goods they purchased from the wholesale market. They don’t have storage facilities. If they are not able to sell the perishable items by the evening, they have to take them back by paying transport expences. Sometimes they sell their goods at lower than the purchase price to avoid heavier losses.

Question 5.
Suppose you are a vegetable retail trader and have borrowed Rs.3000 from money lender. How much you have to pay while returning the money after three months ? (Rs. 3 for every hundred rupees)
Answer:
I borrowed Rs. 3000 from money lender interest rate is Rs. 5 Interest for 1 Month = Rs. 150 Interest for 3 Months = 150 x 3 = Rs. 450 After three months I have to pay the money lender = Rs. 3450.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
In what ways are the weekly markets different from permanent markets ?
Answer:

Question 2.
How are the prices fixed in Rythu Bazaar ?
Answer:
The price for bazaar products is fixed daily in the morning by the officers in consultation with a committee set up for the purpose comprising three farmers. The principle is that the price should be around 25 percent more than the wholesale price and 25 percent less than the retail price.

Question 3.
How much does Indra, dry chilly seller earn per a day ?
Answer:
Indra earns about Rs. 200 – 300 per day. There is no surety that she gets good quality chillies all the times. Since she purchases chillies by ordering over phone and cannot check each and every bag, she sometimes, gets low quality chilli due to which she incurs losses.

III. Information Skillse

Question 1.
Observe the following table carefully and answer the questions.

Answer the following questions.
1) Define Rythu Bazaar.
Answer:
The farmers directly sell their goods to consumers. These markets are called Rythu Bazaars.

2) Where does Gouri get money for doing business ?
Answer:
She gets money from money lenders or merchants.

3) Where does Indra get money for doing business ?
Answer:
From self-help group.

4) Who allocated stalls in Rythu Bazaar ?
Answer:
By the officers.

5) Who fixed the prices in Rythu Bazaars ?
Answer:
By the committee.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
Explain about Sunday weekly market in Chouttuppal.
Answer:
Chouttuppal is a small town in Yadadri district. The Chouttuppal weekly market functions on every Sunday. In this weekly market, more than 200 traders sell vegetables, fruits, clothes, meat, fish, dry-fish, hand-made and readymade footwear, cosmetics, ropes and other equipments for cattle rearing, sickles and many more things. In Chouttuppal weekly market, separate space has been alloted for trading cattle, grocery items and non-edible items. For example, In a place meant say for vegetables, every trader has a fixed space. For trading cattle, sheds with facilities to keep cattle are also available.

Question 2.
Suppose you are a fruit trader selling on road sides. You buy 20 kilograms of grapes at Rs. 20 per kilo. By using the example of Gowri, what will be your selling price of grapes?
Answer:
I sell grapes for Rs. 28 to 30 in the morning and Rs. 15 to 18 in the evening.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
What is ‘Pavala Vaddi’ ?’Suppose you borrow Rs. 3000. How much do you pay in return after three months ?
Answer:
‘Pavala Vaddi’ is a government scheme to low income group women who are the members of self-help groups. If l borrow Rs.3000, I have to pay Rs. 3,022.50 after 3 months.

Question 2.
How do small traders face difficulties selling agricultural goods-particularly fruits and vegetables ?
Answer:
Small traders selling agricultural goods particularly perishables such as fruits and vegetables also face difficulties similar to that of Gouri. Since their residences are far away from weekly markets, they have to sell all the goods they purchased from the whole-sale market.

They don’t have storage facilities, weekly market traders keep all their goods in their houses. If they are not able to sell the perishable items by the evening, they have to take them back by paying transport expenses. Sometimes they sell their goods at lower than the purchase price to avoid heavier losses.

Project:

Question 1.
Talk to different vegetable vendors in your area to understand their work, livelihood and problems. Prepare a report and share it in the class.
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

Question 2.
Go to a nearby santha and observe its-functioning. Draw a picture of it and display it in your classroom.
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

TS 6th Class Social 8th Lesson Notes – Trade in Agricultural Produce Part 1

• Wholesale traders : The persons who sell goods in large quantities to be sold to the public by others.
• Retail traders : Person who sale the goods to general public.
• Market : An occasion when people buy and sell goods, fruit / flower / antique market.
• Weekly Market : The markets held for a day in the week at different localities of a town or at different small towns. These markets are called Weekly markets.
• Rythu Bazaar : The place where the producers directly sell their goods to consumers.
• Pavala vaddi : The government of combined Andhra Pradesh started a scheme of pavala vaddi for low income earners. They have to pay 25 paise for every 100 rupees per month.
• Self – Help Group : The villagers who want to do business together form a self-help group and get loan from banks with 25 paise for every hundred rupees per month.
• Trade : The activity of buying and selling (or) of exchanging goods or services between people or countries.
• Street Vendors : The persons who sell things for example food or newspapers, usually outside on the street.

Mind Mapping

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Study Material Pdf 7th Lesson – Agriculture in Our Times Textbook Questions and Answers.

Agriculture in Our Times – The Earliest People – TS 6th Class Social 7th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
How can the government help the farmers in Venkatapuram and prevent migration ?
Answer: Agricultural labourers not only face lack of jobs in rural areas but their wages are not going up. Government employment schemes provide relief but not for many days in a year. Their families are left with no option but to look for work outside villages or move to urban areas.
I think the government can help the farmers in Venkatapuram by providing loans, giving subsidies to buy crop inputs like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides and also by implementing employment schemes and curb the migrations.

Question 2.
Fill in the following table.

Question 3.
Compare the condition of a big farmer of your village with that of Vijayakumar in Venkatapuram.
Answer:

1. Yella Reddy, a big farmer owns 45 acres of land in our village.
2. He practices various crops in his field with the help of workers.
3. He takes agricultural loans from Bank and repays them in time.
4. He owns two tractors, harvester, thresher, etc. useful in agriculture.
5. He has dug 5 borewells in his fields, out of which 3 are operating.
6. He owns a rice shop and lends workers in his field.
7. He gets required workers in field without break.

Question 4.
Who took a bank loan in Venkatapuram ? What was the reason for taking a bank loan ?
Answer:
Banks are reluctant to lend to small farmers. So they depend on brokers or money lenders. Vijayakumar has 25 acres of land with three borewells. His paddy fields are in the command area of the village tank. He borrowed Rs. 25 lakhs from a bank to buy the harvester and thresher. He hires them out to other farmers on rent base.

Question 5.
How do banks and money lenders give loans to fanners ? Do you think borrowing from money lenders is profitable ? What are the alternative sources ?
Answer:

1. Banks give money to farmers on collateral security. They charge less interest rates.
2. Money lenders give money even with personal intimacy. They charge comparatively higher interest.
3. Small farmers lack collateral and depend on moneylenders for money. Failure of crops and fall in prices make them debtridden.
4. So, 1 think borrowing from money lenders is not profitable for farmers.
5. Alternate sources could be like government extending agricultural inputs at subsidised prices and pre – announcing minimum support price for farm produces.

Question 6.
How do you think the conditions of farmers can be improved ?
Answer:
Agricultural labourers not only face lack of jobs in rural areas but their wages are not going up. Government employment schemes provide relief but not for many days in a year. Their families are left with no option but to look for work outside villages or move to urban areas.

1. Banks should give support for small farmers and give loans for crop inputs.
2. The government should give employment through schemes for the entire year.
3. The government should give subsidies for small farmers to buy inputs like seeds fertilizers and pesticides.

Question 7.
Compare three farmers in Venkatapuram and furnish details.

Question 8.
Collect news items on problems faced by small and marginal farmers and the measures taken by government to solve their problems.
Answer:
Project work.

Question 9.
Nowadays all the farmers prefer cash crops to the food crops what problems does this lead to ?
Answer:

1. The production of certain food crops may become limited.
2. India is the second populous country in the world.
3. So the decrease in food crops may to lead to starvation.
4. Balance should be maintained in these crops.

Question 10.
Read about contract farming on page 118 (59) and comment on it.
Answer:
In contract farming, companies advise farmers to follow specific farming practices and also provide financial support. They buy the harvest at pre – determined prices and pay the farmers after deducting the input costs. The companies use the produce as a raw material for making their own products or export them directly. Farmers of some parts in Telangana have made contracts with some companies to cultivate crops such as paddy, maize, groundnut, cotton, soyabean, palm oil, coconut, amla, chilli and cucumber.

Question 11.
With the help of the atlas point out regions where groundnut is grown in India
Answer:

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
What is the contract farming ?
Answer:
In some parts of Telangana companies have made contracts with farmers to cultivates crops such as palm oil, paddy, cucumbers, amlAnswer: maize, groundnut, soyabean, cotton and chilli. This type of farming is called contract farming. In contract farming, companies advise farmers to follow specific farming practices and also provide financial support. They buy the harvest at pre-determined price and pay the farmers after deducting the input costs.

Question 2.
What kind of work do the labourers find in Venkatapuram ?
Answer:
During harvest or sowing seasons, women labourers get Rs. 100-130 per day whereas male workers get Rs. 200-250 per day. In the government employment scheme, both men and women workers get about Rs. 150 per day. In non-agricultural activities such as loading and unloading of sand or bricks and construction works they get a little more – Rs. 300 for men and Rs. 180-200 per day for women. Men workers are generally engaged to uproot groundnut plant with roots and stem, gather, bundle and carry the bundles to a place. Women are engaged to pluck groundnut seeds from the plant.

Question 3.
What are the conditions of small farmers of Telangana ?
Answer:
Small farmers own very little land and have poor irrigation facilities. They are in great need of loans and they have to approach banks or rich peasants or money lenders or brokers for this. They are forced to sell their produce at lower prices. To make both ends meet they have to work as labourers in other’s fields.

Question 4.
What are the food crops and cash crops grown in Telangana ?
Answer:

1. Over the years, agriculture in Telangana has changed.
2. Even though paddy continues to be the main crop, other food crops like ragi, jowar, and maize have declined and have been replaced by cash crops like cotton, sugarcane, groundnut, turmeric, chillies, etc.

Question 5.
What are the different ways in which the labourers meet the expenses of the family over the year ?
Answer:
Like RamAnswer: Lakshmamma and PadmAnswer: poor labouring families face a lot of challenges in maintaing their income to run their families. The women also spend a lot of time on their household work such as getting their children ready to go to schools, preparing food, getting water and firewood.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
How are large farmers getting benefits in Venkatapuram ?
Answer:
Large farmers are able to benefit from the new equipment and the growing market for agricultural produce. They have now diversified their investments into
setting up dairy farms, poultry farms, schools, shops, money lending etc.

Question 2.
How are small farmers dependent on big farmers ? Give examples from Ramu’s case ?
Answer:
Small farmers are -dependent on big farmers. For example, Ramu owns two acres of land which depends upon the village tank for irrigation. Vijayakumar provides water for Ramu’s paddy fields. In return he has to irrigate his employer’s large paddy and sugarcane fields and do whatever important task assigned to him. Since Ramu can drive, he gets employed as a tractor driver for ploughing the fields and transporting paddy and other things to the market.

Question 3.
Why do you think small farmers can’t borrow money easily from the banks ?
Answer:
Banks are reluctant to lend money to small farmers, especially when they need it desperately. They cannot satisfy the rules of bank authorities. So the small farmers cannot borrow money easily from the banks.

III. Information Skills

1. Read the paragraph and answer the following questions.

Vijayakumar has 25 acres of land with three borewells. His paddy fields are in the command area of the village tank. He borrowed Rs. 25 lakhs from a bank to buy the harvester and thresher. He hires them out to other farmers. Many farmers in Venkatapuram and the surrounding villages use these equipments. With all this additional income, Vijayakumar is able to buy more farm machines, borewells and lease in more lands from other small farmers. Vijayakumar gets some more income from selling the milk of morethan 20 of his murrah buffaloes. He also has a fertiliser shop jn the village. Since he lends money to farmers and other labourers, these labourers work regularly on his fields. Vijayakumar has another house in the nearby
town in which his wife and children live.

1) How much money did Vijayakumar borrow from a bank ?
Answer:
He borrowed Rs. 25 lakhs.

2) What did he buy ?
Answer:
He bought the harvester and thresher.

3) How many murrah buffaloes does he have ?
Answer:
He has 20 murrah buffaloes.

4) How does he help small fanners ?
Answer:
He has a fertiliser shop in the village. He lends farmers and other labourers in times of need.

5) How many bore wells does Vijayakumar have to irrigate his 25 acres of land ?
Answer:
He has three boreweils to irrigate his 25 acres of land.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
How is Vijayakumar able to wait for higher prices before selling while small farmers have to sell it at low price ?
Answer:
Vijayakumar is a big farmer. He is able to wait for higher prices. He has a large “kallam” or threshing floor, used to dry the harvest. He has a godown-like large1 shed to keep paddy, fertilizer bags and other farming equipments. Since the fresh groundnut during the season sells for lower price, he usually dries it and sells af’er a few months.

Traders generally pay a higher price for dried groundnut. He has 25 acres of land with three bore wells. He has a thresher and a tractor trailer. He has more than 20 murrah buffaloes whose milk he sells. He also has a fertilizer shop in the village.

Question 2.
Why is it not possible for Ramu to grow two or three crops a year ?
Answer:
Ramu owns two acres of land which depends upon the village tank for irrigation. However, a few big farmers divert tank water to their fields and don’t bother whether or not Ramu’s land is irrigated. Four years back. Ramu dug bore well by borrowing money from Vijayakumar. No water was found even after digging up to 300 feet.

He now has to pay back the loan. He cultivates his land only during the Kharif season with the help of his family members. Since the income from his fields is not sufficient to run the family for more than three months in a year, he works on Vijayakumar’s fields.

Question 3.
What are the problems of agricultural labourers ?
Answer:
They not only face lack of jobs in rural areas but their wages are not going up. Government employment schemes provide relief but not for many days in a year. Their families are left with no option but to look for work outside villages or move to urban areas. Nearly two-fifths of all rural families are mainly agricultural labourers in Telangana Of these, hardly a few have small plots of land and the rest are landless.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
Why are fanners entering into contract with companies for production and supply of some special crops ?
Answer:
Some farmers have tried to get out of this problem by entering into contract with companies for production and supply of some special crops. Although not widespread in some parts of Telangana companies have made contracts with farmers to cultivate crops such as paddy, maize, groundnut, cotton, soyabean, palm oil, coconut, amla, chilli and cucumber.

In contract farming, companies advise farmers to follow specific farming practices and also provide financial support. They buy the harvest at pre-determined price and pay the farmers after deducting the input costs. The companies use the produce as a raw material for making their own products.

Project:

Question 1.
Interview a small farmer and a big farmer with the help of your teacher. Find out about the condition of their farming practices – how many acres they cultivate, what they grow, how they sell it, what problems do they face, etc. Compare these details with what we found in Venkatapuram.
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

Question 2.
In case your school is in a big city, prepare a list of occupations of families in your street or in your colony. Classify them into three groups : Self – employed, casual labourers and regular salaried employees. Discuss the details in your class.
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

TS 6th Class Social 7th Lesson Notes – Agriculture in Our Times

• Agricultural labourers : Persons who work in other’s fields and depends on agriculture for their livelihood.
• Money lender : A person whose business is lending money, usually at a high rate of interest
• Cash crops : Crops that are grown for commercial purpose.
• Small farmers : Farmers having small holdings of land.
• Contract farming : In contract farming, companies advise farmers to follow specific farming practices and also provide
• financial support. They buy the harvest at pre-determined price and pay the farmers after deducting the input costs.
• Pesticide : A chemical used for killing pests especially insects
• Migration : The movement of large numbers of people, birds or animals from one place to another place
• Kharif : Crop season (June to October)
• Wages : A regular amount of money that you earn, usually every week, for work or services.
• Cultivation : The preparation and use of land for growing plants or crops.
• Household : All the people living together in a house.
• Thresher : A machine used to separate grains from rice, wheat etc., from the rest of the plant (especially in the past, a
• special tool used to separate grains from rice, wheat, from the rest of the plant by hitting it.)
• Kallam : It is used to dry the harvest.
• Godown : A large shed to keep paddy fertilizer bags and other farming equipments
• Fertilizer : A substance added to soil to make plants grow more successfully
• Rabi : Crop season (November to March)

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Study Material Pdf 5th Lesson – Penugolu – A Village on the Hills Textbook Questions and Answers.

Penugolu – A Village on the Hills – TS 6th Class Social 5th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
What are the various ways in which the Koyas are dependent upon the forests around them ?
Answer:
The forest is a great storehouse of food for the Koyas and they depend upon the forest for its produce throughout the year.

1. The tribal calendar is marked by various seasons for collecting various edible fruits, tubers, nuts, green leaves and even hunting small animals.
2. Two important forest products collected by them are honey and bomboo shoots.
3. The shoots are cooked after the upper covering layers are removed. This is considered a tasty delicacy.
4. Another important source of food for the families is the juice of Caryota palm (Jilugu), especially in summer.
5. With the Bamboo they make baskets, winnowing fans, mats, implements like digging sticks, bows and arrows.
6. They sell all these in weekly markets ie.. “Santha”. With the money they earn by selling their produce, they purchase their daily needs, clothes and other requirements.

Question 2.
List out various means of living in a hill region.
Answer:

1. There are various means of living in the hilly region.
2. Podu cultivation is the main means of living. .
3. Maintaining kitchen garden is another means of living.
4. At times poultry like rearing of goats, sheep cattle and dogs is means of living.
5. Collection of minor forest produce is also an important means of living.
6. Cutting bamboo, making baskets and winnows, chicken coops, etc. fetches a living in hills.

Question 3.
Why do the Koyas move from one hill to another for growing crops ?
Answer:

1. Koyas move from one hill to another for growing crops.
2. Each village has a hill where forest can be cleared for farming.
3. After growing crops for few years, they leave this patch of hill to allow the forest to grow again.
4. They move to another hill where they clear-another patch of land to grow crops.

Question 4.
Compare the nature of the fields in the three villages that you studied and bring out their similarities and differences.

Question 5.
Read the various sub-headings in the last three chapters. Fill the following table with information regarding various aspects of the three villages. (Add more rows if necessary – write “no information” if you cannot find similar headings)

Question 6.
Your village/town is currently located in type of land form. Imagine that your village is located in a different type of land form and write about it.
Answer:

1. Our village is located in plateau land form.
2. Here the rain is scanty and irregular.
3. Soils are not much fertile.
4. Borewells here are expensive and risky.
5. Various crops and fruit orchards are grown.
6. Apart from agriculture other activities like carpentry, metal work and rice mills are here.

Discussion : What will happen, if there are no trees ? Discuse, its effect and our re-sponsibility.

Forests act as giant air filters for the world. Trees purify the air absorbing pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, reducing pollution. Trees also help prevent topsoil erosion because they break the force of wind and rain on soil their roots bind the soil, and their decayed, falling leaves are absorbed by the earth and enrich the soil. Trees conserve rainwater and reduce water runoff and sediment deposit after storms.

Additionally, trees provide a supply of timber, seeds and fruits. Further, dead trees that fall and get buried in the soil eventually provide fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum products, among other things. Trees can also act as noise filters, Trees muffle urban clamor almost as well as walls do. Trees planted at strategic locations can decrease loud noises from airports and highways.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
Describe the cultural activities of these tribes.
Answer:
They worship Gods of Nature and every family has got their Kula devatha i.e., family God/Goddess. They post a long pole in front of the house and tie some neem twigs to it. They call it as Muthyalamma and worship it. Only men of the village go to the forest and offer prayers to their God in the forest. The festivals too represent the changes in the season. The celebrations of the tribals are Kodathala panduga (Peddala panduga) Bhimini panduga (festival of Vippa poovu). They celebrate Kodathala panduga in September and offer vegetables to their deity and eat it as prasadam. During these festivals all members of the tribe get together even if they are living in separate settlements.

Question 2.
What is Jhum cultivation / Shifting cultivation ?
Answer:
Konda Reddys grow crops in a distinct way called “Podu”. Podu is an ancient practice in the hilly regions. It is also called shifting cultivation or Jhum cultivation. It is practised widely in Chattisgarh and the north eastern states like Arunachal Pradesh.

Question 3.
What forest products do you eat ?
Answer:
The forest is a great storehouse of food for the tribals and they depend upon the forest for its produce through out the year. The tribal calendar is marked by various seasons for collecting various edible fruits, tubers, nuts, green leaves and even hunting animals. Tender bamboo shoots are called “Kari Kommulu”. Another important source of food for the families is the juice of Caryota palm Qilugu) especially in summer. I eat edible fruits tubers, nuts, honey, green leaves, etc.

Question 4.
What are the reasons for the reduction of podu area in recent years ?
Answer:
Podu means shifting cultivation. Now-a-days podu cultivation was reduced because to protect the forest area and maintain ecological balance.Due to podu cultivation the soil erosion will be high, at the same time the percentage of forest area is reduced. Due to this environmental pollution increases highly. Global warming (Temperature) will increase, people suffered with these situations. Rain fall will reduce. Totally environment will be damaged and disturbed.

Question 5.
What is their kitchen garden?
Answer:
The huts are located in a large areAnswer: Around the house they make bamboo fencing. They level the land and add organic matter to make the soil fertile. This is their kitchen garden. This is a major source of their food. In kitchen garden maize, vegetables like beans, gourd, chillies, etc., are grown.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
Write in brief about Bamboo.
Answer:
Bamboos are abundant in the f est. They form part and parcel of the lives of triba s. Apart from using bamboos themselves, they also make baskets, winnows, chicken coops etc and take them to the santhas for sale. In many areas these tribes are approached by Paper Mill’s agents to cut and supply bamboos for the mills. Cash income earned from selling bamboo-ware or from labour is used to buy rice, cloth, utensils etc., from the local market.

Question 2.
The tribal people in Penugolu worship Gods of Nature. The festivals follow the changes in the season. They worship stone idol of Muthyalamma under tamarind Wee. They celebrate Yellanampadarn (bhumi pooja) Kodathala panduga (peddalapanduga), Bhimini panduga (festival as vippa poovu, etc.) Comment on tribal worship and festivals.
Answer:

1. The tribal people worship gods of nature.
2. They worship stone idol.
3. They also worship Burra and Thadu.
4. They celebrate festivals like Yellanampadarn, Kodathala panduga and Bhimini panduga, etc.

III. Information Skills

1. Read the following passage and answer the following questions.

As we know, bamboo is abundant in the forests. Apart from it being a food source, bamboo is used to build houses, fences, etc. People also make baskets, winnows, chicken coops, etc. with it and sell them in the weekly fairs. Paper Mills also have the right to collect bamboo from the forest. There are agents who employ people in the village to cut and supply bamboo for the mills. This provides some earning opportunities to them. Initially, the wages were very low but they have increased slowly over the last few years. These wage workers go collect for bamboo after the cropping season. The yearn about Rs. 150 per day.

1) Which are abundant in the forest ? :
Answer:
Bamboos are abundant in the forest.
2) What products do they make with bamboos ?
Answer:
They make baskets, chicken coops, etc.

3) What do the tribes supply to Paper Mill agents ?
Answer:
They supply bamboos to Paper Mill agents.

4) Initially how were the payments ?
Answer:
Their payments were very low. .

5) What do the tribes purchase by selling bamboo – ware ?
Answer:

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
Do you think it is important to preserve the life-style of the tribes ? Give reasons.
Answer:
It is very important to preserve the life style of the tribes. Many tribal communities live in the hill tracts of this region. The Koyas are a tribe of the region with their own speciaJ life style. These tribes live in very small habitations. There tribes build machans and guard the fields from wild animals and birds till the harvest is over in December. Each settlement ha§ about seven or eight huts.

There are nearly 10 such settlements on the hill top. The family is very important to these tribes as all members of a family work together on the fields. They worship Gods of nature and every family has got their Kula devatha i.e., family God/ Goddess. The festivals too represent the changes in the season. Yellanampadam is the most important one. In September they celebrate Kodathala panduga, Bhimini Panduga etc. So the Government should give support to them to preserve their life style.

Question 2.
Why do you think they grow so many crops ?
Answer:
In the Penugolu village it stops raining around November. So, the Koyas use their axes to clear patches of forest in the month of December. They allow the logs of wood to lie and dry on the field for a few months. They set fire to them in April or May just before it rains. By the time the rains come the ground in covered with ashes.

When the rains arrive in June they dibble seeds with the help of digging sticks. Or they sow seeds of many crops t ogether by broadcast method. They do not use plough or hoe nor do they use any fertilizer. One reason for not using plough on the hill slopes is that it will lead to very easy run off of the top soil and make the soil infertile.

Question 3.
What will happen if they have to grow crops on the same field every year ?
Answer:
After cultivating the podu land for 3 or 4 years, they leave it for 3 to 5 years and cultivate another patch of land. By then the forest grows again on the old land and they cultivate it in the same way. They grow mixed crops without any irrigation, depending fully on rains. This normally gives them enough food for six months. If they cultivate every year the same land, they won’t get enough food.

Question 4.
The area of forests is decreasing day by day due to indiscriminate cutting. What measures should be taken to stop this ?
Answer:
We can stop people from cutting down the forests by educating them on the dangers of deforestation and how to prevent it. Some of the solutions of deforestation are recycling paper, cars, glass and plastic, buying organic fruits and vegetables, etc.

Question 5.
Do wild animals attack farms in your area too? What do people do to protect the crops ?
Answer:
In our (coastal) area also wild animals, and birds attack the fields. Tribes build machans and guard the fields from wild animals and birds till the harvest is over. In coastal area people use electrified fencing, and make different kinds of “Dishti Bommalu” with sticks and pots. To preserve crops, they use rat killers in many areas. In some areas the farmers make “fire” to send away the animals.

V. Mapping Skills

Question 1.
Identify the following from the map.
a) Penugolu
b) River Godavari
c) Badradri Kothagudem District
d) Jayasankar Bhupala palli District
e) Mahabubabad District
f) Wazed
g) Warangal rural District
h) Kannayya Gudem
i) Mulugu
j) Chhattisgarh
Answer:

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
How are festivals linked with the life of Koyas in Penugolu ?
Answer:

1. They celebrate kodathala panduga in September in which they offer vegetables to their deity and then eat them.
2. Ml major activities like sowing, harvest, collection of fruits from the forest, etc. begin after these festivals.
3. During these festivals all the members of the tribe gather even if they are living in separate settlements.

TS 6th Class Social 5th Lesson Notes – Penugolu – A Village on the Hills

• Podu : Shifting cultivation or Jhumming cultivation
• Tribe : Two or three generations live together in small settlements or villages. Most families are related to one another and groups of such families form a tribe.
• Bamboo : Wood flow Bamboo trees. Used in basket weaving furniture making etc.
• Kitchen garden : A part of garden/yard where you grow vegetables and fruit for your own use
• Forest products : Edible fruits, tubers, nuts, green leaves, jilugu honey, medicinal plants are forest products.
• Terrain : An area of land used to refer to an area of land when you are mentioning its natural features
• Dibbling : By the time the rains come the ground is covered with ashes. When the rains arrive in June they dibble seeds with the help of digging sticks.
• Hill : An area of land that is higher than the land around it, but not as high as mountain.
• Customs : The government department that collects taxes on goods bought and sold and on goods brought into the country and that checks what is brought in.

Mind Mappnig:

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Study Material Pdf 6th Lesson – From Gathering Food to Growing Food – The Earliest People Textbook Questions and Answers.

From Gathering Food to Growing Food – The Earliest People – TS 6th Class Social 6th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
Why early humans not wear cotton and woolen clothes ?
Answer:
The early humans not wear cotton and woolen clothes. They wore skins of animals, and leaves. Because thousands of years ago all people lived by collecting fruits, flowers, honey, wild grains and edible tubers and roots that grew naturally in the forest and also hunted birds and animal. They did not grow any crop or rear any animal.

Question 2.
What tools would you use today for cutting fruits ? What would you do if these tools were not available ?
Answer:
Today we use knives and steel tools. They are cutter, fork, etc. They are used to cut fruits. The earliest people also used tools: but there were made of stones, bones and wood. Initially large stones were given sharp edges by very careful breaking with another stone.

This gave the people a too! which enabled them to cut flesh, dig the earth for tubers and hunt animals. These weapons were used to dig soil, chop the trees for the bark, remove the skins of animals, clean the skins, stitch the clothes out of the skin, cut meat and bones, chop fruits and roots and hunt the animals easily. If the above tools are not available, it is very difficult to live comfortably.

Question 3.
Compare the tools used by the early humans with those of modern times.
Answer:
In modern times we use machines, tractors and tools made of steel, etc. The early humans also used tools: hut these were made of stones, bones and wood. Initially large stones were given sharp edges by very careful breaking with another stone. This gave the people a tool which enabled them to cut flesh, dig the earth for tubers and hunt animals. For example microliths : stone sickle, neolith; axe head fixed to a wood.

Question 4.
Why did the earliest people travel from place to place? In what ways are they similar to / different from the reasons for our travel today ?
Answer:
The earliest people used to live in small groups in the caves or under trees or rocks. They did not build houses. Actually, they led a mobile life, constantly moving from one place to another. People who regularly move from place to place are called “Nomads”. Women and children were more active in food gathering and hunting of small animals. Hunting large animals may have taken many days of tracking to distant places – this was probably done mostly by men. There are at least four reasons why hunter gatherers moved from place to place.

1. In search of food
2. In search of animals
3. In search of seasonal kinds of plants
4. In search of water.

In search of employment even today the people have to move from one place to another due to shortage of land, raw material, etc.

Question 5.
Locate the following Rock Art sites in the map of Telangana :
A) Asifabad
B) Pandavulagutta
C) Kokapet
D) Durgarn
E) Regonda
F) Ramachandrapuram
Answer:
Img-

Question 6.
List three ways in which the lives of farmers and herders in present days are different from that of the Neolithic people.
Answer: Difference of:

Question 7.
Prepare a list of domesticated animals and agricultural products of the early humans and write a few lines about each of them.
Answer:
Domesticated animals: The animals size, temperament, diet, mating patterns and life span were factors in the desire and success in domesticating animals. They domesticated sheep, goats, pigs and cows. Agricultural products of earliest people : They selected breeding of cereal grasses which favour greater caloric returns. Their products in different areas of the world are emmer, einkorn, barley, figs, oats, banana, millets, rice, wheat, oil palm, corn, beans, squash, taro and potatoes.

Question 8.
If there was no stove and no grinding stone, how would it affect our food ?
Answer:
If there is no stove it will be late and difficult into cook food. Firewood will not be sufficient for the present population. If there is no grinding stone some kinds of foods like idli, dosa, vada and chutneys, etc., may not come into wide use.

Question 9.
Write five questions that you would like to ask an archeologist to know about the present excavations.
Answer:

1. How will you opt the site for digging ?
2. What safety measures do you take in collecting remains ?
3. What steps do you take in exhibiting them in museum ?
4. How do the remains help in studying the past ?
5. Can you prove your studies on the past ?

Question 10.
There are many things in the picture given below. Which of them did not belong to the hunter – gatherers? Which things belong to both the ljunter – gatherers and the farmers ? Put different signs to distinguish them.

Answer:
1) Sign for things did not belong to hunting-gathering people – X
2) Sign for the things belonged to both – Θ

Question 11.
How can you say that the lives of earliest people became easier by domesticating animals ?
Answer:

1. The domestication of animals is based on an ancient contract, with benefits on both sides.
2. The domestication of animals helped them first in hunting, then in agriculture and ‘ in giving milk. They used them for transportation also.
3. Domestication of animals create livestock in the form lands of the earliest people. Thus the lives of earliest people because easier.

Question 12.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Nomadic life’ on page no. 94 (47) and comment on it.
Answer:
Earliest people lived in groups in caves, under trees or rocks. They led mobile life. They constantly moved from one place to another place. People who regularly moved from place to place are ‘nomads’. Thus earliest people are nomads.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
How were the early humans gathering their food?
Answer:

1. Thousands of years ago all people lived by collecting fruits, flowers, honey and wild grains.
2. They collected edible tubers and roots that grew naturally in the forests.
3. They also hunted birds and animals.
4. They did not grow any crop or rear any animal.

Question 2.
What were called Microliths ?
Answer:
Microliths : The earliest people also used tools; but these were made of stones, bones and wood. Initially large stones were given sharp edges by very careful breaking with another stone. This gave the people a tool which enabled them to cut flesh, dig the earth for tubers and hunt animals. After thousands of years they began to make fine, small pieces from hard stone.

These pieces were called ‘microliths’. They were fixed to a wooden or bone handles which then served as knives, arrows, sickles etc. These weapons were used to dig soil, chop the trees for the bark, remove the skins of animals, clean the skins, stitch the clothes out of the skin, cut meat and bones, chop fruit and roots and hunt the animals easily.

Question 3.
Who are Nomads ? Explain the Nomadic life of the earliest people.
Answer:
Nomads : People who regularly move from place to place are called Nomads.

Nomadic life :

1. The earliest people used to live in small groups in the caves or under trees or rocks.
2. They did not build houses.
3. Actually they led a mobile life, constantly moving from one place to another.

Question 4.
What is meant by domestication ?
Answer:
Domestication : When people sow selected crops and protect them till they bear fruit or when they allow selected animals to breed and protect them for their owm use. it is called domestication.

Question 5.
What is meant by Neolithic period ?
Answer:
Neolithic period : The early farmers needed to clear forests by cutting trees and branches. They developed a new kind of stone tool which is called neolith by archaeologists. The early farmers selected the right kind of stone which was ground on rock to give it an axe like edge. This axe head was then fixed to a wooden handle and used to cut trees etc. By growing crops with the new tools the early people began a process which changed almost all aspects of their lives in a very fundamental manner. This period of early agriculture is called Neolithic period.

Question 6.
Who were the hunter-gatherers in our state?
Answer:

1. Even these days several groups of people live by hunting and gathering food in different parts of the world.
2. In our own state the Yanadis and Chenchus till very recently lived in this manner.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
Explain the “Shared living” of early people and why were there no poor people among them.
Answer:
Women and men both participated in hunting and food gathering. Women and children were more active in food gathering and hunting of small animals. Hunting large animals may have taken many days of tracking to distant places – this was probably done mostly by men. Hunter gatherers shared the food they collected with all the members of the group.

There wasn’t much scope for storage of food as it consisted mainly of perishable things like meat, fish, fruits, leaves, tubers and small quantities of wild grains. Since they shared all the food and had free access to the resources of the forests, they were all equal and didn’t have any rich or poor among them.

Question 2.
How do people protect the animals they want to breed ?
Answer:
When they began using the plough and animal manure they did not have to go in search of new fertile lands every few years. This also meant that they had to combine farming with rearing animals which were needed for ploughing, transporting and for manuring the soil.

Like wise, people may have allowed gentle animals to come near their camps and eat grass and other left over food. They may also have protected these animals from other wild animals. In the process the herders got plenty of benefits like regular supply of meat, animal skin and milk. They later on used oxes and donkeys for carrying loads and ploughing the fields.

III. Information Skills

Observe the following table carefully :

1) How were microliths used ?
Answer:
After thousands of years they began to make fine, small pieces from hard stone. These pieces were called ‘microliths’. They were fixed to wooden or bone handles which then served as knifes, arrows, sickles etc. These weapons were used to dig soil, chop the trees for the bark, remove the skins of animals, clean the skins, stitch the clothes out of the skin, cut meat and bones.

2) What is the neolith called by archeologists ?
Answer:
The early farmers needed to clear forests by cutting trees and branches. They developed a new kind of stone tool which is called neolith by archaeologists.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
Why could the early humans not store food for a long time ?
Answer:
Hunter-gatherers shared the food they collected with all the members of the group. There was not much scope for storage of food as it consisted mainly of perishable things like meat, fish, fruits, leaves, tubers and small quantities of wild grains. Grains and pulses which we eat today do not perish so quickly. We also have jars and tins to store them for months. But, the earliest people didn’t possess such heavy things as they had to constantly move.

Question 2.
How did the early humans use fire ?
Answer:
The discovery of fire by the early people brought about great changes in their lives. Probably they made fire by striking two stones or rubbing wood sticks.

1. Hunter – gatherers used fire as a source of light
2. They used fire to cook meat or food.
3. They used fire to scare away animals.
4. They used fire to keep them warm.

Question 3.
What do we use fire for nowadays ?
Answer:
Nowadays we use fire :

1. To cook food
2. To scare away animals in the forest.
3. To keep warm in winter.

Question 4.
Why were there no poor people among the early humans ?
Answer:
Since the early humans shared all the food and had free access to the resources of the forests, hunter – gatherers did not have any rich or poor among them. They were all equal and treated each other equally.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
How do you think people protect the crops they select to sow ?
Answer:
People usually select those plants and animals that give good yields and are not prone to disease etc. Seeds of such crops are selected and used for sowing in the next season. Or only animals of selected type are allowed to breed. Thus plants and animals tended by people become different from the wild ones. When people sow selected crops and protect them till they bear fruit or when they allow selected animals to breed and protect them for their own use, it is called domestication.

Project:

Find out if there are any rock painting sites near your place and visit them with your class. Write a report on it and present in your class.
Answer:
Student’s Activity

TS 6th Class Social 6th Lesson Notes – From Gathering Food to Growing Food – The Earliest People

• Hunter gatherer : Several groups of people live by hunting and gathering food in different parts of the world.
• Stone tools : The earliest people also used tools which were made of stones, bones and wood.
• Microliths : After thousands of years the earliest people began to make fine, small pieces from hard stone. These pieces were called -‘Microliths’.
• Nomads : People who regularly move from place to place are called Nomads.
• Shared living : Hunter gatherers shared the food they collected with all the members of the group.
• Domestication : When people sow selected crops and protect them till they bear fruit or when they allow selected animals to breed and protect them for their own use, it is called domestication.
• Herders : The people allowed gentle animals to come near their camps ,and eat grass and other left over food. They may also have protected these animals from other wild animals and got supply of meat, skin and milk.
• Settled life : When people began growing plants, they had to stay in the same place for a long time looking after plants, watering, weeding, driving away animals and birds.
• Neolithic : The early farmers developed a new kind of stone tool to clean forests by cutting trees and branches called neolith. This period of early agriculture is called Neolithic period.
• Archaeologist : A person who studies the cultures of the past and of periods of history by examining the remains of buildings and objects found in the ground.
• Podu Agriculture : A way of farming in some tropical countries in which farmers use an area of land until it can’t be used for growing plants any more then move to a new area of land.

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Study Material Pdf 4th Lesson Dokur – A Village on the Plateau Textbook Questions and Answers.

Dokur – A Village on the Plateau – TS 6th Class Social 4th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
Compare water availability in the borewells of Krishna delta and the plateaus.
Answer:

1. Water is available in Krishna delta in the borewells at the depth of 15 to 25 feet whereas in the plateau region. It is 200 to 500 feet.
2. In the Krishna delta region abundant ground water is available i.e. water table is high whereas the water table in the plateau is very low.
3. Expenditure on digging borewells is low in the Krishna delta whereas it is expensive and risky in the plateau region.

Question 2.
Compare the changes in cropping pattern of Dokur and Penamakuru.

Answer:

Question 3.
Do you think agriculture can be a profitable profession in places like Dokur ?
Answer:

1. I think agriculture can be a profitable profession in places like Dokur.
2. Low water consuming crops like groundnut and castor can be practiced.
3. Orchards like mango and orange can be grown.
4. Intermittent crops like redgrams and pigeon pea also can be grown.
5. Paddy is grown where there is availability of water.

Question 4.
What difference would it make to the village, if the rainfall in the region increases ?
Answer:

1. it would make great difference if the rainfall in the region increased.
2. The water in the tanks and ponds will increase and groundwater table will also increase.
3. People may not face drinking water problems even the cattle.
4. Even in the absence of irrigation facilities agriculture can be carried out.
5. The village may not face the drought situation.

Question 5.
What non – agricultural occupations are there in your village ? Get details about one such occupation.
Answer:

1. There are many non-agricultural occupations in our village.
2. One among them is carpentry.
3. There are nearly 10 families in our village who would do this work.
4. They prepare the doors, windows and roof tops for the construction of house.
5. They also prepare tools and implements used in households and agricultural works.

Question 6.
Write description in one line for the words given below.
Answer:

Question 7.
Read the paragraphs in Page no. 64,1st para “Environmentalists ……………… and so on” and write your opinion.
Answer:

1. For soil fertlity be increased, we need to practice sustainable land use.
2. So we maintained soil fertlity and the ground water remains recharged.
3. We should maintain the proper balance between forests, pastures and agricultural land.
4. Thus we share the produce from pasture land and forests.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
Asses the rainfall situation in Dokur.
Answer:

1. Rain is scanty and irregular here and drought situation develops.
2. Crops dry and ground water table do not increase.
3. Drinking water for humans and cattle becomes a major problem.
4. In the absence of irrigation facilities, it is difficult to carryout agricultural works.

Question 2.
What are the water sources in Dokur ?
Answer:

1. Pedda Cheruvu is the main water resource in the Dokur village.
2. A chain of tanks excavated to store rain-water and recharge of groundwater is one source.
3. As ground water table is low everyone wants rely on borewells.
4. Ponds are also a considerable source of water.
5. People stopped digging wells which were not operative even at 40 to’60 feet.

Question 3.
Name the various crops grow in Dokur.
Answer:

1. The farmers of Dokur grew cotton, groundnut, castor, paddy, bajra (sajjalu), pigeon pea (alasandalu) and redgram (kandulu).
2. Some farmers of Dokur own mango and orange orchards.

Question 4.
What are the other sources of livelihood in Dokur ?
Answer:

1. Cattle rearing is the other source of livelihood in Dokur.
2. Most often buffaloes are reared for milk and sheep rearing is also common.
3. Carpentry, metal work and rice milling are some of the other non – farm activities of Dokur.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretat

Some farmers of Dokur own mango and orange orchards. These crops require less water than paddy and can be grown on the land previously used for groundnut cultivation. They grow some groundnut as an intermittent (in between the trees) crop during rabi season. Large farmers in this area use sprinklers for irrigation.

Answer the following questions based on the above paragraph.

Question 1.
What orchards are owned by Dokur farmers ?
Answer:
Some farmers of Dokur own mango and orange orchards.

Question 2.
Which intermittent crop is grown during rabi season ?
Answer:
Groundnut is intermittent crop grown during the rabi season.

Question 3.
Who used sprinklers for irrigation ?
Answer:
Large farmers used sprinklers for irrigation.

Question 4.
Which crop requires more water, paddy or orchard ?
Answer:
Paddy requires more water than orchards.

III. Information Skills

Answer the following questions based on the above table.

1) How many families are there in total ?
Answer:
There are 570 families in total.

2) How many families can be termed as agricultural labourers.?
Answer:
220 families can be termed as agricultural labourers.

3) What is the range of landholdings of 350 families ?
Answer:
350 families of landholdings range from 1/2 an acres to 5 acres.

4) How many families are considered as farmers ?
Answer:
350 families are considered as farmers.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
Can you think of some ways to improve the soils in the village ?
Answer:

1. Groundwater needed to be remained recharged.
2. There should be one third of the land covered with forests and pastures.
3. Farmers shall take up contour bunding and use of organic farming.
4. They should grow diverse crops rather than repeating the same crop.
5. They should remove silt in the tanks and ponds and let water stored.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
Why is it very expensive to dig borewells in the plateau ?
Answer:

1. The groundwater table is very low in the plateau region, but everyone wants to rely on borewells.
2. As everyone is digging borewells the depth at which water available is increasing and now it 200 m at same places and 500 n at the others.
3. Many borewells become in-operative i.e., i o availability of water from them in no time.
4. Thus borewells in plateau region is expensive and risky.

Project:

Question 1.
There are two types of land called Metta and Tari. Traditionally, pulses are grown on Metta land without irrigation and paddy is grown on Tari land with irrigation. If you live in a village, find out about the type of soil in your areAnswer:What words are used to describe the land in your village ? How is the soil ? Make a table showing the following feature of soil – water absorption (high/low), water retention (quick/ slow), sand content (high low), colour of the soil from the above village. Compare them with type of soil in your village.
Answer:
Self exercise.

TS 6th Class Social 4th Lesson Notes – Dokur – A Village on the Plateau

• Plateau : Flat topped table land with steep slopes on one or more sides.
• Tank : A large storage chamber for liquid (here water).
• Ground water : The water that obsorbed in the earth.
• Soil types : Black soijs, red soils, alluvial soils, sandy soils, etc.
• Sheep rearing : It is an occupation of some farmers in villages.
• Deccan plateau : West to east sloped high region flanked by Western Ghats on one side and Eastern Ghats on the other side.
• Daku : Dacoit
• Drought : A long period of time where there is little or no rain.
• Red soils (Erra nelalu) : Soils which are not very deep or fertile, lack many nutrients and do not retain much water.
• (Nalla nelalu) Black Soils : Shallow black soils which are more fertile and retain water for long period.
• Choudu and Garasu nelalu : Uncultivable and mostly with pebbles are these soils.
• Chain of tanks : Like a necklace of pearls small tanks are close to main tank make, a chain of tanks.
• Orchards : Trees of same fruits spread over acres of land, mango orchards, etc.
• Intermittent Crop : The crop grown in between the trees of orchards during rabi season.
• Sprinklers : Sprinkling water instead of wetting from canals.
• Drip irrigation : Using of sprinklers for irrigating fields.
• Sustainable land use : Use of land in such a way that they remain productive for generations to come.
• Animal grazing : Taking animals (sheep, buffaloes, cows, etc.) for feeding grass or fodder.
• Cattle rearing : Upkeep of animals for their produce (milk, meat, skin, etc.)

Mind Mapping

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Study Material Pdf Lesson 3A Land Forms Textbook Questions and Answers.

3A Land Forms – TS 6th Class Social 3rd Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
What are main kinds of landforms ?
Answer:
There are three main kinds of landforms. They are 1) Mountains 2) Plains 3) Plateau.

Question 2.
Which districts in Telangana state have stretches of hilly terrain ?
Answer:
In Telangana state Adilabad, Nirmal, Jagitial, Vikarabad, Rangareddy, Mahaboobnagar, Nagarkurnool, Peddapalli, Badradri and Jaya Shankar districts have stretches of hilly terrain which we can see as pockets of scattered hills.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Relief features ?
Answer:
The physical surface features of the land like mountains, plains, etc. are called ‘Relief features’. Telangana state has varied relief features.

Question 4.
Describe the Telangana Plateau.
Answer:

1. The upper Telangana plateau is in the west side of Telangana state.
2. Godavari and Krishna rivers flow eastwards through this plateau.
3. The remaining area is known as the lower Telangana plateau which also has eastwards slope.
4. The twin cities, Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Sangareddy, Mahaboobnagar and Nalgonda towns are located on the upper Telangana Plateau.
5. Warangal and Karimnagar towns are located on the lower Telangana plateau.

Question 5.
How is the delta formed ?
Answer:
Before joining the sea, a river divides into a large number of small streams. It deposits a lot of sand and silt in this area which forms the deltAnswer:

Question 6.
Which is the largest plateau in India ?
Answer:
The Deccan plateau is the largest plateau in India

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Our state has Upper Telangana Plateau in the west. Godavari and Krishna rivers flow eastwards through this plateau. The remaining area is known as the Lower Telangana Plateau which also has eastwards slope. The twin cities, Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Sangareddy, Mahaboobnagar and Nalgonda towns are located on the upper Telangana plateau while Warangal and Karimnagar towns are on the Lower Telangana Plateau.

Answer the following questions based on the above paragraph.

1) Which part of Telangana plateau has Warangal and Karimnagar districts ?
Answer:
The lower Telangana plateau has Warangal and Karimnagar districts in it.

2) Towards which direction, the slope of lower Telangana plateau is there ?
Answer:
The slope of lower Telangana plateau is eastward.

3) Towards which direction of Telangana state lies the upper Telangana plateau ?
Answer:
Upper Telangana plateau lies on the west side of Telangana state.

4) What are the important towns in the Upper Telangana plateau ?
Answer:
The important towns in the upper Telangana plateau are twin cities, Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Sangareddy, Mahaboobnagar and NalgondAnswer:

III. Misinformation Skills

1. Answer the following questions based on the table given below.

1) Name the hills present in Nizamabad & Kamareddy.
Answer:
The hills present in Nizamabad & Kamareddy are Rakhi hills.

2) Which range is present in Adilabad ?
Answer:
The range present in Adilabad is Satmala hills.

3) Name the district where Ananthagiri hills are located.
Answer:
The district where Ananthagiri hills are located is Vikarabad.

4) Name the district where Devarakonda hills are located.
Answer:
The district where Devarakonda hills are located is Yadadri Bhuvanagiri.

Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
Why is it not possible to construct a large dam in Medak district ?
Answer:
1) It is not possible to construct a large dam in Medak district.
2) Construction of large dam need mountainous supports to block the water.
3) We do not have any hill ranges in Medak.
4) Thus it may not be possible for the construction of a big dam in Medak.

V. Mapping Skills

1. Map Pointing:

List the hills you find in the map.
Answer:
I found Satrnala hills, Nirmal hills, Rakhi hills, Ananthagiri hills, Devarakonda hills and Kandikal hills in the map.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

1. What is the importance of Telangana Plateau?

1. The Deccan plateau is the largest plateau in India
2. It has a high and steep edge (escarpment) on the west known as western ghats.
3. Telangana plateau itself a part of the Deccan plateau and slopes to the east.
4. Large portions of Telangana fall in the plateau region, called Telangana plateau.

TS 6th Class Social 3rd Lesson Notes – 3A Land Forms

1. Slope : A surface or piece of land that slopes
2. Ghat : A road or way over or through mountains
3. Delta : ‘D’ An area of land shaped like a triangle, where a river has split into several smaller rivers before entering the sea
4. Bay : A part of the large lake, partly surrounded by a wide curve of the land. Eg: The Bay of Bengal
5. Valley : An area of lowland between hills or mountains often with a river flowing through it; the land that a river flows through
6. Landforms : The three import?nt landforms are mountains, plateaus and plains.

Mind Mapping

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Study Material Pdf 2nd Lesson Globe – A Model of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers.

Globe – A Model of the Earth – TS 6th Class Social 2nd Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
There is an outline map of the world on the 28 page. Identify and write the names of continents and oceans. Colour the map using appropriate colours. Draw and write the names of the main latitudes.
Answer:
Self Exercise.

Question 2.
Ramesh says “Earth is flat”. What do you say ?
Answer:
Ramesh says, “Earth is flat.” Some four hundred years ago most people believed that the Earth was flat and that if anyone kept travelling in any direction he would reach the edge of the Earth and from there he would fall off into the sky. Actually the Earth is not like perfect sphere-not perfectly round. It is a little pressed at the two poles in the north and south and bulges slightly in the middle around a line called equator.

Question 3.
Rosy is spinning a bangle like a top. What shape do you see ?
Answer: I saw it is in spheriod shape.

Question 4.
Collect information about explorers like Columbus.
Answer:
Vasco – Da-Gama, Magellan, Captain David Cook are some of explorers like Columbus.

Question 5.
Draw the latitudes and longitudes on the surface of a ball.
Answer:
Student Activity.

Question 6.
‘The Sun always rises in the East.” Find out the reasons for this.
Answer:
The earth rotates on its axis from west to east (or the apparent movement of the sun is from east to west). A place that is situated westwards of a given place will experience the overhead sun later and the line of this place will be behind the time of the place situated eastwards of it.

Question 7.
Why do we draw imaginary lines on the globe / map ?
Answer:
We will see many lines crossing on thf g’obe. Some run from the North Pole to the South Pole while others run around ie E . I h from the West to the East. These imaginary lines drawn by map makers help u locate places on the globe and maps.

Question 8.
What is the effort put by scientists and sailors to know about earth ?
Answer:
1) They found and proved the shape of the earth.
2) They calculated the place of the earth in the universe.
3) They estimated the birth and evolut ions of the earth.
4) They drew the imaginary lines on tr e earth. Ex : axis, longitudes, latitudes, etc.
5) They make us to know many things about the earth like revolution, rotation, atmosphere, etc.

Question 9.
Observe the following pictures and fill the boxes with the names of the shaded hemispheres.
Answer:

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
What is a Globe ?
Answer:
Globe is an object shaped like a ball with a map.of the world on its surface, usually on a stand so that it can be turned. It is a model of the Earth. It shows the shape of the earth, land and water, the continents and oceans and the main countries of the world.

Question 2.
What was the interesting thing about the shape of the Earth ?
Answer:
Some four hundred years ago most people believed that the Earth was flat and that if anyone kept travelling in any direction he would reach the edge of the Earth and from there he would fall off into the sky. Around 1400 AD scientists and sea-farers began to figure out that the Earth must be like a belli. That was why Columbus, the Italian explorer set out from Europe in 1485 AD in the western direction with the hope of reaching IndiAnswer: He stopped at the Carribbean islands near AmericAnswer: In case he had travelled on, he might have reached IndiAnswer:

Question 3.
How many continents are there? What are they ?
Answer:
There are seven major continents. They are : 1) Asia 2) Africa 3) North America 4) South America 5) Antarctica 6) Europe 7) AustraliAnswer:

Question 4.
What is meant by ‘Northern Hemisphere’?
Answer:
The area between the Equator and the North Pole is called Northern Hemisphere. It is also known as the area of North of the Equator. There are 90 latitudes in it and Tropic of Cancer (i.e., \(231 / 2^{\circ}\)N) lies in it. The Arctic Circle (i.e.,\(66^{1 / 2^{\circ}}\)N) North latitude also lies in it. –

Question 5.
What is meant by ‘Southern Hemisphere’ ?
Answer:
The area between the Equator and the South Pole is called Southern Hemisphere. It is also known as the area of South of the Equator. There are 90 latitudes in it and Tropic of Capricorn (i.e., 231/$°S) lies in it. The Antarctic Circle (i.e.,6654°S) lies in it.

Question 6.
Write down the names of four great oceans.
Answer:
Most of the Earth surface consists of water in the form of oceans. Seas and oceans stretch for hundreds and thousands of kilometers – just endless water. There are four great oceans- 1. Pacific ocean 2. Atlantic ocean 3. Indian ocean 4. Arctic ocean.

Question 7.
Which is the largest ocean? Which is the smallest ocean?
Answer:
The Pacific ocean is the largest ocean. The Arctic ocean is the smallest ocean.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
What are latitudes ? Explain them with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
Latitudes : These are the imaginery lines that are drawn from the West to the East on the Earth. The largest of these lines is called Equator. It divides the globe into two equal halves. These two halves are called hemispheres. They are also known as parallels. They are only points at the poles. There are 90 latitudes in each of the Northern and Southern hemisphere. All the latitudes are imaginary lines. They are helpful in locating any place on the Earth.

Question 2.
What are longitudes ? Explain them with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
Longitudes : The longitudes are imaginary lines. They run from one pole to the other pole. They are drawn across the globe passing through poles intersecting the equator. They are semicircles: There are 360 longitudes at 1° interval over the Earth. Longitudes are also known as meridians. There are two main longitudes – the Greenwich Line which is also called the 0° longitude and the International Date Line. The time at Greenwich is the international standard time.

Question 3.
Why are longitudes and latitudes drawn? Longitudes on the giobe
Answer:
Both latitudes and longitudes are imaginary lines. They are drawn to make easy the identifying of countries and knowing the time variation from one place of the Earth to another place.

Question 4.
Explain why the bottom portion of the earth is not visible in this photograph.
Answer:
We can see only that part of the earth which receives sunshine. In this photograph the upper portion of the earth is only receiving the sunshine. So the bottom portion of the earth is not visible.

III. Information Skills

Answer the following questions by reading the above table.
1) Which longitude is called Prime Meridian?
Answer:
Greenwich longitude.

2) How many longitudes are there?
Answer: There are 360 longitudes.

3) What are parallels ?
Answer:
Parallels are latitudes.

4) Which latitude is called equator?
Answer:
0° latitude is called equator.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
Can you see how people can stand on the earth if it is like a ball ? Explain.
Answer:
Place standing figures on different parts of the globe. It may seem that the person at , the lower part is standing upside down or that the person on the middle may just fall down from 4:he earth. We never fall off the Earth because the Earth acts like a very powerful magnet which pulls us towards it. We can only fall on the earth and never off the Earth.

TS 6th Class Social 2nd Lesson Notes – Globe – A Model of the Earth

• Latitude : Imaginary lines that are drawn from west to east are called latitudes.
• Longitude : Imaginary lines that run from one pole to the other are called longitudes.
• International Date Line : 180° North – South Line longitude.
• Axis : An imaginary line nrough the centre of an object, around which the object turns.
• Internet : An International compute r network connecting other networks and computers from companies, universities,
• etc. Poles are the two points on the opposite ends of the earth.
• Poles : Poles are the two points on the opposite ends of the earth.
• Apex : The top or highest part of something
• Hemisphere : A half of the: earth
• Spherical : Shaped like a sphere, globular
• The shape of the Earth is : Spherical
• Equator : Zero degree latitude

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Study Material Pdf 1st Lesson Reading and Making Maps Textbook Questions and Answers.

Reading and Making Maps – TS 6th Class Social 1st Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
Collect different kinds of maps and study them. If you have any doubts clarify them with your teacher.
Answer:
Project work / Self exercise.

Question 2.
Find out the distance from your mandal headquarter to the district headquarter by converting the map distance into actual distance.
Answer:

1. Our mandal headquarter is Atmakur and district headquarter is Wanaparthy.
2. Atmakur
   Scale : 1 cm = 10 kms
   
3. The map distance between mandal and district headquarter is 3.1 cms.
4. Scale of the map is 1 cm equal to 10 kms.
5. So the actual distance between them is 31 kms.

Question 3.
Why is the actual distance on the ground reduced on the map ?
Answer:
it is impossible to draw a map showing actual distances. So we use ‘scale’ for showing the actual distance on the ground in a reduced manner on the map.

Question 4.
Explain the need of symbols in preparing maps.
Answer:
Maps are too small for us to draw pictures of the things shown on them. For example, we can’t draw the real school or bus stand or Mallika’s house as it will take too much space on the map. Therefore, we always show things on a map with the help of symbols. Map makers prepare symbols appropriate to their needs. But some common symbols which are called “conventional symbols” are also used.

Question 5.
Draw the symbols representing different waterbodies, places of worship and public offices on a drawing sheet and present it in the class.

1. Water bodies :

2. Worshipping places:

3. Public Offices:
PS: Police Station
PO : Post Office

RS: Railway Station
PTO : Post and Telegraph Office.

Question 6.
Draw a sketch of your house and change it into map.
Answer:
Student’s Self exercise.

Question 7.
What are the important features of a map ?
Answer:
Important features of a map are

1. It is drawn to a scale.
2. It is drawn on a paper or any plain surface.
3. Various regions, landforms, weather conditions, forests, population, etc. are shown on the map.

Question 8.
Read the paragraph titled ‘Symbols’ of page no. 12 (6) and comment on it.
Answer:
A map symbol is something that is used, to represent an object in a map. It may either be a shape or a colour. Where for instance, a small circle may mean a particular point of interest, a green circle may mean rest stop and a brown circle may mean recreation. Colours cover larger areas of a map like green representing a forested land and blue standing for water ways.

Question 9.
Observe the different maps present in the Atlas and fill the table with details.

Answer:

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
What are the advantages of reading and making maps ?
Answer:
The advantages of reading and making maps : Maps tell us several things about different places; where they are; whether they are on the sea or on a mountain or in a desert; how hot or cold or rainy they are; what kind of trees and plants grow; what kind of people live there – the language they speak, the work they do, their buildings, etc. We can know many details about a place from maps. There are different kinds of maps-physical maps, political maps, historical maps, etc.

Question 2.
Define scale of sketch.
Answer:
Scale of sketch : We use scale for showing the actual distance on the ground in a reduced manner on a map. Maps always mention the scale they use and we can find out the actual distances between places using the scale.

In the above sketch, the distance between Wanaparthy and Mahabubnagar is 43 kms. Distance between Wanaparthy and Mahabubnagar on the map is 4.3 cms.

Question 3.
What is a Map ?
Answer:
Map:

1. When the spherical earth is drawn to a scale on a paper or any plain surface’, it is called map.
2. It is a device to show the surface of the earth or various geographical features on i ; fully or partly.
3. It also helps to show the world or a state or small region on it.

Question 4.
How are maps prepared ?
Answer:
Usually maps are prepared in such a manner that the North side is at the top of the map and the South side is at the bottom. So, the East side is on the right and the Wesi side is on the left.

II. Reading the text (given), understanding and interpretation

Question 1.
Draw the conventional signs for the following features,
(a) Tree
(b) Tank
(c) Kutcha Road
(d) Masjid
(e) Church
(h) Pucca Road
Answer:

Question 2.
What Eire the different types of Maps ?
Answer:
Maps are of many types :

1. Political Maps : Maps which show political divisions only are called political maps.
2. physical Maps : Maps showing land forms like mountains, plateaus anc plains are called physical maps.
3. weather Maps : They show weather conditions of regions.
4. Population Maps : Population Maps show the distribution of population of u country or a place.

Question 3.
What do the Maps tell us ?
Answer:
Maps tell us several things about different places ; where they are ; whether they are on the sea or on a mountain or in a desert; how hot or cold or rainy they are: what kind of trees and plants grow there ; what kind of people live there – the language they speak, the work they do, their buildings, etc. You can know many details about a place from maps. There are different maps-physical maps, political maps, historical maps, etc., to get all the information.

Question 4.
Which map provides detailed information ?
(OR)
What do you mean by the term the scale of the map ?
Answer:
Large scale maps provide more detailed information than the small scale map. The scale of the map is the ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map. Ex : 1 cm : 5 kms

III. Information Skills

Observe the following table carefully and answer the questions given here under.

1) The following symbol is known for
Answer:

Trees

2) In the table which symbol indicates tank ?
Answer:

3) In the table which symbol indicates Temple ?

4) Among the following which symbol is not given in the table ?
a) River
b) Well
c) Tank
d) Tar Road
Answer:
d) Tar Road

5) The symbol  indicates …………….
a) River
b) Well
c) Masjid
d) Church
Answer:
a) River

IV. Reflection on contemporary issues and questioning

Question 1.
In your observation what are the important features of a map ?
Answer:
In my observation directions, scale, symbols and conventional symbols are the important features of a map.

Question 2.
What are the four cardinal directions and what Eire the three components of a map?
Answer:
There are four major directions : North. East. West, South. They are called cardinal directions. The three components of a map are

1. Distance
2. Direction
3. Symbols

V. Mapping Skills

No Questions were given under this Academic Standard.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
“Maps and symbols provide more information” Explain them.
Answer:
Map is a conventional picture of an area drawn. It shows the important features with symbols. It is not possible to draw a map in the actual shape and size with different features such as buildings, rivers, bridges, trees, railway lines, etc. So they are shown by using certain letters, shades, colours, pictures and lines. These symbols give a lot of information and help in reading maps.

Project

1. Prepare a map of your classroom using the following instructions:
(a) First, find the four directions in your classroom by facing the North.
(b) Make a list of all the walls, doors, windows, blackboards, almirahs, etc. that you want to show on the map. Make symbols for them in your notebook.

(c) Draw a sketch map of the classroom with walls and location of the objects you want to show. Make sure to draw the northern wall on the top of the sketch.

(d) Now, split into small groups and measure the length of each wall with the help of a scale. Write down the distances on the sketch map.

(e) Draw a map of the classroom by selecting appropriate scale. It can be one centimetre for one meter. So if a wall is 7 metres long, you will have to make a 7 centimetres long line on paper.

(f) After making the walls, draw the symbols for windows and doors at the right places. Then draw the symbols for other objects like almirah, black board, table, etc.

(g) Make an index of the symbols you have used in the map and also mention the Scale.
(h) Compare your map with your friends’ maps and make corrections if there are any.

TS 6th Class Social 1st Lesson Notes – Reading and Making Maps

• Sketch : A simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.
• Map : A drawing or plan of earth’s surface or part of it showing countries, towns, rivers, etc.
• Scale : The size or extent of something especially when compared with something else.
• Direction : The general position a person or thing moves or points towards.
• Relative Direction : Considered and judged by being compared with something else.
• Conventional symbols : Map makers prepare symbols appropriate to their needs. But some common symbols which are called “conventional symbols” are also used.
• Scale of the Sketch : We use scale for showing the actual distance on the ground in a reduced manner on a map. 5 cm on the sketch map : metres on the bridge.
• Scale of Map : The relation between the actual size of something and its size on a map, diagram (or) model that represents it.

Mind Mapping: