Inter 2nd Year

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material 7th Lesson Planning and Economic Reforms Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material 7th Lesson Planning and Economic Reforms

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Define planning and what are the objectives of planning.
Answer:
There is no single opinion among economists with regard to the meaning of planning. From the economic growth point of view, planning stands for the actions taken during a particular period to achieve a targeted growth rate, economic planning implies deliberate control and direction of the economy by a central authority for the purpose of achieving definite targets and objectives within a specified period of time.

Thus planning means the efforts taken to reach the already set goals during a particular time period or directing the economic activities in a systematic way to get the set goals.

General objectives of planning :

1. To increase the annual growth rate.
2. Thereby, increasing the per capita income and standard of living of the people in the country.
3. Speedy industrial development.
4. Self-sufficiency with respect to the production of food grains.
5. Removal of regional imbalances.
6. Eradication of poverty by removing disparities in income and wealth.
7. To increase the employment opportunities.
8. To bring steady growth through price stabilisation.

Question 2.
Explain the objectives of Twelth five year plan. [A.P. Mar. 17, 18]
Answer:
The Government on 4^th October approved the 12^th five year plan (2012 – 2017) to achieve annual average economic growth rate of 8.2 per cent, down from 9 per cent envisaged earlier, in view of fragile global recovery. According to officials the projected average rate gross capital formation in the 12^th plan is 37 per cent of GDP. The projected gross domestic savings rate is 34.2 per cent of GDP.

Main objectives :
The main objectives of twelth five year plan with its central aim faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth are discussed under the following heads.
a) Economic Growth :

• Real GDP Growth Rate of 8.0 per cent.
• The per capita income should grow at 6.5 per cent per annum.
• Agriculture growth rate of 4.0 per cent.
• 10 percent annual growth rate of manufacturing or industrial sector.
• Industrial sector growth rate of 7.6 percent.
• Service sector growth rate of 9.0 per cent.
• Every state must have a higher average growth rate in the Twelth plan than that achieved in the Eleventh plan.

b) Poverty and Employment:

• Head – Count ratio of consumption poverty to be reduced by 10 percentage points over the proceeding estimates by the end of twelth five year plan.
• Generate 50 million new work opportunities in the non-farm sector and provide skill certification to equivalent numbers during the twelth five year plan.

c) Education :

• Increase in literacy to 85 percent by 2017.
• Mean years of schoohng to increase to seven years by the end of twelth five year plan.
• Enhance access to higher education by creating two million additional seats for each age cohort aligned to the skill needs of the economy (RUSA).
• Eliminate gender and social gap in school enrollment (that is, between girls and boys, and between SCs, STs, Muslims and the rest of population) by the end of the twelth five year plan.

d) Health :

• Reduced IMR to 25 and MMR to 1 per 1000 live births, and improve child sex ratio (0-6 years) to 950 by the end of the twelth five year plan.
• The outlay on health would include increased spending in related areas of drinking water and sanitation.
• Reduce Total Fertility Rate to 2.1 by the end of Twelth five year plan.
• Reduce under nutrition among children aged 0-3 yrs to half of the NFHS – 3 levels by the end of the plan.

e) Infrastructure, Including Rural Infrastructure :

• Increase investment in infrastructure as a percentage of GDP to 9 percent.
• Increase the Gross Irrigated Area from 90 million hectare to 103 million hectare.
• Provide electricity to all villages and reduce AT & G losses to 20 percent by the end of twelth five year plan.
• Connect all villages with all weather roads by the end of twelth five year plan.
• Upgrade national and state highways to the minimum two – lane standard by the end of twelth five year plan.
• Complete Eastern and Western Dedicated Freight Corridors by the end of twelth five year plan.
• Increase rural tele – density to 70 percent.
• Ensure 50 percent of rural population has access to 55 LPCD piped drinking water supply and 50 percent of gram panchayats achieve the Nirmal Gram Status by the end of plan.

f) Environment and Sustainability:

• Increase in forest and tree cover to 33 percent.
• Increase green cover (as measured by satellite imagery) by 1 million hectare eveiy year during the twelth five year plan.
• Add 30,000 MW of renewable energy capacity in the plan.
• Reduce emission intensity of GDP in line with the target of 20 percent to 25 percent reduction by 2020 over 2005 levels.
• Cleaning of all major polluted rivers.

g) Service Delivery:

• Provide access to banking services to 90 percent Indian households by the end of the plan.
• Major subsidies and welfare related beneficiary payments to be shifted to a direct cash transfer by the end of the twelth plan, using the Aadhar platform with linked bank accounts.

Question 3.
Briefly review the achievements and failures of Eleven five year plans. [A.P. Mar. 18]
Answer:
Achievements :

1. India attained self – sufficiency with regard to the food grain production increased from 50.8 million tonnes into 264 million tonnes.
2. The growth rate in the national income increased from 3.6 percent in First plan to 8.3 percent by the end of 11 plan.
3. The percapita income increased from ₹ 1.32 lakhs crores in the first plan to ₹ 47.67 lakh crores by the end of 11^th plan. A considerable progress in progress in the production of various industries like steel, aluminium etc.
4. Large scale development took place in infrastructural facilities like transportation irrigation tele communication etc.
5. India attained commandable progress in science, technology and research.
6. To control the increasing population, the family planning programme came into force for the first time in the sixth plan.
7. The industrial growth increased from 32 million tones to 583 million tones by the end of 11^th plan.

Failures of the plans: The Indian economy has made significant progress over more than fifty years of planning era. Still there are many weakness which point out towards the failures of Indian plans in many ways.

1. Despite more than sixty years of planned economic development. Still there exist the problems of poverty and unemployment.
2. Inspite of the several measures taken under land reforms. Still there exist inequalities with regard ownership of land. There is need for redistribution of land among the landless. So it can be said that the land reforms are not implemented properly.
3. The plans are hot able to control the volume of black money and corruption.
4. We are still have to go along way to reach the target of health to all.
5. Plans are not been able to reduce the economic concentration of income and wealth in the few plans.
6. Plans failed to achieved balanced regional development.

Question 4.
Explain the causes of regional imbalance in India. [A.P. Mar 16]
Answer:
Regional imbalances stand in the way of a nation’s integrity, economic growth and development. Before taking the measures to rectify regional imbalances, it is imperative to know the causes of regional imbalances. They are :
a) Geographical reasons : Physical geography controls economic growth in developing countries than the developed countries. For Ex: Himachal Pradesh, Hill districts of UP, Northern Kashmir etc., remained backward mainly because of in accessibility.

b) Climate condition : Climate too plays an important role in the economic development of many regions in India, regions with adverse climatic conditions reflected in low agricultural output and absence of large – scale industries.

c) British rule: Historically, the existence of backward regions started from the British rule in India. The British helped the development of only those regions which are. endowed with conductive facilities to drain Indian wealth to their country like Calcutta, Bombay etc.

d) Concentration of Industries: New investment, in the private sector has a tendency to concentrate in already well developed areas, thus reaping the benefits of external economics. Since, well developed area offers private investors certain basic advantages viz., skilled labour, infrastructure, transport etc.

e) Scarcity of Natural Resources : Certain regions are endowed with natural resources, whereas some regions are not. Those regions with great natural resource endowment are developed faster.

f) Lack of Infrastructural Facilities: Those regions where there are no proper roads, electricity, telecommunication, drinking water, education, medical, technical, training facility, credit facilities etc., they tend to remain underdeveloped.

Question 5.
Explain the measures taken for balanced regional development
Answer:
As the problem of regional imbalance is multidimensional and peculiar one, it is very difficult to bring balanced regional development. Though steps have been launched since second five year plan in this direction, still a lot is required to do. However, following things can be done to attain a balance between different regions.

• Transfer of funds from the central pool to backward states.
• Starting of industries by the Government in the backward regions, as private sector having bias towards developed regions.
• Providing infrastructural facilities like electricity, telecommunications, transport etc., in backward regions.
• Encouragement to industrial decentralization through regional planning and micro level planning.
• Formation of Industrial estates in backward areas.
• Special policies to the regions where frequent floods and drought occur.
• Central assistance to develop hill and tribal areas.
• Encouragement to small scale industries.
• Provision of subsidies, tax concessions, tax holidays etc.

Question 6.
Explain the role of International Trade in Economic Development.
Answer:
The role of international trade in economic development is significant. In modem days all countries irrespective of their financial status are depending in participating in international trade. Economists found a positive association between country’s participation in international trade and its level of economic growth.

a) Increases output: Due to international trade when a country specializes in the production of few goods and division of labour, it exports the commodities which it produces cheaper in exchange for what others can produce at lower cost. It gains from trade through increased output, national income which is useful to break vicious circle of poverty and promotes development.

b) Expand mairket: Developing countries are hampered by the small size of domestic markets which fail to absorb sufficient volume of output. This leads to low inducement to investment. International trade widens the market arid increases the inducement to invest.

c) Increases Employment : Due to international market opportunities, under – developed countries started exploiting unutilized resources which will reduce unemployment and under employment. As people’s income rises, domestic savings and investments increase. Human resources will be utilized optimally.

d) Increases Internal and External Economies : Expansion of productive activities and expanded market opportunities leads to a number of internal and external economies, and hence to reduction of cost of production. There are the direct gains from international trade.

e) Indirect Benefits : By enlarging the size of the market and the scope of specialization, international trade makes a greater use of machinery, encourages inventions and innovation and raises labour productivity.

f) Import of capital goods against export of staple commodities : International trade helps to exchange domestic goods having low growth potential for the foreign goods with high growth potential.

g) Important Educative Effect : International trade helps in importation of ideas, skills and technical know – how from the developed countries and stimulates technical progress in UDCs. So underdeveloped countries have to change their poor educational, technical, productive systems so as to raise their competitiveness.

h) Basis for importation of foreign capital: Developing countries are capital scarce economies. This condition restricts the economy in all fields to move ahead. If a country actively participates in international trade, the unused capital resources of rich countries will flow and utilized effectively in capital poor countries. Foreign capital not only helps in increasing employment, output and income but also smoothen the adverse balance of payments and inflationary pressures.

Question 7.
Define Globalization and what are the essential conditions of globalization in India.
Answer:
Globalization is the process of integrating or synchronizing domestic economy with the world economy or in simple words it is the process of opening up of domestic economy doors to the rest of the world.

Essential conditions for Globalization : There are some essential conditions to be satisfied on the domestic economy as well as the firm for successful globalization of the business. They are
a) Business Freedom : There should not be unnecessary government restrictions which come in the way of globalization. Like import restrictions, restrictions on sourcing finance, foreign investment etc. So, Liberalization is the pre condition for globalization.

b) Infrastructure facilities : The extent to which an enterprise and develop globally from home country base depends on the infrastructural facilities like water, transport, electricity, finance etc.

c) Government support : Although unnecessary government interference is a hindrance to globalization. Government support can encourage globalization. Government support may take the form of policy and procedural reforms, development of common facilities like infrastructural facilities.

d) Resources : Resources often decide the ability of a firm to globalize. Resourceful companies may find it easier to thrust ahead in the global market. Resources include finance, technology, R and D capabilities, managerial expertise etc.

e) Competitiveness : The competitive advantage of the company is an important determinant of success in global business. A firm may derive competitive advantage from any of the factors such as low costs and price, product quality, product differentiations, technological superiority etc.

f) Orientation : A global orientation on the part of the business firms and suitable globalization strategies are essential for globalization.

Question 8.
Explain the impact of globalization on Indian Economy.
Answer:
Globalization is the process of integrating or synchronizing domestic economy with the world economy or in simple words it is the process of opening up of domestic economy doors to the rest of the world.
Impact of Globalisation on Indian Economy :
a) India’s share in the world exports raised from 0.53 percent in 1991 to 1.7 percent by 2013.
b) Foreign currency reserves which were as low as one billion U.S dollars, grow up to 333 billion U.S dollars by the end of February 2015.
c) Exports now finance more than 65 percent of imports.
d) Control over country’s current account deficit is observed.
e) The growing rate of external debt decreased drastically when compared to prereform period. .
f) International confidence in India has been restored.
g) Indian consumers are now enjoying wide variety of quality goods at lower prices.
h) Employment situation worsened in the era of globalization. The growth rate of employment actually declined from 2 percent to 0.98 percent after globalization.
i) The pressure of MNCs, IMF and World Bank force governments to take decisions regarding reforms actually leading to the closure of small and medium enterprises.
j) Globalization also widened the income inequalities among the people and even among regions too.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Types of planning.
Answer:
Economic planning is the main characteristic feature of socialistic and mixed economic systems, which fallow planned development strategy.
Types of planning:
a) Perspective plan : A perspective plan is a macro plan formulated for a period of 15 to 20 years, keeping in view the long term needs and long term objectives.

b) Five year plans: Five year plans are designed for a period of five years. A five year plan is an integral part of perspective plan. After the completion of five years, the achieved targets will be reviewed.

c) Annual plans : Annual plan is part of a five year plan. The targets of five year plans are divided into annual targets and detailed plans will be prepared year – wise.

d) Rolling plans : This concept was introduced by Gunnar Myrdal. This kind of plan does not have a fixed period of time. It has only duration and moves forward, the completed year will be deleted and next year will be added.

Question 2.
Planning commission.
Answer:
After independence on 1^st March, 1950, the planning commission was setup by the Government of India. Planning Commission works independently and as an advisor to the central government. The Prime Minister of the country acts as the chairman and there will be an active deputy chairman and other members in the commission. Montek Singh Ahluwalia was its last Deputy Chairman. The cabinet minister of key portfolios also the ex-officio members. Experts in various fields like economics, industry, science and technology etc., will be appointed as full time members. From 1^st January 2015, planning commission replaced by NITI Ayog.

Question 3.
Explain the objectives of planning commission. [A.P. Mar 17]
Answer:
Preparing plans for the most effective and balanced utilization of the country’s man power, physical and capital resources is the obligation of planning commission.
Objectives and functions:

1. To make an assessment of the material, capital and human resources of the country and to examine whether they are sufficient to meet the nation’s requirement.
2. To.define the stages, on the basis of priority in which the plan should be carried out and propose the allocation of resources for the due completion of each stage.
3. To indicate the factors that tend to retard economic development and find feasible ways to overcome these factors.
4. To determine the conditions for the successful execution of the’ plan.
5. To determine the nature of the machinery required for securing the successful implementation of each stage of the plan in all its aspects.
6. To appraise from time to time the progress achieved in the execution of each stage of the plan and to recommend alternative policy measures when they are needed.

Question 4.
Explain atleast three failures of plans.
Answer:
The Indian economy has made significant progress over more than sixty five years of planning era. Still there are many weaknesses which point out towards the failures of Indian plans in many ways. Some of the failures are presented as under.

a) Despite more than sixty years of planned economic development, still there exist the problems of poverty and unemployment. In 2012 the Indian government stated 21.9 percent of its population is below its official poverty limit. (About 300 million people), like wise the from 1983 till 2011 unemployment rates in India averaged 9 percent reaching an all time low of 3.8 percent in December 2011. The NSS data reveals the number of unemployed to be of the order of 26.58 million during 1999 – 2000 and 28.1 million during 2009-10.

b) Inspite of the several measures taken under land reforms, still there exist inequalities regarding land, income and wealth. Distribution of surplus lands not completed.

c) One of the objectives of Indian Five Years Plans was to establish an egalitarian society. This could not be achieved so far.

d) The plans are not able to control the volume of black money and corruption. In Feb 2012 Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) said that Indian have $ 500 billion illegal money (Black money) based on a statement made to India’s Supreme Court in July 2011.

e) We still have to go a long way to reach the target of Health to All.

Question 5.
Causes of Regional Imbalances in India. [A.P. Mar. 18, 17]
Answer:
Regional imbalances stand in the way of Nation’s Integrity, economic growth and development.

a) Geographical Reasons : Physical geography controls economic growth in developing countries than the developed countries. For example, Himachal Pradesh, Hill district of UP, Northern Kashmir etc., remained backward mainly because of inaccessibility.

b) Climatic Conditions : Climate too plays an important role in the economic development of many region in India, region with achierse climatic conditions reflected in low agricultural output and absence of large – scale industries.

c) British Rule : Historically the existence of backward regions started from the British rule in India. The British helped the developed of only those regions which are endowed with conducive facilities to drain Indian wealth to their country like Calcutta, Bombay etc.

d) Concentration of Industries: New investment, in the private sector has attendance to concentrate in already well developed areas, thus reaping the benefits of external economic. Since, well developed area offers private investors certain basic advantages viz., skilled labour, infrastructure, transport etc.

e) Scarcity of Natural Resources : Certain regions are endowed with natural resources, where as same regions are not. Those regions with great natural resources endowment are developed faster.

f) Lack of Infrastructural Facilities: Those regions where there are no proper roads, electricity, telecommunication, drinking water, education, medical, technical training facility etc., tend to remain underdeveloped.

Question 6.
Enumerate 3 points in justification of privatization.
Answer:
1) Improvement in efficiency and performance : The Private sector introduces the profit oriented decision making process in the working of enterprise leading to improved efficiency and performance.

2) Fixing Responsibility is Easier : While personnel in the public enterprises cannot be held responsible for any lapse, the areas of responsibility in the private sector is clearly defined. This makes it possible to take people to task in the private sector units for blunders committed by them, whereas in the public sector units, it is easy to pass the buck.

3) Private units are subject to capital market discipline : Private sector firms are subject to capital market discipline and scrutiny by financial experts. In fact, the ability to raise funds in the capital market is critically dependent on performance, but not so in the case of public enterprises.

Question 7.
Rule of International Trade.
Answer:
The international trade plays avery vital role for the development of economic of the developing countries.
1) Due to international trade when a country specializes in the production of few goods and divisions of labour, it exports the commodities which it produces cheaper in exchange for what others can produce at lower cost.

2) Developing countries are hampered by the small size of domestic markets which fail to absorb sufficient volume of output. This leads to low inducement to investment. International trade widens the market and increases the inducement to invest.

3) Due to international market opportunities, under developed countries started exploiting unutilized resources which will reduce unemployment and under employment.

4) Expansion of productive activities and expanded market opportunities leads to a number of internal and external economics, and hence to reduction of cost of production.

5) By enlarging the size of the market and the scope of specialization, international trade makes a greater, use of machinery, encouraging inventions and innovation and raises labour productivity.

6) International trade helps to exchange domestic goods having low growth potential for the foreign goods with high growth potential.

7) International trade helps in importation of ideas, skills and technical know-how from the developed countries and stimulates technical progress in UDCs.

8) Developing countries are capital scarce economics. If a country actively participates in international trade, the unused capital resources of rich countries will fallow and utilized effectively in capital poor countries.

Question 8.
Objectives of GATT.
Answer:

1.  It had no legal status.
2. It was not created by the governments and legislatures.
3. It was not an agency of the United Nations Organization.
4. It has a set of rules and producers relating to multilateral agreements of selective nature. There were separate agreements on on members.
5. The GATT disputes settlements system was dilatory and not binding on the parties to the disputes
6. The GATT was a forum where the member countries meet once in a decade to discuss and solve world trade problems.
7. The GATT rules applied to trade in goods.
8. It has a small secretariat managed by a Director General.

Question 9.
Objectives of W.T.O
Answer:
a) It aims at raising standard of living, ensuring full employment and large and steady growth, expanding the production and trade in goods and services among the global countries.

b) To allow for the optimal use of the world’s resources in accordance with the objectives of sustainable development. This also considers environmental protection with economic growth.

c) To ensure the developing and least developed countries secure a share in the growth in international trade.

d) To convince the member countries for reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangements through reduction of tariffs and other trade harries.

e) To develop an integrated, more viable and durable multilateral trading system.

Question 10.
Differences between GATT and WTO.
Answer:
GATT

1. It had no legal status.
2. It was not created by the government and legislatures.
3. It was not an agency of the united nations organization.
4. It has a set of rules and procedures relating to multilateral agreements of selective nature. There were.separate agreements on separate issues which were not binding on members. Any member could stay out of an agreement. Only could be penalized on default.
5. The GAIT disputes settlement system was dilatory and not binding on the parties to the disputes.
6. The GATT was a forum where the member countries met once in a decade to discuss and solve world trade problems.
7. The GAIT rules applied to trade in goods.
8. It has a small secretariat managed by a Director General.

WTO

1. It has legal status.
2. It has been created by international treaty ratified by the governments and legislatures of the member states.
3. It has co-operative relationship with the UNO. The agreements which form part of the WTO are permanent and binding on all members.
4. Action can be taken against any defaulting member by all the member states.
5. The WTO dispute settlement mechanism is automatic, faster and binding on the parties.
6. Its properly established rule based World Trade Organisation where decisions on agreements are time bound.
7. The WTO covers not only trade in goods and services but also trade related aspects of intellectual property rights and number of other agreements.
8. It has a large secretariat and a huge organizational set-up.

Question 11.
Functions of W.T.O [A.P. Mar. 18, 16]
Answer:
a) WT.O facilitates the implementation, administration and operation of world trade agreements.
b) It provides the forum for trade negotiations among its member countries.
c) It shall handle trade disputes.
d) It shall monitor national trade policies of member countries.
e) It shall provide technical assistance and training to developing countries.
f) It maintains harmonious and co-operative relationship with IMF and IBRD and its affiliated agencies.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define plan.
Answer:
Plan may be defined as an outline or broad statement of schemes Or programmes designed or evolved to relaise certain pre-determined economic objectives.
(Or)
The efforts taken to reach the already set gains during a particular time period.

Question 2.
What is Rolling plan ?
Answer:
Rolling Plan : This concept was introduced by Yunnar Myrdal. This kind of plan does not have a fixed period of time. It has only duration and moves forward, the completed year will be deleted and next year will be added.

Question 3.
Concept of plan holiday.
Answer:
The gap that occurred in the planning process. There was official gap was 1966 – 69. A unofficial gap occurred in 1990 – 92 due to economic and political instability in the country.

Question 4.
Define perspective plan.
Answer:
A perspective plan is a macro plan formulated for a period of 15 to 20 years. Keeping in view the long term needs and long term objectives.

Question 5.
What is an Annual plan ? Give an example.
Answer:
Annual plan is a part of five year plan. The targets of five year plans are divided into annual targets and detailed plans will be prepared year – wise.
For example : There was a plan holiday for three years from 1966 – 69 at that time annual plans are implemented by postponing the commencement of 4^th plan.

Question 6.
Backward states in India.
Answer:
We can classify the states in India into two categories on the basis of percapita income. Poverty and Human development index. They are 1. Developed states 2. Developing states Backward states are Orissa, Bihar, Utter Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Assam.

Question 7.
Define Regional imbalance.
Answer:
The co-existence of relatively developed and economically depressed states and even regions with each country or state is known as regional imbalance. It may be natural or mammal.

Question 8.
Balanced regional development.
Answer:
It implies the extension of the economic progress to the backward area and widespread diffusion of industry. It does not mean equal development of the different regions in the country. The objective is to raise the standard of living of the people into backward regions.

Question 9.
What is Liberalisation ?
Answer:
It refers to relaxation of previous government restrictions usually in areas of social and economic policies. Thus, when government liberalised trade it means it has removed the tariff, subsidies and other under employment restrictions on the flow of goods and services between the countries.

Question 10.
Explain the concept of privatization.
Answer:
It is the general process of involving the private sector in the ownership or operation of a state owned enterprises. Privatisation is a process the government transfers the producing activity from the public sector to the private sector.

Question 11.
Define Globalisation. [A.P. Mar. 18]
Answer:
It is the process of integrating various economies of the world without creating any hindrance in the free flow of goods and services, technology, capital even labour or human capital.

Question 12.
Concepts of TRIPS.
Answer:
Trips refer to the legal ownership by a person or business of an invention attached to a particular product.

Question 13.
What do you mean by TRIMS ?
Answer:
Trade related investment measures refer to certain condition or restrictions imposed by a Governments is respect of foreign investment in the country. TRIMS were widely employed by developing countries. The agreement or trade. Related investment measures calls for introducing national treatment of foreign investment.

Question 14.
The clause of MFN. [A.P. Mar. 16]
Answer:
Any concession given to any nation was automatically extended to all the member countries of the GATT. MFN means Most Favoured Nation.

Question 15.
Define Disinvestment.
Answer:
The sale of the public sector equity to the private sector is called disinvestment.

Question 16.
GATT.
Answer:
The general agreement on Tariffs and trade it came into force on 1^st January 1948. As the name itself suggests, General Agreement was concerned only with tariffs and trade restrictions and regulated international trade matters. Geneva is the head quarter of GATT.

Question 17.
W.T.O. [A.P. Mar. 17]
Answer:
The WTO Agreement came into force from January 1, 1995. WTO is a new international organisation setup as a permanent body and is designed to play the role of a watch dog in the spheres of trade in goods, trade in services, foreign investment, intellectual property rights etc.

Question 18.
Uruguay Round.
Answer:
There were 8 rounds of negotiations between participating countries. In GATT in 1947. The 1^st six rounds were related to curtailing tariff rates. Seventh-round included non-tariff obstacles. 8^th round is different from previous round. Because it included a number of new objects for consideration, this 8^th round known as “Uruguay Round’.

Question 19.
F.D.I.
Answer:
Investment in a foreign country where the investor remains control over the investment. FDI means foreign direct investment.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material 5th Lesson Industrial Sector Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material 5th Lesson Industrial Sector

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Explain the importance of Industrial Sector in India.
Answer:
Industrialisation is a pre-requisite for any country, in a particular underdeveloped country like India. The major sectors like Agriculture and tertiary sectors depend upon the available production of equipment and machinery at reasonable prices by the industrial sector.

1) Raising Income: The first important role is that industrial development provides a secure basis for rapid growth of income. In industrially developed countries, for example the percapita income is very high where, as for the industrially backward countries is very low. Percapita income in 2012 in Germany was $ 44,010, Japan $ 47,870, U.K. $ 38,250, USA $ 50,120 and India only at $ 1530 per annum.

2) Changing the structure of the Economy: Secondly, in order to develop the economy underdeveloped countries need structural change through industrialization. The benefits of industrialization will ‘trickle down’ to the other sectors of the economy in the form of development of agricultural and service sectors leading to the rise in employment, output and income. In India sectoral contribution to gross domestic product is 13.9 percent from Agriculture, 26.2 percent from Industry and 59.9 percent from Service sector during the year 2013-14. (provisional)

3) Meeting High – Income Demands: Demands of the people are usually for industrial products alone. After having met the needs of food, income of the people is spent mostly on manufactured goods. To meet these demands and increase the economy’s output,’ underdeveloped countries need industialization.

4) Overcoming Deterioration in the terms of India : India need industrialization to free themselves from the adverse effects of fluctuations in the prices of primary products and deterioration in their terms of trade. Such countries mainly export primary products and import manufactured goods. For economic development such countries must shake off dependence on primary products. They should adopt import substituting and export oriented industrialization strategy.

5) Absorption of Surplus labour in Industries: The next advantage is underdeveloped countries like India are characterised by surplus labour and rapidly growing population. To absorb all the surplus labour it is essential to industrialise the country rapidly. It is the establishment of industries alone that can generate employment opportunities on an accelerated rate.

6) Bringing Technological Progress: Another advantage is research and development is associated with the process of industrialization. This results in bringing about an industrial civilization (or) environment for rapid progress which is necessary for any healthy economy.

7) Strengthening the Economy: Finally industrialization of the country can provide the necessary elements for strengthening the economy.

Question 2.
Briefly review the 1948 Industrial Policy Resolution of India.
Answer:
After independence, Government of India issued the first important industrial policy statement on April 6, 1948. This resolution laid the foundation of mixed economy in India. Objectives:

1. Establishment of a society where equal opportunities and justice to all.
2. Increase in the standards of living of people.
3. Removal of inequalities in income and wealth. In order to reach the objectives • mentioned above, the resolution divided the industries into four broad categories.
   1. Industries – where state (Government) had a monopoly.
   2. Mixed sector – Industries in the private sector and Government controls them.
   3. Those industries under the control of Government are the key industries. They are established by the Government. The existing private undertakings were allowed to continue for 10 years. After which Government will think of their Nationalisation.
   4. All over industries which are not included in the above were left open to the private sector. However, the state will have its control over these units. The important features noticed in the 1948 industrial policy resolution are :
      a) Industries are classified into four categories.
      b) The resolution accepted the importance of both private and public sectors in the speedy industrial development of Indian economy.
      c) The 1948 resolution also accepted the importance of small and cottage industries.
      d) The resolution also recognized the role of foreign capital and importance of regularization of its use.
      e) The resolution also mentioned about the Nationlisation of private undertakings in case of unsatisfactory progress.

Question 3.
Discuss the 1956 industrial policy resolution of India.
Answer:
1956 Industrial Policy Resolution: Agriculture sector achieved the desired progress during the first five year plan. Therefore, Government of India shifted the stress to the development of industry in the second five year plan. In the light of the socio-economic changes that took place during the 1^st plan and all this necessitated a fresh statement of Industrial policy. As a result the second industrial policy resolutions were adopted in April 30, 1956.

Objectives : Following are the objectives of the 1956 industrial policy resolutions.

1. Acclerating the rate of growth by speeding up the industrialisation process.
2. Mutual co-operation between the public and private sectors.
3. To develop heavy industries and machine making industries by expanding the public sector.
4. Establishment of the socialistic pattern of society.
5. To prevent private monopolies and the concentration of wealth and income.
6. Reducing the regional imbalances.
7. Encouragement to cottage and small scale industries.
8. To build up a large and growing co-operative sector.

1956 Industrial policy resolutions gave importance to the establishment of socialistic pattern of society in India with an expanded public sector. In a nut-shall, we can say that this policy modernized the concept of mixed economy.

Important Provisions : The important provisions of the 1956 Industrial Policy Resolutions are :
1) New classification of Industries: The resolutions laid down three categories which bear a close resemblance of the 1948 resolutions.
a) Category A has 17 Industries : Arms of ammunition atomic energy iron and steel, heavy machinery for mining, machine tool manufacturers, heavy electrical, coal, mineral oils, aircrafts, air transports, railways, ship building, telephone, telegraph, wireless equipment, generation and distribution of electricity.

b) Category B includes : 12 Indusries mining industries, aluminium and other non ferrous metals not mentioned in category “A” chemical industry, antibiotics and other essential drugs fertilizers synthetic rubbur, chemicals, road and sea transport, carbonization of coal.

c) Category C includes : Industries which consisted of the rest. These industries and their future development would in general be left to the initiative and enterprise of the private sector.

2) Public and private sectors : This resolution also laid down the importance on the mutual co-operation between the public and private sectors.
The private sector was allowed to operate freely or its help could be obtained if the Government cleaned fit. However, the private sector was to remain subject to various regulations and controls of Government.

3) Cottage and Small scale Industries : The 1956 resolutions recognized the importance of small – scale and cottage industries as the 1948 resolutions.

4) Removing regional disparities ’: It also called for the reduction in regional imbalances and .income inequalities.

5) Role of labour : To provide the technical and training facilities for efficient management that helps for speedy industrialisation.
This resolutions also recognized the importance of industrial peace for the economic growth of the economy.

Question 4.
Critically evaluate the 1991 New Industrial’Policy Resolution of India. [A.P. Mar. 16]
Answer:
Industrial policy statement 1991 brought rapid structural changes in the economy of India. Most of the State owned units were running with huge losses. Government was not interested to run the state owned units. So as part of economic reforms generally known as liberalization, privatization, globalization and a new industrial policy became inevitable.

Objectives :
a) To build on the going already made in the industrial sector.
b) To correct the distortions or weakness that may creep in the pattern of industrial growth.
c) To maintain a sustained growth in productivity and gainful employment and
d) To attain technological dynamism and international competitiveness.
Main features: In order to explore and exploit the industrial potential of the country the following decisions.

a) Delicensing:
i) Industrial licensing will be abolished for all projects except for these which are important for security, strategic, social and envirorimental reasons and items of elite’s consumption. License is not necessary for the items produced in small scale sector. License is required to establish the following industries viz, coal, petroleum, motor cars, alcoholic drugs, cigars, industrial explosives, hazardous chemicals.

ii) Reservation for the public sector: Establishment of key and strategic industries reserved for public sector are arms and ammunition, defense equipment, atomic energy, mineral oils, railway transport.

iii) Automatic clearance of capital goods: The Government permits imports of capital goods like machinery, without any conditions if the foreign exchange needed for the imports is met from foreign equity capital.

iv) Location policy : In locations other than cities of more than one million population, there will be no requirement of obtaining industrial approvals from the Central Government except for industries specified in Annexure II originally. In cities with a population of more than 1 million, industry other than those of a non-polluting in nature, were required to be located outside 25 kilometers of the periphery.

v) Abolition of convertibility clause : The mandatory convertibility clause will no longer be applicable for term loans from the financial institutions for new projects. This has provided them an option of converting part of their loans into equity, if felt, necessary by their management.

b) Foreign investment policy : According to the new industrial policy approval will be given for direct foreign investment up to 51 percent foreign equity in high priority industries. FDI is prohibited only in the following sectors in 1991 industrial resolution.

They are :

1. Retail trading
2. Atomic energy
3. Lottery business
4. Gambling and betting

c) Foreign technology agreement: Automatic approval for technology agreements in high priority industries should be given. No permission will be necessary for hiring of foreign technicians and foreign testing of indigenously developed technologies.

d) Public sector policy : Public sector will not be barred from entering areas are not specifically reserved for it. Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR) is constituted to undertake the revival of rick public units and to protect the interest of workers affected by rehabilitation.

e) MRTP ACT: The conditions in the Monopoly Restrictive Grade Practices (MRTP) Act that monoploies should get prior approval of the Government for expansion, for establishment of new undertakings merger, amalgamation, take over and appointment of directors will be removed. The Act will concentrate more on controlling unfair or restrictive trade practices.

Question 5.
Write about National Manufacturing Policy of India.
Answer:
After a long gap there was a major industrial policy initiated by the UPA Government in 2011. India’s manufacturing sector is only about 13% of that of China’s. Government of India brings back industrial policy into focus in the form of National Manufacturing Policy (NMP) on November 4, 2011.

National Manufacturing Polity : This policy envisages simplification of business requlations without diluting their purpose. Recognizing the importance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the country’s economy. These interventions relate primarily to technological up gradation, adoption of environment, friendly technology and equity investments. This policy has been given high priority in the policy through fiscal incentives for private sector and Government schemes. It also provided for on – lands which are degraded and uncultivable.

Objectives:

1. Increase manufacturing sector growth 12 – 14% over the medium term.
2. Increase the share of manufacturing in gross domestic product from the present level of about 16.0% to 25% by 2022.
3. Create 1000 million additional jobs in the manufacturing sector by 2012.
4. Create appropriate skills among the rural migrant and urban pour for their easy absorption.
5. Increase domestic value addition and technological depth in manufacturing.
6. Enchance global competitiveness of Indian manufacturing.

In India 60% of its population in the working age group. The manufacturing sector will have to create gainful employment opportunities for at least half this number.

Features:

1. The State Government would be responsible for the selection of suitable land having an area of 50Q0 hectares in size.
2. A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) will be constituted to discharge the affairs of NIMZs
3. The State Government would facilitate the provision of water, power connectivity and other infrastructure and utilities linkages.
4. The Central Government will bear the cost of master planning.

Question 6.
Explain the disinvestment policy of India.
Answer:
The Government of India in July 1991 initiated the disinvestment progress in India. “In order to raise resources and encourage wide public participation, a part of the Government share holding in the public sector would be offered to mutual funds, financial institutions, general public and employees”. This is a process for disinvestment in the public enterprises.

Salient features of the disinvestment policy are :

1. Citizens have every right to own part of the shares of public sector undertakings.
2. Public sector undertakings are the wealth of the Nation and this wealth should rest in the hands of the people.
3. While pursuing disinvestment, Government has to retain majority shareholding; i.e, at least 51 percent and management control of the public sector undertakings.

Development regarding Disinvestment:
On 5th November 2009, Government approved the following action plan for disinvestment in profit making Government companies.
i) Already listed profitable Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) (not meeting mandatory shareholding of 10 percent are to.be made compliant by offer for sale by Government (or) by the CPSEs through issue of fresh shares or a combination of both.

ii) Unlisted Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) with no accumulated losses and having earned net profit in three preceding consecuive years are to be listed.

iii) Follow on public offers would be considered taking into consideration the needs for capital investment of CPSE, on a case by case basis, and Government could simultaneously or independently offer a portion of its equity shareholding.

iv) In all cases of disinvestment, the Government would retain at least 51 percent equity and the managment control.

v) All cases of disinvestment are to be decided on a case by case basis.

Major disinvestment receipts, since 2004 – 05 have come from sale of equity shares of National of Thermal Power Corporation Limited. (NTPC) ? 2684.07 crore, Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL) (Not a CPSU) ₹ 2277.62 crore, Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCI) ₹ 994.82 crore, Oil India limited ₹ 2247.05 crore NMDC limited ₹ 9930.40 crore, Coal India limited ₹ 15,199 crore and Power Finance Corporation (PFQ) ₹ 1144.55 crore upto 30-1-15, the Government of India got ₹ 1,79,625.25 crores through disinvestment process that should be utilized to provide social infrastructure and to undertake other development activities in the country.

Question 7.
Explain the role of foreign Direct Investment in economic development of India.
Answer:
Foreign direct investment is a major source of non financial resources for the economic development of India. Foreign companies invest in India to take advantage of cheaper wages, special investment privileges like tax exemptions etc. The Government has taken many initiatives in recent years such as relaxing FDI norms across sectors such as defense, PSU oil refineries, telecom, power exchange, stock exchange, Auto mobile industries etc.

According to a recent report by global credit rating agency Moody’s, FDI inflows have increased significantly in India in the current fiscal. Net FDI inflow to take of US $ 14.1 billion in the 1^st five months of 2014 – 15. Total FDI inflows into India in the period April 2000 – November 2014 touched US $ 350,963 millions.

Government initiatives towards (FDIs): India’s cabinet has cleared a proposal which allows 100% FDI in railway, infrastructure, excluding operations. The Government has notified easier FDI rules for construction sector, where 100% overseas investment is permitted, which will allow overeas investors to exist a project even before its completion.

With the objective of encouraging foreign firms to transfer state of the art technology in defence production, the Government increase the FDI cap for the sector to 74% from 49% at present. The Union Cabinet has cleared a bill to raise the foreign investement ceiling in private insurance companies from 26% to 49%.

The RBI has allowed a number of foreign investors to invest on repatriation basis, in non – convertible preference shares or debentures which are issued by Indian companies. The RBI has established a frame work for investments, which allows foreign port folio investors to take part in open offers, buyback of securities and disinvestment of shares by Central or State Governments.

India will require around US $ 1 trillion in 12^th Five Year Plan to fund infrastructure growth covering sectors such as highways, ports and airways. This requires support in terms of FDI. During the year 2013 FDI was dumped into the automobiles, computer software, hardware, power and telecommunications.

Question 8.
Critically examinethe role of Special Economic Zones in Indian economic development.
Anwer:
The Government of India announced Special Economic Zones policy in April 2000. This policy aims at rapid economic growth supported by quality infrastructure complemented by an attractive fiscal package, both at the-Central and State level, with the minimum possible regulations. In India, while passing the SEZ Act in May 2005 and came into effect from February 2006, the following objectives were laid down.

1. Generation of additional economic activity.
2. Promotion of exports of goods and services.
3. Promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources.
4. Creation of employment opportunities; and
5. Development of infrastructure facilities.

Special Economic Zones in India : Upto 2013 number of formal approval Special Economic zones were 577. Number of SEZ notified and functioning are 389 and 170 respectively. The total units approved are 3589 and these units provide employment to 10,74,904 persons (as on March 31,2013). The Special Economic Zones exports are ₹ 4,76,159 crore during the year 2012 – 13. As per the provision of the SEZ Act 2005, 100% Foregin Direct Investment is allowed.

Government Incentives to Special Economic Zones: Government of India offers the following fiscal and incentive packages to Special Economic Zones.

1. Exemption from custom duties, central excise duties, service tax, central sales tax and securities transactions tax to both the developers and the units.
2. Tax holidays for 15 years i.e, 100 percent tax exemption for 5 years, 50 percent for the next 5 years and 50 percent of the ploughed back export profits for the next 5 years
3. 100 percent income tax exemption for 10 years in a block period of 15 years for SEZ devleopers.
4. Provision of standard factories at low rents with extended lease period.
5. Provision of infrastructure and utilities.
6. Single window clearance and simplified procedures.

Advantages of Special Economic Zones : Special Economic Zones are expected to give a big push to exports, employment and investment. In fact, the Government of India has been systematically projecting SEZs as “Carriers of Economic Properity”. The advantages of SEZs are as follows.

1. Boost economic growth at an extremely fast rate.
2. Usher in affluence in rural areas.
3. Provide large number of jobs in manufacturing and other services.
4. Attract global manufacturing and technological skills. ‘
5. Bring in private and public sector investment from both home and abroad.
6. Made Indian firms more competitive and
7. Help to slow down rural – urban migration.

To conclude, it may be stated that the standing committee report on SEZ in June 2007 is a path breaking document which indicates the direction in which the country must move if it wants to pursue industrialization with a human face.

Question 9.
Mention the various causes for Industrial backwardness in India.
Answer:
India could not achieve the desired growth rate in the industrial sector even though it is rich in natural resources and has huge working population. Even after completion of eleven Five Year Plans, there is wide gap between targets fixed targets achieved. Rakesh Mohan opines that there is a gap of 20 percent on an average between the targets fixed and targets realized in each plan annually. The reasons for this are as follows.
Reasons for Industrial Backwardness in India

1) Under – utilisation of productive capacities: Many of the industrial units failed to utilize the existing productive capacities fully. There are many reasons for this. Among them is raw material scarcity, low technical know-how etc. For example during 2005 – 2006, out of 203 public sector enterprises, the capacity utilization was below 50 percent by nearly 67 percent of the units.

2) Performance of public sector units: Prior to liberalization, there was a phenomenal growth of the public sector. Many of the public sector units were under losses. The number of loss making units decreased from 105 in 1999 – 00 to only 63 in 2011. However, the losses increased from ₹ 10,302 crores in 1999 – 00 to ₹ 27,602 crores in 2011-12.

3) Political factorsIn many situations, political factors influence decision about location of projects not considering feasibility. This approach leads to a considerable wastage of capital resources.

4) Infrastructural constraints: One of the major constraints in industrial development is poor quality and high cost of infrastructure particularly power and transport network. All such infrastructural constraints not only showed adverse effect on industrial growth but also reduced the competitiveness of Indian industries that were, fast emerging in the new global economic environment.

5) Gaps between targets and achievements : In the earlier period of planning achievements were below the targets. Rakesh Mohan has observed. “The average industrial growth rate achieved over thirty – five to forty years has been about 6.2 percent rate to the average of about 8 percent projected”.

6) Emergency challenges : As a founder member of the World Trade Orginization, India has withdrawn all quantitative restrictions on imports. This resulted into the closure of a nuclear of industrial units. Thus, the industrial sector facing so many problems.

Question 10.
What are the merits and demerits of small scale enterprises in Indian economy. [A.P. Mar. 18, 17]
Answer:
The small scale and cottage industries play apvital role in the Indian economy. As ancillary industries, they are contributing to the growth of the agriculture and industrial sectors in a developing country like India.

The recommendations of Abid Hussian Committee, the Government raised the investment limit on plant and machinery for small units and ancillaries to 3 crores and that for tiny units to ₹ 25 lakhs.
Merits:

1. Expansion of small scale industrial sector and its share in industrial production: The rapid growth of small scale units from 2006 – 07 onwards contributing much to India’s gross domestic product.
2. Employment opportunities : The small industries are labour intensive they could generate employment opportunities to the tune of 191.4 lakh persons in 1994 – 95, 249.3 lakh persons in 2001 – 02 and it increased to 1012.6 lakh persons in 2011 – 12.
3. Capital formation: The spreading of industry over the country side would encourage the habits of thrift and investment in the rural areas.
4. Low capital: The small scale units are best suited to the developing countries like India, which are labour intensive and capital scarce economics. It does not require much capital for the establishment Of these units.
5. Skill formation : A small scale enterprise does not require any sophisticate skill. But it provide, industrial experience for large number of small scale managers.
6. Low import intensity: Low import intensity in the capital structure of small scale .enterprises reduces the need for foreign capital.
7. Decentralized industrial development : Development of small scale industries will bring about decentralization of industries. It will promote the object of balanced regional development.
8. Equitable distribution : The profits earned by small scale enterprises distributed among large number of enterpreneurs leads to decentralization of income and wealth.
9. Exports : The contribution of small scale enterprises to earn foreign exchange is very high. The share of exports from the small scale sector represents about 31.1% of total exports in 2006 – 07.

Demerits:

1. Inefficent human factor: Most of the rural people are illiterates and lack technical know-how in the areas of production, finance, accounting and marketing management.
2. Lack of credit facilities : The small industrialists are generally poor and there are no facilities of cheap credit either. Thus, they are caught up in the vicious circle of debt trap.
3. Problem of raw materials : The quantity, quality and regularity of the supply of raw materials are all highly unsatisfactory. According to an estimate, about 40 percent of such units have become sick owing to non – availability of raw materials regularly.
4. Absence of organized marketing: Since marketing is not properly organized, the helpless artisans are completly at the mercy of middlemen. The small scale units cannot afford to spend lavishly on advertisement to promote their sales.
5. Lack of machinery and equipment: Small scale untis are facing inadequate modem machines and equipment. This leads to low productivity in small scale units.
6. Power shortage : In recent years power shortage and frequent power cuts played havoc with small scale industries. More hours of power cut are there in rural areas which affect the growth of small scale units.
7. Lack of technological up – gradation : It is found that the levels of productivity and technology used by the small scale sector are not globally competitive. Without technological upgradation these units may not serve in a globally integrated economy.
8. Heavy taxation : Cottage and small scale industries have also to bear a heavy burden of taxation both on raw materials and also on finished goods.

Question 11.
Briefly explain the Indian industrial growth rate during the Five Year Plans.
Answer:
The industrial pattern in India has undergone a marked change as a result of Five Year Pains, especially since the beginning of the Second Five Year Plan (1956 – 61). The number of bigger industrial establishments has multiplied and the proportion of producer goods in the composition of manufacturers has registered a striking is increase. Heavy and basic industries have come to occupy an important place in the industrial structure of India.

I. First Plan (1951 – 56): Owing to the small size of the First Plan, insufficiency of funds and greater urgency or agricultural development, the First Plan did not make any big provision for industrial development. The overall industrial production increased by 39 percent i.e about 8 percent per year.

II. Second Plan (1956 – 61) : The actual investment in the public sector on organized industry was ₹870 crores in the second plan. In comprised 27 percent in the Second Five Year Plan’s total outlay.

III. Third Plan (1961 – 66) : The overall financial outlay in industrial sector during the Thrid Plan was ₹ 3,000 crores, out of which the outlay in the public sector was about 1,700 crores and the private sector was ₹ 1,300 crores. An overall target of 7 per cent increase in industrial production was envisaged in the plan.

IV. Fourth Plan (1969 – 74): During the Fourth Plan on the actual out lay organized industry was ₹ 2,700 crores in the public sector. The private sector investment was around ₹ 2,250 crores. The actual performance during the Fourth Plan in the industrial sector was very disappointing. Its average annual growth rate was hardly 5 per cent as against the plan target of 8 per cent.

V. Fifth Plan (1974 – 79) : The Fifth Plan assigned a very important place to the development of industries with a view to achieving self – reliance and social justice. The public sector outlay on industrial development was around ₹ 9,700 crores. The average rate of industrial growth during the plan was targeted at 8.1 per cent per annum.

VI. Sixth Plan (1980 – 85): The public sector outlay of ₹ 23,000 crores was envisaged during the Sixth Plan period, during the sixth plan reveals that a growth rate of 5.45 percent as against 7 percent was achieved.

VII. Seventh Plan (1985 – 90) : The total investment in the industrial sector was ₹ 22,460 crores or 12.5 percent of the total plan outlay. The Seventh Plan achieved the targeted industrial growth rate of 8.5 per cent. It has been made possible because of adequate infrastructure and liberalization policy of the Government.

VIII. Eighth Plan (1992 – 97) : The Eighth Plan was formulated under a new environment when a number of reforms in industrial, fiscal, trade and foreign investment policies were introduced in the economy.

IX. Ninth Plan (1997 – 2002) : Ninth Plan allocated ₹ 69,972 crores for industry at 1996 – 97 prices. Ninth plan targeted a growth rate of 8% for industry. But it achieved only 5%.

X. Tenth Plan (2002 – 07): In the Tenth Plan public sector outlay was ₹ 44,695 crores at 2001 – 02 prices. Industrial performance in the Tenth plan period improved to 8.9% from very low level of growth rate of 4.3% in ninth plan.

XII. Eleventh Plan (2007 – 12): The total outlay in the Eleventh Plan is estimated at ₹ 36,44,718 crores. During this plan, the targeted growth rate is 10 – 11%. The target rate of growth achived more or less in case of industry.

XII. Twelfth Plan (2012 – 2017) : Twelfth Plan envisages an investment of 50 lakh crores in 5 years. The private sector is expected to provide 25 lakh crores. To achieve industrial growth rate to the tune of 9.5% it would require much faster growth in the manufacturing as well as in electricity, gas and water supply sectors.

Question 12.
Discuss major sources of Industrial Finance in India.
Answer:
Industry needs capital expenditure for the purchase of land, construction of building, installation of machinery etc. Besides this, funds are also required for the purchase of raw materials, for stores, for marketing and for meeting day – to – day requirements of the industry.

The following are the main sources from which the Indian Industry draws finance:
a) Shares
b) Debentures
c) Public deposits
d) Commercial banks
e) Industrial financial institutions

Rapid industrialization needs adequate medium and long term loans. Industrilalization requires lot of funds to start up new units and to modernize existing units. Some of the industrial financial institutions are:
a) Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI)
b) State Financial Corporations (SFC’s)
c) Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI).
d) The Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)
e) Small Industries Devlopment Bank of India (SIDBI)
f) Industrial Investment Bank of India (IIB1)
g) Venture Capital Funds (VCF)
h) UC and GIC.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Industrial Finance Corporation of India.
Answer:
The Government of India set up the Industrial Finance Corporation of India in July 1948 under a special Act. The corporation was authorized to issue bonds and debentures in the open market, accept deposits from the public and also borrow from the R.B.I.

Functions:

1. It guaranteed loans raised by the industrial concerns in the capital market.
2. It granted loans and advances to industrial concerns and subscribed to the debentures floated by them.
3. If under wrote the issues of stocks, shares, bonds and debentures of industrial concerns. The loans sanctioned by IFCI increased from ₹ 210 crores in 1980 – 81 to ₹ 1,860 crores in 2000 – 01.

Question 2.
Industrial credit and Investment corporation of India.
Answer:
It played a role in consolidation in various sectors of the Indian Industry, by financing, mergers and acquisitions. The ICICI, groups financing and banking operations both wholesale and retail.

Functions :

1. Guaranteed loans from other private Government source.
2. Provided financial services such as deffered credit, leasing credit, installment sale, asset, credit and venture capital.
3. It offered long term and medium – term loans, both indian currency arid foreign currency loan.
4. Participated in equity capital and in debentures and under wrote new issues of shares and debentures.

Question 3.
Industrial Estates.
Answer:
Industrial estates are very useful in the development of small scale industries. An industrial estates refers to an area in which a number of small industries are concentrated. As a number of manufacturing units are located with in the same area, they can have common advantages like good site, electricity, water, communication etc. The production costs of the industrial units decrease as they get all facilities at one place for lesser cost.

Advantages:

1. It providing and opportunity both rural and semi-urban areas to develop industrially.
2. Giving scope to use the available local resources.
3. More scope for regional development.
4. It makes possible for small industrial units to realise the benefits of economics of scale.
5. They can become the best ancillary units, when they are situated nearby the large scale industries.
6. The small scale industrial units can make their production profitable by using the available facilities at one place for a lower cost.

Question 4.
Special Economic zones.
Answer:
Special Economic Zones policy was announced by Government of India in April 2000. This policy aims at rapid economic growth by quality infrastructure complemented by an attractive fiscal package, both at the Central and State level. In India, while passing the SEZ Act in May 2005. It came into effect from February 2006.

Objectives:

1. Development of infrastructure facilities.
2. Generation of additional economic activity.
3. Promotion of exports of goods and services.
4. Promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources.
5. Creation of employment opportunities etc.

Question 5.
Explain the need of Foreign Direct Investment in India.
Answer:
Foreign Direct Investment is a major source of non – debt financial resource for the economic development of India. Foreign companies invest in India to take advantage of cheaperwages, special investment privileges like tax exemption.

1. Encouraging foreign firms to transfer state – of – the art technology in defence production.
2. For a country where foreign investments are being made, it also achieving technical know-how and generation of employment.
3. The continuous inflow of FDI in India, which is allowed across several industries.

Question 6.
National Investment Fund.
Answer:
The Government of India constituted the National Investment Rind (NIF) on 3^rd November, 2005. The amount received in the form of Disinvestment will go into the National Investment Rind. The fund was to be maintained outside the consolidated fund of India. The NIF was initialized with the disinvestment proceeds of two CPSE. 1. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) and Rural Electrification Corporation (REQ amounting to ₹ 1814.45.
Features:

1. The corpus of the National Investment Rind will be of a permanent nature.
2. The proceeds from disinvestment of CPSEs will be channelized into the national investment fund, which is to be maintained outside the consolidated fund of India.
3. The Rind will be professionally managed to provide sustainable returns to the Government.
4. 75% of annual income of the fund will be used to finance selected social sector schemes, which promote education, health and employment. Ex: Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) etc.

Question 7.
Objectives of National Manufacturing Policy. [A.P. Mar. 18]
Answer:
Government of India brings back industrial policy into focus in the form of National manufacturing policy on November 4^th 2011.

Objects:

1. Increase manufacturing sector growth to 12-14% over the medium term.
2. Create 100 million additional jobs in the manufacturing sector by 2012.
3. Increase the share of. manufacturing in gross domestic product from 16% to 25% by 2022.
4. Create appropriate skills among the rural and urban migrant.
5. Increase domestic value addition and technological depth in manufacturing.
6. Enhance global competitiveness of Indian manufacturing.

Question 8.
National Investment and Manufacturing Zones.
Answer:

1. The State Government would be responsible for the selection of suitable land having an area of 5000 hectares in size.
2. NIMZ’s will be utilised for location of manufacturing units at least 30% of total area proposed.
3. The State Government would facilitate the provision of water power, connectivity and other infrastructure.
4. The Central Government will provide financial support in the form of viability gap finding not exceeding J20% of project costs.
5. The Central Government will bear the cost of master planning and will improve physicial infrastructures like rail, road, airports and telecommunications.

Question 9.
Write briefly about MSMEs.
Answer:
On October 2, 2006, “Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Development Act” came into force’ MSMEs sector in India constitutes enterprises with investment in plant and machinery less than 10 crore in manufacturing and less than 5 crore in case of service sector. In India MSMEs play a vital role in the industrial economy of the country. The major advantage of the sector is its employment potential of low capital cost.

Question 10.
The Industrial Investment Bank of India. [A.P. Mar. 16]
Answer:
To provide financial, technical and managerial assistance to sick units, Industrial Reconstruction Corporation of India was set up in 1971. The Government of India converted I the IRCI into Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India (IRBI) on March 20,1985. IRBI was reconstituted into full-fledged new financial institution called Industrial Investment Bank ; of India (TIBI) in March 1997.

The financial assistance sanctioned by IIBI in 2003 – 04 was ₹ 2,412 crore while assistance disbursed was ₹ 2,252 crore. As the IIBI was suffering operating losses and also poor financial position. IIBI is in the process of voluntary winding up.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
SIDBI. [A.P. Mar. 18]
Answer:
Small Industries Development Bank of India with a view to ensure largest flow of financial and non financial assistance to the small scale and cottage industries. The SIDBI Act was passed by the parliment in 1989 and the bank commenced its operation from April 2^nd 1990.

Question 2.
IDBI.
Answer:
The Industrial Development Bank of India. The IDBI was set up 1^st 1964. The IDBI was initially set up as a wholly owned subsidiary of the R.B.I. In February 16, 1976 the IDBI was made an autonomous’ institution and its ownership passed on from the RBI to the Government of India.

Question 3.
State Finance Corporations.
Answer:
The SFC was set up to offer financial assistance to only large and medium sized undertakings. Therefore the need for separate level development banks which could cater to financial needs of small and medium sized industrial concerns was rightly felt. The 1^st SFC setup in punjab in 1953. At present there are 18 SFCs in the country.

Question 4.
Disinvestment.
Answer:
The Government of India in July 1991 initiated the disinvestment process in India. The new industrial policy provides that in order to raise resources and encourage wide public participation, apart of the government share, holding in the public sector would be offered to mutual funds financial institutions, general public and employees.

Question 5.
MRTPAct.
Answer:
Monoploy Restrictive Trade Pratices Act. The Act will concentrate more on controlling unfair or restrictive trade practices.

Question 6.
Special Economic Zones. [A.P. Mar. 17]
Answer:
The Government of India announced Special Economic Zones policy in April 2000. This policy objective is at rapid economic growth supported by quality infrastructure complemented by an attractive fiscal package both at central and state level with minimum possible regulations. This act came into effect from February 2006.

Question 7.
Foreign Direct Investment.
Answer:
Foreign Direct Investment is a major source of non – debt financial resource for the economic development of India. Foreign companies invest in India to take advantage of cheaper wages, special investment privilages like tax exemptions etc.

Question 8.
Industrial Estates.
Answer:
It was established in the year 1955 by small scale industries board for the development of small scale industries. An industrial estate is a group of small scale units constructed on an economic scale in suitable sizes with facilities of water transport, electricity, banks and is provided with special arrangements for technical guidance and common service facilities.

Question 9.
MSMEs.
Answer:
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. MSME sector in India constitutes enterprises with investment in plant and machinery less than 10 crore in manufacturing and less than 5 crore in case of service sector. The labour intensity of the MSME sector is much higher than that of the large enterprises.

Question 10.
ICICI.
Answer:
Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation India.
It was set up in January 1955 and it commenced business in March of the same year. It was second all India development financial institution to be established in the country. It was a private sector development financial institution.

Question 11.
IFCI.
Answer:
Industrial Finance Corporation of India. It was set yp in July 1948, under a special Act. It was set up to provide medium and long term credit to industry to start new industries, expansion of old industries and for modernisation.

Question 12.
Globalization.
Answer:
It is the process of integrating various economies of the world without creating and hindrances the free flow of goods and services, technology, capital even labour or human capital.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material 3rd Lesson National Income Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material 3rd Lesson National Income

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Explain the National income trends in India.
Answer:
National income means the total amount of goods and services produced in a country in a year. In order to understand in impact of planning in India, a study of trends in national income necessary. Therefore better if the trend in national income and changes in the structure of national product are analysed over the last 60 years of planning.
a) The increase in the production in real goods and services.
b) The rise in price.

If the increase in National.income is due to the first factor. It is an indicator of real growth because it implies that more goods and services became available to the people. If it is due to the second factor, it represent and unreal inflation of National income in terms of money. National income figure is deflated at constant prices, therefore, it becomes comparable but it conceals the population effect. To eliminate the effect of growth of population or percapita income is calculated.

C.S.O. has provided a series of National income data of 1999-2000 prices from 195051 to 2013-14. Although this indicates slightly different growth rates for different periods, this was inevitable because of the coverage and change in procedure.
Net National Product at Factor Cost and Per capita NNP

The growth rates of both Net National Product and Per capita NNP at factor cost from 1950-51 to 2013-14 for a period of more than 6 decades. Per capita NNP at current prices in 1950-51 is ₹ 264, which rose to ₹ 5,621 and in the same period the per capita NNP at 2004-05 prices increased from ₹ 7,114 to ₹ 14,330.

Net National Product at current prices increased to ₹ 91,71,045 crore in 2013-14 from ₹ 4,71,619 crore in 1990-91 & at 2004-05 prices it was 49,20,183 crore and ₹ 12,02,305 crore respectively. Per capita NNP at 2004-05 prices rose to ₹ 74,380 in 2013-14 from ₹ 17,381 in 2000-2001.

Question 2.
Briefly explain the sectoral contribution to the National income.
Answer:
Avery important aspect of the national income of a country is its sectoral composition i.e., the contribution made to it by the different sectors of the economy. The development mainly depends upon sectoral contribution. If the contributional from agricultural sector is high, generally a country is said to be underdeveloped one.
1) Contribution of the primary sector to GDP: The share of the primary sector in the Gross Domestic Product has varied from the maximum of 55.4% in 1950-51 to the minimum of 13.9% in 2013-14. The main cause of the decline is a rapid fall in the share of agriculture alone. There is a decline in the share of forestry to GDP. Transport and trade, banking and insurance and other service sectors have grown faster than agriculture still the agricultural’ sector remains an important sector in the Indian economy.

2) Contribution of the secondary sector to GDP: The share of industry which includes mining, quarrying, manufacturing, construction and electricity, gas & water supply has shown a steady increase from 15 percent in 1950-51 to 26.2 in 2013-14. Two major components of industry and manufacturing and construction increased from 8.9 percent in 1950-51 to 14.9 percent in 2013-14. Similarly, the sharerof construction increased from 4.4 percent in 1950-51 to 7.4 percent in 2013-14.

Tertiary sector contribution to GDP: The share of the tertiary sector (trade, transport, financing, insurance, real-estate, banking, social and personal services and business services) indicated a sharp improvement from 29.6 percent in 1950-51 to about 59.9% in 2013-14. There was a significant increase in share of trade, transport & communications from 11.3% in 1950-51 to 26.4% in 2013-14. This shows a good sign which is essential for an under developed country like India.

Question 3.
What are the causes for inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth ?
Answer:
Inequality in the distribution of National Income is one of the major problems which our planning process and economic policies have attempted to tackle. .
1) Inequalities in land ownership : There was concentration of landed property in India during the British period on account of Zamindari system. Minhas, Dandekar and Rath and Bardhan have clearly stated that all agricultural workers and marginal and small farmers with less than 2 hectare holdings are poor. Big and large farmers not only have capacity to save, they also have an access to institutional finance. Naturally, they are attempting to improve the farm techniques. This causes income inequalities.

2) Inflation : Since the mid -1950’s prices have been rising continuously eroding the real income of the working class, while the industrialists, traders and farmers with large marketable surplus have benefited a great deal from this inflationary process. In India, very little has been done to offset this redistributive effect of inflation and as a result, it has greatly accentuated income inequalities.

3) Inequality in credit facilities : In India, there is inequity in credit facilities which accentuates the inequalities arising from an unequal distribution of wealth. Business firms and individuals having an access to the formal capital markets manage to obtain finance on very favourable terms, while vast mass of small and marginal farmer agricultural labourers and artisans depend heavily on money lenders who charge an exorbitant rate of interest and also exploit these poor people in a number of ways.

4) Urban Bias in Private Investment: While 70 percent of the population in India lives in rural areas, about 70 percent of the private investment goes to industries in urban areas. Therefore, there is a distinct “urban bias” in the pattern of Private investment. This urban bias taken the form of highly mechanized projects in which the share of wages in value added is relatively low. This naturally leads to inequality in income distribution.

5) The Role of the Government: The public investment essentially plays a supportive role to private investment. The Govenment is no longer serious about reducing income inequalities.

Question 4.
Briefly explain the measures to reduce income inequalities in India.
Answer:
The main objective economic planning is to reduce income inequalities and to maintain social justice. To achieve this the government of India initiated the following measures.

i) Land reforms: Agricultural land was not property distributed among farmers. Thus, legislative measures were undertaken to abolish landlords and their intermediaries and ceiling on holdings were fixed. The implementation of land reforms in West Bengal states causes 18 percent increase in agricultural output and also reduced the income inequalities.

ii) Control over monopolies and restrictive trade practices : The monopolies and restrictive trade practices Act was passed in December 1969, which came into force on June 1^st, 1970. The Act provides for the control of monopolies and for the prohibition of monopolistic and restrictive trade practices.

iii) Cooperative enterprises: Another instrument to balance the undue growth of big business in private sector is the decentralised sector in the farm of cooperative enterprises. This sector works for common good rather than for private and personal gain. Profits earned by cooperative sector are shared by very large number of members. This leads to reduce income inequalities.

iv) Encouragement of new enterprises: Special concessions and incentives provided to the new entrants in an industry can restrict the Concentration of economic power. If the government strictly implements the rule not to give licenses to start industries by the already existing farms, it would definitely reduce concentration of economic power.

v) Social security: The government has repeatedly declared that it aimed at “Growth with social justice”. The government undertook so many social security measures such as workmen’s compensations and maturity benefits, fixation of minimum wages, the employees Provident Fund, security for the old and disabled and family pension scheme for industrial workers and workers in mines and plantations.

vi) Taxation : Indian tax system is progressive and has been designed to prevent concentration of wealth in a few hands.

vii) Control over capital issues: Already the new capital issues are under government control. But it seems the control has not been effective checking monopolistic tendencies. In India many industries with monopolistic power yield huge incomes which are the cause for. income inequalities. As a result of this, the capital Issues Act 1956 was replead in May 1992.

viii) Employment and wage policies : The Government of India started many employment generation programmes to reduce income inequalities. For example, Integrated Rural Development Programme, National Rural Employment Programme etc. The wage rates allowed to the employees working in unorganized sector is very low. Implementation of minimum wages act leads to reduce income inequalities.

Question 5.
What are the causes for poverty in India ? [A.P. Mar. 18, 17]
Answer:
Poverty can be defined as a social phenomenon in which a section of the society is unable to fulfill even its basic necessities of life.
There are two types of poverty.

1. Absolute poverty
2. Relative poverty

1) Absolute poverty : Absolute poverty of a person means that his income or consumption expenditure is so meager that he lives below the minimum subsistence level.

2) Relative poverty : Relative poverty merely indicates the large inequalities of income. Those who are in the lower income groups receive less than those in the higher income groups.

Causes of poverty: Poverty cannot be attributed to any one single set of causes. It is a complex phenomenon and as such is the outcome of interaction of diverse factors, economic and non-economic.

1) Underdevelopment: The root cause of poverty is the underdevelopment of Indian economy. Dandekar and Rath have argued that unviable and unprofitable farms with little capacity for capital accumulation have been responsible for rural poverty in India. Small and scattered holdings, lack of adequate inputs, lack of credit facilities and insecure tenancy system are all responsible for backwardness of Indian agriculture which causes rural poverty. Industrial development has failed to make any dent on poverty.

2) Unemployment and low levels of wages: Poverty is caused by under-employment or unemployment coupled with low rates of wages. This is because supply of labour is more than that of demand for labour. Due to shortage of capital, the industrial sector is not in a position to absorb more number of people. This causes poverty.

3) Population explosion : In India population has increased from 361.09 millions in 1951 to 1210.19 millions in 2011. Due to scarce capital and low level of technology, it is not possible to provide sufficient goods services to the fast growing population. Rapid growth of population is another important cause for the prevailing poverty in the country.

4) Inequality in Assets and Income Distribution : The relative poverty is to be attributed to inequality in the distribution of National Income. Most of the agricultural labourers are in a states of poverty because; they have less than one hectares land to cultivate. Likewise, inequality in the ownership of industrial and commercial capital is one of the reasons of urban poverty in India.

5) Low availability of essentials : Another important cause for poverty in India is the low availability of essential commodities. The country is not able to produce sufficient goods and services as needed by the rapid growing population. The consumer goods shortage is responsible for low level of standard of living. There is a wide disparity in the consumption levels of the top rich and the bottom poor.

6) Inflation : Continuous rise in prices is another cause of poverty. When the prices rise, the purchasing power of money falls and it leads to improverishment of the lower middle and poorer sections of the society. Inflation affects the living standards of the people having low incomes.

7) Failure of five year plans: The main objective of the planning is to provide minimum level of living to all its citizens. It was felt that growth rate achieved during the five decades of planning would not be sufficient to remove poverty.

8) Social factors : Economic development depends not only on available resources but also on social factors. Indian people lack initiative and resourcefulness. In short, dogmatic and fatalistic attitude is responsible for inertia, lack of initiative and dynamism. Thus, Indian social institutions and attitudes hamper economic progress and are responsible for perpetuating poverty. The caste system and joint family system and the laws of inheritance are a great obstacle to economic progress.

9) Political Factors : Being under foreign rule, India was exploited under the British regime. Since Independence, the other political factors have adversely affected the economic progress. We have political leaders who have placed self before service and who do not hesitate to enrich themselves at the cost of the country. The Indian administration is known to be corrupt and inefficient. The legislators would not pass laws which may help the poor. Some times they may hit their interest.

10) Institutional factors : There are certain institutional factors operative in rural areas as well as urban area having a strong bearing on ownership, management and work. Semi-feudalism is an institutional factor responsible for rural poverty. The social and political institutions in rural areas have not allowed the land reforms and technological reforms to make a dent on rural poverty. The government is providing agricultural inputs like electricity seeds fertilizers and credit facilities at subsidized prices to be farmers. But these facilities are not catering the needs of poor farmers having small holdings and also the tenants. The institutional rigidities have not allowed equitable sharing of public goods such as education and health.

Question 6.
Write about the remedial measures to reduce poverty in India.
Answer:
In recent years, a two-pronged strategy was introduced by the government toward a solution to the problem of poverty in India.

1. The expansion of sectors which promise higher level absorption and
2. Empowering the poor with education, skill formation and health, so that they can enter sectors which require higher competence and provide better remuneration which enable the poor to cross the poverty line. The problem solving strategies are :

i) Adoption of a strategy of proper growth instead of emphasizing liberalization and GDP growth : Former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in his Independence Day Message (15^th August 2001) stated “The fruits of liberalization have not adequately reached the poor and the people living in rural areas, inequalities have increased. “The government has to pay attention to improve the economic conditions of 92 percent work force employed in unorganised sector. Government should give priority to the removal of unemployment in urorganised sector. “Right to work” should be made a basic human right. In this model emphasise should be laid on development of irrigation and watershed development with peoples participation. Agricultural cooperative should be strengthened.

ii) Stimulation Agricultural Growth: The growth rate of agriculture was 2.7% in the 9^th plan and only 1.7% in the 10^th plan. To overcome this type of slow growth rate, the Government of India appointed a high power commission under the chairmanship of Dr.M.S.Swaminathan which suggested the following 5 point action plan for the fanners.

1. To undertake enhancement of soil health programmes.
2. To promote water-harvesting, conservation and equitable use by empowering panchayats.
3. To reduce the crop loan interest to 4 percent.
4. To set up Krishi Vigyan Kendras for training the farmers.
5. To reduce the gap between what the rural producer gets and the urban consumer pays should be reduced.

iii) Increasing the productivity and job quality of unorganized sector: The National Democratic Alliance Government appointed special group on targeting 10 million employment opportunities under the chairmanship of S.P. Gupta in 2002 to emphasize the growth of unorganized sector as surest method to reduce unemployment and poverty.

iv) Empowerment of the poor through education and skill formation : The development of a huge educational structure of 378 universities and 18,064 colleges, 152 lakh secondary and higher schools and 10.43 lakhs of primary and upper primary schools helps to enrich the human resources that leads to reduce the poverty.

v) Empowerment through provision of Better health : The strong link between poverty and health needs to be recognized. Long term illness and expensive illness can drive even the non-poor into poverty. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) are the two major initiatives to help the poor in the availability of health facilities. There is a need to extend health insurance for workers in the unorganized sector, in order to overcome from poverty trap.

vi) Empowering the poor through provision of housing : House is the basic needs for both rural and urban poor. The country must launch a massive programme to provide housing in the form of Indira Aawas Yojana and basic civic amenities in a period of 20 years.

vii) Empowerment through skill formation for expanding IT sector : The development of Information and Technology sector provides number of employment opportunities which enable to reduce the poverty. This will be possible through the following measures.
a) Governments should provide subsidized higher education and vocational training to the poor.
b) Sanction a large number of merit scholarships for the poor.
c) Government should help the educational institutions both financially and infrastructure-wise to provide education to the poor.

viii) National Rural Employment Guarantee scheme : The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act came into force in 2006 in India. For removal of poverty, we need two sets of measures
a) We must accelerate economic growth by increasing substantially our National income.
b) Our efforts of re-distributing National Income in favour of the poor should be more pronounced. Thus, accelerated economic growth and reduction of inequalities are both indispensable for a successful attack on mass poverty.

Question 7.
What is the role of Micro Finance in reducing the poverty in India ?
Answer:
Micro Finance institutions in India exist as non-governmental organizations. A section of 25 companies and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFC’s) and Commercial banks, Regional Rural banks, Co-operative societies and other large lenders have played an important role in providing refinance facility to Micro Finance Institutions.

“Micro Finance is the provision of Financial services to low income clients or solidarity lending groups including consumers and self-employed, who rationally lack access to banking and related services”. It covers a wide range of services like credit, savings, insurance, remittance and also non-financial services like training and counciling.

Micro Finance and Poverty reduction :
1) As an intervention to allieviate poverty, micro finance is viewed as the practice of extending small loans and other financial services such as savings and insurance to the poor for empowering them to protect themselves from economic setbocks.

2) Poverty can also be understood as vulnerability to downward in income. Such fluctuations may results from unexpected shocks such as crop failure, illness, funeral expenses or loss of assets such as livestock through theft or death. Micro Finance are the promise to reduce such vulnerable and protect livelihoods also reduce poverty.

3) An important dimension of poverty is powerlessness. Powerlessness can be experienced in a variety of situations, within the households, as a result of differences in gender and age and within the community, between socio economic groups, as a result of cost, electricity and wealth. Intervention with micro finance can influence the power relations of the society by fastering salidarity among the vulnerable through its group-based mechanism.

4) In most parts of the country micro finance services are being provided through group based systems that are advantageous of using peer pressure as social collateral.

5) These group-based systems can be broadly classified into two systems. They are Grameen, Group system, pioneered in Bangladesh and Self Help Group (SHG) system, Nurtured in India. Both these systems are widely replicated all over the world.

6) With the globalization and liberalization of the economy, opportunities for the unskilled and illiterate are not increasing fast enough, as compared to the first of the economy. This leeds to a lopsided growth in the economy thus increasing the gap between the rich and poor. It is in this context, the institutions involved in microfinance have a significant role to play to reduce this disparity and poverty.

Question 8.
Explain the causes for unemployment and remedial measures to reduce unemployment. [A.P. Mar. 16]
Answer:
A man is willing to work but he is not getting work. Therefore he is called unemployed. Unemployment is too serious an evil to be ignored. Widespread and growing unemployment is not due to any single factor.

1) Rapid rate of population growth :The most fundamental cause of widespread unemployment in India is the rapid rate of population growth which leads to increase in labour force. The rate of population growth rose to 2.2 percent per annum during the 1960s. As the population increased from 718.2 millions in 1983 to 1227.4 millions in 2011-12, corresponding the labour force also increased from 261.33 millions to 440.4 millions respectively. This is too big a number to be provided gainful employment at the present rate of growth of the economy.

2) Jobless growth : During the first three decades of economic planning, the GDP growth rate was as low as 3.5 percent per annum. In this period, employment increased at a moderate rate of 2 percent per annum. The rate of growth of employment picked up considerably to 2.90 percent per annum during the five year period 1990-00 to 2004-05 but again declined to almost zero present over the next five years i.e., from 2004-05 to 2009-10. Thus, the country could create only one million jobs during 2004-05 to 2009-10.

3) Inappropriate Technology.: In India, while capital is a scarce factor, labour is available in abundant quantity. Under such circumstances, if market forces operate freely and efficiently, the country would have adopted labour – intensive techniques of production.

4) Lack of Rural Industrialization : With regard to large rural unemployment and under employment, the underlying cause is the very heavy pressure of population on land and the backward nature of our farming. As a result, agriculture cannot provide employment opportunities for the far too numerous rural population.

5) Inappropriate Educational system : The educational system in India is defective. According to Gunnar Myrdal, India’s educational policy does not aim at development of human resources. It merely produces clerks and lower cadre executives for the government and private concerns. Any educational system which fails to develop human resources properly will not be able to provide employment to all those who have received it.

6) Lack of Manpower planning: The intake into various courses is not being plannned on the basis of the projections of the demand for skilled manpower in future.

7) Social factors : Since Independence, education among women has changed their attitude towards employment. Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labour market. The economy has, however failed to respond to these challenges the net result is continuous increase in unemployment backlog.

8) Lack of self-employment opportunities : The rural marginal and landless households continue to remain unemployed (or) underemployed due to lack of self employment. The well educated youth lacking entrepreneurship qualities waiting for years together to get government jobs at meager wages.

9) Decline of cottage industries : In rural India, village (or) cottage industries are the only means of employment particularly of the landless people. They depend directly on various cottage industries for their livelihood. But, now-a-days, these are adversely affected the industrialisation process.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the incidence of unemployment in India.
Answer:
The size of unemployment in any country depends on the level of development. Therefore when a country makes progress and its production expands the employment opportunities grow. In India, during the past six decades production has expanded in all the sectors of the economy. Most of the developing countries face an acute problem of unemployment and underemployment.

The basic reason for this that the rural areas have failed miserably to generate adequate employment opportunities for the rapidly increasing population.

Unemployment as measured by UPs orientation declined from 4.23 percent in 1977-78 to 2.81 percent in 1999-2000, but indicated an increase to 3.06 percent in 2004-05. In 2011-12 unemployment on UPs criterion is estimated to be 2.7 percent.

Unemployment in Current Daily Status (CDS) declined from 8.18 percent in 1977-78 to 6.09 percent in 1987-88, but the declining trend reversed to 8.28 percent in 2004-05, in 2011-12, rate of unemployment on CDS basis is estimated to be 5.6 percent.

Question 2.
What are the different concepts of poverty ? [A.P. Mar. 16]
Answer:
Poverty can be defined as a social phenomenon in which a section of the society is unable to fulfill even its basic necessities of life.

When a substantial segment of a society is deprived of minimum level of living and countries at a base subsistence level, that society is said to be played with mass poverty.
Concepts of poverty:
1) Absolute poverty : The population whose level of income or expenditure is below the figure considered to be the absolute poverty or a person whose income or consumption expenditure is so meagre that he lives belows the minimum subsistance level is called absolute poverty.

2) Relative poverty : According to the relative standard, income distribution of the population in different fractile groups is estimated and a comparison of the levels of living of the top 5 to 10 percent with the bottom 5 to 10 percent of the population is called relative poverty, or those who are in the lower income groups receive less than those in the higher income groups.

3) Poverty line : According to the planning commission a person who is not having monthly percapita total expenditure of ? 49.9 in rural area and ? 56.64 in urban area at 1973-74 prices is called as a person living below the poverty line.

Question 3.
What are the different types of unemployment ? [A.P. Mar. 17]
Answer:
Types of unemployment: Unemployment is broadly defined into two types.
A) Unemployment in Urban areas and
B) Unemployment in Rural areas.

A) Unemployment in Urban areas :
i) Educated unemployment: The large number of educated unemployed shows, “a measurement between the kind of job opportunities that are needed and that are available in the job market”. The defective educational system, with its theoretical base, lack of aptitude and technical qualifications for various types of working among job-seekers and Maladjustments between demand on supply of education workers are some well-known causes of educated unemployment.

ii) Industrial unemployment: In India, the manufacturing sector has indeed expanded and employment in it has steadily increased. One of the reasons for this is the low employment elasticity in the manufacturing sector. As a result, industrial unemployment increased.

B) Unemployment in Rural areas :
i) Seasonal unemployment: If in agriculture is a normal phenomenon in India. In India farmers cultivating approximately 75 percent of their land remain involuntarily unemployed for 3 to 4 months in a year and most of them fail to find some temporary employment in this period. The main reason for its unemployment is lack of irrigation facilities.

ii) Disguised unemployment: Indian agriculture is characterized by the existence of considerable amount of surplus labour. In technological language, it is said that marginal productivity of such labour is zero. The kind of disguised unemployment is also comes underemployment.

Other types of unemployment:
1) Cyclical Unemployment: If unemployment occurs as a result of trade cycles, if it
is called cyclical unemployment. Trade cycles refers to the frequent booms and depression, up swings and low swings. Keynes said that cyclical unemployment is the result of the deficiency in efficient demand. Therefore, if effective demand increased, the level of employment can also be increased.

2) Structural Unemployment: It is one of the main type of unemployment within an economic system. If focuses on the structural unemployment within an economy and inefficiencies in labour markets. Structural unemployment occurs when a labour market is not able to provide jobs for everyone who is seeking unemployment.

3) Under employment: Labour that falls under the underdevelopment classification includes those workers that are highly skilled but working in low paying jobs.

4) Frictional Unemployment: It is another type of unemployment within an economy. It is the time period between jobs when a worker is searching for or transistioning from one job to another. Frictional unemployment is always present to some degree in an economy. It occurs when there is a mismatch between the workers and jobs.

Question 4.
Write briefly about employment Guarantee Act.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee scheme) This scheme was launched from 2^nd October 2009, MGNREGS seeks to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to at least one number of every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. At least 33% of the beneficiaries are to be women under MGNREGS wage disbursement through bank and post office is mandatory. This is to help in ‘financial inclusion” of the poor. It provides a wage rate of ₹ 100/- per day to a worker. The focus of MGNREGS is an workers relating to water conservation, drought proofing, land development, flood control and rural connectivity etc. Panchayats have a key role in planning, implementation and monitoring of MGNREGS. This Act is useful for decentralization and deepening gross root democratic structure.

Question 5.
Explain briefly about Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameena Kaushal Yojana. [A.P. Mar. 18]
Answer:
Deen Dayal Upadhaya Grameen Kaushal Yojana was launched on 25^th September 2014 in view of 98^th birth anniversary of Pandit Deenadayal Upadhyaya. Earlier the Yojana was known as Aajeevika Skills Development Programme (ASDP).

The Rational launching the yojana : The Yojana was launched in light of solving huge problem of unemployment among the rual youth despite the fact that they have merits. In order to correct this match, Union Government decided to launch skill development programme scheme.

Status of skilled workers In India : In India as against 12 million people entering the work force every year during the last 10 years only 1 million youth were trained. Further out of 12 million people, only 10 percent were skilled ones, while the percentage in European Unions is 75 percent and in China 50 percent.

Main features of DDUGKY : The main features of the Deena Dayal Upadhyaya Kaushal Yojana are :

• The Yojana aims to give training 10 lakh rural youth for jobs in three years, that is by 2017.
• The minimum age for entry under the Yojana is 15 years compared to 18 years under the Aajeevika skills programme.
• Skill Development training centre’s to be launched. So as to address the unemployment problem in rural area.
• The skills imparted under the Yojana will now be bench marked against international standards and will compliment the Prime Minister make in India compaign.

This scheme was launched to enhance the employability of rural youth which is the key to unlocking India’s demographic dividend. A sum of ₹ 1500 crores was allotted for this scheme in the 2015-16 budget.

Question 6.
Micro finance .
Answer:
Micro finance is the provision of Financial services to low income clients or solidarity lending groups including consumers and self employed, who rationally lack access to banking and related services”. It covers a wide range of services like credit, savings, insurance, remittance and also non-financial services like training and counseling.
Features of Micro Finance:

1. Borrowers are from the low income groups.
2. Loans are of small amount (Micro loans).
3. Short duration loans.
4. Loans are offered without collateral securities.
5. High frequency of re-payments.
6. Loans are generally taken for income generation purpose.

Need for Micro finance : Micro finance plays a major contributor to provide credit facilities. In the past few decades it has helped out remarkably in eradicating poverty. Reports show that people who have taken Microfinance have been able to increase their income and thereby their standard of living.

Micro finance institutions serve as a supplement to banks and in some sense better one too. These institutions not only offer micro credit but they also provide other financial services like savings, insurance, remittancé and non-financial services like individual counseling, training and support to start own business. But all this comes at a cost and the interest rates charged by these institutions higher than commercial banks and vary widely from 10 to 30 percent.

Question 7.
MGNREGS
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee scheme) This scheme was launched from 2^nd October 2009, MGNREGS seeks to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to at least one number of every rural household whose adult members voluntar to do unskilled manual work. At least 33% of the beneficiaries are to be women under MGNREGS wage disbursement through bank and post office is mandatory. This is to help in ‘financial inclusion” of the poor. It provides a wage rate of ₹ 100/- per day to a worker. The focus of MGNREGS is an workers relating to water conservation, drought proofing, land development, flood control and rural connectivity etc. Panchayats have a key role in planning, implementation and monitoring of MGNREGS. This Act is useful for decentralization and deepening gross root democratic structure.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
Answer:
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act came into force in 2006. It helps to reduce the poverty.

Question 2.
Relative poverty
Answer:
The people with lower income are relatively poor compared with higher incomes, eventhough they may be living above the minimum level of subsistance is called relative poverty.

Question 3.
Absolute poverty [A.P. Mar. 18]
Answer:
A person whose income or consumption expenditure is so mearge that he lies below the subsistance level they can called absolute poverty.

Question 4.
TRYSEM [A.P. Mar 16]
Answer:
This was initiated in 1979 with the objective of tackling unemployment problem among the rural youth. It aimed at training about 2 lakh rural youth every year to enable to become self employed. The TRYSEM was merged into Swamajayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana in April 1999.

Question 5.
Disguised unemployment
Answer:
A person whose marginal productivity is zero or when more people are engaged in a job than actually required.

Question 6.
Poverty Gap Index
Answer:
The poverty gap index is defined by the mean distance below the poverty line expressed as a proportion of that line. The poverty gap index is insensitive to the extent of inequality among the poor. If income is transferred from a person to someone who is poor, the poverty gap index will not change.

Question 7.
Usual status concept of unemployment.
Answer:
This concept is used to measure chronic or long-term unemployment. It measures the activity status i.e., a person who remains unemployed for most of the time in the year. Thus, it appropriately measures open unemployment.

Question 8.
Micro Finance [A.P. Mar. 17]
Answer:
The provision of thrift, credit and other financial services and products of very small quantity to the poor in rural, semi-urban and urban areas for enabling them to raise their incomes and improving living standards.

Question 9.
Percapita income
Answer:
It is estimated dividing National income by population of the country as per the formula given below.
Percapita income = \(\frac{\text { National income }}{\text { Population }}\)

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material 2nd Lesson Population and Human Resources Development Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material 2nd Lesson Population and Human Resources Development

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Explain the theory of Demographic Transition.
Answer:
The theory demographic transition postulates a three stages sequence of birth and death rates as typically associated with economic development.
1. First Stage : According to this theory, death rates are high in the first stage of an agrarian economy on account of poor diets, primitive sanitation and absence of effective medical aid. Birth rates sire also high in this stage as a consequence of widespread prevalence of illiteracy, absence of knowledge about family planning techniques, early age of marriage, social beliefs and customs about the size of the family etc. In this stage, the actual growth rate of population is not high birth rate is balanced by high death rate.

It is a stage of high growth potential but of low actual growth. This stage prevailed in India before 1921.

2. Second Stage : Rise in income levels enables the people to improve their diet. Economic development also brings about an all-around improvement including the improvement in transport which makes the supply of food regular. This stage is characterized by rapid growth of population because the substantial reduction in the death rate as there is no corresponding decline in the birth rate. With the beginning of the process of development, the living standards of the people- improve education expands, medical and health facilities increase and government makes special efforts to check small pox,.malaria, cholera and plague etc. These developments generally bring down the mortality rate. But as long as society remains primarily agrarian and education remains confined to a narrow section of the society, attitude of the society towards the size of family does not change radically and birth rate remains high.

In this situation, population increases at an alarming rate. Economists call it population explosion. This stage has been prevailing in India since 1921.

3. Third Stage : A country can hope to overcome the problem of population explosion if the process of industrialisation accompained by urbanisation grows fast and education becomes wide spread. Only in this situation birth rate shows a tendency to fall. Life in a city is not the same as in village. Industrialisation results overcrowding in cities and the housing problems compel people to revise their attitudes towards size of family. When the process of economic development gets accelerated, women seek all kinds of employment in order to supplement family earnings for working women, up bring of children is not an easy task consequently.

The birth rate declines significantly and thus the rate of population growth remains low.

Question 2.
What are the causes of high birth rate and low death rate in India ?
Answer:
Population increases because of high birth rate, low death rate and immigration. The birth rate has not declined significantly in India during the last five decades because of a number of economic and social factors.
Causes of the high birth rate :
I. Economic factors :
a) Predominance of Agriculture : India is a predominantly agriculture economy. In an agrarian economy, children are considered assets and’ not burdens as they help in agricultural fields and also other sectors.

b) Slow urbanization process and Predominance of villages : The process of urbanization has been slow in this country and it has failed to generate social forces, which usually bring down the birth rate. The social system and family structure of rural life seem to survive transplantation to the town or city quite remarkably. According to sociological studies.

c) High incidence of Poverty : There is high incidence of poverty in India. Poor people tend to have large families as they consider every child as earning hand. In a poor country like India children are considered as an asset of generating income.

II. Social factors:
a) Compulsory Marriage : Marriage is both a religious and social necessity in India. Presently in India by the age of 50 only 5 out of 1000 Indian women remains unmarried. More marriages means more population.

b) Early Marriage : Not only marriages are almost compulsory, they take place at quite young age in India, which provides more time for women to give birth to children.

c) Religious beliefs and Superstitions : Most Indians due to their religious and superstitions desire to have more children having no regard to their economic conditions. Every child is considered as “Gift of God”.

d) Joint family system: Joint family system in India also encourages people to have large families.

e) Illiteracy: Lack of education among people especially among women causes people to have irrational attitudes and hence big families.

Causes of the low death rate :
a) Control over famines : Famines, which were widespread before independence have not occurred on a large scale since independence.

b) Control over epidermics : Cholera and smallpox often resulted in epidemics before independence. Now smallpox is completely eradicated and cholera is very much under control. Similarly there has been decline in the incidence of malaria and tuberculosis. These have resulted in reducing the death rate.

c) Other factors : Other factors which have reduced death rate are :

• spread of literacy and education.
• expanded medical facilities and health care awareness.
• improved supply of safe drinking water.
• improvement in the nutritional level.
• improvement in sanitation.
• agricultural development in terms of HYVR

Question 3.
What are the measures to control population explosion ?
Answer:
Population explosion is one of the obstacles for the development of the economy. Therefore it is not something to be welcomed and praised. Hence an attempt must be made to control population explosion.
Measures:

1. Economic measures
2. Social measured
3. Family planning programmes

1. Economic Measures : The size of population in India is large and it is neither desirable nor possible to reduce it. Under these circumstances, vigorous efforts are to be taken on the economic front. As a matter of fact, only economic measures can ensure a permanent solution to the problem. The following measures are suggested by the economists, to reduce the intensity of population explosion.
i) Expansion of industrial sector : The family size of the people employed in the industrial sector is smaller than that of the people who are employed in the agricultural sector. In the country side any number of people can work on the family farm, through some of them will hardly make any contribution to the output. Most of the operational holdings in India are not economic and can thus provide only subsistence living. Most of the peasants think that the benefits from an additional child is greater than the cost of its upbringing. Industrial workers are aware of the difficulties in getting employment and interested in restricting the size of the family. Moreover, higher productivity in the industrial sector makes industrial worker’s conscious of their standard of living. They realise that in order to raise their standard-of living they must restrict the size of their family.

ii) Creation of employment opportunities in urban areas : Industrialisation in the country, there can be many other factors which contribute to the growth of urban centres. In order to check and reduce the people to migrate from the country side to cities, the Government has to create job opportunities in these places. If this programme is carried out in an effective manner and the migration of rural population to urban areas stops in a big way, it may prove to be a powerful check on the growth of population.

iii) Equitable distribution of income and removal of poverty : Poor people have virtually no interest in limiting the size of family. They have little stakes in their lives and are thus unconcerned about their families. While living in poor conditions, they often lose human qualities and at times get alienated even from themselves. Once the poor people get basic needs of life, they will have no economic compulsion to have more children and their attitude towards the size of family will undergo a change. In the change of situation not only will they become conscious of the number of children they should have, but will also undertake every possible effort to make the life of their children as comfortable as they can.

2. Social Measures : Population explosion is as much as a social problem as much it is a economic problem many of its causes are deep-rooted in the social life of the country. Literacy, superstitions and orthodoxy contribute to population explosion in the country. In order to bring down the birth rate, which is still very high, all the social evils must be removed.
(i) Education: Contribution of education in bringing down the birth rate is significant. Education often changes the attitude of person towards family, marriage and number of children he should have. Most educated people delay their marriage and prefer to have small family. Education, by making a frontal attack on orthodoxy and superstitions, induces people to family planning. When education is wide spread both boys and girls are sent to schools and colleges this automatically delays marriages and thus automatically reduces reproductive span of women.

(ii) Improving the status of women: Although the constitution of India has guranteed equality between men and women, there is discrimination in social life and position and status of women is inferior to that of men both socially and economically. This is perphaps the most important reason education is less among women and its absence, they are quite indifferent to family planning, however the discrimination between the men and women in the society leads to growth in family size. In backward society women are not generally allowed to exercise their discretion in respect of number of children they should have.

(iii) Raising the minimum age of marriage : Since fertility rate depends to a great extent on the age of women at the time of marriage. So it is necessary that every possible social, legal and educative measures in undertaken to raise it. In 1978, the child marriage restraint act was amended to raise the marriage to 21 years for men and 18 years for women, National population policy was amended to raise 21 years for men and 25 years for women with a view to restrict the rate of growth of population.

3. The Family planning programme: Importance of the family planning programme as a device to control population explosion is universally recognized.
(i) Public information programme: Under public information programme, couples in the reproductive age are explained the usefulness of family planning. Hence the Government has decided all media of publicity, including cinema, video, T.V to publicize the importance of family planning.

(ii) Incentives and Disincentives: The Government has introduced various schemes under which incentives are being given to those who accept family planning. The system of cash prizes has given some inducement to the people to go in for sterilization.

(iii) Family planning centres: Establishment of family planning centres is an integral part of any family planning programme. These centres provide various clinical facilities needed for family planning.

Question 4.
Bring out the main elements of population policy, 2000.
Answer:
National population policy : The national population policy, 2000 has outlined immediate, medium term and long-term objectives. The immediate objective is to meet needs of contraception, health infrastructure, personal health and to provide integrated service for basic reproductive and child health care. The medium term objective is to lower down the total fertility rates to the replacement level by 2010. The long term objective is to achieve a stable population by 2045. In this broad frame work, the national population policy, 2000 aims at the following:

1. Reduce maternal mortality ratio to below 100 per 1 lakh live births.
2. Reduce infant mortality rate to below 30 per one thousand live births.
3. Achieve immunization of children against all vaccine preventable diseases.
4. To achieve 100 percent deliveries in hospitals and dispensaries.
5. Prevention and control of communicable diseases.
6. Achieve universal access to information and counseling and services for fertility regularization and contraception with a wide basket of choice.
7. Facilities for safe abortions to be increased.s
8. Promote delayed marriage for girls, not .earlier than age 18 and preferably after 20 years of age.
9. Promote the small family norm to achieve replacement levels of total fertility rates.

In pursuance of the National Population Policy 2000, a National Commission of Population has been set up. The commission will review the implementation of the National Population Policy in due time.

Question 5.
Explain the occupational distribution of population in India.
Answer:
The occupational structure of a country refers to the distribution or division of its population according to the different occupation. We can divided various occupations into three catagories.
1. Primary occupations: Primary occupation also called agriculture sector. Agriculture and allied activities it includes forestry, fishing, animal husbandary, poultry farming etc. Because their products are essential for human existence. They are carried with the help of the nature. In the developing countries a large portion of the population is engaged in these activities.

2. Secondary occupations : Secondary occupation also called industrial sector. It includes mining and quarrying, electricity, gas and water etc. This sector is invariably small in the third world countries and absorbs only a small section of the labor force.

3. Tertiary occupations : Tertiary occupation is also called service sector or third sector. It includes trade and commerce, transport, storage and communications, banking, insurance, real estate, education and health. Tertiary activities help primary and secondary activities in the country.

There is a close relationship between the development of economy and changes in occupational distribution of population.

According to Hans Singer Economic development can be achieved by transforming a 85% agricultural dependent country into a 15% agriculturally dependent country.

Trends in occupational structure during 1951 – 2011 : 2011 census reveals that 48.9% of the labour force was employed in the primary sector. It indicates in predominance of agriculture in the economy. Secondary sector in India still remains small inspite of all the attention that heavy industries got under the various plans. In 2011 secondary sector accounted 24.3% of the labour as against 10.7% of labour force employed in the manufacturing sector during planning period. The tertiary sector in India accounts for a little more than one fifth of the labour force.

Question 6.
Define Human Resource Development. How do you improve it ?
Answer:
Many statistical investigations carried out in the western countries have shown that out put increased at a much higher rate than can be explained by an increase in physical inputs like labour and physical capital. This has been consistently improving due to improvement education skills, availability of health services etc. Therefore, along with physical capital formation, human development has also been playing a vital role in economic development.

The term human resource development refers to the “Process of acquiring” an increasing the number of persons who have the skills, education and experience which are critical for economic and political development of a country. Human resource development is thus associated with investment in man and his development as a creative and productive resource. According to Schultz, there are five ways developing human resources.

1. Health facilities and services, broadly conceived to include all expenditure that effect the life expectancy, strength and stamina and vigor and vitality of the people.
2. And the job training, including old type apprenticeship organised by firms.
3. Formally organised education at the elementary, secondary and higher levels.
4. Study programmes for adults that are not organised by firms, including extension programmes notably in agriculture.
5. Migration of individuals and families to adjust to changing job opportunities.

Importance of Human resource development: Human resource development plays an important role in economic development. Infact, effective use of physical capital itself is dependent on human resources. This is due to the reason that if there is under investment in human resources the rate at which additional physical capital can be productively utilised will be limited since technical, professional and administrative people required making effective use of material resources. Modem economists in recent years have pointed out that many third world countries have remained underdeveloped on account of under¬development of human resources. Therefore, large scale investment in human resources are needed if physical capital available in these countries is to be exploited more fully and in a more efficient way.

Question 7.
Explain the role of education in economic development.
Answer:
The expenditure on education in India is not considered an investment. Most of the people and particularly the decision makers in government think that education is just a social service and is meant only to improve the quality of mans life. The importance of education in production is rarely recognized.

Role of Education in Economic development:
1. Education and Economic growth : According to Todaro and Smith, education contributes to economic growth in the developed and developing countries in the following way.

1. It helps in creating a more productive labour force and endowing it with increased knowledge and skills.
2. It helps in providing wide spread employment and income earning opportunities when more schools, colleges and universities come in to existence.
3. It helps in providing basic skills and encourages modem attitudes in the diverse segments of the population.

2. Education and Reduction in Income Inequalities : Though the linkages between education and economic growth are very much in evidence in both, developed and developing countries, those between education and reduction in income inequalities and poverty are difficult to establish.

Despite universal education and educational reforms carried out by the Governments, it is rich and middle income groups that have benefited most. This is due to the reason that the institutional and social structure within which the educational system has to function is unegalitarian and perpetuates inequalities. The childhood of the poor children is characterized by poor nutrition and illiterate home environment which has negative mental effect. Even if they are able to complete their education, they find it difficult to procure jobs which are covered by children belonging to the relatively rich classes on account of the better social contacts and influences.

3. Education and Rural Development: Education can contribute significantly to rural development in variety of ways. By widening the horizons of knowledge of the rural people, it can enable them to overcome ignorance and superstitions. Adoption of new agricultural techniques and new methods of production is rendered easier if the farmers are educated. Education can be oriented as to import skills such as health and nutrition, and improvement, family planning and child care etc. In labor surplus economies like India, education can help rural people in acquiring skills to set up cottage industries on their own so that, the disguised unemployed people can be faithfully employed in the villagers themselves.

4. Education and Family planning : Education helps in modernizing and revolutionizing the way of thinking of the people. It enlightens them of the need to improve their standards of living and for purpose to restrict the size of their families. Therefore, education serves as the best method of their families also as more and more women become literate and seek employment, the fertility rates show a tendency to decline because up bring of children is a comparatively a difficult task for working women.

5. Other benefits of Education :

1. The current spillover income gains to persons other than those who have received extra education.
2. The spillover income gains to subsequent generations from a better educated present generation.
3. The supply of convenient mechanism for discovering and cultivating potential talents.
4. The meeting of the skilled man power requirements of growing economy.
5. The provisiory of an environment that stimulates research in science and technology.
6. The tendency encourages lawful behaviour and promotes voluntary responsibility for welfare activities.
7. The tendency to foster political stability by developing an informed electorate and competent political leadership.
8. The supply of certain measures of “Social control” by the transmission of common cultural heritage. .
9. The enhancement of the enjoyment of leisure by widening the intellectual horizons of both the educated and the uneducated.

Question 8.
Explain the importance of health in economic development.
Answer:
Efficiency of workers depends on their health. Workers whose health is not good and who fall sick quite often cannot do their job efficiently and thus there efficiency is bound to remain low and improvement in the health of the workers automatically raises the national output. World development 1993 stated “improved health contributes economic growth in favor of ways.

1. It reduces production losses caused by worker illness.
2. It permits the use of natural resources that had been totally or nearly inaccessible because of diseases.
3. It increase the enrolment of the children in schools and makes them better to learn and it frees for alternative uses of resources that would otherwise have to be spent on treating illness.
4. The economic gains are relatively greater for poor people who are typically most handicapped by ill health and who stands to gain the most from the development of under utilised natural resources.
   1. Balanced and nutritional food
   2. Medical care

Health goals set by 12^th plan 2016 -17:

1. Reducing Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) to 75 per 1,00,000 live births.
2. Reducing Infant Mortality Rato (IMR) to 19 per 1,000 live births.
3. Reducing Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to 2.1.
4. Providing safe drinking water to all. ‘
5. Prevention and reduction of under weight children in under 3 years is expected to be 29 percent by 2015 and 27 percent by 2017.
6. Reducing anemia among women and girls by 28 percent.
7. Raising sex ratio of age 0 – 6 years from 914 to 935.

Question 9.
What are the different indexes to measure Human Development ?
Answer:
Human Development Index: In recent years the search for an alternative to GNP as a measure of economic development has led to computation of the Human Development Index (HDI). The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) introduced the HDI in its first Human Development Report prepared under the able stewardship of Mohbub UI Haq and published in 1990.

The measure has been enlarged and refined over the years and many related indices of human development like Gender Related Development Index (GDI), Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) and Human Poverty Index (HPI), Gender Inequality Index (GII), Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) have been developed in subsequent human development reports published annually by UNDP.

1. A longevity of life is measured in terms of life expectancy at birth.
2. Knowledge is measured interms of education.
3. A standard of living is measured in terms of GDP percapita (PPPUS$).

Human Development Index measures the average achievement in three basic dimensions of Human Development.

Before calculating HDI, an idex for each of three dimensions is calculated. For this purpose, maximum and minimum values are chosen for each indicator.
Maximum and Minimum values for calculation of HDI.

Performance in each dimension is expressed as a value between 0 and 1 by applying the following formula.
HDI = \(\frac{\text { Actual value }-\text { Minimum value }}{\text { Maximum value }-\text { Minimum value }}\)
HDI report 2014 has classified the selected countries into four categories.

1. Countries with the HDI value of 0.8 and above are grouped as the Very High Human Development Countries.
2. Countries with the HDI value ranging from 0.7 to 0.8 are grouped as High Human Development Countries.
3. Countries with the HDI value ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 are grouped as Medium Human Development Countries.
4. Countries with the HDI values of less than 0.5 are in the Low human Development Countries. India has improved its HDI index from 0.42 in 1980 to 0.554 in 2012.
5. India was ranked among 177 countries improved from 138 in 1994 to 128 in 2005, but now it has declined to 132 in 2007, 134 in 2008, 136 among 187 countries in latest report 2013.

Gender Related Development Index (GDI) : While HDI measures average achievement, the GDI adjusts the average achievement to reflect the inequalities between men and women, the three components used for the purpose are

1. Female life expectancy.
2. Female adult literacy and gross enrolment ratio.
3. Female percapita income.

If gender inequalities did not exists, the value of GDI and HDI would be the same, but if the gender inequality exists, the value of GDI would be lower than that of HDI. The greater the difference between HDI and GDI, the more in the inequality.

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) : The Gender Empowerment Measure was also introduced by the human development report 1995. The GEM indicates whether women are able to actively participate in economic and political life. It focuses on participation, measuring gender inequality in key areas of economic and political participation and decision making. There are three components, which are used for measuring GEM.

1. Participation of women in economic and political activities.
2. Gender inequality in economic and political participation.
3. Female empowerment.

Human Poverty Index (HPI) : The human development report 1997 introduced the human poverty index, which concentrates on deprivation in three essential elements of human life already reflected in HDI longevity knowledge and a decent living standard.

Question 10.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of population ?
Answer:
Population of India means the total number of people living in India. Population is very essential for the growth of country.
Advantages of Population :

1. Population provides work force to produce goods and services.
2. Population provides market for the products that are produced.
3. Population promotes innovative ideas.
4. Population promote division of labour and specialisation.

Disadvantages of Population:

1. Population put pressure on means of subsistance.
2. Population leads to unemployment if there are no adequate jobs.
3. Population put pressure on social overheads like hospitals, schools, roads etc.
4. Population may result in increased consumption and reduced savings and capital formation.
5. Population may increase dependency.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Trends of world population.
Answer:
In 1830, the total population of the world was one billion but it was doubled in 1930. By 1960 again population of the world increased by one more billion. By 1974 i.e., in 14 years the population increased 400 crores and it took only 13 years to reach the 500 crores mark in 1987. Therefore, the 12^th July is known as World Population Day. In 2011 it was estimated 7.3 billion. Probably within next 3 to 4 decades by 2050 world population expected to be around 9.20 billion. 98% of world population growth will be developing countries.

Question 2.
Top 10 populous countries in the world. [A.P. Mar. 16]
Answer:
The following shows that the list of top 10 populous countries in the world.

Question 3.
Causes of high birth rate in India.
Answer:
Population increase because of high birth rate, low death rate and immigration. The birth rate has not declined significantly in India during the last five decades because a number of economic and social factors continue to favour high fertility.

1. Economic factors :
   1. Predominance of agriculture
   2. low urbanisation process
   3. High incidence of poverty
2. Social factors :
   1. Compulsory marriage
   2. Early marriage
   3. Religious belies and superstitions
   4. Joint family system
   5. Illiteracy

Question 4.
What are the family planning programmes in India ? [A.P. Mar. 17]
Answer:
Importance of the family planning programme as a device to control population explosion is now universally recognised. In China, the state approved of one child norm and has succeeded in bringing down the birth rate 21.6 per thousand as against 26 per thousand in India in 2012. China is successful in bringing down the birth rate because of wide spread use of contraceptives.

The following aspects of the family planning programme in this country deserve particular mention.
1. Public Information Programme: Under public information programme, couples in the reproductive age are explained the usefulness of adopting family planning. Hence, the Government has decided to use all kinds of publicity, including cinema, radio, television and newspapers to propagate the importance of family planning.

2. Incentives and Disincentives : The Government has introduced various schemes under which incentives are being given to those who accept family planning. The system of cash prizes has given some inducement to the people in it for sterilisation. Family planning is completely voluntary’ in this country, coercive methods have been generally avoided. During the emergency period, forcible sterilisation was done. The Govt, take policy of decision that preference for employment will be given to the people who accept small family norm and those who reject family planning may be denied certain facilities.

3. Family planning centres: Establishment of family planning centres is an integral part of any family planning programme. These centres provide various clinical facilities needed for family planning. In addition to these, clinical centres, a large number of contraceptive distribution centres should also be located in both urban and rural areas.

4. Research : Research in the field of demography, communication action, reproduction biology and fertility control has to be given a high priority in any family planning programme.

Question 5.
Importance of human resource development.
Answer:
Human resource development plays an important role in economic development. In¬fact, effective use of physical capital itself is dependent on human resources. This is due to the reason that if there is under investment in human resources the rate at which additional physical capital can be productively utilised will be limited since technical, professional and administrative people required to make effective use of material resources. Modem economists in recent times have pointed out that many third world countries have remained underdeveloped an account of underdevelopment of human resources.

Therefore, large scale investment in human resources are needed if physical capital available in these countries to be exploited more fully and in a more efficient way. It has also been observed that the development of human resources is intricately related to the process of the economic development. But proceed together and reinforce one another.

Question 6.
What is the role of education in rural development ? [A.P. Mar. ’18]
Answer:
Education can contribute significantly to rural development in a variety of ways. By widening the horizons of knowledge of the rural people, it can enable them to overcome ignorance and superstitions. Adoption of new agricultural techniques and new methods of production is rendered easier if the farmers are educated. Education can be oriented as to import skills and attitudes useful in improving the quality of family life. For example, through education on subjects such as health and nutrition and improvement, family planning and child care etc.

India, education help rural people in acquiring skills to setup cottage industries as their own. So that, the disguised unemployed people can be fruitfully employed in the villagers themselves.

These observations point to the necessity of reorienting the educational system to the requirements of rural population. If such a thing can be accomplished, there is redoubt that education will contributes significantly to the process of rural development in the country.

Question 7.
Explain the education system in India.
Answer:
The expenditure on education in India is not considered an investment most of the people and particularly the decision – makers in the Government think that education is just a social service and is meant only to improve the quality of man’s life. The importance of education in production is rarely recognized.

The present education system in India is not qualitatively different from the one introduced by macauley, a person who introduced British education system in India.

This system of education simply produces Clerks and Junior officers. Since independence this education system has not been changed much and therefore an educated person in India even now is for useful to society than could be. Infact, most of the so called educated people are just literate but are not helping much in improving the productivity.

Recognizing the importance of education, public expenditure on education was increased during the 11^th plan. It is 4% of G.D.P. in 2011 -12 about 43% of public expenditure an education was incurred for elementary education, 25% for secondary education and balance 32% for higher education.

Question 8.
Health programmes in India.
Answer:
The Government of India have been making continuous efforts to provide universal access to comprehensive health and family welfare services of acceptable standards of quality human capital.
The family planning programme was started in 1951 as a purely demographic initiative.

1. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was started in 2005 to provide accessible, affordable and quality health services to rural areas. In the rural areas the Government extended National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) to towns as National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) in 2013. By combining NRHM and NUHM Government renamed it as National Health Mission (NHM).
2. Accredited Social Health Activities (ASHAs) have been selected and trained in health care for various villages.
3. Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) was started to bring down Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR). According to this scheme nearly 3.5 crore women have been covered.
4. Pradhan Mantri Swasthiya Yojana (PMSY) has been launched with the objectives of correcting regional imbalances in the availability of reliable health care services in the country.
5. Rogi Kalyan Samitis.
6. Village Health and Sanitation Committees.
7. Mobile Medical Units.
8. Ayurveda Yunani Siddha Homeo (AYUSH) Services.
9. Janani Sishu Suraksha Karyakramam (JSSK) was launched for mother and child care.

The 12^th plan main aim is Universal Health Coverage (UHQ for all in the countiy. UHC broadly means ensuring equitable access to affordable and quality health services to all the people in India. Regardless of Income level, Social status, Gender, Caste or Religion.

Question 9.
Physical Quality of Life Index (PQU).
Answer:
The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) is an attempt to measure the quality of life or well being of a country. The value is the average of three statistics : basic literacy rate, infant mortality and life expectancy at age one, all equally weighted on a 0 to 100 scale. It was developed for the overseas development council, in the mid 1970s by Morris David Morris, as one of a number of a measures created due to dissatisfaction with use of GNP as an indicator of development.

PQU might be regarded as an improvement but shares the general problems of measuring quality of life in an quantitative way. It has also been criticized because there is considerable overlap between infant mortality and life expectancy. The UN Human Development Index is a more widely used means of measuring well-being.

Steps Calculate Physical Quality of Life:

1. Find percentage of the population that is literate (literacy rate).
2. Find the infant mortality rate (out of 1000 births)
   Indexed Infant Mortality Rate = (166 – Infant mortality) × 0.625
3. Find the life expectancy. Indexed Life Expectancy
   (life + MO expectancy – 42) × 2.7
4. Physical Quality of Life
   = \(\frac{\text { Literacy Rate + Indexed Infant Mortality Rate + Indexed Life Expectancy }}{3}\)

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Population Explosion. [A.P. Mar. 18, 17, 16]
Answer:
When the birth rate exceeds death rate during particular period of time.

Question 2.
Great dividing year of population.
Answer:
The year 1921 is regarded as great dividing year of population because both birth and death rates were high before 1921, later death rate has been decreasing more rapidly than birth rate in India.

Question 3.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR).
Answer:
It is calculated at a ratio of the number of death among the 1000 born children in a year.

Question 4.
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR).
Answer:
It is calculated at a ratio of the number of delivery deaths among the 1,00,000 women in a year.

Question 5.
Birth Rate.
Answer:
It is calculated at a ratio of the number of births among the 1000 population in a year.

Question 6.
Death Rate.
Answer:
It is calculated at a ratio of the number of deaths among the 1000 population in a year.

Question 7.
Urbanisation.
Answer:
The proportion of urban population in India in 2001 was 27.8 percent as against 17.3 percent in 1951. If the economic development is going on people are migrate backward areas to urban areas. So the population density will be increase in urban areas, facing number of problems like high cost living sanitation, drainage, housing problems and high male – female ratio.

Question 8.
Joint family System.
Answer:
Joint family system in India is very much common in rural areas. The joint family system induces young couples to have children since taking care of their bringing up at home is not a problem in a joint family their economic burden is carried and shered by the earning members.

Question 9.
Occupational Distribution of Population.
Answer:
Occupational Distribution of Population refers to the number and ratio work force participation in the total population. The working population of the country is engaged in three different kinds of occupations known as primary occupation, secondary occupation and tertiary occupation.

Question 10.
Primary Sector.
Answer:
The primary occupation include all these essential activities such as agriculture and allied activities like animal husbandry, forestry, fishery, poultry etc., changes in occupational structure are very much associated with economic development.

Question 11.
Tertiary Sector. [A.P. Mar. ’18]
Answer:
Tertiary sector is also called service sector. Trade, transport, communications, banking, insurance, education, health etc., are included in service sector. Tertiary activities help primary and secondary activities in the country.

Question 12.
Human. Resource Development.
Answer:
The term human resource development refers to the process of acquiring and increasing the number of persons who have the skill education and experience. Which are critical for the economic and political development of a country.

Question 13.
Literacy Rate.
Answer:
Literacy Rate = × 100

Question 14.
Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA). [A.P. Mar. 18, 17, 16]
Answer:
Sarva Siksha Abhiyan has been introduced during 2001 – 2002. With an aim to provide universal elementary education for all children in the 6 to 14 age group by 2010. SSA has now been renamed as Rajiv Vidya Mission in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 15.
Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY). [A.P. Mar. 18]
Answer:
The scheme has dual objectives of reducing maternal and infant mortality by promoting institial deliveries. JSY has started in the year 2005 – 2006.

Question 16.
Human Development Index (HDI).
Answer:
Human Development Index measures the average achievement in the three basic dimensions of human development. They are life expectancy adult literary rate and decent standard of living.

Question 17.
Gender Related Index (GDI).
Answer:
Gender related index adjusts the average achievement to reflect the inequalities between men and women. The three components used for the purpose are

1. Female life expectancy
2. Female adult literacy
3. Female percapita income.

Question 18.
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM).
Answer:
The Gender Empowerment Measure was also introduced by the human development index report 1995. There are three components, which are used for measuring GEM.

1. Participation of women in economic and political activities.
2. Gender inequality in economic and political participation.
3. Female empowerment.

Question 19.
Human Poverty Index (HPI).
Answer:
The Human Development Report 1997 introduced the human poverty index, which concentrates on deprivation in three essential elements of human already reflected in HDI longevity, knowledge and a decent standard of living.

Question 20.
Total Fertility Rate. [A.P. Mar. 17]
Answer:
The number of live births by a woman during the entire reproductive period.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material 1st Lesson Economic Growth and Development Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Study Material 1st Lesson Economic Growth and Development

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Explain the characteristic features of developed countries.
Answer:
The developed countries are also referred to as high income countries, industrialised countries and advanced countries. USA, UK, France, Germany, Canada, Japan are some of the developed countries.
1) High per capita income: The income per head per year is called per capita income.
The main feature of the developed countries is high per capita income.
The per capita GNI of developed countries is far higher than the per capita GN1 of the developing countries like India and China. In the year 2012 the per capita GNI of U.S.A ($ 50.120) at official exchange rate was nearly 33 times and at purchasing power parity ($ 50.610) was 13 times that of India ($ 1.530). So there are high difference in the per capita incomes of developed and developing countries.

2) Importance of Non-agricultural sectors : The developed economies are non¬agriculture in nature. The industry and service sectors are well developed in these economies. The contribution of these sectors to income and the employment generation is very high when compared to the agriculture sector.
The developed countries are industry and service sector oriented whereas the developing countries still depend on the agriculture sector. In the USA the proportion of people engaged in agriculture sector is just 1.6 percent and its contribution to GDP is 1.3 percent.

3) Abundance of capital and technology : The most important feature of developed countries is high rate of capital formation and wide spread use of modem and sophisticated technology. As the developed countries are high income countries their capacity to save is also very high. The banking system and financial institutions efficiently mobilize the savings.

4) Low level of unemployment: The unemployment in the developed countries is caused by the shortage of effective demand. The unemployment in these economies is cyclical and frictional.
The rate of unemployment is marginal and the skills and mobility of labour are higher in the developed countries.

5) Better quality of life : A better quality of life is ensured in the developed countries due to the effective social security system, better compliance of pollution standards, availability of safe drinking water, well organized health care system and sanitation. The expenditure on education, research, training, skill formation and health is more in these countries.

Question 2.
India is a developing country – Discuss.
Answer:
The nature of the Indian economy is underdeveloped before the advent of planning. The pace of development has quickened since 1951. The following facts will prove that Indian economy is passing through a crucial phase of economic development.
1) National income trends : Over the four and half decades of economic planning, the economy registered significant advance. In 1950 – ’51 India’s net national product at factor cost at 1980 – ’81 prices was ₹ 40,454 crores. Since then it had increased to ₹ 91,71,045 crores in 2013 – ’14 from 4,71,619 crores in 1990 – ’91.

2) Rise in per capita income : A rise in per capita income is considered to be a better index of growth than the growth of net national product. In 1950 – ’51 India’s percapita net national product at 1980 – ’81 prices was ₹ 1,127. Since then it has raised by $ 1,070 to $ 1,530 in 2011.

3) Changing sectoral distribution of domestic product : An important index of development is a stealy decline in the contribution of agriculture and allied activities to gross domestic product. In 1950 – ’51 the share of agriculture and allied activites in the gross domestic product was 56.5%. The output of agriculture sector is 13.9%, secondary is 26.2% and tertiary sector is 59.9% in 2013 – ’14.

4) Occupational distribution of population : In India the occupational distribution of population has not changed significancy during plan period. In India where agriculture and allied activities accounted for 68.8% of work force in 1991 as against 72.1% in 1951. It is 48.9% in primary sector 24.3% in industrial sector 26.8% in tertiary sector in 2011.

5) Growth of production : The index of agriculture production increased by 100%. There is now in evidence much larger area under irrigation greater use of fertilisers and of improved agricultural practices. Indian agriculture has been greatly stabilised by the adoption of modem technology in farming.

6) Growth of basic capital goods industries : During British rule the share of basic and capital goods industries in the total industrial production was nearly one-fourth. From 1956, a large number of basic and heavy industries have been set up to make the country’s industrial structure strong.

7) Expansion in social overhead capital: Infrastructural facilities often referred to as economic and social overhead Indian planners were fully aware of the link between infrastructural facilities and general economic development. Their development can also be assured for better human-living. Tremendous amount of. progress achieved in the transport, banking, irrigation, education and communications. There has been a spectacular progress in the field of education and public health. The rate of literacy increased to 52% of population.

8) Science and Technology: For rapid economic progress, the application of science and technology to all economic and non-economic activities has become essential. 1958 the science policy resolution was adopted to provide positive incentives for the development and utilisation of science and technology in nation building activities. Our achievements in nuclear energy and in space technology have put India in the small select company of scientifically most developed countries.

Question 3.
Explain the features of developing countries with special reference to India. [A.P. Mar. 18, 17, 16]
Answer:
Developing economies are distinguished from developed economies on the basis of their per capita income. Most of the economies are agarian in nature and their present rate of capital formation is low and inadequate to meet the requirements of their development.

According to United Nations ‘The countries which have real per capita income less than a quarter of the per capita income of the United States are developing countries”.
The following are the characteristic features of developing countries with special reference to India.
1) Low per capita income : One of the basic features of developing countries is low per capita income. The low income and middle income countries combined together are called developing countries.
The per capita G.N.I. of India has increased from $ 1,070 to $ 1,530 (2011) entered into the group of lower middle income countries.

2) Scarcity of capital :,The rate of capital formation is low in most of the developing countries. In the most of developing countries the saving rates range between 15 to 20%.
According to C.S.O estimates the growth of gross domestic saving was 27-9% and capital formation was 24% in the year 2011 – ’12.

3) Unemployment: Wide spread unemployment is one of the important features of developing countries. In India unemployment is due to the deficiency of capital. There is disguised unemployment in rural areas. Around 60% of the population is depending on agriculture for employment. The planning commission estimated that there was a back logo of 37 million unemployed at the beginning of 11^th plan and it was expected that 82 million by the end of the plan.

4) Demographic characteristics : The developing countries are facing the problem of heavy population. They are successfully reducing the mortality rates by improving the medical facilities but failed to control the birth rates, this led to population explosion. India is also facing the problem of heavy population. It’s population was 1210 million in 2011 and it increased to 1278 million in 2015.

5) Predominance of agriculture : One of the basic features of developing countries is that they are predominantly agrarian economies. The share of agriculture in G.D.P is between 20 to 30%.

According to Indian economic survey 2013 – 14, 54.6% of the working population is engaged in the agriculture sector and it contributes 13.9% of the G.D.P.

6) High incidence of poverty: The another important feature of developing countries is the prevalence of mass poverty. The people in these countries suffer from low level of income, malnutrition, ill health and illiteracy.

India is also facing the problem of poverty. As per Tendulkar committee reports, the planning commission has updated the poverty line. Based on this; The percentage of population living below the poverty line was 29.8% in 2009 – 10.

7) Income inequalities : The most important feature of developing economies is the disparities in income and wealth. Compared to the developed countries, the income inequalities are larger in the developing countries.

According to 68^th round of NSSO for the year 2011 – ’12 the monthly per capita consumption expenditure of the poorest 10% of the rural population rise by 11.5% in 2011 – ’12 compared with the 66th round for the year 2009 – TO. In urban areas, the growth was 17.2% and 30.2% respectively over the same period.

8) High density of population: The density of population is veiy high in the developing countries due to the large size of population. The density of population of the world was 50 per sq.km in 2011. It is in India was 382 per sq.km in 2011, where it was 3 in Australia, 33 in USA, 145 in China etc.

9) Low quality of life : The quality of life in the developing countries is very low in comparison with developed countries. These countries people suffer from malnutrition, high population, safe drinking water and lack of sanitation etc. The life expectancy at birth is below 65 years.

10) Technical backwardness: In the developing countries the production techniques backward due to lack of research and development. These countries use labour intensive technique because high population and capital deficiency.

Indian economy is also technically backward. Modem and traditional techniques are used side by side in different sectors of the economy. It has affected the productivity in the economy.

11) Dual economy: Economists talk of various types of dualism existing in developing economies. They are
(a) Social dualism
(b) Technological dualism
(c) Financial dualism.

Indian economy also characterised by the dualism, the product and factor markets in India are divided with different degree of imperfections. Technological dualism is existed in India. There prevailed two kinds of economic sectors i.e., organised and unorganised sectors. The industrial sector uses the modem technology and agriculture sector still follows old method of production.

12) Price instability : The price instability is also basic feature of the developing countries. In India there is continuous price instability because of shortage of essential commodities and gap between consumption and production.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between economic growth and development.
Answer:
The terms of Economic Growth and Economic Development are used synonymously, there exists some differences.

According to C.P. Kindle Berger “Economic growth means more output and economic development implies more output and changes in the technological and institutional arrangements by which it is produced”.

According to United Nations expert committee “Development concerns not only man’s material needs but also the improvement of the social conditions of his life. Development is therefore not only economic growth, but growth plus change social, cultural, institutional and economic”.

The following are the main differences between Economic Growth and Economic Development.

Economic growth

1. Economic growth refers to an increases in a country real output, of goods and services.
2. Economic growth is a single dimensional phenomenon.
3. Economic growth is mainly related to developed countries.
4. It is a narrow concept.
5. It does not require governmental intervention.
6. It denotes quantitative changes in the economy.
7. Economic growth does not indicate the distribution of income and wealth in the economy.
8. Economic growth can be compared with the physical growth of a person.
9. It can be measured.

Economic development

1. Economic development refers to not only economic growth but also progressive changes in the social economic structure of a country.
2. Economic development is a multi dimensional phenomenon.
3. Economic development is generally related to developing countries.
4. It is a wider concept.
5. It is not possible to achieve economic development without the intervention of the government.
6. It denotes qualitative changes in the economy.
7. Economic development indicates the distribution of income and wealth in the economy.
8. Economic development is like overall improvement of a person. (Both physical as well as intellectual).
9. It cannot be measured.

Question 2.
Explain the determinants of economic development.
Answer:
Economic development is a complex process. It is influenced by both economic and non-economic factors. Broadly the factors determine economic development are classified as follows.

1) Natural resources : The development of any country on the availability of natural resources. Jacob Viner, WilliamJ.Baumol and W.A. Lewis attached great importance to natural endowments of a country for its development. The availability of quality and quantity or size of the natural resources can induce the development of agriculture and industrialisation.

2) Economic factors :
(a) Capital formation: Economic development depends on capital formation. Capital formation depends on savings. It enlarges a country’s capacity to produce goods. Capital formation helps the formation of sound infrastructure.

(b) Marketable surplus : Marketable surplus raises the incomes in the rural areas which in turn stimulates the demand for goods and services. So the development of other sectors in an economy depends on the marketable surplus.

(c) Foreign trade : Foreign trade helps the countries to increase the production of goods and services through division of labour and specialisation. It will expand the output and employment in the economy. It also facilitates the developing countries to import capital, technology from the developed countries.

3. Non-economic factors :
(a) Human resources : Population is an important factor in economic development. If a country can manage to use its man power properly. But in case, human resources remain either unutilised or underutilised it will be a burden on the economy.

(b) Technical progress : Technology plays an important role in the economic development. The use of modem and sophisticated, technology enhances the productivity and production is all sectors of the economy. It minimizes the cost of production.

Political freedom : Majority of the developing countries were under the British rule in the past. After they got independence all these countries have initiated planning strategy to achieve faster economic development. Hence political freedom is necessary to take strong and independent decisions regarding the development process.

Social organisation : Development process requires the active participation of all sections of people in a country experiences suggest that the defective social organisation helped the rich to gamer the benefits of development. This has led to wide spread disparities among the people.

Corruption : The rampant corruption at various levels in the developing countries has become a negative factor in the process of development.
The factors like tax evasion, misappropriation of public funds and connivance of the officials are the major hindrances in the way of development.

Desire to develop : The development process in any country depends on the people desire to develop. According to Richard T. Gill “Economic development is not a mechanical process. It is a human enterprise. It’s outcome will depend on the skill, quality and attitudes of the people”.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Economic growth.
Answer:
Economic growth refers to an increase in a country’s real output of goods and services. It related to developed countries.

Question 2.
Economic development.
Answer:
Economic development refers to not only economic growth but also progressive changes in the socio-economic structure of a countiy.

Question 3.
Per capita income.
Answer:
The income per head per year is called per capita income. It is obtained by dividing the national income with population of the country.
Per capita income = \(\frac{\text { National income }}{\text { Population }}\)

Question 4.
Planning commission’s definition of a developing country.
Answer:
“An under developed economy is characterised by the existence, in greater or lesser degree of unutilised or underutilised man power on the one hand and of unexploited resources on the other”.

Question 5.
Human capital.
Answer:
Expenditure on education, training, skill formation research and improvement in health is called human capital.

Question 6.
World Bank’s classification of world countries.
Answer:
The World Bank in its world development report (2014) classified the countries on the basis of Gross National Income (G.N.I) per capita. Countries are divided into

1. Low income countries : With G.N.I per capita of $ 1.045 and below.
2. Middle income countries : With G.N.I per capita ranging between $ 1.046 and $ 12.746. The Middle income countries are again divided into
   a) Lower middle income countries with G.N.I per capita ranging between $ 1.046 and $4.125.
   b) Upper middle income countries with G.N.I per capita ranging between $ 4.126 and $ 12.746.
3. High income countries : With G.N.I per capita of $ 12.747 or more

Question 7.
Dual Economy. [A.P. Mar. 17, 16]
Answer:
An economy where both technically advanced and technically primitive sectors exist side by side is called as dual economy.

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Inter 2nd Year Hindi Poems पद्य भाग

• Poem 1 तुलसी के दोहे
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• Poem 5 कोशिश करने वालों की कभी हार नहीं होती
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• Chapter 1 अपना-पराया
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• Chapter 5 नंबरोंवाली तिजोरी
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Inter 2nd Year Hindi Non-Detailed एकांकी पीयूष

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Inter 2nd Year Hindi Grammar

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Intermediate 2nd Year Hindi Syllabus

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Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 13th Lesson Recent Developments in Andhra Pradesh and India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 13th Lesson Recent Developments in Andhra Pradesh and India

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe the Formation of Andhra Pradesh State.
Answer:
The Desire of Formation of Andhra Pradesh is not a new one. Sri C.R. Reddy expressed his feeling of formation of Andhra Pradesh by virtue of their Telugu speaking on the eve of his guest lecture of convocation of Osmania University in 1938 later Proi. Mamidipudi Venkata Rangaiah expressed this view in an article.

1) Role of Communist Party:
The Credit of the development of concept of Visalandhra has goes to communists of Andhra. They got thumping majority in 1952 general elections both in Andhra and Telangana regions the formation of Visalandhra was also included in their election manifesto to they used to promote the feeling among the people by establishment of Andhra State in 1953, October 1st the politics has gone through the regions of Andhra and Telangana towards the formation of Visalandhra.

2) First Visalandhra Mahasabha :
In 1949, November 26 the first Visalandhra mahasabha was held at Vijayawada under the leadership of Sri Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao.

3) Second Visalandhra Mahasabha:
In 1954, June 13 and 14 the second Visalandhra Mahasabha was held at Hyderabad led by Sri. Sri.

4) Fazal Ali Commission:
In the wake of formation of separate Andhra the Keralites, Kamatakas used to agitate for separate states. The Marathas’had also joined with them N.V Gadgil advised Nehruji, it is inevitable to the formation of linguistic state, unless and otherwise the congress party eould not survive in South India. By following this advice on 22^nd December, 1953 the Indian government has announced the formation of State Reorganization Commission (SRC) under the chairmanship of Fazal Ali, Besides him H.N.,Kunzru and K.M. Phanikkar were other members. The committee had submitted its report to the union government on 30^th September, 1955.

The contmittee in its report observed and examined merits and demerits by forming Visalandhra and it also studied deeply the formation of separate, Telangana and its positive arguments by mentioning positive and Negative views the committee advised it is better to make an agreement like Sri Bagh which was held in the case of formation of separate Andhra State which does not create any obstructions for development of Telangana and will not create any harm to job opportunities and to protect the interests of Telangana people then the Visalandhra can be formed in addition to the above the Telangana Legislators has to approve the resolution with 2/3 majority who were elected in 1952.

5. Gentlemen’s Agreement :
In order to clear the doubts among the people of Telangana that the Visalandhra may obstruct their interests, the gentlemen’s Agreement look place on 20^th February, 1956 at Delhi basing on the recommendations of Fazal Ali Commission. It was attended by Sri Bezawada Gopala Reddy the then Chief Minister of Andhra State, and his Colleagues Sarvasri Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, Gouthu Lanchanna, Alluri Satyanarayana Raju from Andhra Region.

Sri Burgula Ramakrishna Rao the then Chief Minister of Hyderabad state and his colleagues Savasri K.V. Ranga Reddy, Marri Chenna Reddy, J.V. Narsinga Rao from Telangana Region, They had signed on the Agreement which contains the follows aspects. ‘

1. The administrative expenditure of the state shall be contributed in proportion of both Andhra and Telangana. The surplus of Telangana should be confined for its development up to five years and it may be extended for another five years at the request of Telangana legislators.
2. The educational opportunities which are in Telangana shall be provided for them only more development is to be extended. Technical education and seats in Universities shall be allocated up to 1/3 for Telangana students.
3. The Vacancies arise in Future shall be allocated to both Regions in proportion to their population.
4. 12 years of Residency is must for Andhra people to get job in Telangana.
5. Regional Development council shall be constituted for over all development of Telangana.
6. In Council of ministers there shall be 60% from Andhra and 40% from Telangana respectively there must be one Muslim from Telangana part.
7. If the chief minister is belongs to Andhra Region, the deputy chief minister must be from Telangana Region and vise-versa. At least 2 port folios must be given to Telangana out of Home, Finance, Revenue, Planning, Development, Commerce and Industry.

Decks had been cleared for formation of Visalandhra in the wake of gentle men’s agreement. The state Reorganization Bill was introduced in both houses of parliament on 16^th March, 1956.

On 5^th April, 1956 the bill was approved by the Andhra legislative assembly by the following amendments.

1. The Name of the state should be Andhra Pradesh.
2. The capital and the high court must be set up at Hyderabad.
3. The general elections shall be held for the entire Andhra Pradesh in 1962.
4. The legislative council with 72 members should be setup.

→ On 13 April, 1956 the bill was approved by the Hyderabad state legislative assembly.
→ On 25^th August, 1956 the bill was approved by Rajya Sabha and later by Lok Sabha.
→ On 31^st August, the president of India gave his assent to the bill.
→ On 1^st November, 1956 on the eve of Diwali the first linguistic state of Andhra Pardesh was formed.
→ C.M. Trivedi was the first governor.
→ Neelam Sanjeev Reddy was the first chief minister.

Question 2.
Examine the causes that led to Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
The movement for separate Telangana state was revived with the creation of Chattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand in 2000. This time, the political movement was spear headed by the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS). Andhra Pradesh was the first state to be formed on the linguistic basis. But even after co-existence of 57 long years, the sense of same language has failed to keep the people of the state united.

The rationale behind the agitation for Telangana is not merely .’Economic Backwardness’ but the culmination of grievances such as intentional neglect of the region in water sharing, funds allocation, employment opportunities and even cultural discrimination. These claims may or may not pass the test of rationality. But, once a section of people start exhibiting their serious apprehensions and inconveniences to, live with their counterparts in other regions, it is difficult to sustain unity.

Causes that led to Bi-furcation :

1. The congress party entered into an alliance with TRS in 2004 elections.
2. The congress led UPA government promised that the decision on separate Telangana state will be taken at an appropriate time by getting consensus of all the political parties through the presidential address to the parliament during its first session on the eve of formation of 14th Lok Sabha. ,
3. The U.P.A government constituted a cabinet sub-committee headed by Sri Pranab Mukhaijee to have wider consultations with all the political parties regarding credtion of separate Telangana. Sri Raghuvams Prasad Singh (RJD) and Sri Dayanidhi Maran (DMK) were the other two members.
4. The Ruling party showed little interest in creating Telangana state. By the year 2009 when general elections are due, the congress party had gone back on its promise.
5. During 2009 elections the Telugu Desam, CPI and CPM parties entered into electoral alliance with TRS by forming the grand Alliance that they are in favour of separate State of Telangana.
6. In the Wake of Hunger Strike of Sri K. Chandra Sekhar Rao, the TRS supreme and with the intensification of agitation for separate Telangana. Home Minister Chidambaram said in December 2009, that is serious about Telangana.
7. The government of India constituted a committee for consultations on the situation in Andhra Pradesh on 3^rd February 2010. It was headed by Justice B.N. Sri Krishna. It examined two main issues namely, (i) the demand for separate statehood Telangana (ii) keeping the state united in the present form, Andhra Pradesh. The Committee submitted its report on 30 December, 2010 to the Ministry of Home Affairs.

The Sri Krishna Committee solicited suggestions and views from political parties, social organizations and other stakeholders. The Committee’s report contained six options. They are mentioned as follows.

1. Maintaining the status quo.
2. Bifurcation of the state into Seemandhra and Telangana. Each state is to develop its own capital. Hyderabad is to be converted into a Union Territory.
3. Dividing A.P. into two states – one of Rayala Telangana with Hyderabad as its Capital and the second one of the coastal Andhra Pradesh.
4. Dividing Andhra Pradesh into Seemandhra and Telangana with enlarged Hyderabad metropolis’as a separate Union Territory. It will be linked geographically to Guntur district in coastal Andhra via Nalgonda district in the south east and via Mahaboob Nagar district in the south to Kumool district in Rayalaseema.
5. Bifurcation of the State into Telangana and Seemandhra as per existing boundaries with Hyderabad as capital of Telangana and Seemandhra to have new capital.
6. Keeping the State united and providing for creation of statutorily empowered Telangana Regional Council for socio-economic development and political development of Telangana region.
7. Telangana leaders rejected the recommendations of the Committee and insisted on the formation of Telangana state with Hyderabad as its capital, Protests in Telangana continued in the form of strikes, hunger strikes, suicides, giving petitions and roses to public officials and boycotting the public events. .
8. The UPA coordination committee agrees to the division of Andhra Pradesh on July 30, 2013.
9. Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Bill, 2014 was passed by the Parliament in February 2014 amidst pandemonium in the Parliament. The Seemandhra region was in turmoil.
10. The Bill was attested by the President on March 1^st 2014.
11. The New 29^th state of Telangana was created on 2^nd June, 2014 with 119 members of Legislative Assembly and 40 members of Legislative Council, 17 members in the Lok Sabha and 7 members in Rajya Sabha.
12. The Residuary state of Andhra Pradesh would-have 175 MLA’s, 58 MLC’s, 25 MP’s in Lok Sabha and 11 MP’s in Rajya Sabha. There would be a common High Court and the expenditure would be apportioned between the two states. Hyderabad will remain the common capital under the Governor’s supervision for not more than ten years. Later in May 2015 a nfew capital city for Andhra Pradesh was announced with ‘Aitiaravati’. The capital city would stretch to the parts of Guntur and Krishna districts of the new state.

Question 3.
Define Human Right? Describe the structure of National Human Rights Commission of India.
Answer:
Introduction :
People are human so they are entitled to human rights. Human Rights determine standards to states and governments to protect the vulnerable Individuals and groups against oppression.

Definition:

1. Section 2(d) of the protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 defines Human Rights as “Rights relating to life, Liberty, Equality and dignity of the Individual, guaranteed by the constitution or embodied in the International covenants and enforceable by the courts in India”.
2. According to UNO Human Rights are freedom to all irrespective of place, sex, religion, language etc.

As per the U.N. Declaration of human rights, the government of India too steps for its implementation. In 1993, it appointed National Human Rights Commission and also passed Human Rights Act in 1998.

Composition:
National human rights commission is a multi-member body. It consists of four members, headed by the former chief justice of the Supreme Court. There will be a Supreme Court judge (or former Judge). A high court judge (or former high court chief justice) and two other members who actively participated in the human rights activities. The chairman of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, minorities commissions, chairperson of national women commission act as the ex-officio members of the commission. There will be a General Secretary having the status of Secretary general in the commission.

Appointment:
The chairman as well as members of the commission are appointed by the President of India.

Tenure :
The Chairman and members shall hold their office for five years or until the super annuation age of 70, years which ever is earlier.

Functions :
The following are some of the important functions of national human rights commission.

1. The national human rights commission makes enquiry into the cases of violation of human rights by the public authorities.
2. It enquires into the cases of human rights violation as permitted by the judicial organizations.
3. It review the various legislative measures in regard to the implementation of human rights.
4. It makes suggestions for averting terrorist operations affecting human rights.
5. It makes research into the matter of human rights.
6. It takes steps for creating awareness of human rights among the people.
7. It gives encouragement to voluntary organizations in the mutters of preserving human rights.

Question 4.
Explain about the Right to Information Act.
Answer:
The Right to Information act 2005 is an act of the parliament “to provide a setting out the practical regime of right to information of citizens”. The act applies to all states and Union territories of India except to Jammu and Kashmir. According to the act all the citizens have the right to seek information from any quarter which under the control of the public authority. The idea’is tq give transparency, accountability and disclosure in Government administration.

The act specifies that citizens have a right to –

• Request any information.
• Obtain copies of documents.
• Inspect document works and records,
• Takes certified samples of materials of work.

Process :
Under the act all authorities covered must appoint their information officer (PIO). Any person may submit request to the PIO for information in writing. If the request has been made to the PIO the reply is to be given within thirty days of receipt.

If information is not provided within this period it is treated deemed refusal. This is a fee of Rs. 10 filling the request Rs. 2 for page of information Rs. 5 each hour of after the first hour. Persons Below the Poverty Line (BPL) are exempted from the fee payment. However he or she should submit a proof in support of his or her claim for belonging to the section below poverty line.

Exclusions :
IB, RAW, CBI, Directorate of revenue Intelligency, Central Economic Intelligency, Bureau, Narcotics Control Bureau, BFS, CRPF, ITBP, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Special branch, Laksha Dweep Police for that information relating to all allegation of human right violation could be given but only with the approval of Central (or) state information commission.

The following exempt from disclosure section (8) Eight:
→ Information disclosure of which would prejudicially effect the sovereignty and integrity of India.
→ Information which has been expressly forbidden to be published by any court of law or tribunal or disclosure of which may constitute contempt of court. Information the disclosure of which would cause the breach of privilege of parliament (or) state legislature.
→ Information whjch would impact the process of investigation or apprehension of prosecution of offenders.
→ The administrator appointed under Article 239 of the constitution.

The central information commission :
The central information commission consisted of one chief commissioner, number of CIC not exceeding ten. All the commissioners shall be appointed by the president of India. Head quarter is in Delhi.

The state information commission :
The state information commission consisted of one chief commissioner and not more than ten. Information commissioners appointed by the state.

The central information commission or state information commission as the case may be shall while inquiring into any matter have the same powers as or vested in a civil court.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe the formation of Andhra State. [Mar. 18, 16]
Answer:
During Vandhemataram movement, the senior congressmen of Andhra Region, Sri Bhoga Raju Pattabhi Seetha Ramaiah, Mutnuri Krishna Rao, Konda Venkatappiah and Tanguturi Prakasam Met at Machilipatnam and discussed about formation of an Integrated Andhra state by uniting the regions of Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana. In the Madras State, There are 58% of Telugu areas and 40% of Telugu people were remained backward.

This created the feeling of separate state of Andhra among them strongly. In 1912 the joint session of Godavari, Krishna and Guntur was held at Nidadavole under the chairmanship of Sri Vemavarapu Ramadas and passed a Resolution for formation of separate Andhra State.

1) The First Andhra Mahasabha, Bapatla 1913:
In 1913 at Bapatla of Guntur district, the First Andhra Mahasabha was held which was presided by Sri B.N.Sarma. It was attended by 800 delegates and 2000 Audience.

2) The Second Andhra-Mahasabha, Vijayawada 1914 :
On 11^th April of 1914 the second Andhra Mahasabha was held at Vijayawada which was presided by Sri Nyapathi Subba Rao, Sri Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao of Vijayawada was its Convener. It was attended by 1600 delegates.

3) The Third Andhra Mahasabha, Visakhapatnam 1915 :
In 1915, May the third Andhra Mahasabha was held at Visakhapatnam under the chairmanship of Sri Panagallu Raja Rama Rayanim. It pass two resolutions.

1. Formation of separate Andhra State, Inevitable
2. Teaching in mother tongue up to secondary school level

The Nagpur congress session in 1920 has declared officially by accepting the doctrine of linguistic states. It has Recoginsed 21 languages on that basis the separate Pradesh congress was launched. Article 52 of Indian council Act of 1919 which was made on the Report of Montague – Chelmsford stated that the government may accept the proposal of separate’Andhra State if such resolution is passed by majority in the state legislature.

In 1926, the Andhra university was established with a view to provide higher education to Andhra people due to sincere efforts by the then education minister, Sri Anem Parasuram Pathro.

In 1932, under the chairmanship of Sri Kadapa Kotireddy, The separate Andhra Mahasabha was held at Madras. Sri Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao Pantulu and Prominent leaders of Andhra and Rayalaseema were participated.

4) Sri Bagh Pact :
On 14^th November, 1937 at Madras in the residence of Sri Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao panthulu namely “Sri Bagh” the meeting of leaders of Andhra and Rayalaseema was held.

Leaders from Andhra regio,n were Dr. Bhoga Raju, Pattabhi Seetha Ramaiah, Konda Venkatappaiah, Mahboob Alibegh, Desi Raju Hanumantha Rao, Mullapudi Pallam Raju and Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao Pantulu.

Leaders from Rayalaseema were Sri Kadapa Kotireddy, Seetha Rami Reddy, Subbu Rami Reddy, T.N.Rama Krishna Reddy, Pappuri Ramachari and Varadachari.

On 30^th march, 1938 Konda Venkatappaiah introduced a Resolution in Madras Assembly and it was seconded by Kadapa Koti Reddy. The then chief minister addressed the house on resolution. Later it was passed by the house unanimously.

In 1938 The Andhra Mahasabha was held which was presided by Dr. Sarvepalli Radha Krishna and discussed about capital.

The First Andhra Mahasabha, Bapatla 1913
The Second Andhra Mahasabha, Vijayawada 1914
The Third Andhra Mahasabha, Visakhapatnam, 1915
Sri Bagh Pact
Events that led to the formation of Andhra State.
J.VR Report
Hunger Strike of Swami Seetharam
Hunger Strike fast un to death of Potti Sreeramulu
Waanchu Committee 1953

5) J.VR Report:
The Jaipur congress session appointed three men committee which consists of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhaipatel and Pattabhi Seetha Ramaiah, Popularly Known as JVP Committee to re consider the Separate state demand. The committee submitted report in 1949 April Stating that the separate state can be formed upon a condition that the Andhra people has to set a side the desire of Madras city.

6) Hunger Strike of Swami Seetha Ram :
With a view to get easy and speedy formation of separate Andhra State by over coming of all hurdles Sri Swami Seetha Ram (Sri Gollapudi Seetha Ram Sasthri) Started hunger strike on 15^th August, 1952 at Guntur Town hall it was continued for 36 days.

7) Hunger Strike Fast un to death of Potti Sreeramulu:
For the Separate state hood of Andhra Potti Sreeramulu has started fast un to death on 19^th October, 1952 at the Residence of Maharshi Bulusu Sambamurthy and it was later named as “Yagnasala”.

Under these circumstances on 9th December 1952 the union government announced that the government would consider the issue of Separate Andhra state if the Andhra people will agree for separate Andhra apart from Madras By that time Fast un to death of Potti Sreeramulu has gone to 52^nd day on 15th December 1952 at 11.39 p.m. Potti Sreeramulu Possess away.

8) Waanchu Committee 1953 :
In Jan, 1953 the Government of India has appointed Justice Waanchu, the chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court to study the formation of separate Andhra state soon after the receipt of Waanchu report prime minister Nehru announced that the Andhra state will be formed on 18^th October, 1953 and furtherly he stated it is the responsibility of Andhra Legislators to decide the capital, which has to be set up in Andhra region except Madras.

Formation of Andhra State:
The government of India appointed C.M.Trivedi as special officer to look into the New state formation activities. The separate state of Andhra was officially formed with “Kumool’ as its capital on 18^th October, 1953 as announced earlier.

New Andhra State Consists of 11 Andhra districts Viz, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Nellore, Chittoor, Kadapa, Anantapur and Kurnool.

High court was set up at Guntur on 4^th July, 1954 Justice Koka Subba Rao was the first chief justice C.M.Trivedi was the First Governor of Andhra state.

“Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu” was the first thief minister. Prime Minister Jawaharlala Nehru launched the Andhra State on 1^st October, 1953. The people through out the state had Celebrated it as great event and Festival.

Question 2.
Examine the Factors that led to Jai Andhra Movement
Answer:
Jai Andhra Movement (1972) was a sequal to the Telangana agitation (1969) which demanded only “Mulkis” should be appointed to the posts in Telangana including Hyderabad city. The ‘Mulki’ issue had a long history behind it. As early as in 1969, the Nizam State of Hyderabad issued a farman laying down that only ‘Mulkis’ are eligible for public appointments in the state. ‘Mulki’ was defined as one who was bom in the State of Hyderabad or resided there continuously for fifteen years and had given an affidavit that he or she has abandoned the idea of returning to his or her native place.

Even after the formation of Andhra Pradesh, the Mulki rules continued to be in force in the Telangana region. As these rules stood in the way of the people of Andhra region to compete for the posts, their validity was challenged in the High Court. The High Court struck down Mulki rules. On an appeal by the state government, the Supreme Court declared that the Mulki rules were valid and were in force. The judgement created a great political crisis in the state. The people of Andhra region felt that they were reduced to the status of second class citizens in their own state capital. They have an agitation demanding separation of Andhra region from Andhra Pradesh.

As the agitation continued, President Rule was imposed in the state (1973) and a political settlement was arrived at with the initiative from the Central Government. A ‘Six Point formula’ was agreed upon by the leaders of two regions to prevent any recurrence of such agitations in future. It included, among others the following two points.

1. The abolition of Mulki rules and the Telangana Regional Committee.
2. The establishment of a Central University at Hyderabad to augment educational facilities.

Question 3.
What are the Initiative under taken by NHRC?
Answer:
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body. It was established on October 12^th, 1993. The NHRC is the guardian of Human Rights in the country, i.e., the Rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the Individuals guaranteed by the constitution.

Initiatives under taken by NHRC :

1. The enquire into any violation of human rights.
2. To intervene in any proceeding involving allegation of violation of human rights pending before a court.
3. To visit jails and detention places to study the living conditions of inmates and make recommendations thereon.
4. To review the constitutional and other legal safeguards for the protection of human rights and recommended measures for their effective implementation.
5. To review the factors including acts of terrorism that inhibits the enjoyment of human rights and recommend remedial measures.
6. To study treatises and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation.
7. To undertake and promote research in the field of human rights.
8. To spread human rights literature among the people and promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of human rights.
9. To encourage the efforts of NGO’s working in the field of human rights.
10. To recommend to the concerned authorities to make payment of compensation or damage to the victims. .

Question 4.
Why are Human Rights commissions necessary at the National and State Level?
Answer:
People are human so they are entitled to Human Rights. Human rights determine standards to states and governments to protect the vulnerable individuals and groups against oppression.

The Human Rights Protection Act, 1993 facilitates not only the creation of National Human Rights Commission but also a State Human Rights Commission at the state level. At present 23 states in India have constituted the State Human Rights Commission and Andhra Pradesh is one among them. The main objective of State Human Rights Commission is to inquire into violation of human rights only in respect of subjects mentioned in the State List and concurrent List of the 7th schedule of Constitution.

The National Human Rights Commission is the guardian of human Rights in the country i.e. the rights relating to life, liberty equality, and dignity of the individuals guaranteed by the constitution.

Whereas the State Human Rights Commission is the guardian of human rights in the state.

Question 5.
What are the Powers and Functions of Information Commissions? [Mar. 17]
Answer:
The following are the powers and functions of information commissions both at central and state levels.

1. The Central Information Commission/State Information Commission (CIC/SCIC) has a duty to receive complaints from any person-

• Who was not been able to submit an information request because a PIO has not been appointed?
• Who has been refused information that was requested?
• Who has received no response to his/her information request within the specified timelimits;
• Who thinks the fees charged are unreasonable;
• Who thinks the information given is incomplete or false or misleading; and
• Any other matter relating to obtaining information under this law.

2. Power to order inquiry if there are reasonable grounds.
3. The Central Information Commission / State Information Commissions (CIC/SCIC) will have powers of Civil Court such as –

• Summoning and enforcing attendance of persons, compelling them to give oral or written evidence on oath and to produce documents or things.
• Requiring the discovery and inspecition of documents.
• Receiving evidence on affidavit.
• Requisitioning public records or copies from any court or office.
• Issuing summons for examination of witnesses or documents.
• Any other matter which may be prescribed.

4. All records covered by this law (including those covered by exemptions) must be given to Central Information Commission / State Information Commission (C.IC / SCIC) during inquiry for examination.

5. Power to secure compliance of its decisions from the Public Authority includes

• Providing access to information in a particular form.
• Directing the public authority to appoint a PIO / APIO where none exists.
• Publishing information or categories of information.
• Making necessary changes to the practices relating to management, maintenance and destruction of records.
• Enhancing training provision for officials on RTI.
• Seeking an annual report from the public authority on compliance with this law.
• Require it to compensate for any loss or other detriment suffered by the applicant.
• Impose penalties under this law.

Question 6.
How is the Central Information Commission Constituted?
Answer:
The Central Information Commission (CIQ is constituted by the central government through a Gazette Notification.

Composition:
The Central Information Commission consists of one Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and 10 other information Commissioners (IQ.

The Commission shall have its head quarters in Delhi. Other offices may be established in other parts of the country.

Appointment:
The Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners will be appointed by the president of India, basing on the recommendations of the appointment committee headed by the Prime Minister.

Eligibility (or) Qualifications :
The persons who wish to be appointed as chief information commissioner and information commissioner must possess the following

Qualifications:

• He must be person of eminence in public life with wide knowledge and experience in law, science and Technology, Social service management, Journalism, Mass media or Administration and governance.
• He shall not be a member of either union or State Legislature
• He shall not hold any other office of profit
• He shall not be connected with any political party
• He shall not carrying on any business or pursuing any profession.

Tenure :
The Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners shall remain in office for a period of 5 years or till they attains the age of 65 years, which ever is earlier.

Salary :
The salary of CIC and i.e will be the same as that of the chief Election Commissioner and the Election Commissioner.

The Commission will exercise its powers without being subjected to directions by any other authority.

Question 7.
What is the Time Limit to get the Information?
Answer:
Any citizen of the country can seek information from any agency subject to certain limitations. The applicant should submit an application to the Public Information Officer (PIO) or Assistant PIO or who is the officer to give information to a person, who seeks information under this Act, accompanied by a nominal fee (usually Rs. 10/-) in the form of demand draft / banker cheque / Indian Postal Order / Court Fee stamp. Persons below the poverty line (BPL) are exempted from the fee payment. However he / she should submit a proof in support of his or her claim for belonging to the section below poverty line.

Information is to be provided by the PIO / asst. PIO within 30 days if life and liberty is involved, the information should be furnished within 48 hours where third party is involved it is to be provided within 40 days. If the information is not forthcoming within the stipulated period, first appeal can be made to the head of the department. After a reasonable gap, the second appeal can be made to Information Commission. For refusing to furnish information or for unreasonable delay or for providing false information, a penalty of Rs. 250/- a day can be levied up to a maximum of Rs. 25000/-, and the employee can be prosecuted.

Question 8.
What are the different options suggested by Sri Krishna Committee regarding the status of Andhra Pradesh State? [Mar- 18, 16]
Answer:
The government of India constituted a Committee for consultations on the situation in Andhra Pradesh on 3^rd February, 2010 headed by Justice B.N.Sfi Krishna. It Examined two main issues namely :

• The demand for separate statehood of Telangana.
• Keeping the state united in the present form, Andhra Pradesh.

The Committee submitted its report on 30 December, 2010 to the union home ministry.
The committee’s report contained the following six options.

1. Maintaining the status quo.
2. Bifurcation of the state into Seemandhra and Telangana. Each state is to develop its own capital. Hyderabad is to be converted into a union Territory.
3. Dividing A.P into two states – one of Rayala Telangana with Hyderabad as its capital and the second one of the coastal Andhra Pradesh.
4. Dividing Andhra Pradesh into Seemandhra and Telangana with Hyderabad metropolis as a separate union Territory. It will be linked geographically to guntur district in coastal Andhra via Nalgonda district in the south East and via Mahaboob Nagar district in the South to Kumool district in Rayalaseema.
5. Bifurcation of the state into Telangana and Seemandhra as per existing boundaries with Hyderabad as capital of Telangana and Seemandhra to have new capital.
6. Keeping the state united and providing for creation of statutorily empowered Telangana Regional council for Socio-economic development and political development of Telangana Region.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Gentlemen Agreement.
Answer:
In order to clear the doubts among the people, of Telangana that the Visalandhra may obstruct their interest, the gentlemen’s agreement took place on 20^th February, 1956 at Delhi basing on the recommendations of Fazal Ali Commission. It was attended by Sri Bezawada Gopala Reddy the then Chief Minister of Andhra State, and his colleagues Sarvasi Neelam, Sanjeeva Reddy, Gouthu Lanchanna, Alluri Satyanarayana Raju from Andhra region.

Sri Burgula Ramakrishna Rao the then Chief Minister of Hyderabad State and his colleagues Savaging K.VRanga Reddy Marri Chenna Reddy, J.V.Narsinga Rao from Telangana Region. They had signed on the Agreement.

Question 2.
JVP Committee. [Mar. 18, 16]
Answer:
The Jaipur Congress session appointed three men committee which consist of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhaipatel and Pattabhi Seetha Ramaiah popularly known as JVP Committee to reconsider the separate state demand. The committee submitted report in 1949 April stating that the separate state can be formed upon a condition that the Andhra people has to set a side the desire of Madras city.

Question 3.
Sri Bagh Pact.
Answer:
When the Andhra movement was in full swing the leaders of Rayalseema and Andhra met at the residence of Sri Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao Panttulu on 14^th November, 1937 popularly known as “Sree Bagh” the following leaders were participated in the meeting.

The meeting was held in a peaceful atmosphere. The following were the chief provisions of the pact.

1. The centres of Andhra universities will be established one at waltair and another , at Rayalaseema.
2. Giving importance to the development of Rayalaseema.
3. Equal representation in the assembly for all the districts.
4. To set up either new capital or high court in Rayalaseema.

Question 4.
Fazal Ali Commission.
Answer:
On 22^nd December 1953 the Indian government has announced the formation of States Re-organization Commission (SRC) under the chairmanship of Fazal Ali, besides him H.N Kunzty and K.M Phanikkar were other members. The committee had submitted its report to the union government on 30^th September 1955.

Question 5.
Criteria to be followed to be appointed as the chairperson of NHRC. [Mar. 17]
Answer:
The Chairperson of the NHRC is appointed by the president of India, on the recommendations of a six (6) member committee consisting of further a sitting judge of the supreme court or a sitting chief justice of High Court can be appointed only after consultation with the chief justice of India. This high level and politically balanced committee, together with the statuatory requirements relating to the qualifications of the chairperson.

Question 6.
Procedure to be considered for the appointment of chairperson and members of the state HRC.
Answer:
The Chairman and members of state HRC are appointed by. the concerned state governor on the recommendations of a committee consisting of the chief minister as its head, the speaker of the legislative assembly. In the case of a state having legislative council, the chairman of the council and the leader of the opposition in the council would also be the members of the Committee. The sitting judge of a High Court or a sitting District judge can be appointed as members only after consulation with the chief justice of the high court of the concerned state.

Question 7.
Human Rights Commission as a civil court.
Answer:
The Human Rights Commission has the powers of a civil court under the code of civil procedure, 1908 in respect of-summoning and enforcning the attendance of witness; discovery and production of any document; receiving evidence on affidavits, requisitioning any public record or copy there of from any court or office ; issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents and request of public record as listed under section 13 of the Act.

It has authority to grant interim relief.
It can recommend payment of compensation for the damages.

Question 8.
The Jurisdiction of NHRC on Armed forces.
Answer:
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has limited role, powers, and Jurisdiction with respect to the violation of Human Rights by the Armed force. It has no power to punish the violation of Human Rights. The Commission’s Role is an advisory, Recommendatory. The government considers the cases forwarded by it.

Question 9.
Public Information Officer (PIO).
Answer:
Under the Right to Information Act, 2005 all authorities covered must appoint their information officer. Such an officer is called as Public Information Officer (PIO). In All Administrative Units PIO’s are designated to furnish information to any citizen. Any person may submit request to the PIO for information in writing.

Question 10.
What is Information?
Answer:
Information is any material in any form. It includes Records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advice, press releases, circulars, orders, log books, contracts, reports, papers, samples, models and data material in any electronic form.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 12th Lesson Political Parties Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 12th Lesson Political Parties

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write an essay on the major National Political Parties in India.
Answer:
India is the largest democratic country in the world. Political parties in India are classified into two types.

1. All India Parties (or) National Parties and
2. Regional Parties

1. National Parties :
A political party that participates in four or more states in Lok Sabha elections and secures 6% of valid polled votes plus 4 Lok Sabha- seats can be recognized as National Party by the Election Commission of India.

At present there are 6 major National parties in India they are :

1. Indian National Congress (INC)
2. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
3. Communist Party of India (CPI)
4. Communist Party of India Marxist (CPM)
5. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) .
6. Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)

1. Indian National Congress (INC):
Indian National Congress is the oldest All India Political Party in our country. It was founded by A.O. Hume, a British Civil Servant on 28^th December 1885. Womesh Chandra Banerjee was its first President. This party has played a prominent role in the Indian National movement agairist the Britishers and ultimately secured Independence. After Independence, the Congress kept on dominating the Indian Political science. It became the ruling party at the union and in majority of the Indian States upto March 1977.

Again it came to power during 1980-89 and 1991-1996. Between 1996 – 2004 it acted as a recognised opposition party at the centre. In 2004, it came to power at the centre as a major partner in United Progressive Alliance (UPA). It was the first congress led coalition at the centre. Again in 2009 general elections the congress led UPA, Secured Majority and formed government at centre with its allies.

2. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP):
Bharatiya Janata Party is one of the All India Parties in India. It was founded in February 1980. It has been playing an active role in Indian Politics. It remained in power at the centre during 1998 – 2004. The party has remained as a major partner in the NDA government at the centre in the 13th Lok Sabha. The party remained as the main opposition party in the 14th and 15m Lok Sabha. Now it is in power at the centre under the leadership Sri Narendra Modi’, the Prime Minister of BJP led NDA government since 2014, May.

3. Communist Party of India (CPI) :
Revolutionary leaders and great intellectuals like M.N. Roy were very much fascinated by the Great October Revolution in Russia. Accordingly, the Communist P«arty of India was established on Dec. 26, 1925. Its main aims were to unify the workers, to fight against the colonial rule, to bring about a revolution through class war etc.

The party’s support was more concentrated in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal, Bihar and Kerala.

4. Communist Party of India Marxist (CPI(M)) :
The split in the Communist Party of India in 1964 at the Vijayawada session led to the birth CPI Marxist party. The extremists headed by Puchallapalli Sundarayya, Nambudripad, Jyoti Basu etc., formed the Marxist party. In fact there is not much difference in the ideology between the two parties. They differ only in the means. Of the CPI has moderate and rightist nature CPI (M) has extremist and leftest in nature. If the CPI is pro-Russia and CPI (M) is pro-China. The CPI(M) has a strong presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura.

5. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) :
Bahujan Samaj Party is a National Party in our country. It was founded by Kanshi Ram in 1984. The Bahujan Samaj Party – a party dominated by Dalits is the outcome of the merger of employees federation and Dalit Shoshit Samaj Samiti. Kanshi Ram was the torch bearer of this party and Mayawati its beacon light. Mayawati has been described as the guiding angel of the BSP and in fact its savior. The Scheduled Castes, Tribes, educationally and socially downtrodden classes, employees and workers of these classes are the members of this party. After the death of its mentor Kanshi Ram, Mayawati has become the savior of the party in all respects. The BSP has considerable hold in the U.P.

6. Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) :
The Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) is a Centre to Centre left political party primarily based in the states of Maharastra, Kerala and Meghalaya. NCP was formed on 25 May 1999, by Sharad Pawar, P.A. Sangma and Tariq Anwar after they were expelled from the Indian National Congress (INC) on 20^th May 1999, for disputing the right of Italian – bom Sonia Gandhi to lead the party. Sharad Pawar is its president. It was an ally of congress led UPA government during 2004 to 2014.

Question 2.
Explain the various types of Parties and estimate the role of Regional Parties in India.
Answer:
There are four types of Political Parties in the modem democratic states. They are:

1. Reactionary Parties
2. Conservative Parties
3. Liberal Parties, and
4. Radical Parties

The Reactionary Parties are those which are clinging to the old socio-economic and political institutions. The Conservatives believe in the status quo. The Liberal Parties aim at reforming the existing institutions. The Radical Parties aim at establishing a new order by overthrowing the existing institutions. Parties are also again classified on the basis of ideologies. The political scientists have placed the radical parties on the left, the liberal parties in the Centre and the reactionary and conservative parties on the right. In other words, they are described as the leftist parties’, ‘centrist parties’ and ‘rightist parties’.

After India became independent many political parties came into existence. Among these are some national parties, while some are regional parties D.M.K. in Tamil Nadu, Telugu Desam in A.P., National Conference in Jammu and Kashmir, Kranti Ranga in Karnataka and Assam Gana-Parishad in Assam have come into existence and have flourished as regional parties.

Reasons for the rise of regional parties :
Regional parties have been playing a vital role in the Indian politics. These regional parties have come into existence due to the causes mentioned here under.

Causes for the promotion of regional parties :

1) Regional parties based on regional issues :
India is a vast country with a great diversity. The Governments that came to power after Independence have not attempted to eliminate the economic imbalances and the differences between the different regions. Regional parties have come into existing basing on a problem in a certain region. In Tamil- Nadu at first D.K. and later D.M.K, have come into existence basing on the issues of preservation of Tamil culture, language issue and opposition to the imposition of Hindi.

In Punjab, Akali Dal was set up for the formation of a Punjabi Suba to safeguard the special status of Kashmir, National Conference was founded. Due to excessive intervention of the centre in Andhra Politics and the self-respect of Andhra Telugu Desam party come into existence and captured power in 1983. As regional parties have given prominence to the solution of the local issues, they have been reaping the sympathy of the people. So within a short time regional parties have flourished. ’

2) Failure of the Congress in solving regional issues :
The regional parties have flourished due to the failure of the Congress in solving regional issues. The Congress party has not taken regional disparities into account. It has not also tried to solve them in time and in a faetful way. D.M.K in Tamil Nadu became powerful on account of the language problem and the imposition of Hindi to which Tamilians are opposed. On account of the Centre’s frequent intervention in A.P Politics and disregard in selling up Central Government Industries Telugu Desam became powerful. In all the regions where regional parties have been formed, the failure of the Congress in solving regional issues is clearly seen.

3) Economic disparities between the states :
The Central Government has not implemented schemes to remove the economic disparties between the regions of the country and to ensure economic well being of all the regions. As economic disparties between the different states grew, the protests and agitations gave rise to the birth of the regional parties. With the vast economic resources at it’s disposal the centre did not attempt to remove the economic disparties. Economic inequalities are the main causes behind political agitations or movements. The frustration at the different provincial level gave rise to the rise and development of regional parties.

4) Individuality of regional leaders and their influence :
The individuality and influence of the regional leaders can be said to be one of the factors for the rise of regional parties. May parties have been founded only by leaders who have individuality and influence. These have been able to secure popularity.
Ex : Sri M.G. Ramachandran has founded the A.I.A.D.M.K. and Sri N.T. Rama Rao founded the Telugu Desam party. The strength behind these regional parties is derived from one individual. So, the party workers in a disciplined manner exhibit their allegiance to their leader; By this factor only regional parties have been thriving.

5) Electoral agreements or adjustments :
Where the regional parties are strong the national parties for their existence have been making electoral alliances with the regional parties. After the elections depending on the results these national parties have been joining the ministry or lending support from outside. So.these regional parties have been flourishing.

These factors have been responsible for the growth of regional parties in India.

Question 3.
Write an essay on “One Party Dominance” in India.
Answer:
Indian National Congress is the oldest All India Political Party in our country. It was founded by A.O. Hume, a British Civil Servant on 28^th December 1885. Womesh Chandra Baneijee civil was its first president. This party has played a prominent role in the Indian National movement against the Britishers and ultimately secured independence. After independence, the Congress kept on dominating the Indian Political Science. It became the ruling party at the union and in majority of the Indian States. The Role of the Congress party was so great that India was often described as a single dominant Party System.,

Support Base :
During the freedom struggle, the Indian National Congress enjoyed the support of all sections of society, particularly the middle class and the new intellectual Elite. After independence it enjoyed a remarkable popular support among the masses. The congress has always tired to identify itself with the poor of India. Garibi Hatao has been its popular slogan.

During 1947 – 67 the congress ruled the union and almost all the states of the union. In 1967 it suffered a set back when in several states non-congress parties came to power. Its leaders Jawaharlal Nehru, Lai Bahadur Sastri and Indira Gandhi have acted as the Prime Ministers in succession from 1947 to 1977. In 1977 elections the Congress lost its power because of misrule and authoritarian rule during the emergency from 1975 to 1977. In 1980 and 1984 it came back to power under the leadership of Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi. In 1991 elections congress formed government under the prime ministership of P.V. Narasimha Rao, after the assasination of Rajiv Gandhi.

The destruction of the controvercial Babri Masjid during Rao’s rule proved to be a great curse to the party. The economic reforms initiated in this period were not openly acknowledged. In 1996 election the party failed to win. In 14^th and 15^th Lok Sabha elections Under the leadership of Mrs. Sonia Gandhi the congress led UPA, won the majority and formed government at the centre under the Prime Minister of Dr. Manmohan Singh. In 15^th Lok Sabha election the UPA contested with the Slogan “Jai ho”

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is Political Party? Explain its characteristics and functions. [Mar. 16]
Answer:
Political Parties are the life blood of democracy. Political parties mould public opinion and create an order out of the choos of individual opinion. In general sense, political party is an organized group of citizens having the purpose of controlling the government through shared interest, by replacing some of its members in public office.

Political parties are defined by various political scientists in different ways. Some of them are given below :
1) Gilchrist:
“Political party as an organized group of citizens who profess to share the same political views and who acting as a political unit try to control the Government”.

2) Leacock :
“A political party is a more or less organized group of citizens who act together as a political unit”.
Characteristic of Political Parties : The following are the important characteristics of political parties. .

1. A party should consist of a group of persons of common interest and shared values.
2. A party should have its own ideology and programme.
3. It should capture power only by constitutional means through elections.
4. It should endeavour to promote the national interest and national welfare.

Functions of Political Parties: The following are the main functions of political parties.
1) They articulate and aggregate social interests of people :
Parties express public expectations and demands of social groups to the political system. Parties put forward different policies and programmes for the welfare of people. These political parties are articulate and aggregate the people’s demands and channelize into political system for policies.

2) Political recruitment :
Political parties perform the recruitment function in the political system. Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want By this recruiting function, they provide leadership to the country.

3) Means of public opinion :
They raise and highlight the people’s problems and issues. Political parties may agitate and launch movements for the solution the problems faced by people. Political parties demand the government for welfare policies their- programmes will reflect the opinion of the people.

4) They promote political Socialization and participation of citizens:
Political parties create a link between citizens and the political system ; they enable political participation of individuals and groups with the prospect of success. They educate the citizens and prepare them for their adult roles are us citizens and voters.

5) Making laws :
When parties come to power, they make laws for the country. Irrespective of their personal options. Opposition parties also participate in the discussion and debates and suggest the changes in the policies and programmes of the government.

6) Role of opposition :
Parties that lose in elections play the role Of opposition to the parties in power by criticizing the government for its failures or wrong policies. They can evaluate the performance of the ruling party and inform to the public about the merits and demerits of the policies and acts made by it.

7) Access to government machinery and welfare Schemes :
For an ordinary citizen, it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why they feel close to parties ever when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands.

8) They contribute legitimacy to the political system:
In establishing the connection between citizens social groups and the political system, the parties contribute in anchoring the political order in the consciousness of the citizens and in social forces.

Question 2.
What do you know about Party System? Give a note on types of Party System.
Answer:
Party System :
Party System is a modem phenomenon which has less than 200 years of age. Parties and party system emerged in Europe, North America and Japan around the third decade of the 19^th century.

The party system refers to complex social and political processes individual leaders, societal associations, political groups and organizations and their interaction and inter-relationships. These interaction patterns are governed by constitutions, statues, rules regulations and institutions.

Rajini Kothari has argued in his book “Politics in India” that the party system evolved from an identifiable political centre. This political centre, curved during the nationalist movement, comprised of the political elite sharing common socio – economic background i.e., educated, urban, upper-caste people belonging mainly to middle and upper classes.

Types of party system:
There are different types of party system which are discussed below. They are classified into a single party system, Bi-party system and Multiparty system.

Single party system :
In a single party system only one political party is in existence. The other political parties are not allowed to function. It is possible that the dissension and grouping may exist with in the same political party viz.., Nazi Party in Germany Fascist Party in Italy, Communist Party in China and in former USSR.

Bi-party System :
Under Bi-party system, two major political parties are in working in a political system, one forms the government and the other functions as opposition, political power in such cases alternate between the two major political parties, viz., the labour and the conservative parties in U.K. or Republican and Democratic parties in U.S.A.

Multi Party System:
In multi party system there are more than two parties operating in a political system. But in practice they are aligned with either the ruling party or the opposition party. This type of party system is in existence in India, France, Sweden and Norway etc.

Question 3.
Write briefly the characteristics of Indian party system.
Answer:
Political parties are essential for the success of Democracy. They acts as agencies of public opinion and link between the government and the people. Modem democracy is unthinkable in the absence of political parties.

Characteristics (or) Features of India party system: The Indian party system has the following characteristics (or) features.

1. Multi – Party System:
The continental size of the country, the diversified character of Indian Society, the adoption of universal adult franchise, the peculiar type of political process and other factors have given rise to a large number of political parties. In fact, India has the largest number of political parties in the world. At present there are 6 National parties, 64 State Parties and 1737 registered – unrecognized parties in the country. Further, India has all categories of parties – leftist parties, centrist parties, rightist parties, communal parties, non-communal parties and so on. Consequently, the hung Parliament, hung Assemblies and coalition governments have become a common phenomena in Indian. Political System.

2. One Party Dominance System :
In spite of the multi-party system, the political scence in India was dominated for a long period by the Congress party. Hence, Rajani Kothari, an eminent political scientist, preferred to call the Indian Party System as ‘one party dominance system’ or the ‘Congress System’.

3. Lack of Clear Ideology :
Except the BJP, CPI and CPM, all other parties do not have a clear-out ideology. They are ideologically close to the each, other. They have close resemblance in their policies and programmes. Almost every party advocates democracy, secularism, socialism and Gandhism. More than this, every party has only one consideration i.e., power capture.

4. Personality Cult:
Quite often the parties are organized around an eminent leader who becomes more important than the party and its ideology. Parties are known by their leaders rather than by their manifesto. It is a fact that the popularity of the Congress was mainly due to the leadership erf Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi. Similarly, the AIADMK in Tamil Nadu and TDP in Andhra Pradesh got identified with M.G. Ramachandran and N.T. Rama Rao respectively. In Tamil Nadu, after M.G. Ramachandran, Jayalalitha became the icon of the party for this culture. Hence, it is said that “there are political personalities rather than political parties in India”.

5. Traditional Factors :
A large number of parties in India are formed on the basis of religion, caste, language, culture, race and so on. For example Shiv Sena, Muslim League, Hindu Maha Sabha, Akali Dal, Bahujan Samajwadi Party, Gorkha League etc., work for the promotion of communal and sectional interests and thereby undermine the general public interest.

6. Emergence of Regional Parties :
Another significant feature of the Indian Party System is the emergence of a large number of regional parties and their growing role. They have become the ruling parties in various states like BJD in Orissa, DMK and AIADMK in Tamil Nadu, Akali Dal in Punjab, AGP in Assom, National Conference in J & K, JD(U) in Bihar and so on.

These regional parties have come to play a significant role in the national politics due to coalition governments at the Centre. In 1984 elections, the TDP emerged as the largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha and played a decisive role in national politics. In one context, i.e., during the NDA Government when Vajpayee was the Prime Minister at the Centre, Nara Chandra Babu Naidu played a ‘King Maker’ role at the centre.

7. Factions and Defections:
Factionalism, defections, splits, mergers, fragmentation, polarization and so etc., have been important aspects of the functioning of political parties Dais, two Communist parties, two Congresses and so on.

8. Lack of Effective opposition :
In the last 63 years, an effective strong, organized and a viable national opposition could never emerge except in flashes. The opposition parties have no unity and very offen adopt mutually conflicting positions with respect to the ruling party.

Question 4.
Write a note on Congress Party In India.
Answer:
Indian National Congress is the oldest All India Political Party in our country. It was founded by A.O. Hume, a British Civil Servant on 28^th December 1885. Womesh Chandra Baneijee was its first president. This party has played a prominent role in the Indian National movement against the Britishers and ultimately secured Independence. After Independence, the congress kept on dominating the Indian political scence. It became the ruling party at the union and in majority of the Indian states up to March 1977.

• Jawaharlal Nehru was the Prime Minister from 1946 to 1964.
• Lai Bahadur Shastri was the Prime Minister from 1964 to 1966.
• Smt. Indira Gandhi was the prime minister from 1966 to 1977.
• Again it came to power during 1980 to 1989, again Smt. Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister from 1980 to 1984 October, 31st, the day on which she was assassinated.
• Rajeev Gandhi was the Prime Minister from 1984 to 1989.
• It became the Ruling party during 1991 to 1996 under the stewardship of Sri. P. V Narasimha Rao.
• Between 1996 to 2004 it acted as a recognized opposition party at the centre.
• In 2004 it came to power at the centre as a major partner in united progressive Alliance (UPA).
• Again in 2009 general elections the Congress led UPA secured majority and formed government at centre with its allies.
• Dr. Manmohan Singh was the Prime Minister from 2004 to 2014.

Policies:
The Indian National Congress, during the pre-independence era has worked with a single point programme, called Swaraj. After achieving independence it was committed to implementation of the policies like secularism, socialism, international peace, equality and Justice. It has the following policies :

1. The party aims to eradicate poverty, unemployment, economic inequalities, discrimination, exploitation etc.
2. It strives to achieve full employment, optimum production, promotion of cottage and small scale industries, provatization, globalization and liberalization programmes in the industrial sector.
3. It stafids for world peace and security and has belief in the policy of noninterference, non-alignment, friendly relations with all countries and to end racial apartheid in international sphere.
4. It dedicates itself to the implementation of land reforms rescuing farmers in times of natural calamities, provision of credit at lower rates of interest, marketing and warehousing facilities in agricultural sector.
5. It abides by the values of democracy and decentralisation of authority in political field.

Party organization :
Its constitutions was first formulated at Nagpur session (1920). Now, let us know something about its organization.
1. All India Congress Committee (AICC) :
It consists of about 425 members. It meets annually. It decides all the policies of the party. It occupies the highest place in the organization.

2. Congress working committee (CWC) :
It consists of 21 members including the president. It is called the High command of the party. It includes the Prime Minister and all senior leaders of the party. It takes all important decisions and implements them with the approval of AICC.

3. Parliamentary Board :
It consists of president and seven senior members. It takes decisions regarding the appointment and removal of Chief Ministers, selection of candidates.

4. Central Election Committee (CEC) :
It selects candidates to contest elections at the state and national level.

5. Pradesh Congress Committee (PCC) :
Every state has its own RC.C. It selects candidates to contest Assembly elections. At the lower level, it has District, Mandal and village committees. In reality, it acts as a centralized organisation.

Question 5.
Explain briefly about Bharatiya Janata Party. [Mar. 18]
Answer:
Bharatiya Janatha Party is one of the All India Parties in India. It was established on April 6, 1980. Earlier it was known as Bharatiya Jan Sangh founded by shyam Prasad Mukherjee on October 21, 1951. DeenadayalTJpadhyaya, Atal Bihari Vaj Payee, Lai Krishna Advani, Murali Manohar Joshi, Jana Krishna Murthy, Kushbhav Thakre and Venkaiah Naidu acted at it’s presidents.

Although initially unsuccessful, winning only two seats in the 1984 general election, it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi and Babri Majid issue. Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections, the BJP became the largest party in the Parliament in 1996; however, it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament, and its government lasted only 13 days. After the 1998 general election, the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) formed a government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee for a year.

Following fresh elections, the NDA government, again headed by Vijpayee, lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so. In the 2004 general election, the BJP led NDA suffered an unexpected defeat, and for the next ten years the BJP was the principal Opposition party. Long time Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi, a principal campaigner and charismatic leader of the party, led it to a landslide victory in the 2014 general elections. Since that election, Narendra Modi leads the NDA government as Prime Minister with the alliance of 13 states owned parties.

Sri Amith Shah is the present President of the party.

The party had spread its influence in Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Jarkhand, Rajsthan, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi etc.

Policies:
Bharatiya Janatha Party favours a strong unitary state in place of the present quasi-federation. It has the following policies.

1. The party is committed to adopt the principles of nationalism, democracy, value based politics, national integration, positive secularism and Gaiidhian socialism.
2. It strives to implement five concepts, namely Suraksha, Sucharita, Swadeshi, Somrastha and Suvajya.
3. It aims at the construction of Ram temple at Ayodhya, abrogation of Article 3 to and implementation of Uniform Civil code.
4. It also aims at adopting electoral reforms.
5. It believes in the implementation of Swadeshi and Swabhiman policies.
6. It also aims at the adoption of a practical non-aligned policy in foreign affairs. It favours settlement of all disputes with the neighbouring states through dialogue and discussion. It strongly believes in the utilization of nuclear energy and arms for achieving peace and prosperity. It demands more democratization of the United Nations Organisation by expanding the membership of the security council.
7. It favours the continuation of the economic reforms initiated by the earlier governments through the policies of liberalization, privatization and globalization.
8. It vehemently opposes dynastic rule, assigning top executive offices and strongly supports decentralization of power and empowerment of women.

Question 6.
Estimate the significance of Regional Parties in India. [Mar. 17]
Answer:
In India’s federal democratic polity, regional and local parties would continue to have relevance and appeal, especially for certain dominant social and economic interests. The growing presence of regional parties is, undoubtedly, the most outstanding aspect of political I development in India over the past few years.

Till 1967, there was only one party ruling the nation that was ‘Congress Party’, but after 1967 a lot of other political parties came to the forefront along with power and started, to play an imperative and persuasive role in government. With the regional parties coming to the forefront the development of the state’s responsibility has gone to the regional parties as opposed to the Central Government taking care in the initial stages. Regional parties are playing a major role in influencing decisions and thought process in the government planning process and decisions.

After 1996, several regional parties have been emerging as key players in national politics in India. As partners of the NDA, 23 regional parties shared power at the Centre during 1999 and 2004. Some of the regional parties are ruling the states – AIADMK, TDP, JDU, BJD, UDF, NCP, SAD etc. All this reflects the continued and continuously growing importance of regional parties in the Indian politics.

During 1999 to 2004 the BJP, and several regional parties shared power at the Centre as constituents of the BJP led National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Later, the Congress led UPA was in power and in it along with Congress, several regional and local parties shared the power. The present BJP led NDA government is also a coalition government supported by several regional and local parties including Telugu Desam Party.

Question 7.
Write a note on Telugu Desam Party in Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
Telugu Desam party is a prominent regional party in Andhra Pradesh. It was founded on March 29,1982 by N.T. Rama Rao, a popular Cine Star. It has achieved landslide victory in the A.R state Legislative Assembly elections held in December 1982. N.T.Rama Rao acted as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh thrice – 1983, 1984 and 1994. There was a first split in the party in August 1984. N. Bhaskara Rao, a cabinet Minister quit the party and started a new party called Telugu Desam party (Democratic) and formed the ministry with the support of congress – I.

Consequently, Telugu Desam Party and some other parties launched agitation under the name of ‘Restoration of Democracy’. N.T. Rama Rao was reinstated as the Chief Minister by the then Governor, S.D. Sharma on the intervention of president Zail Singh. The party has lost its power in 1989. Assembly elections and has served as the main opposition in the state Legislative Assembly. It came to power again by winning majority seats in 1994 and 1999 elections. The party has undergone yet another split in August 1995 under the leadership of N. Chandra Babu Naidu and got recognition by the Election commission as the real one.

The party has joined as a partner in the United Front Ministry (1996-98) at the centre. It has extended its support from outside to the Union government led by National Democratic Alliance ministry (1999-2004). The party has continued in power in Andhra Pradesh between 1994 and April 2004. In the Andhra Pradesh general elections, 2004 and 2009 the Congress Party captured the power. The Telugu Desam Party gained a few more Assembly seats in 2009 elections than the 2004 election. In 14^th Assembly General Elections held in 2014, the Telugu Desam Party under the leadership of Nara Chandra Babu Naidu got 102 seats out of 174 Seats and formed the government.

Sri N. Chandrababu Naidu became the first Chief Minister of bifurcated Andhra Pradesh in 2014.

Policies :
Following are the main policies of Telugu Desam Party.

1. Provision of essential commodities at subsidised prices to the people living below poverty line (BPL).
2. Construction of houses for the poor.
3. Empowerment of women.
4. Adoption of e-governance.
5. Provision of education to every child between the age group of 6 -15.
6. Promotion of welfare of the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other weaker sections.
7. Administration at the doorsteps of the common man.
8. Provision of better Civil amenities to the poor.
9. Adopting secular policy.
10. Support to economic reforms such as liberalization, privatization and globalization.

Question 8.
Estimate the conditions helped for the emergence of Telangana Rastriya Samithi Party.
Answer:
Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) is a regional party which was established in the year 2001 in the integrated state of Andhra Pradesh by Sr. K. Chandra Sekhar Rao.

Conditions helped for the emergence of TRS :
i) Telangana state hood struggle is one of the longest people’s movement in the country. The six decade struggle, which began in early 1950s has reached its goal in February, 2014.

ii) The first statehood movement of 1950s led to the State Reorganization Commission recommending the Telangana state (then called Hyderabad State) in 1955 itself. Due to the political conditions that prevailed in Telangana then it had merged with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh.

iii) State in November, 1956. In May 1971, Telangana Praja Samithi headed by Marri Chenna Reddy won 10 of the Parliament seats in Telangana region. But, very soon, Chenna Reddy merged his party with Congress Party.

iv) While the statehood aspirations were alive in people it took sometimes before they found the right platform to intensify the agitation. In mid 1990s, several peoples organizations started organizing meeting on the statehood issue.

v) Sri Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao (KCR), Who was the Deputy Speker of A.P State Assembly, had started background work on Telangana issue in early 2000. On 17^th May, 2001, K.Chandra Sekhara.Rao announced the launch of Telangana Rashtra Samithi party. Prof. Jayashankar, ‘the ideologue of statehood movement extended his support to K.Chandra Sekhar Rao.

From then on wards it has been demanding separate state hood for Telangana Region. It contested in 2004 elections being an ally of congress party both for Lok Sabha as well as state legislative Assembly. In that elections T.R.S has won 5 Lok Sabha seats and 26 Assembly seats. It joined the Congress governments both at the centre and the state. Later, owing to certain political differences it came out from the government both at the centre and the state. In 2009 General elections. It contested to both Lok Sabha and Assembly being an ally of Grand Alliance with TDP CPI and CPM. It got 2 Lok Sabha seats and 10 Assembly seats.

On Nov 29^th, 2009 K. Chandra Sekhara Rao had announced an indefinite hunger strike demanding statehood to Telangana, The movement spread like wildfire with students, employees, peoples’ organizations plunging into it. In the next 10 days, the whole of Telangana region came to a standstill. As K: Chandra Sekhara Rao’s health was deteriorating very fast on December 9th 2009, the UPA government announced that the process of statehood for Telangana would be initiated.

But within two weeks, the UPA backtrack on this issue. KChandra Sekhara Rao then brought all political forces in Telangana region together to form the Telangana JAC an umbrella body of several organizations and parties under the chairmanship of Prof. Kodandaram. TRS cadre and leaders actively participated in several agitations and protests launched by Telangana’ Joint Action Committee (TJAC).

After four years of peaceful and powerful protests, the UPA government started the statehood process in July 2013 and concluded by passing the statehood bill in both Houses of Parliament in February 2014. After the separate statehood of Telangana, in 2014 general elections of the state, TRS party won the majority of seats and formed the government headed by K. Chandra Sekhar Rao as its first Chief Minister.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Functions of a Political Party.
Answer:
Functions of a Political Party:
The following are the main functions of Political Parties :

1. They articulate and aggregate social interests of people
2. Political recruitment
3. Means of public opinion
4. They promote political socialization and participation of – citizens
5. Making laws
6. Role of opposition
7. Access to government machinery and welfare schemes
8. They contribute legitimacy to the political system.

Question 2.
Types of Party System. [Mar. 17]
Answer:
There are different types of party system which are discussed below. They are classified into a single party system, Bi-Party system and Multi-Party System.

1. Single party system :
Single party system only one political party is an existence.
Ex: Nazi party in Germany, Fascist party in Italy, Communist party in China and in former USSR.

2) Bi-Party System:
Under Bi-party system, two major political parties are in working in a political system; one forms the government and the other functions as opposition.
Ex : Viz, the labour and the conservative parties in UK or republican and democratic parties in U.S.A.

3) Multi party System:
In Multi-party system there are more than two parties operating in a political system.
Ex : This type of party system is in existence in India, Sweden, Norway, France etc.

Question 3.
National Parties. [Mar. 18]
Answer:
A political party which participates in four or more states in Lok Sabha elections and secures 6% of valid polled votes plus 4 Lok Sabha seats can be recognised as National Party by the election commission of India. At present there are 6 National Parties in India. Indian National Congress, BJP, CPI, CPM, BSP, NCP

Question 4.
Regional Parties. [Mar. 16]
Answer:
A political party which participates in state Assembly elections and secures 6% of valid polled votes and 2 Assembly seats can be recognised as a regional party.
Ex : TDP in Andhra Pradesh, DMK and AIADMK in Tamil Nadu, AGP in Assom, National conference in J & K, Akalidal in Punjab, BJD in Odissa etc.

Question 5.
DMK. (Draviuda Munnetra Khajagam)
Answer:
The term ‘Dravida Munnetra Kazhagm’ means Tamilian Development Party’. It was the product of South Indian Association (1916) and Justice Party (1917). E.V Ramaswamy Naicker was its founder. This party has opposed Vehemently.
a) The dominance of upper castes.
b) Vedas.
c) Puranas and
d) All religious ceremonies conducted by the priests.

When Ramaswamy Naicker refused to honour the national flag and the India constitution, C.N. Annadurai opposed his decision and seeded from the parent institution Dravida Kazhagm (DK) and formed the present Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) on September 17, 1949.

Question 6.
AIADMK.
Answer:
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Khazagam is a Prominent Regional Party in Tamil Nadu and Pondichery. It was established by Tamil Cine Star M.G. Ramachandran in October, 1972. M.G.R becameThe Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in 1977 and continued in that office till his death in 1987. After his death Film Star Miss Jayalalitha became its general Secretary. She led the government in Tamil Nadu .during 1991 – 96 and again in 2001 and 2002. In 2011 state Assembly elections the party came to power. Jayalalitha became the Chief Minister for the third term on 16th May, 2011.

Question 7.
One Party Dominance.
Answer:
In the post independence politics of the country. The role of the Congress party was so great that India was often described as a single dominant party system. The congress was the party of consensus and its strategy was all inclusive. It was often described as a miniature Indian Society which reflected all the essentials in the nation. From First General Elections of 1952 to the present 16th Loksabha general elections of 2014. The Congress party was in power at the centre for 52 years out of 62 years. It shows that the Congress party dominating the political scence of our country.

Question 8.
Multi Party System. [Mar. 16]
Answer:
In Multi party system there are more than two parties operating in a political system.
Ex : This type of party system is in existence in India, France, Sweeden etc.

Question 9.
Bahujana Samaj Party. (BSP) [Mar. 18]
Answer:
It is a dominant party in India. It was established by Kanshi Ram in 1985 a retired civil servant. It’s main motto was the preservation and promotion of the interests of down trodden sections in the society. It vehemently opposes the preaching of many and practices of upper castes in society. That is why it always opposed in B.J.P. It’s strength in the Thirteen Lok Sabha, stood at 14. This party came to power in U.R Thrice under the leadership of Mayavathi. Mayavathi is the present President of this party.

Question 10.
Nationalist Congress Party. (NCP)
Answer:
The Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) is a centre to centre left political party primarily based in the states of Maharastra, Kerala and Meghalaya. NCP was formed on 25 May 1999, by sharad pawar. P. A. Sangma and Tariq Anwar after they were expelled from the Indian National Congress (INC) on 20^th May 1999, for disputing the right of Italian – bom Sonia Gandhi to lead Party. Sharad pawar is its president. It was an ally of Congress led UPA government during 2004 to 2014.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 10th Lesson Local Governments in India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 10th Lesson Local Governments in India

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the Functions of Panchayati Raj Institutions in India.
Answer:
Rural Governments in India after Independence were set up on the recommendations of the Balwant Raj Mehta Committee (1957) Earlier the new constitution (1950) made a reference to these bodies in Article 40 of the Directive Principles of State Policy.

The Rural Local Governments or Panchayati Raj Institutions are known by several names such as democratic decentralized institutions, local self-government institutions, three-tier democratic bodies, grass root level democratic agencies, etc. The Word Panchayati Raj denotes the name of local self-governments in rural in India.

At present Panchayati Raj Institutions in India are constituted on the basis of the Constitution (Seventy-Third Amendment) Act, 1992. Normally all the states in India (excepting those whose population is less than 20 lakhs) provided a three-tier system in the rural areas. The nomenclature, however, could differ from state to state. These relate to

1. Village Panchayats.
2. Panchayat Samithi (Mandal Parishads) and
3. Zilla Parishads

1) Village Panchayat:
Village (or) Gram Panchayat is the lowest tier in the Panchayat Raj System. Normally there will be a village panchayat for a minimum population of 250.

Composition of Gram Panchayat
Every Gram Panchayat comprises four organs, namely ;
i. Panchayat ii. Sarpanch, iii. Panchayat Secretary and iv. Garm Sabha.

Essential Functions :
Essential functions have to be carried out by the Gram Panchayat without fail. These include the following items.

• Construction, repair and maintenance of roads and other public places.
• Construction/repair and maintenance of drainage canals.
• Construction and maintenance of burial grounds.
• Erection and maintenance of electric polls.
• Maintenance of birth and death registers.
• Conducting vaccinations for controlling rabbis and other contagious diseases.
• Provision of drinking water facilities.
• Constructions, repair and maintenance of footpaths, causeways, culverts, public parks, play grounds.
• Manufacture and sale of manures.
• Maintenance of cattle farms and so on.

Discretionary Functions :
Gram Panchayat performs these functions subject to the availability of financial resources. These include the following.

• Construction and maintenance of rest houses.
• Construction and maintenance of primary schools, dispensaries, libraries, reading rooms, market places etc.
• Establishment and maintenance of maternal and child welfare centers.
• Mobilizing voluntary labour for community development works.
• Publicizing the modem methods of cultivation.
• Implementation of land reforms and so on.

2) Mandal Parishad :
Mandal parishad is the intermediate tier in the Panchayat Raj System.

Composition :
Every Mandal Parishad comprises four organs namely,

1. Mandal Parishad
2. Mandal Parishad President
3. Mandal Parishad Development Officer and
4. Mandal Mahasabha

Functions of Mandal Parishad :
Mandal Parishad performs the following functions.

1. It takes steps for implementing various community development programmes.
2. It makes arrangements for providing amenities like dispensaries, drinking water, vaccination and non-choking gas stoves.
3. It implements several programmes like community educations communications, cooperation, cottage industries, women welfare, social welfare etc.
4. It takes steps for raising production in agricultural sector through the provision of superior quality seeds, manures, pesticides, latest technology etc.
5. It implements programmes for improving the health and strength of cattle by furnishing improved fodder, artificial insemination centers, cattle grazing etc.

3) Zilla Parishad :
Zilla Parishad is the upper tier of the Panchayat Raj System. There will be a Zilla Parishad in every district. Zilla Parishad is the superior local body at the district level and has the corporate status. It is known as Zilla Panchayat in Gujarat, Zilla Vikasparishat in Timil Nadu and Mahakum Council in Assom, District Development Council in Karnataka.

Composition :
Zilla Parishad comprises six organs, namely ;

• Zilla Parishad
• Zilla Parishad Chairman
• Zilla Mahasabha
• Chief Executive Officer
• Standing Committees and
• District Collector

Functions of Zilla Parishad :
Zilla Parishad performs the following functions

1. It approves the annual budget of the Mandal Parishads in the District.
2. It allocates the grants sanctioned by the union and state governments among the Mandal Parishads. ,
3. It takes steps for implementing the directives of the union and state governments.
4. It acts as the supervising and coordinating agency of various programmes of Mandal Parishad in the district.
5. It conducts statistical surveys as per the guidelines of various union and state governments.
6. It maintains secondary schools in the district.
7. It renders advice to the union and state governments on financial matters of the Village Panchayats and Mandal Parishads.

Question 2.
Describe the various types of Urban Local Governments in India. [Mar. 17]
Answer:
As per the 74^th Constitution Amendment Act, eight types of Urban Local Bodies are existing in India. They are mentioned as follows:

1. Municipal Corporation
2. Municipality
3. Nagar Panchayat
4. Notified Area Committee
5. Town Area Committee
6. Cantonment Board
7. Township
8. Port Trust
9. Special Purpose Agency.

These may be explained as follows :
1. Municipal Corporation:
Municipal Corporation is an important category of urban local government. It is the highest local government institution working in each large urban area. It is constituted by a special Act of the State Government. The first Municipal Corporation was setup in the former presidency town of Madras in 1687. It was followed by similar Corporations in Bombay and Calcutta. The state government can declare the transformation of a Municipality into a Municipal Corporation when the population is at least three lakhs and annual income is four crores rupees.

Composition:
The number of members of each Municipal Corporation is determined on the basis of the population of the city concerned by the law passed by the state legislature. Every Municipal Corporation consists of four organs, namely (i) Corporation Council, (ii) Mayor, (iii) Commissioner and (iv) Standing Committees.

2. Municipalities :
Municipalities are a type of urban local bodies functioning below the level of Municipal Corporation and above that of the Nagar Panchayat / Notified Area. Normally, Municipalities are constituted for a population of 20,001 and above of when annual income is above Rs.60 lakhs. They are also constituted when annual income is above 20 lakhs acquiring from Trade Licenses, Profession taxes and non-agricultural sectors. Sometimes Panchayats are upgraded as Municipalities on the basis of population density and employment opportunities.

Municipalities are classified into five grades basing on their annual income. They are :

1. Selection Grade Municipalities – Annual income over and above Rs. 4 Crores.
2. Special Grade Municipalities – Annual income varying between Rs. 3 and 4 Crores.
3. First Grade Municipalities – Annual income varying between Rs. 2 and 3 Crores:
4. Second Grade Municipalities – Annual income varying between Rs. 1 and 2 Crores.
5. Third Grade Municipalities – Annual income below Rs. One crore.

Composition :
There are four organs in every Municipality, namely, (i) Municipal Council, (ii) Municipal Chairman, (iii) Municipal Commissioner and (iv) Standing Committees.

3. Nagar Panchayat:
Nagar Panchayats are created for transitional areas (the area which is fast changing from a rural to an urban area) or for a very small urban area. For this purpose, several factors are taken into consideration; the density of the population therein, the revenue generated for local administration, the percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities, the economic importance of the area and some others.

Composition:
The strength of the members of Nagar Panchayat is fixed by the State Legislature from time to time. They are directly elected by the people of the area on the basis of adult franchise. For the purpose of election, the areas of Nagar Panchayat is divided into wards and each ward elects one member. Besides the elected members, the Member of the State Legislative Assembly (M.L.A) representing that area is also the ex-officio member of Nagar Panchayat. Every Nagar Panchayat elects one President and one Vice-President amongst its members. They are elected by all the elected members. The President presides over its meettings.

4. Notified Area Committee :
This is constituted either for a fast developing town or an area not fulfilling the conditions for the creation of Municipality. As it is created through a special notification of the state government, it is known as Notified Areas Committee. It does not possess statutory position. It will have a Chairman and some members who are nominated by the state government. Its functions are more or less same as9 that of a Municipality.

5. Town Area Committee :
Town area committee is setup by an act of State Legislature. It fulfils the public needs of a small town. It will have a chairman and members nominated by the state government. It performs limited functions like street lighting, drainage etc. Its authorities take steps for improving the conditions of the people living in the town area.

6. Cantonment Boards :
Cantonment Boards are established in India under the Cantonment Act of 1924. At present there are 62 Cantonment Boards in India. These bodies take steps for improving the conditions of civilian population and military personnel in their jurisdiction. There are three types of Cantonment Boards in India. They are created by an Act of the defense ministry. Each Board comprises some members belonging to the elected, nominated and ex-officio categories. There will be a General Officer on Command (GOC) for every Cantonment Board.

7. Township :
Township is established by the public sector undertakings to provide basic civic amenities to its personnel. It has no elected members. There will’ be a Town Administrator for every Township, He is appointed by the concerned ministry of union government. Its services are meant not for the general public but for the personnel working in the public sector undertakings.

8. Port Trust:
Port Trust is setup in the areas where port personnel are in considerable- member. It manages the affairs of ports. It takes proper steps for protecting the interests of personnel in the port areas. The union government constitutes port affairs committee. The committee comprises both nominated and elected members.

9. Special Purpose Agencies :
These agencies are meant for tackling some special issues faced by the people. They perform some peculiar functions for the people residing in municipalities and other notified urban areas. They are established by the special Acts of state legislature. Sometimes they came into vogue through a special order of the state government. Housing Board, Water Supply, Undertakings, Electricity Generation and Distributions Grids, Urban Development Authorities etc., are some examples of these Agencies.

Question 3.
Mention briefly the main provisions of the 73^rd Constitution Amendment Act.
Answer:
The Union Government headed by the Prime Minister P.V Narasimha Rao strongly felt the need for immediate grant of Constitutional status to the Panchayat Raj Institutions. It introduced a Bill to that effect in the Parliament in September 1991. Later, the bill was referred to a joint select committee which studied the former and submitted its report in July 1992.

The bill was accepted by the Parliament and the same was referred to the state legislatures for their approval. As majority state legislative assemblies accepted the Bill, it became an Act in the name of the Constitution (Seventy Third Amendment) Act, The Act came into force from April 24, 1993.

The Act reinserted Part IX which was deleted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 and added a new Schedule, namely 11^th schedule. The Act deals with Articles 243 to 243 (O) of the Indian Constitution.

Salient features
The 73^rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 has the following salient features:

1. The Act defined clearly certain terms like District, Gram Sabha, Panchayat, Village etc.,
2. It constituted a Gram Sabha for every village which acts as the legislative body at the village level.
3. It made obligatory for every state to implement three tire system of Panchayat Raj i.e., Panchayat at the Village, intermediate and district levels.
4. It insisted every state legislature to make laws for the composition of Panchayat on uniform basis. It further specified direct elections to panchayat based on territorial constituencies. It provides right to vote to the chairpersons of Panchayat and other members whether directly elected or not.
5. It provided reservation in every Panchayat for Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes in proportion to their population to the total population in the Panchayat area and women not less than 1/3^rd of the total seats (Andhra Pradesh Government enhanced the Women Reservation up to 50%).
6. It specified the duration of Panchayat as five years and insisted on holding elections before the expiration of the term or in case of dissolution within six months.
7. It prescribed the eligibility and disqualifications of the candidates in local government.
8. It provided for the creation of a Finance Commission for local bodies.
9. It provided for auditing the accounts of the Panchayats by the state account and audit officers.
10. It also provided for State Election Commission for conducting elections to the local bodies.
11. It stated that union territories shall follow the directives of the President of India in constituting or abolishing Panchayats.
12. It mentioned some exemptions to the states having administrative councils in scheduled areas.
13. It provided for special Tribunals for solving election disputes.

Question 4.
Explain briefly the important provisions of 74^th Constitution Amendment Act.
Answer:
The Constitution (Seventy Fourth Amendment) Act, 1992 was approved by the Parliament in December, 1992. It was regarded as a progressive step in strengthening the urban local bodies in India. It provided a common framework for the effective functioning of these bodies. The Act came into force on June 1, 1993.

Main Provisions :

1. The Act gave Constitutional status to the urban local bodies in India for the first time. It introduced a new part in the Constitution, namely part IX-A.
2. It incorporated the 12th schedule in the Constitution.
3. It listed out 18 subjects under the jurisdiction of urban local bodies.
4. It gave definitions of various terms concerning the urban local bodies. It constituted metropolitan area for urban areas having a population of ten lakhs or more.
5. It provided for the Constitution of various urban local bodies such as Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council, Nagar Panchayat etc. The Act authorized the state governments to designate and demarcate the urban local bodies as and when necessary.
6. It specified the composition of the Municipalities. It declared that the elected members of the Legislative Assembly and the Lok Sabha of the concerned area will act as ex-officio members of the Municipalities. It also authorized and members of Legislative Council and the Rajya Sabha as members of Municipalities subject to their voting enumeration in the respective areas.
7. It authorized the state legislature to make legislation for the composition of ward committees in Municipalities.
8. It provided for reservation of some seats in urban local bodies for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their population in municipal areas. It also enabled one – third reservation for women in municipal areas and to the offices of Chairman / Chairperson of Municipalities on rotation basis.
9. It prescribed the uniform term for 5 years for Municipalities. It also clarified that elections shall be held within the six months after its dissolution.
10. It specified that the persons who are disqualified to become members of Legislative Assembly shall also become disqualified as members of Municipality. It also prescribes 21 years of age for becoming a member of Municipality.
11. It empowered the state legislature to make laws enabling the Municipalities to impose and collect taxes, allocate funds and receive Grant-in-aid from the state government.
12. It enabled the state government to appoint the State Finance Commission for every five years for making recommendations (to the Governor) on the principles for distribution of Grants-in-aid among the urban local bodies.
13. It allowed the state legislature to make legislation for the audit of the accounts of urban local bodies.
14. It provided for the appointment of State Election Commission to conduct, supervise, direct and control the elections to the urban local bodies.
15. It also enabled the state legislature to create a district planning committee in each district for consolidating the plan activities.
16. It provides for the establishment of metropolitan planning committees state.

Question 5.
Estimate the Powers and Functions of the District Collector. [Mar. 18, 16]
Answer:
Power and Functions of District Collector: The District Collector enjoys vast power and performs several functions as the head of the district administration. These may be explained as follows :

A) The Collector as District Revenue Officer :
The Collector is the Chief District Revenue Officer. He, in that capacity, serves as the chief guide to the farmers in the district by fulfilling several obligations. His revenue functions include various activities such as collection of land revenue, sanction of agricultural loans to farmers, rescuing the farmers in times of natural calamities by assessing the loss incurred by them, rendering assistance to the union and state authorities in emergency relief measures etc.

B) The Collector as District Magistrate:
The Collector acts as the District Magistrate. He will have supervision over the activities of the district police personnel. He sees that law and order conditions in the district are normal. For this purpose he will be assisted by a large number of police personnel. The district superintendent of police and other police officers owe responsibility to the Collector in matters such as supervision over police personnel prisons etc,. The Collector can inspect the police stations in the district. He is empowered to issue prohibitory orders on the occasion of breakdown of law and order. He can issue firing orders when all peaceful efforts failed in the restoration of normal.

C) The Collector as Chief Coordinator :
The District Collector acts as the chief co-ordinator of various government departments in the district. He acts as the chief counsel and co-ordinator of the departments such as agriculture, irrigation, co-operation and labour affairs. The heads of these departments shall oblige and implement the suggestions and guidelines of the collector in the district. Even though these heads formulate their policies independently, they are answerable to the District Collector in their discharge of their obligations.

D) The Collector as District Electoral Officer :
The Collector acts the chief district electoral officer. He serves as the main agent of the Election Commission of India for conducting elections to the various representative bodies in the district. He takes steps for conducting the elections in fair and impartial manner. These include preparation of electoral list and its modification, hearing public grievances on voters list, registration of new voters, appointing returning officers assistant returning officers etc.

E) The Collector as the Chief Census Officer:
The Collector acts as the chief census officer in the district. He on behalf of the union and state governments, takes steps for holding census operations in the district for every ten years. He also sees that the statistical data regarding the number of milch cattle, trees and domesticated animals in the district is collected properly. He also compiles such other information as required by the higher ties in regard to the construction of houses for the poor, family welfare, women erment, rural infrastructure etc.

F) The Collector as Permanent invitee of Local Bodies :
The District Collector is a permanent invitee to the meetings of Panchayat Raj and urban local bodies in the district. He acts as a main link between the union and state governments and district local bodies on various matters. He participates in the normal/emergency meetings of Zilla Parishad and mandal parishads in the district. He sends confidential reports to the state government on the nature of functioning of these bodies. He conducts the meeting meant for considering the no confidence motion against the Zilla Parishad chairman.

Other Functions :
This District Collector also performs the following functions.

1. Matters concerning the welfare of Ex-servicemen.
2. Provision of irrigation facilities.
3. Supervision over sub treasuries.
4. Co-ordinating the activities of various government departments.
5. Supervising the training programmes for Junior Officers.

Role of District Collector in Local Government:
The District Collector plays a crucial role in the affairs of local governments in the district. He serves as the friend, philosopher and guide to the common men living in the district. He also serves as a link between people and local bodies in the district. Normally the common men seek guidance and solace from the Collector in times of natural calamities and other unforeseen contengencies.

The Collector makes recommendations to the state government in regard to the working of the local bodies in the district. His valuable remarks are required for constituting new gram panchayats and mandal parishads in the district. The entire administrative, revenue, police, health, educational and agricultural personnel working in rural areas depend to a great extent upon the advice and suggestions forwarded by the Collector on may occasions.

He sees that the farmers in the district receive sufficient agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, water, rural credit, marketing facilities etc. He supervises the activities of village extension officers and sees that the farmers receive various types of assistance for carrying on their agricultural, operations smoothly. He also sees that all persons below poverty line will receive, ration and pension facilities.

The fact that the Collector heads more than one hundred committees at the district level demonstrates his role in district affairs. He, like the Chief Minister at the state level, will have tremendous influence and powers in the district. Many programmes of union and state governments like National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABYj, Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP). Prime Ministers Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP).

The union and state governments, rely on the District Collector in tackling the financial, political and cultural matters of the people living in local areas, They nominate the District Collector as the chairman, co-ordinator or secretary of the above programmes at the district level. People regard the Collector as a repository of authority functioning independently with dedicated spirit. Eventhough some states like Gujarath and Maharashtra relieved the Collector from the perspective.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write briefly about the Historical background of Local Governments in India.
Answer:
Historical Background: Local governments in India have a long historical background. The Rigveda, the oldest of four Vedas, mentioned two institutions namely, Sabha and Samithi which performed several administrative and political functions at community level. They were the effective administrative state structures at local levels in ancient period. They relate to village panchayats and caste panchayats . Which managed the administrative and judicial affairs of a village community. These institutions continued for several years even without the effective support of the ruling classes of the time. Many eminent writers like Megasthanes, Kautilya and Fahien have cited the existence of these bodies in their writings.

In medieval period, village panchayats flourished during the chola dynasty in South India. The cholas were renowned for their patronage of the local bodies. However, the local governments of the present form is attributed to the efforts of some British officers at higher levels. They developed these bodies to promote the colonial interests. Lord Mayo’s Resolution (1870) and Lord Rippon’s Resolution (1882) paved the way for the progress of these institutions in India. Earlier the East India Company established the Municipal Corporation of Madras in 1688 with the consent of Emperor George II.

Some Mayor courts wefe set up in Madras in 1726 for collecting taxes and administering, justice. The Regulating Act of 1773 paved the way for the establishment of local governments at Calcutta (Kalkota), Madras and Bombay (Mumbai). Lord Rippon, the Governor General of India moved the famous resolution for devolving financial and administrative powers to the local governments. His resolution is known as the Magnacarta of Local Governments in India.

He was described as the father of local self-governments in India. Later on the successive British rulers in India have initiated many steps for providing more authority to the local bodies. Some of the notable legal enactments are Bengal Municipalities Act, 1884; Bengal Local Governments Act, 1885; Bengal Village self-government Act, 1919 etc. The Royal Commission on Decentralization headed by Sir Charles Hobhouse (1906) offered valuable suggestions for setting up of village panchayats, constitution of district boards, entrusting primary obligations to municipalities etc. The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced diarchy at state level. It gave impetus to the local governments. It empowered the Indian ministers to take decisions in regard to the maintenance of local bodies.

The Government of India Act, 1935 assigned the provincial governments with the obligation of making the local bodies energetic and efficient. It placed the subject of ‘Local Self Government’ under Entry 12 of the provincial governments. Consequently many provincial governments passed Acts delegating the local governments the powers of administration including criminal justice to the panchayats. Prominent leaders of national movement like Mahatina Gandhi supported the cause of local governments.

Question 2.
Explain the advantages of Local Government.
Answer:
Definition:
Local Government is defined in many ways by different political scientists. Some of them are cited below :

According to Sidgewick “Local government consists of certain subordinate bodies which have defined powers of making rules and regulations within their prescribed area of administration.” Prof. Finer. H defined that “the Local Government means authority to determine and execute measure within a restricted area inside and smaller than the whole state.” In the words of Duane Lockard “Public Organization authorized to decide and administer a large range of public policies within its small territory”.

Advantages- of Local Governments? Local governments have the following advantages :

1. Local government institutions provide extensive range of service to the people.
2. They lead to efficiency of administration at local as well as state and national level.
3. They lead to economy in administration.
4. They cultivate spirit of self – help and self – dependence.
5. They promote spirit of liberty among people.
6. The Local Governments facilitate the ventilation of people’s grievances and provide effective solution to local problems.
7. They ensure the participation of the people in the formulation and implementation of development programmes at grass root level.

Question 3.
What are the Functions of Panchayat Secretary?
Answer:
Every Panchayat shall have a full time Secretary who is an officer of the government. He shall draw his salary and allowances from the Panchayat fund as per government rules. He will be iri charge of the office of the Panchayat. He will work under the direct supervision of the Panchayat Sarpanch.
Powers and Functions of the Panchayat Secretary.

Panchayat at Secretary performs the following functions. They are :

• Preparation of budget and annual administration report.
• Preparation of monthly / quarterly statements of accounts.
• Maintenance of cash book.
• Keeping all records of the Panchayat in safe custody.
• Allotment of duties to the staff posted in Gram Panchayat.
• Submission of application for grant-in-aid and maintain grant-in-aid register:
• Visit the work sites and assess the work in progress.
• Attend to complaints relating to developmental works etc.

Question 4.
What do you know about Gram Sabha?
Answer:
Gram Sabha :
There will be a Gram Sabha in every Panchayat. It comprises all the adult citizens who have been entitled to vote. It meets at least twice a year usually after Rabi and Kharif crops are harvested. It discusses and approves the administrative and audit reports. It identifies the beneficiaries of development schemes. It takes steps for mobilizing voluntary labour for community welfare programmes.

In many states Gram Sabhas are known with the same name. However, they are called Panchayats in Bihar and Palisabhas in Odisha. The Union Government declared the year 2009 – 2010 as the year of Gram Sabha on the eve of golden jubilee celebrations of village Panchayat. It directed the state governments to make arrangements for convening Gram Sabha on April 14 of every year. (Second one in the month of October)

Question 5.
Write a brief note on Mandal Parishad.
Answer:
Mandal Parishad is the intermediate tier in the Panchayat Raj System. It is set up according to the statutes of state government. In different states, the Panchayat Samiti has been given different names. Tamil Nadu calls them Panchayat Union Council, in Karnataka as the Taluka Development Board, in Gujarat as the Taluka Panchayat. However, the most popular name happens to be the Panchayat Samithi. 4
Composition
Every Mandal Parishad comprises four organs namely,

1. Mandal Parishad
2. Mandal Parishad President
3. Mandal Parishad Development officer and
4. Mandal Mahasabha

Question 6.
Explain the composition of Zilla Parishad.
Answer:
Composition
Zilla Parishad comprises six organs, namely ;

1. Zilla Parishad
2. Zilla Parishad Chairman
3. Zilla Mahasabha
4. Chief Executive Officer
5. Standing Committees and
6. District Collector

i) Zilla Parishad :
Zilla Parishad is the legislative wing at the district level. It comprises various types of members, i.e., elected, co-opted and ex-officio members. District level authorities like the District Collector, Chairmen of District Co-operative Central Bank, District Co-operative Marketing Society and Zilla Grandhalaya Samastha participate in the meetings as permanent invitees. Besides, the Members of State Legislative Assembly and Lok Sabha participate in the meetings as ex – officio members.

ii) Zilla Parishad Chairman :
The Chairman, being the political head, presides over the meeting of Zilla Parishad. He is elected by the elected members of Zilla Parishad, i.e., ZPTCs, MPs, MLAs and MLCs of the district concerned. The Chairman presides over the ordinary and special meetings of the Zilla Parishad. He conducts the meetings with dignity.

He permits the members for moving resolutions, allocates time for discussion and conducts voting on the resolutions. He also presides over the meetings of Zilla Mahasabha and some standing committees. He acts as a link between Zilla Parishad and the State Government. He-will have administrative control over the Z.P. Chief Executive Officer in the implementation of various resolutions. –

iii) Zilla Mahasabha :
There will be a Zilla Mahasabha in every Zilla Parishad. It comprises a chairman and some other members of Zilla Parishad. It serves as an advisory body to the Zilla Parishad. The Zilla Parishad Chairman presides over its meetings. The Chief Executive Officer attends its meetings in Ex-officio capacity. It performs three important functions, namely

1. Examining the annual budget and audit reports of Zilla Parishad
2. Administrative report of the previous year and
3. Other matters of Zilla Parishad.

iv) Chief Executive Officer (C.E.O):
There will be a Chief Executive Officer in every Zilla Parishad. He is appointed by the state government and responsible to the State Government and Zilla Parishad in exercise of his powers and functions. He serves as the administrative head of Zill Parishad.

v) Standing Committees:
There are seven Standing Committees in Zilla Parishad. They render advice to the Zilla Parishad on several matters like planning, finance, agriculture, rural development, women, social welfare, education, health etc. The Chief Executive Officer prepares the agenda of the meeting and decides the venue of the standing committees on the advice of Zilla Parishad Chairman.

vi) The District Collector :
The District Collector participates in Zilla Parishad and standing committee meetings as a permanent invitee.

Question 7.
Elucidate various Urban Local Bodies in India.
Answer:
As per the 74^th Constitution Amendment Act, eight types of Urban Local Bodies are existing in India. They are mentioned as follows :

1. Municipal Corporation
2. Municipality
3. Nagar Panchayat
4. Notified Area Committee
5. Town Area Committee
6. Cantonment Board
7. Township
8. Port Trust
9. Special Purpose Agency,

1) Municipal Corporation:
Municipal Corporation is an important category of urban local government. It is the highest local government institution working in each large urban area. It is constituted by a special Act of the State Government. The first Municipal Corporation was setup in the former presidency town of Madras in 1687. It was followed by similar Corporations in Bombay and Calcutta. The state government can declare the transformation of a Municipality into a Municipal Corporation when the population is at least three lakhs and annual income is four crore rupees.

2) Municipalities :
Municipalities are a type of urban local bodies functioning below the level of Municipal Corporation and above that of the Nagar Panchayat / Notified Area. Normally, Municipalities are constituted for a population of 20,001 and above or when annual income is above Rs. 60 lakhs. They are also constituted when annual income is above 20 lakhs acquiring from Trade Licenses, Profession taxes and non-agricultural sectors. Sometimes Panchayats are upgraded as Municipalities on the basis of population density and employment opportunities.

3) Nagar Panchayat:
Nagar Panchayats are created for transitional areas (the area which is fast changing from a rural to an urban area) or for a very small urban area. For this purpose, several factors are taken into consideration; the density of the population therein, the revenue generated for local administration, the percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities, the economic importance of the area and some others.

4) Notified Area Committee :
This is constituted either for a fast developing town or an area not fulfilling the conditions for the creation of Municipality. As it is created through a special notification of the state government, it is known as Notified Areas Committee. It does not possess statutory position. It will have a Chairman and some members who are nominated by the state government. Its functions are more or less same as that of a Municipality.

5) Town Area Committee :
Town area committee is setup by an act of State Legislature. It fulfils the public needs of a small town. It will have a chairman and members nominated by the state government. It performs limited functions like street lighting, drainage etc. Its authorities take steps for improving the conditions of the people living in the town area.

6) Cantonment Boards :
Cantonment Boards are established in India under the Cantonment Act of 1924. At present there are 62 Cantonment Boards in India. These bodies take steps for improving the conditions of civilian population and military personnel in their jurisdiction. There are three types of Cantonment Boards in India. They are created by an Act of the defense ministry. Each Board comprises some members belonging to the elected, nominated and ex-officio categories. There will be a General Officer on Command (GOC) for every Cantonment Board.

7) Township :
Township is established by the public sector undertakings to provide basic civic amenities to its personnel. It has no elected members. There will be a Town Administrator for every Township. He is appointed by the concerned ministry of union government. Its services are meant not for the general public but for the personnel working in the public sector undertakings.

8) Port Trust:
Port Trust is setup in the areas where port personnel are in considerable member. It manages the affairs of ports. It takes proper steps for protecting the interests of personnel in the port areas. The union government constitutes port affairs committee. The committee comprises both nominated and elected members.

9) Special Purpose Agencies :
These agencies are meant for tackling some special issues faced by the people. They perform some peculiar functions for the people residing in municipalities and other notified urban areas. They are established by the special Acts of state legislature. Sometimes they came into vogue through a special order of the state government. Housing Board, Water Supply, Undertakings, Electricity Generation and Distributions Grids, Urban Development Authorities etc., are some examples of these Agencies.

Question 8.
What do you know about the Municipalities?
Answer:
Municipalities are a type of urban local bodies functioning below the level of municipal corporation and above that of the Nagar Panchayat. Normally Municipalities are constituted for a population of 20,001 and above or when annual income is above Rs. 60 lakhs.
Municipalities are classified into five grades basing on their annual income. They are :

1. Selection Grade Municipalities – Annual income over and above Rs. 4 Crores.
2. Special Grade Municipalities – Annual income varying between Rs. 3 and 4 Crores.
3. First Grade Municipalities – Annual income varying between Rs. 2 and 3 Crores.
4. Second Grade Municipalities – Annual income varying between Rs. 1 and 2 Crores.
5. Third Grade Municipalities – Annual income below Rs. 1 Crore.

Composition :
There are four organs in every Municipality, namely, (i) Municipal Council, (ii) Municipal Chairman, (iii) Municipal Commissioner and (iv) Standing Committees

The structure, powers and functions of these may be explained as under:

i) Municipal Council:
Municipal Council is the deliberative body of the Municipality. It consists of some (i) elected, (ii) co-opted and (iii) ex-officio members. Registered voters in the municipal area elect the first category of members. They are called councillors. The elected members will in turn elect the second category of members. They are called co¬opted members. The District Collector and the Municipal Commissioner; The members of the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly of the area,concerned are called as the ex¬officio members.

Normally the Council meets once in a month. The Municipal Commissioner prepares the agenda of the Municipal Council after consulting the Municipal Chairman. Some seats in the Municipal Council are reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Backward Classes and women. Municipal Council considers the matters relating to the Municipality.

ii) Municipal Chairman :
Municipal Chairman is the political head of the Municipal Council. He is elected by the councillors. He is the first citizen of the Town. The Chairman conducts the meetings of the Municipal Council. All the correspondence of the Municipality shall be carried on in his name.

iii) Municipal Commissioner :
Municipal Commissioner is the administrative head of the Municipality. He is responsible for discharging his functions in the Municipal Council and the State Government.

iv) Standing Committees :
Every Municipality consists of some standing committees. These Committees act as advisory bodies to the Municipality on matters of finance, works, health, education, women welfare, and welfare of the backward classes etc. Municipal Chairman presides over the meeting of these committees. The standing committees establish a liaison with the routine administrative matters of the Minicipality.

Functions of Municipality: Every Municipality, like that of the Municipal Corporation, performs two types of functions, namely (i) essential and (ii) discretionary.

Essential Functions
Essential functions of the Municipality include the following:

1. Maintenance of birth and death registers.
2. Establishment and maintenance of elementary, upper primary and secondary schools.
3. Provision of purified drinking water and street lights.
4. Maintenance of public health and sanitation.
5. Construction and maintenance of roads and buildings.
6. Safeguarding and preserving municipal properties etc.

Discretionary Functions
A Municipality performs the following discretionary functions.

1. Reclamation of unhygienic places.
2. Maintenance of parks, museums, gardens, rest houses, regarding rooms etc.
3. Maintenance of child, women welfare and maternity centers.

Sources of Income
Every Municipality has the following five sources of income.

1. Taxes collected from people
2. Fees and duties
3. Income in the form of rent from markets and buildings.
4. Public borrowings and grants and
5. Public contributions.

Question 9.
Write any three Functions of District Collector?
Answer:
1. Revenue Administration :
Revenue administration is a traditional function of the- Collector, (a) The Collector makes arrangements for the collection of land revenue (b) He hears the difficulties of the farmers on land revenue matters (c) He receives petitions from the farmers and tries to settle their problems (d) He collects land revenue. In this respect, he is assisted by officials of revenue department like Revenue Divisional Officers, Mandal Revenue Officers, Revenue Inspectors etc., (e) He is responsible for Land reforms, Land acquisition etc. (f) He recommends remissions of Land revenue during famines or other calamities, (g) He maintains land revenue records and agricultural statistics of the district.

2. District Magistrate:
The Collector acts as the District Magistrate. In that capacity, he

• Issues orders for the maintenance of law and order in the district.
• Disposes petitions and complaints from the private individuals and the Government.
• Imposes prohibitory orders during disturbances.
• Supervises Subordinate Courts.
• Take steps for the provision of better facilities to prisoners.
• Inspects police stations ….etc.

3. As a District Election Officer:
District Collector is the returning officer for elections to Parliament and State Legislature within the district. It is his responsibility to coordinate the election work at district level and conduct the polls freely and peacefully.

Thus the Collector plays a key role in district administration. He is considered as the friend, philosopher and guide of the people in the district.

Question 10.
Estimate the Role of a District Collector.
Answer:
The fact that the Collector heads more than one hundred committees at the district level demonstrates his role in district affairs. He not only presides over such meetings but also takes steps for implementing the decisions taken there of. He visits various mandals and villages in the district for about twenty days in every month and supervises the development of local bodies at the field level. He, like the chief minister at the state level, will have tremendous influence and powers in the district.

Many programmes of union and state governments like National Rural employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABY), Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP). Prime Ministers Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP), Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY), National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), Mid-Day Meal (MDM) scheme etc, depend upon the dynamic leadership of the district collector.

The union and state governments, rely on the District Collector in tackling the financial, political and cultural matters of the people living in local areas. They nominate the District Collector as the chairman, co-ordinator or secretary of the above programmes at the district level. People regard the Collector as a repository of authority functioning independently with dedicated spirit.

Even though some states like Gujarath and Maharashtra relieved the Collector from the perspective of development functions, even today it is popularly felt about the prominence of the Collector due the popular confidence and credibility. The people of North India prefer to address the District Collector as their maa- baap (mother and father).

Question 11.
Explain the concept of Smart village.
Answer:
The concept of Smart Village is the recent development in Panchayat Raj System in A.P inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Nara Chandrababu Naidu in 2015. Andhra Pradesh is committed to achieve holistic, inclusive and sustainable development of the state. The state has a vision “Swarnaandhra Vision 2029” to be a developed State and to be among the best three states in the country. To realize this vision, the government has adopted the mission based approach to create the social and economic infrastructure; has initiated campaigns to create awareness seeking participation of the stakeholders.

A ‘Smart Village / Ward’ displays sustainable and inclusive development with all sections of its community enjoying a high standard of living. This is achieved when the village/ward excels in the following indicators :

1. Every household has vibrant livelihood opportunities and or micro-enterprise.
2. Home for all – with access to toilet, safe- drinking water, and power.
3. Open defecation free.
4. 100% institutional deliveries.
5. No maternal deaths.
6. No infant deaths within one year of birth.
7. Malnutrition free (children below 5 years of age).
8. Zero school drop outs of boys and girls up to 12th class.
9. No girl-child marriages (girls below 18 years of age).
10. Functional toilet, portable water, electricity available in Anganwadi Centres, School, health centre, GP Building / ward.
11. Gram Sabha / Ward Sabha held four times a year with 2/3rd attendance.
12. Every village household has a functional bank account/Prime Minister Jan Dhan Bank Account.
13. Every farm has soil health card and diversification with livestock, trees, etc.
14. Gram Panchayat / Ward has it own dynamic development plan prepared by community participation.
15. The Village has green trees all over its geographic boundaries.
16. The Village has functional water conservation and harvesting structure.
17. The Village has functional grievance redressal system.
18. The Village has functional Village Information Centre, Village Computer Lab, and Mee-Seva Centre. .
19. The Village has telecom/intemet connectivity.
20. The Village has functional solid/liquid waste management system.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Rural Local Government.
Answer:
Rural Local Governments or Panchayati Raj institutions in India, signifies the system of Rural Local Governments. They serve as the backbone of India’s political culture. These institutions are of three types, popularly known as three tier system.

1. Gram Panchayats
2. Mandal Parishads and
3. Zilla Parishads .

Question 2.
The Constitution (Seventy Third Amendments) Act, 1992.
Answer:
The Union Government headed by the Prime Minister P. V Narasimha Rao strongly felt the need for immediate grant for constitutional status to the panchayat raj institutions. It introduced a bill to that effect in the Parliament in September 1991. After the bill was reffered to a joint select committee in July 1992. The bills was accepted by the Parliament and the same reffered to the State Legislatures for their approval. It become an act in the name of Seventy Third Amendment Act, 1992.

Question 3.
Gram Sabha.
Answer:
There will be a Gram Sabha in every Panchayat. it comprises all the adult citizens who have been entitled to vote. It meets at least twice a year. It discusses and approves the administrative and audit reports. It identifies the beneficiaries of development schemes. It takes steps for mobilizing voluntary labour for community welfare programmes. The Union Government directed the state governments to make arrangements for convening Gram Sabha on April 14 of every year. (Second one in the month of October).

Question 4.
Zilla Parishad.
Answer:
Zilla Parishad is the upper tier of the Panchayat Raj System. There will be a Zill Parishad in every district, zilla Parishad is the superior local body at the district level and has the corporate status.
Zilla Parishad comprises six organs, namely;

• Zilla Parishad
• Zilla Parishad Chairman
• Zilla mahasabha
• Chief Executive Officer
• Standing Committees and
• District Collector

Question 5.
M.P.D.O. [Mar. 18, 16]
Answer:
Mandal Parishad Development Officer (MPDO) is the administrative head of Mandal Parishad the plays a crucial role in the administrative affairs of the Mandal Parishad. He prepares the agenda of the parishad meetings and participates in the meeting and renders advice to the members on several matters of the Mandal Parishad. He prepares the annual budget of the Mandal Parishad. He takes steps for the effective working of the Mandal Parishad.

Question 6.
Mandal Parishad.
Answer:
Mandal Parishad is the intermediate tier in the Panchayat Raj System. It is set up according to the statutes of state Government.
Every Mandal Parishad comprises four organs namely

1. Mandal Parishad
2. Mandal Parishad President
3. Mandal Parishad Development Officer and
4. Mandal Mahasabha

Question 7.
Zilla Mahasabha.
Answer:
There will be a Zilla Mahasabha in every Zilla Parishad. It comprises a chairman and some other members of Zilla Parishad. It serves as an advisory body to the Zilla Parishad.

The Zilla Parishad Chairman presides over its meetings in ex-officio capacity. It performs three important functions namely.

1. Examining the annual budget and audit reports of Zilla Parishad.
2. Administrative report of the previous year..
3. Other matters of Zilla Parishad.

Question 8.
Zilla Parishad Standing Committees.
Answer:
There are seven standing committees in Zilla Parishad. They render advice to the Zilla Parishad on several matters like planning, finance, agriculture, rural development, women social welfare, education, health etc. The Chief Executive Officer prepares the agenda of the meeting and decides the venture of the standing committees on the advice of Zilla Parishad Chairman. The District collector participates in Zilla Parishad and standing committees meetings as a permanent invitee.

Question 9.
Zilla Parishad Chief Executive Officer.
Answer:
There will be a Chief Executive Officer in every Zilla Parishad. He is appointed by the state government and responsible to the State Government and Zilla Parishad in exercise of his powers and functions. He serves as the administrative head of Zilla Parishad.

He plays a key role in preparing the annual budget and agenda for the general meetings of the Zilla Parishad in consultation with Zill Parishad Chairman. He will have administrative control over the personnel, assets and records of the zilla parishad. He takes necessary steps for implementing the decisions of zilla parishad, zilla mahasabha and standing committees.

Question 10.
Municipal Council.
Answer:
Municipal council is the deliberative body of the Municipality. It consists of some i) Elected ii) co-opted and iii) ex-officio members. Registered voters in the municipal area elect the first category of members. They are called councillors. The elected members will in turn elect the second category of members. They are called co-opted members. The District collector and the municipal commissioner; the members of the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly of the area concerned are called as the ex-officio members. Normally the. Council meets once in a month. Municipal council considers the matters relating to the Municipality.

Question 11.
Nagar Panchay at.
Answer:
Nagar Panchayats are created for transitional areas (the area which is fast changing from a rural to an urban area) or for a very small urban area. For this purpose, several factors are taken into consideration; the density of the population therein, the revenue generated for local administration, the percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities, the economic important of the area and some others.

Question 12.
Notified Area Committee.
Answer:
This is constituted either for a fast developing town or an area not fulfilling the conditions for the creation of Municipality. As it is created through a special notification of the state government, it is known as notified areas committee, It does not possess statutory position. It will have a chairman and some members who are nominated by the state government. Its functions are more or less same as that of a municipality.

Question 13.
Cantonment Boards.
Answer:
Cantonment Boards are established in India under the Cantonment Act of 1924. At present there are 62 Cantonment Boards in India. These bodies take steps for improving the conditions of civilian population and military personnel in their jurisdiction. There are three types of Cantonment Boards in India. They are created by an Act of the defense ministry. Each Board comprises some members belonging to the elected, nominated and ex-officio categories. There will be a General Officer on Command (GOC) for every Cantonment Board.

Question 14.
Town Area Committee.
Answer:
Town area Committee is setup by an act of state Legislature. It fulfils the public needs of a small town. It will have a chairman and members nominated by the state government. It performs limited functions like street lighting, drainage etc. Its authorities take steps for improving the conditions of the people living in the town area.

Question 15.
Township.
Answer:
Township is established by the public sector undertakings to provide basic civic amenities to its personnel. It has no elected members. There will be a Town Administrator for every township. He is appointed by the concerned ministry of union government. Its services are meant not for the general public but for the personnel working in the public sector under takings.

Question 16.
Port Trust.
Answer:
Port Trust is setup in the areas where port personnel are in considerable member. It manages the affairs of ports. It takes proper steps for protecting the interests of personnel in the port areas. The union government constitutes port affairs committee. The committee comprises both nominated and elected members.

Question 17.
Collector as the District Revenue officer.
Answer:
The collector is the Chief District Revenue Officer. He in that capacity, serves as the chief guide to the farmers in the district by fulfilling several obligations. His revenue functions include various activities such as collection of land revenue, sanction of agricultural loans to farmer, rescusing the farmers in times of natural calamities by assessing the loss to incurred by them, rendering assistance to the union and state authorities in emergency relief measures etc.

Question 18.
Collector as Chief Electoral Officer in the district
Answer:
The collector acts as the chief district electoral officer. He serves as the main agent of the election commission of India for conducting elections to the various representative bodies in the district. He makes arrangements for conducting the elections in fair and impartial manner. These include preparation of electoral list and its modification, hearing public grievances on voters list, registration of new voters issue of voter IDS, appointing returning officers, assistant returning officers etc.

Question 19.
Smart Village.
Answer:
The concept of smart village is the recent development in Panchayat Raj System in A.P inaugurated by the Chief Minister of A.P to achieve holistic, inclusive and sustainable development of the state. The state has a vision “Swamandhra vision 2029″. To realize this vision, the Government has adopted the mission based approach to create the social and economic infrastructure; has adopted initiated campaigns to create awareness seeking participation of the share holder.

A smart village / ward” displays sustainable and inclusive development with all sections of its community enjoying a high standard of living.

Question 20.
Smart City.
Answer:
A “Smart city” is an urban region that is highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure sustainable real estate, communications and market viability. It is a city where information technology is the principal infrastructure and the basis for providing essential services to residents. They benefit everybody including citizens businesses, the government and the environment.

Smart cities are those that are ables to attract investments. Good infrastructure, simple and transparent online processes that make it easy to establish an enterprise and run it efficiently are important features of an investor friendly city.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 8th Lesson State Judiciary Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 8th Lesson State Judiciary

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the powers and functions of the High Court.
Answer:
The constitution of India provides for a High Court for each state. But the 7^th Amendment Act, 1956 authorised the Parliament to establish a common High Court for two or more states and a Union Territory.

Articles 214 to 231 in Part-VI of constitution deals with the organization, qualifications, appointment, independence, jurisdiction, powers and procedures etc., of the High Court.

Composition :
Every High Court consists of a Chief Justice and such other judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint.

Appointment of Judges :
The Chief Justice of High Court is appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the concerned state. The other judges of High Court are appointed by the President with the consultation of the Chief Justice of High Court of the concerned State. In case of a common High Court for two or more States, the Governors of concerned States are cpnsulted by the President. ,

Qualifications of Judges :
A person to be appointed as a judge of High Court should possess the following qualifications.
a) He should be a citizen of India.
b) He should have held judicial office in the territory of India for atleast 10 years, or
c) He should have been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such courts for 10 years period. However, the Constitution has not prescribed a minimum age for appointment as a judge of a High Court.

Salaries and Allowances :
The salaries, allowances, privileges, leave and pension of the judges of a High Court are determined by the Parliament from time to time. The Judge of a High Court gets a salary of ₹ 80,000/-per month and the Chief Justice gets ₹ 90,000/-. They are also entitled to get other allowances and are provided with free accommodation and other facilities like medical, car, telephone etc.

The salaries and allowances cannot be reduced except under financial emergency. The salaries and allowances are drawn from the Consolidated Fund of the State. Their retired Chief Justice and other judges are entitled to 50% of their last drawn salary as monthly pension.

Tenure :
Every Judge of a High Court including Chief Justice holds office until he attains the age of 62 years. The Judges including the Chief Justice will take oath in the presence of the Governor of the concerned State. He can resign for his office when he desire so by writing to the President to that effect.

Method of removal:
A Judge of a High Court can.be removed by the President on the grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. The method of removal of a Judge of the High Court shall be the same as that of a Judge of the Supreme Court.

Powers and Functions of the High Court:
The following are the powers and functions of the High Court.

1) Original Jurisdiction:
Every High Court in India has original jurisdiction in regard to matters of admiralty, will, marriage, divorce, company laws, contempt of court and certain revenue cases. Every High Court is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights. Every High Court is empowered to settle disputes relating to election of members of Parliament and State Legislatures.

Under Article 226, the High Court is empowered to issue writs for enforcing Fundamental Rights. The High Court issue writs like Habeas-corpus, Certiorari, Mandamus, Quo-warranto and Injunction,for protecting the Fundamental Rights of the Indian Citizens.

2) Appellate Jurisdiction :
Every High Court hears appeals against the judgement rdinate courts. The appellate Jurisdiction of the High Court extends to both riminal Cases.

a) Civil Cases :
An appeal to the High Court on the civil side is either a first appeal or a second appeal. In civil cases, appeal to the High Court lies from the decision of a District Court. Appeals can also be made from the subordinate courts directly provided the dispute involves a value of more than ₹ 5,00,000/- (or) a question of fact of law. When a court subordinate to the High Court decides an appeal differing from the decision of an inferior court, a second appeal can be made to the High Court.

b) Criminal Cases :
In Criminal cases, it hears the appeals in which the accused has been sentenced to more than seven years imprisonment by the Sessions Judge. All cases involving capital punishment awarded by the Sessions Court come to High Court as appeals. Its approval is necessary for the imposition of death sentences by the District Sessions Judge. It also hears cases involving the interpretation of the Constitution.

3) Court of Record :
The State High Court acts as a Court of Record. It records all its decisions and judgements. Such records are of great significance. They carry evidentary value. They are taken as Judicial precedents to the Judges and Advocates in legal matters.

4) Power of Judicial Review :
The State High Court possesses the power of judicial review like the Supreme Court. It is the power of High Court to examine the constitutionality of legislature enactments and executive orders of both the Central and State Governments. On examination, if they are found to bp violated of the Constitution (Ultra Vires), they can be declared as illegal, unconstitutional and invalid (null and void) by the High Court. Consequently, they cannot be enforced by the government.

5) Power of Certification :
High Court certifies certain cases which can go to the Supreme Court. That appeals which go to Supreme Court depend up on the issue of a certificate by the High Court.

6) Advisory functions :
The High Court is consulted by the State Governor in the matters of appointment, posting and promotion of District Judges and in the appointment of personnel to the Judicial Services of the State (Other than District Judges). It deals with the matters of posting, promotion, grant of leave, transfers and discipline of the members of the Judicial Service of the State. It also, renders advice to the subordinate courts in the matters of public interest or of legal importance.

7) Administrative functions :
The High Court exercises certain administrative functions within its territorial jurisdictions.

• Under Article 227, every High Court has the power of supervision over all Courts and Tribunals functioning in its territorial jurisdiction except Military Courts or Tribunals in the State.
• It ensures the proper working of these courts. It exercises the power to make and issue general rules and regulations for securing the efficient working of the court.
• The High Court can transfer any case from one court to another court under Article 228 and can even transfer the case itself and decide the same.
• The High Court has the power to investigate or enquire into the records or other connected documents for any court subordinate to it.
• It appoints its administrative staff and determines the salaries and allowances and other conditions of the personnel working in subordinate courts.
• It is empowered to withdraw any case involving the interpretation of the constituion and dispose of the case itself.
• The High Court is the Highest Court of Justice in the State. All other Courts and Tribunals (except Military Courts and Tribunals) in State function under the direct supervisions and control of the State High Court.

Other functions :
a) The High Court acts as the District Court where its head quarters are located.

b) The Chief Justice of the High Court acts as the Governor on the direction of the President tentatively whenever the vacancy arises in that office.

c) The High Court can admit Public Interest Litigation like the Supreme Court of India.

Question 2.
Write an essay on the District Level Courts.
Answer:
The state judiciary consists of a High Court and a hierarchy of Subordinate Courts also known as District Courts. The District Courts play an important role in judicial administration at the district level. The courts consist of District Judge and other Judges. They fullfill their obligations at the District, Town and Major Village levels. They hear civil and criminal cases. They are subject to the authority and control of the State government in administrative matters and to the State High Court in judicial matters.
There are two types of subordinate courts in a State namely :

1. Civil Courts and
2. Criminal Courts.

1) Civil Courts :
The Civil Courts deal with civil suits regarding the matter like marriages, divorce, inheritance, business etc. There will be District Civil Courts at the District Level. The District Judge acts as its head. He exercises control and supervision over other civil courts in the district.

There are some senior civil judge courts below the rank of the district civil courts. There are some other junior civil judge courts in addition senior civil judge court. Judicial officers of subordinate courts are given here under :

1. Principal District Judge
2. Family Court Judge
3. SC & ST Act Court Judge
4. Senior Civil Court Judge
5. Junior Civil Court Judge

The Principal District Court admits the cases pertaining to an amount of Rupees 10 Lakhs and above worth of poverty and deliver the judgements. The Principal District Judge is appointed through direct as well as indirect recruitment (By promotion).

The Family Courts are presided by judicial officers of the cadre of District Judges. This court takes up cases under Hindu Marriage Act relating to divorce, ordering interim maintenance, ordering custody of children etc. In order to protect Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes rights and to implement SC & ST Act strictly, there is a court for the entire district.

There are some courts namely Senior Civil Judge Courts which deal with the cases of property worth rupees above one lakh and below 10 lakhs and deliver the judgements.

Cases pertaining to property worth below one lakh will be taken up by Junior Civil Judge Court and the Judgements are delivered. There are some Nyaya Panchayats, Grama Kacheries, Adalati Panchayats and so on at the lowest level in the district to deal with local legal issues.

2) Criminal Courts :
The Sessions Court is the highest criminal court in the district. The Sessions court acts as the superior court at the district level in handling the criminal matters. The Sessions Judge delivers judgements according to the provisions mentioned in the Indian penal code and the criminal procedure code. The following judges deal with at the district level.
They are :

1. District Sessions Judge
2. Senior Assistant Sessions Judge
3. Junior Civil Judge
4. Special Judicial Magistrate

The Principal District Judge will act as District Sessions Judge, who deals with the cases relating to murder and motor vehicles act violation cases and delivers the judgement and imposes life imprisonment or death sentences which are to be confirmed by the State High Court. The Senior Assistant Sessions Judge will impose an imprisonment of five to seven years, depending on the nature of the Case.

If there is a Junior Civil Judge Court for the entire town the court acts as a civil as well as a criminal court and take up the cases and deliver judgement and impose imprisonment below three years. There are Second Class Magistrate Courts which deliver the judgement by imposing fine up to rupees five hundred or a sentence of one year or both.

Special Judicial Magistrate Courts will be established in every town which takes up petty cases and deliver the judgement by imposing fines below ₹ 500/- and impose imprisonment below six months.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain briefly the composition of High Court.
Answer:
The Constitution of India provides for a High Court for each state. But the 7th Amendment Act, 1956 authorised the Parliament to establish a common High Court for two or more states and a Union Territory. *

Composition :
Every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and some other Judges. The President of India may appoint them from time to time. Besides, the President has the power to appoint Additional Judges for a temporary period not exceeding two years as an acting Judge, where a permanent Judge of a High Court is temporarily absent or unable to perform his duties.

Such judges hold office until the permanent Judge resumes his office. The number of Judges varies from 5 in Gauhati High Court to 48 in the Allahabad High Court. Our Constitution does not specify the exact strength of High Court judges and leaves it to the discretion of the President. Accordingly, the President determines the strength of a High Court from time to time depending upon its workload.

Question 2.
Write any two powers and functions of the State High Court. [Mar. 18, 16]
Answer:
The following are the two powers and functions of the High Court.
1) Original Jurisdiction:
Every High Court in India has original jurisdiction in regard to matters of admiralty, will, marriage, divorce, company laws, contempt of court and certain revenue cases. Every High Court is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights. Every High Court is empowered to settle disputes relating to election of members of Parliament and State Legislatures. The High Courts of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras possess original jurisdiction in Civil as well as Criminal cases arising within the presidency towns.

They are authorized to hear Civil Cases involving property of the value of ₹ 20,000/- or more. They enjoy exclusive privileges and authority in this regard. In fact this power of High Court was m vogue before independence. It has been retained in the new Constitution. The other High Courts also enjoy the same jurisdiction as was available to them before independence.

Under Article 226, the High Courts is empowered to issue writs for enforcing Fundamental Rights. The High Court issue writs like Habeas-corpus, Certiorari, Mandamus, Quo-warranto and Injunction for protecting the Fundamental Rights of the India Citizens.

2) Appellate Jurisdiction :
Every High Court hears appeals against the judgement of the subordinate courts. The appellate Jurisdiction of the High Court extends to both Civil and Criminal Cases.

a) Civil Cases :
An appeal to the High Court on the civil side is either a first appeal or a second appeal. In civil cases, appeal to the High Court lies from the decision of a District Court. Appeals can also be made from the subordinate courts directly provided the dispute involves a value of more than ₹ 5,00,000/- (or) a question of fact of law. When a court subordinate to the High Court decides an appeal differing from the decision of an inferior court, a second appeal can be made to the High Court.

b) Criminal Cases :
In Criminal cases, it hears the appeals in which the accused has been sentenced to more than seven years imprisonment by the Sessions Judge. All cases involving capital punishment awarded by the Sessions Court come to High Court as appeals. Its approval is necessary for the imposition of death sentences by the District Sessions Judge. It also hears cases involving the interpretation of the Constitution.

Question 3.
Explain the Administrative functions of the High Court
Answer:
The High Court exercises certain administrative functions within its territorial jurisdictions.

1. Under Article 227, every High Court has the power of supervision over all Courts and Tribunals functioning in its territorial jurisdiction except Military Courts or Tribunals in the State.
2. It ensures the proper working of these courts. It exercises the power to make and issue general rules and regulations for securing the efficient working of the court.
3. The High Court can transfer any case from one court to another court under Article 228 and can even transfer the case itself and decide the same.
4. The High Court has the power to investigate or enquire into the records or other connected documents of any court subordinate to it.
5. It appoints its administrative staff and determines the salaries and allowances and other conditions of the personnel working in subordinate courts.
6. It is empowered to withdraw any case involving the interpretation of the Constitution and dispose of the case itself.
7. The High Court is the Highest Court of Justice in the State. All other Courts and Tribunals (except Military Courts and Tribunals) in State function under the direct supervision and control of the State High Court.

Question 4.
Explain the powers and functions of District Court.
Answer:
There will be District Civil Courts at the District Level. The District Judge acts as its head. He exercises control and supervision over other civil courts in the district.

There are some senior civil judge courts below the rank of the district civil courts. There are some other junior civil judge courts in addition senior civil judge courts. Judicial officers of subordinate courts are given here under :

1. Principal District Judge
2. Family Court Judge
3. SC & ST Act Court Judge
4. Senior Civil Court Judge
5. Junior Civil Court Judge

The Principal District Court admits the cases pertaining to an amount of Rupees 10 Lakhs and above worth of property and deliver the judgements. The Principal District Judge is appointed through direct as well as indirect recruitment (By promotion).

The Family Courts are presided by judicial officers of the cadre of District Judges. This court takes up cases under Hindu Marriage Act relating to divorce, ordering interim maintenance, ordering custody of children etc. In order to protect Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes rights and to implement SC & ST Act strictly, there is a court for the entire district. .

There are some courts namely Senior Civil Judge Courts which deal with the cases of property worth rupees above one lakh and below 10 lakhs and deliver the judgements.

Cases pertaining to property worth below one lakh will be taken up by Junior Civil Judge Court and the Judgements are delivered. There are some Nyaya Panchayats, Grama Kacheries, Adalati Panchayats and so on at the lowest level in the district to deal with local legal issues.

Question 5.
Discuss the powers and functions of State Advocate General. [Mar. 17]
Answer:
Every State in Indian Union shall have an Advocate General, an official corresponding to the Attorney-General of India. He performs similar functions for the State that of the Attorney-General of India. He is the highest law officer in the State.

Appointment:
The Advocate General is appointed by the Governor of the State under the Article 165 of the Constitution. A person to be appointed as Advocate General must possess the following qualifications.

1. He should be a citizen of India.
2. He must have held a judicial office for ten years or an advocate of a High Court for ten years.
3. He must be a person who is qualified to be appointed a judge of a High Court.

Tenure and Removal :
The Constitution of India did not mention the tenture of Advocate General. Further, the Constitution does not contain the procedure and grounds for his removal. He holds office during the pleasure of the Governor. He may be removed by the Governor at any time. He may also quit his office by submitting his resignation to the Governor. Conventionally, he resigns when the government resigns or is replaced, as he is appointed on the advice of the government.

Salary :
His remuneration is not fixed by the Constitution. He receives such remuneration as the Governor may decide from time to time.

Powers and functions :
As the highest law officer of the State Government, he exercises the following powers and functions.

• He advises the State Government upon such legal matters which are referred to him by the Governor.
• He performs such other duties of a legal character that are assigned to him by the Governor.
• He discharges the functions and conferred on him by the Constitution.
• He appeared before any court of law within the State.
• He has a right to speak and to take part as member in the proceedings of the house (s) but no right to vote.
• He can also attend any of the Standing Committee meetings of State Legislature.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Appointment of High Court Judges. [Mar. 18, 17]
Answer:
The Chief Justice of High Court is appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the concerned State. The other judges of High Court are appointed by the President with the consultation of the Chief Justice of High Court of the concerned State. In case of a common High Court for two or more States, the Governors of concerned States are consulted by the President.

Question 2.
Qualifications of High Court Judges. [Mar. 16]
Answer:
A person to be appointed as judge of High Court should possess the following qualifications.

a) He should be a citizen of India.
b) He should have held a judicial office in the territory of India at least 10 years, or
c) He should have been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such courts for 10. years period. However, the constitution has not prescribed a minimum age for appointment as a judge of a High Court.

Question 3.
High Court as a Court of Record.
Answer:
The State High Court acts as a court of Record. It records all its decisions and judgements. Such records are of great significance. They carry evidentary value. They are taken as Judicial precedents to the judges and Advocates in legal matters.

Question 4.
Advisory functions of High Court.
Answer:
The High Court is consulted by the State Governor in the matters of appointment, posting and promotion of District Judges and in the appointment of personnel to the Judicial Services of the State (Other than District Judges). It deals with the matters of posting, promotion, grant of leave, transfers and discipline of the members of the Judicial Service of the State. It also renders advice to the subordinate courts in the matters of public interest or of legal importance.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 6th Lesson State Executive Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 6th Lesson State Executive

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the powers and functions of the Governor. [Mar. 18]
Answer:
The Governor is the constitutional head of the state government. Article 153 of the Indian constitution provides for the office of the governor in the states. The administration of a state is carried on in the name of the governor

Appointment:
The president appoints the governor on the advice of the Prime Minister. In this Contest, the president generally follows two conventions which are mentioned below for the appointment of the governor.

1. Consulting the Chief Minister of the State Concerned.
2. Choosing an eminent person not belonging to the state concerned.

Qualifications :
Article 157 of our constitution lays down the following qualifications for the appointment of a person as a governor.

1. He shall be a citizen of India.
2. He should have completed the age of 35 years.
3. He should not hold any office of profit.
4. He should not be a member of either union or state legislature.
5. He should not be an insolvent declared by any court of Law.

Pay and Allowances :
The governor is entitled to receive a monthly salary of ₹ 1,10,000/-. He resides in official rent-free building “Raj Bhavan”. Besides, he is entitled to many other allowances and privileges.

Oath of Office :
The Chief Justice of the state High Court administers the oath of office to the governor.

Tenure :
The Governor holds office as a convention for a term of five years. However, He holds office during the pleasure of the president.

Powers and Functions of the Governor:
The Governor exercises six important powers and functions. They are explained as follows.

1) Legislative Powers and Functions :
Article 163 describe that the Governor is an intregral part of the Stage Legislature. In that capacity he exercises certain powers and performs functions related to the State Legislature.

1. The Governor inaugurates the first sessions of the State Legislative Assembly after the general elections are over.
2. He also addressing the first session of State Legislative Assembly every year i.e. budget session.
3. He appoints Pro-tern Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly.
4. He summons and prorogues the sessions of the two Houses of the State Legislature.
5. He addresses the Members of the state Legislature and sends messages in relation to the state legislature.
6. The Governor gives his assent to the bills passed by the state Legislature.
7. He may return a bill sent by the state Legislature for its reconsideration.
8. He dissolves the State Legislative Assembly when he feels no party is in a position to form a stable and viable Government and the advice of the Chief Minister.
9. He may promulgate Ordinances to meet an emergency which require immediate action during the recess of the State Legislature.
10. He nominates members of Anglo-indian community to the Legislative Assembly of the state if he feels that community is not represented in the house!
11. The Governor nominates 1/6 of the total members of the State Legislative Council.

2) Executive powers and functions:
Article 154 of our constitution vests the governor with the executive powers of the state. The governor exercises these powers either directly of through officers subordinate to him. The governor has the following executive powers.

1. The Governor appoints, the Chief Minister and the members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
2. He allocates Portfolios among the ministers and reshuffles their portfolios.
3. He removes the Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
4. He appoints the Vice-Chancellors of the Universities in the State. He acts as the Chancellor of the universities.
5. He appoints the Chief Secretary and Advocate General of the State Government.
6. He appoints the Chairmen and other members of the State Commissions such as a) State Public Service Commission, b) State Election Commission, c) Official Language Commission, d) Commission for Women, e) Minorities Commission, f) Backward Classes Commission and g) SC & ST Commission.
7. He regulates the postings and transfers of the All India Services personnel working in the state.

3) Judicial Powers and Functions :
The Governor also exercises the following judicial powers and functions.

1. The Governor renders advice to the President of India in the appointment of Chief Justice and other judges of the High Court of the State.
2. The Governor appoints the Advocate General of the State.
3. He makes appointments, postings and promotions of the District Judges in consultation with the Chief Justice of High Court of the State.
4. He also appoints persons to the judicial services of the state (Other than the district courts) in consultation with the Chief Justice of High Court and State Public Service Commission.
5. He can grant pardon, retrieve, remit and commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law of the concerned state.

4) Financial Powers and Functions :
The Governor will have the following powers and functions of financial nature.

1. The Governor sees that the Annual Financial Statement,(i.e. Budget) is laid before the State Legislature.
2. No Money bill shall be introduced in the prior permission of the Governor.
3. No Demand for Grant can be made except on his recommendation.
4. He maintains the Contingency Fund of the State. He can make advances out of the Contingency Fund to meet any unforeseen expenditure.
5. He constitutes a Finance Commission for every five years to review the financial position of village Panchayats and Municipalities.
6. He sees that reports of various financial committees are laid before the State Legislature.

5) Miscellaneous Powers and Functions :
The Governor receives the Annual Report of the State Public Service Commission and passes it on to the Council of Ministers for comments. Thereafter, he passes on the report on these comments to the Speaker of the Assembly for placing it before the legislature. He receives the report of the Auditor-General regarding income and expenditure made by different departments working under the State Government. On behalf of the President, he runs the administration as the real head of the state through the enforcement of law and policies during the period of President’s Rule.

6) Discretionary Powers:
Under Article 163 (1) of the constitutions the Governor has some discretionary powers which are discharged by him. His decisions in this regard are final, These are mentioned as below.

1. Playing a decisive role in appointing the new Chief Minister in a situation when no single party has a clear majority in the state Legislative Assembly.
2. Dismissing a Minister When it refuses to resign even after losing majority support in the House.
3. Dissolution of the Assembly on the advice of the Chief Minister who lost the majority members support.
4. Rendering advice to the President for the imposition of the President’s Rule in the State.
5. Reserving a Bill for the consideration and approval of the President.
6. Seeking instructions from the president before promulgating ordinance on some important matters.
7. Sending back a bill passed by the state legislature for its reconsideration, .except money bills.

Question 2.
Explain the powers and Functions of the Chief Minister.
Answer:
Articles 163 and 164 of our constitution deal with the office of the chief minister. The chief minister is the real executive head of the State Government. He plays a decisive role and occupies a key position in the State Government.

Appointment :
The Chief Minister is appointed by the governor under article 164. After general elections, the governor normally invites the leader of the majority party in the Legislative Assembly to form the government and appoints him as the Chief Minister.

Powers and Functions of Chief Minister:
The Chief Minister has high authority and heavy responsibility in discharging his powers and related functions. His powers and functions are related to the following heads.

i) Formation of the Ministry :
The first and foremost responsibility of the Chief Minister is the formation of Ministry of his choice. The CM has a free hand in the selection and appointment of Ministers. He chooses some members of his party (or coalition partners in the case of a coalition) and recommends their names to the Governor to be appointed as Ministers. He advises the Governor to allocate portfolios among the Ministers.

ii) Leader of the State Council of Ministers :
The Chief Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers. As such he occupies a position of exceptional authority. He is the Chairman of the State Council of Ministers. The Chief Minister decides the time, venue and the agenda of Gabinet meetings. The CM presides over such meetings, discussions are carried under his direction. He guides, directs, controls and co-ordinates the activities of the Ministers.

iii) Link between the Governor and the State Council of Ministers:
The Chief Minister is the principal channel of communication between the Governor and the State Council of Ministers. As part of his Constitutional duty he communicates all the administrative decisions and legislative proposals of the State Council of Ministers to the Governor. It is his responsibility to furnish any information related to the actives of the Ministers as the Governor may call for. No minister shall meet the Governor without the consent of the Chief Minister.

iv) Leader of the Legislative Assembly:
As the Chief Minister enjoys the confidence and support of the majority Legislators he acts as the leader of the Assembly. In that capacity he extends complete co-operation to the Presiding Officers for the smooth conduct of the Business of the House. He ensures discipline .of his party members in the Assembly. The CM helps other Ministers in case they are unable to satisfy the House with their replies or when a situation goes out of control in the Assembly. He announces the Government policies on the floor of the Legislative Assembly.

v) Chief Spokes Person :
The Chief Minister is the chief spokesperson of the Government. He announces the major policies and programs of the State Government. His statements in and outside of the State Legislature will carry much legitimacy and influence in the State. The Members in the State Legislature demand for clarification and statements on particular issues of the State from the Cheif Minister. So, he maintains much restrain without making controversial statements.

vi) Leader of the party in power:
The Chief Minister is the leader of party in power at the State level, he participates in the meetings organized by his party. He informs the party members about the policies and programs initiated by the State Government to fulfill the poll promises of his party. He seeks the co-operation and support of the party members for the effective implementation of the government policies and successful function pf the Government. He brings co-ordination between the party in power and the Government.

If he happens to be the President or the General Secretary of the party he gains control over his party. He utilizes the services of the senior, experienced and prominent party leaders in improving the image and efficiency of the State Government. He sees that his party members do not make controversial and embarrassing comments that may land the executive in the troubled waters. –

vii) Leader of the people :
He tries to know and understand the needs and interests, aspirations and expectations of the people in the State. For this purpose he frequently makes visits to different places and addresses the public gatherings. He invites petitions from the people and patiently listens to them. He informs the people about the welfare measures and developmental programs taken up by the Government. He motivates the people to take active participation in the implementation of various welfare schemes. He undertakes relief „ measures and consoles the people affected during the natural calamities. He maintains good rapport with the people and wins their confidence and trust, as their prominent leader of the people.

viii) Chief Advisor to the Governor :
It is the Constitutional obligation of the CM to render advice to the Governor on all matter of the State Government. His advice is binding over the Governor in the matter of appointment of ministers, allocation of portfolios, reshuffling of the Ministry and accepting the resignation of Ministers. It is a rate privilege and opportunity of the Chief Minister to advise the Governor to dissolve the State Legislative Assembly when he still has majority support of the members in the Assembly.

ix) Cordial relations with the Union Government:
The Chief Minister, being the real head of the. State administration, has the main responsibility of maintaining harmonious relations with the Union Government. He should develop cordial and amicable relations with the Prime Minister and the Union Ministers. He will have to interaction with several Union Ministers particularly of Home, Finance, Industry, Agriculture, Education, and Rural Development etc.

How much Union support a State gets in the form of financial grants to the centrally sponsored schemes depend on the Chief Minister’s influence on and the rapport with the Union Ministers. The State’s representation in the Union Cabinet also influences the quantum and quality of the support to the State.

x) Relations with Party in Opposition :
The Chief Minister maintains good relations with the Presidents, Floor Leaders, and MLAs of the Opposition Parties. Good contacts, healthy relations and cordial approach the Chief Minister in securing constructive co-operation from the Opposition. He takes the Opposition parties into confidence on crucial issues of the State. He organizes all party meetings and takes delegation of all parties to the Union Government for communicating issues of the state.

xi) Related to the Constitution:
The Indian Constitution confers all the powers of real executive on the Chief Minister. He owes his position to the Constitution. He has to exercise his authority and discharge his responsibilities in accordance with the provisions of Constitution. He must uphold the democratic norms and Constitutional principles in running the State administration.

Question 3.
Describe the powers and functions of the State Council of Ministers.
Answer:
Article 163(1) of the Indian Constitution provides for the State Council Ministers with the Chief Minister at its head, to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his powers and in running the State administration.

Composition :
The State Council of Ministers is generally a three-tier body. It consisting of.
1. Cabinet Ministers 2. Ministers of State and 3. Deputy Ministers. There will be some only Parliamentary Secretaries in some states on rare occasions. It constitutes the fourth wing of the hierarchy of the Council of Ministers.

Qualifications :

1. They should be members of either House of the Legislature (if it is bi-cameral)
2. If the Ministers are not the members of the State Legislature, they should be elected to the State Legislature within six months from the date of assuming their office. Otherwise they cease to hold their office.
3. They must possess such other qualifications as*is determined by the Parliament from time to time.

Appointment:
All the Ministers are appointed by the governor (Article 164) on the advice and recommendation of the chief minister.

Powers and Functions of the Council of Ministers :
i) Policy Formulation :
The State Council of Ministers formulates policies suitable for the progress of the people and development of the State. It is an intellectual and laborious process. The Cabinet Ministers meet frequently under the leadership of the Chief Minister, discuss thoroughly various matters of the State adihinistration and finalize the policies along with the necessary decisions.

ii) Enactment of Laws :
The State Council of Ministers takes Legislative initiation on different matters of State Government. It is the Council Ministers that drafts and finalizes the public Bill and pilots them in the State Legislature at different stages in order to get them approved by the Legislature. Once the bills are approved by the Legislature, the Council of Ministers advises the Governor to assent them so that they become laws. The Council of Ministers may propose amendment to the existing laws or enactment Of new laws for the administrative convenience.

iii) Provision of Good Administration :
The State Council of Ministers i.e., the real executive is voted to power to provide good administration and promote the well-being of the .people of the State. The chief responsibility of the Council of Ministers is running the administration in accordance with the Constitutional cardinals and democratic doctrines. The.total administrative work is divided into different ministries. Each minister has one or more departments under his control and is responsible for the effective and the transparent administration of such departments. It formulates and implements different developmental programs and welfare schemes.

iv) Co-ordination of Governmental Activities :
The State Council of Ministers is responsible and the authority for coordinating the functions of different government departments. Without proper co-ordination among the departments the success of the State administration cannot be ensured. The Chief Minister guides and takes lead in coordinating the cabinet discussions and government activities.

v) Appointment Power:
The State Council of Ministers plays a key role in all important appointments to various offices in the State. It makes all appointments in the name of the Governor to various higher offices like the Chief secretary. Advocate General, D.G.R Principal Secretaries and other Heads of the Departments etc.

vi) Financial Fucntions :
The State Council of Ministers wields control over the Finances of the State. It determines fiscal policy and deals with the matters concerning the State Revenue, Expenditure, Investment and Audit of Accounts. It prepares the budget proposals of the State Government and places it before the State Legislature for its consideration and approval. It manages the Finances of the State according to the policy and budget as approved by the Legislature. Its role is that of a trustee.

vii) Miscellaneous Functions :
The State Council of Ministers finalizes strategies for the overall development of the State in the sphere of Agriculture, Irrigation, Industry, Transport, Education, Planning, IT etc. It proclaims ordinances in the name of the Governor during the recess of the State Legislature.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain any three Powers and Functions of the Governor.
Answer:
1) Legislative Powers and Functions :
Article 168 describes that the Governor is an intregral part of the State Legislature. In that capacity he exercises certain powers and performs functions related to the State Legislature.

1. The Governor inaugurates the first sessions of the State Legislative Assembly after the general elections are over.
2. He also addressing the first session of State Legislative Assembly every year i.e. budget session.
3. He appoints Pro-tem Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly.
4. He summons and prorogues the sessions of the two houses of the State Legislature.
5. He addresses the Members of the state legislature and sends messages in relation to the state legislature.
6. The Governor gives his assent to the bills passed by the State Legislature.
7. He may return a bill sent by the State Legislature for its reconsideration.
8. He dissolves the State Legislative Assembly when he feels no party is in a position to form a stable and viable Government and the advice of the Chief Minister.
9. He may promulgate Ordinances to meet an emergency which require immediate action during the recess of the State Legislature.
10. He nominates members of Anglo-Indian community to the Legislative Assembly of the state if he feels that community is not represented in the house.
11. The Governor nominates 1/6 of the total members of the State Legislative Council.

2) Executive Powers and Functions:
The Governor has the following executive powers.

1. The Governor appoints, the Chief Minister and the members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
2. He allocates Portfolios among the ministers and reshuffles their portfolios.
3. He removes the Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
4. He appoints the Vice-Chancellors of the Universities in the State. He acts as the Chancellor of the universities.
5. He appoints the Chief Secretary and Advocate General of the State Government.
6. He appoints the Chairmen and other members of the State Commissions such as a) State Public Service Commission, b) State Election Commission, c) Official Language Commission, d) Commission for Women, e) Minorities Commission, f) Backward Classes Commission and g) SC & ST Commission.
7. He regulates the postings and transfers of the All India Services personal working in the state.

3) Judicial Powers and Functions :
The Governor also exercises the following judicial powers and functions.

1. The Governor renders advice to the President of India in the appointment of Chief Justice and other judges of the High Court of the State.
2. The Governor appoints the Advocate General of the State.
3. He makes appointments, postings and promotions of the District Judges in consultation with the Chief Justice of High Court of the State.
4. He also appoints persons to the judicial services of the state (other than the district courts) in consultation with the Chief Justice of High court and State Public Service Commission.
5. He can grant pardon; retrieve, remit and commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law of the concerned state.

Question 2.
What are the Discretionary Functions of the Governor?
Answer:
Under Article 163(1) of the constitution the governor has been armed with certain discretionary powers. In the exercise of his discretionary powers, the governor is not bound by the advice of his ministers or even to seek such advice. His actions shall not be called into question on the ground that he ought or ought not to have acted in his discretion.

The discretionary powers of governor are mentioned below.

1. Playing a decisive role in appointing the new Chief Minister in a situation when single party has a clear majority in the State Legislative Assembly.
2. Dismissing a Ministry when it refuses to resign even after losing majority support in the House.
3. Dissolution of the Assembly on the advice of the Chief Minister who lost the majority members support.
4. Rendering advice to the President for the imposition of the President’s Rule in the State.
5. Reserving a Bill for the consideration and approval of the President.
6. Seeking instructions from the President before promulgating ordinance on some important matters.
7. Sending back a bill passed by the state legislature for its reconsideration, except money bills.
8. Seeking information from the Chief Minister with regard to the administrative and legislative matters of the State.

Question 3.
What are the Differences between the Governor of a State and the President of India?
Answer:

Governor of a State	President of India
1) The Governor is a nominated person.	1) The President is an elected person.
2) He has no security of Tenure. His Tenure depends upon the Pleasure of the President.	2) The President has a fixed tenure of Office of five years in general.
3) The Governor can be removed easily by the President on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers headed the Prime Minister.	3) He can be removed only by the difficult process of Impeachment by the Parliament.
4) The Governor has discretionary power.	4) The President has no discretionary, powers.
5) The Governor does not have Military and diplomatic powers.	5) He has Military and Diplomatic powers.
6) Pardoning power of the Governor is limited. He cannot pardon death sentence and any sentence inflicted by the Martial Court.	6) Pardoning power of the president is absolute. He can pardon even the death sentence and sentence of Martial Court.
7) The Governor does not have emergency powers. He can only suggest for the imposition of President’s Rule.	7) The President can Promulgate orders for the declaration of all the three types of Emergencies.
8) The Governor has no power to remove the Chairman and Members of the State Public Service Commission though he appoints them.	8) The President can remove the Chairman and the Members of the Union Public Service Commission on the grounds stipulated by the constitution.
9) The Governor sometimes may reserve a bill for the consideration of the President.	9) The President need not reserve any bill for the consideration of any other authority before giving his assent.
10) The Governor cannot issue ordinance without instructions from the President on the matters (a) which might affect the powers of the Union (b) affecting powers of the High Court (c) Imposing reasonable restrictions upon Inter¬State Trade or Commerce.	10) The President can promulgate any ordinance on the advice of Council of Ministers of the Union.

Question 4.
What is the position and significance of the Governor in the State?
Answer:
The Constitution of India provides for the Parliamentary System of Government both at Centre and in the States. While the Governor is only a nominal executive, the real executive constitutes the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister. The Constitution has assigned a dual role to the office of a Governor in the Indian federal system. He is the Constitutional head of the State Government as well as the representative of the Union Government.

As the Constitutional head of the state government, he must positively contribute to the progress and development of the State. He has to see that the political and administrative heads of the State Government strive for the promotion of the interests of the people. The Governor has to ensure that the ministers and bureaucrats must observe the constitutional and democratic norms. It is the responsibility of the Governor to see that the affairs of the government are carried on in accordance with Constitutional provisions. The Governor has to maintain close and harmonious relations with the real executive heads of the Union and State Governments.

The Governor is not supposed to run a parallel government in the State. His role is that of a good counselor, mediator and arbitrator than an active politician. He shall abide by the advice of the State Council of Ministers. This does not mean that he should accept all proposals immediately. He can reserve Bills for reconsideration and prevent hasty decisions. Great caution and restrainment must be exercised while reporting to the President under Article 356. Otherwise, his image as guardian of the State Government would tarnished. He should keep himself away from active politics. If he identifies himself with a political party, he cannot inspire the total trust of the people.

Being the representative of the Centre, the Governor has the responsibility of informing through reports whether the State is complying with the directives issued by the Union from time to time. It is his constitutional obligation to inform the Union whether the constitutional machinery is functioning smoothly in the state or not.

The Centre-State relations largely depend upon the action and performance of the Governor. He can make or mar the healthy relations between the Union and the State. The Constitution has given certain discretionary powers to the Governor. If the Governor makes use of these powers sparingly, judiciously and impartially, tensions between the Centre and the States would certainly be reduced. If he acts with bias and at the behest of the Central Government, the tensions between the Centre and State would undoubtedly be enhanced. The role of the Governor in the formation or dissolution of the Ministry or imposing of President’s Rule will have far reaching implications and consequences in the healthy and harmonious Centre-State relations.

Question 5.
Explain any three Powers and Functions of the Chief Minister. [Mar. 16]
Answer:
The following are the three important powers and functions of the Chief Minister.
i) Formation of the Ministry :
The first arid foremost responsibility of the Chief Minister is the formation of Ministry of his choice. The CM has a free hand in the selection and appointment of Ministers. He chooses some members of his party (or coalition partners in the case of a coalition) and recommends their names to the Governor to be appointed as Ministers. He advises the Governor to allocate portfolios among the Ministers.

ii) Leader of the State Council of Ministers :
The Chief Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers. As such he occupies a position of exceptional authority. He is the Chairman of the State Council of Ministers. The Chief Minister decides the time, venue and the agenda of Cabinet meetings. The CM presides over such meetings, discussions are carried under his direction. He guides, directs, controls and co-ordinates the activities of the Ministers.

iii) Link between the Governor and the State Council of Ministers :
The Chief Minister is the principal channel of communication between the Governor and the State Council of Ministers. As part of his Constitutional duty he communicates all the administrative decisions and legislative proposals of the State Council of Ministers to the Governor. It is his responsibility to furnish any information related to the actives of the Ministers as the Governor may call for. No minister shall meet the Governor without the consent of the Chief Minister.

Question 6.
Explain the Composition of the State Council of Ministers.
Answer:
Article 163(1) of the Indian Constitution provides for the State Council Ministers with the Chief Minister at its head, to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his powers and in rurining the State administration.

Composition :
The State Council of Ministers is generally a three-tier body. It consisting of.
1. Cabinet Ministers 2. Ministers of State and 3. Deputy Ministers. There will be some only Parliamentary Secretaries in some States on rare occasions. It constitutes the fourth wing of the hierarchy of the Council of Ministers.

i) Cabinent Ministers :
The cabinent is a small body consisting of ministers holding the most important portfolios such as Home, Finance, Planning and Industries etc. They enjoy independence in taking and implementing decisions concerning their ministry. They attend the Cabinet meetings, concerned by the Chief Minister. Some times the Ministers of state and deputy ministers may attend the cabinet meetings, in case their presence is needed during deliberations. They meet frequently and determine the policies of the State Government under the stewardship of the Chief Minister.

ii) Ministers of State :
The Ministers of State hold portfolios of less importance compared to the Cabinent Ministers. They may be attached to the individual Cabinent Ministers or might be given independent charge of crucial departments’in the major Ministries. In such a case they enjoy independence. They are answerable directly to the Chief Minister. They are not subject to the control of Cabinet Ministers.

iii) Deputy Ministers :
The Deputy Ministers are attached to the Cabinet Ministers. They performs such functions which are assigned by the Cabinet Ministers. His role is mainly to relieve the burden of the Cabinet Minister. He assists the Cabinent Minister in the administrative and legislative affairs of the Ministry the Constitution (91st Amendment) Act 2003 fixes a ceiling on the size of the Council of Ministers. The total number of the Ministers cannot be more than 15% of the total strength of the State Legislative Assembly.

Question 7.
Point out any three Powers of the State Council of Ministers. [Mar. 17]
Answer:
The three of the following are the important powers of the state council of Ministers.
i) Policy Formulation :
The State Council of Ministers formulates policies suitable for the progress of the people and development of the State. It is an intellectual and laborious process. The Cabinent Ministers meet frequently under the leadership of the Chief Minister, discuss throughly various matters of the State administration, and finalize the policies along with the necessary decisions.

ii) Enactment of Laws :
The State Council of Ministers takes Legislative initiation on different matters of State Government. It is the Council of Ministers that drafts and finalizes the public Bills and pilots them in the State Legislature at different stages in order to get them approved by the Legislature. Once the bills are approved by the Legislature, the Council of ministers advises the Governor to assent them so that they become laws. The Council of Ministers may propose amendment to the existing laws or enactment of new laws for the administrative convenience.

iii) Provision of Good Administration :
The State Council of Ministers i.e., the real executive is voted to power to provide good administration and promote the wellbeing of the people of the State. The chief responsibility of the Council of Ministers is running the administration in accordance with the Constitutional cardinals and democratic doctrines.

The total administrative work is divided into different ministries. Each minister has one or more departments under his control and is responsible for the effective and the transparent administration of such departments. It formulates and implements different developmental programs and welfare schemes.

Question 8.
Estimate the relationship between the Chief Minister and the Governor.
Answer:
In a Parliamentary Democracy like India the real executive of the state plays a pivotal role in the state administration. The Cheif Minister as the real executive head in the State is responsible ultimately to the state electorate. The Chief Minister has also the obligation to facilitate the exercise of powers of the Governor by providing necessary information about the affairs of the administration of the State. The Governor has a right to seek any information on administrative and legislative activities of the state Council of Ministers through the Chief Minister.

However, this right does not allow permit the Governor to become a parallel centre in this state. It may be noted that the nature of the power available to the Governor is persuasive and not authoritarian. So he cannot under the grab of this right start over riding or vetoing the decisions or proposals of the state Council of Ministers.

The founding fathers of our Constitution have laid great emphasis on the need for harmonious relations between the Governor and his Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister. This was the main idea behind abandoning the proposal for an elected Governor and adopting for his nomination by the President.

The Sarkaria Commission in its report emphasized that for the proper working of the Parliamentary system there needs to be a good personnel rapport between the Governor and the Chief Minister of a State. For fostering good personnel relationship, the Sarkaria Commission suggested that the Union Government has to consult the concerned Chief Minister before appointing the Governor of the State.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru during his speeches in the Constituent Assembly stated that the Governor should be acceptable to the Chief Minister. Both the Chief Minister and Governor must work together in mutual co-operation to promote the development of the State and safeguard the interests of the people of the State.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Qualifications of Governor. [Mar. 18]
Answer:
Article 157 of our Constitution lays down the following qualifications for the appointment of a person as a Governor.

1. He shall be a citizen of India.
2. He should have completed the age of 35 years.
3. He should not be a member of either house of Parliament or state legislature.
4. He should not hold any other office of profit.
5. He should not be an insolvent declared by any court of law.

Question 2.
Special responsibilities of the Governor. [Mar. 17]
Answer:
The Governor has certain special responsibilities to discharge according to the directives issued by the President under Articles 371 (Z) 371 (A) (1) b, 371 (C) in case special responsibility through the Governor is to constilt the Council of Ministers the final decision shall be in his individual judgement which no court can question.

The Governor of Assom. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Wougaland, Manipur and Sikkim have special responsibility on specific matters related to their respective states. For example : 1. The Governor of Assom shall in his discretion determine the amount payable by the state of Assom to district council as the royalty accruing from licences of minerals decides the amount of money received from mineral resources and which has to be allocated to the District Council.

Question 3.
State Executive. [Mar. 18]
Answer:
Articles 153 to 167 deal with the matters of the state executive. The state executive consists of (a) the Governor (b) the Chief Minister and (c) Members of the State Council of Ministers. In our Parliamentary system Governor is the titular or constitutional head of the state. The Chief Minister is the real executive head of the Government. The Chief Minister and the Ministers being represents the people.

Question 4.
Immunities of the Governor.
Answer:
Our Constitution provides certain legal Immunities to the office of the Governor to enable him to discharge his constitutional functions in a free and fair manner, to ensure the state government works constitutionally. He shall not be held responsible for any act done or purporting to have been done in his official capacity. No criminal proceedings can be initiated against the Governor during his term of office. No proceedings for his arrest or imprisonment can be taken by any court of law.

Question 5.
Any two executive powers of the Governor.
Answer:

1. The Governor appoints, the Chief Minister and the members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
2. He allocates portfolios among the Ministers and reshuffles their portfolios.

Question 6.
Two discretionary powers of the Governor.
Answer:

1. Playing a decisive role in appointing the new Chief Minister in a situation when no single party has a clear majority in the State Legislative Assembly.
2. Dismissing a Ministry when it refuses to resign even after losing majority support in the house.

Question 7.
The Chief Minister. [Mar. 17]
Answer:
The Chief Minister is the centre of the real executive authority at the state level. He plays a decisive role and occupies a key position in the State Government. The progress of the people and development of the state largely depends upon the Cabinet, Personality, Preservance and political stature of the Chief Minister.

Question 8.
Cabinet Ministers. [Mar. 16]
Answer:
The Cabinet is a small boy consisting of Ministers holding the most important portfolios such as Home, Finance, Planning and Industries etc. They enjoy independence in taking and implementing decisions concerning their Ministry. They attend the Cabinet meetings, concerned by the Chief Minister. Some times the Ministers of state and Deputy Ministers may attend the Cabinet meetings, incase their presence is needed during deliberations. They met frequently and determine the policies of the State Government under the Stewardship of the Chief Minister.

Question 9.
Composition of the State Council of Ministers. [Mar. 18]
Answer:
The State Council of Ministers is generally a three-tier body. It consisting of.

1. Cabinet Ministers
2. Ministers of state and
3. Deputy Ministers. There will be some only Parliamentary Secretaries in some states on rare occassions. It constitutes the fourth wing of the hierarchy of the Council of Ministers. .

Question 10.
Deputy Ministers.
Answer:
The Deputy Ministers are attached to the Cabinet Ministers. They performs such functions which are assigned by the Cabinet Ministers. His role is mainly to relieve the burden of the Cabinet Minister. He assists the Cabinet Minister in the .administrative and legislative affairs of the Ministry.

Question 11.
State Ministers.
Answer:
The Ministers of State hold portfolios of less importance compared to the Cabinet Ministers. They may be attached to the individual Cabinet Ministers or might be given independent charges of crucial departments in the major minorities. In such a case they enjoy independence. They are answerably directly to the Chief Minister. They are not subject to the control of Cabinet Ministers.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 5th Lesson Union Judiciary Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material 5th Lesson Union Judiciary

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write an essay on the Supreme Court of India.
Answer:
The Supreme Court of India is the Highest Court of Justice in India.

Part V of the Indian constitution from Articles 124 to 147 deals with the composition, Appointment, Qualifications of Judges, powers and Functions of the Supreme Court.

Article 124 provides for the establishment of the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court of India was established in New Delhi on January 26, 1950 with the inauguration of our constitution.

Composition :
The Supreme Court Consists of the Chief Justice and 30 other Judges. There may be some Ad-hoc Judges and retired Judges on temporary basis.

1) Seat of the Supreme Court:
The Head quarters of the Superme Court is situated at New Delhi. The Supreme Court ordinarily shall sits at New Delhi.

• All general cases are adjudicated by a Division Bench Comprising two or more Judges.
• Cases involving the constitutional matters are heard by a constitutional Bench consisting Five Judges.
• For considering special cases larger benches consisting of Five or more than Five Judges are constituted.

2) Appointment:
The judges are appointed by the President. While appointing the Chief Justice, the President consults the retiring Chief Justice and the Prime Minister. He appoints the remaining judges on the advice of the Chief Justice.

3) Qualification :
A judge of the Supreme Court 1) must be a citizen of India. 2) must have worked as a judge of any High Court for atleast 5 years or must have 10 years of experience as an advocate either in the Superme court or any High court or must be a legal expert in the opinion of the President.

4) Salaries :
The Chief Justice gets a monthly salary of Rs. 1,00,000/- and each other judge gets 90,000 per month. They also get allowances. Their salaries should not be reduced to their disadvantage during their term of office.

5) Term of Office :
The judges hold office till they reach 65 years of age. However, they can be removed from office by Parliament through a resolution known as impeachment before the end of their term or they may submit their resignation.

Removal:
A Judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his position only on the grounds of proved misbehaviour or in capacity by an order of the president after on an address by the Parliament by a Majority of not less than 2/3 votes.

Immunities of Judges :
According to Article 121 of the constitution, No discussion shall take place in the Parliament with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court in the discharge of his duties except upon a motion of impeachment.

Powers and Functions of Supreme Court:
1) Original Jurisdiction :
According to the original Jurisdiction, the Supreme Court hears directly any dispute (a) between the Government of India and one or more States, (b) between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other (c) between two or more States. The Supreme Court also decides all disputes and doubts regarding the election of the President and Vice President. It protects the Fundamental Rights guaranteed to the citizens by issuing several writs.

2) Appellate jurisdiction:
The Supreme Court is the highest Court of appeal in India. All appeals from all other courts can be heard by Supreme Court. The appellate jurisdiction extends to four types of cases namely civil, criminal, constitutional and special. But, the High Court should give certificate for appealing in the Supreme Court in the first three kinds of cases. But in special cases the certificate of High Court is not required.

3) Advisory Jurisdiction :
The Supreme Court offers it’s advice to the President on those matters of legal or public importance which are referred to him (Art. 143). It’s opinion is purely advisory and not binding on the President. The Supreme Court may refuse to give its opinion to the President. In October 1994 when Dr.S.D.Sharma, the then President of India asked the Supreme Court to give it’s advisory opinion on the Ayodhya issue, the court refused to give it’s opinion.

4) Judicial Review:
The Supreme Court has the power of Judicial Review. It examines the validity of laws passed by the legislatures or the orders issued by the Executive and declares them as ultra vires or unconstitutional if they are against the provisions of the constitution.

5) Court of Record:
The Supreme Court acts as a court of record. All the judgements and interpretations of the Supreme Court are recorded for future references. .

6) Other Powers :
The Supreme Court.

1. reviews it’s own decisions.
2. supervises the working of the State High Courts and other Subordinate Courts.
3. recruits it’s own personnel for its maintenance.
4. interprets the constitution and acts as it’s guardian.
5. initiates contempt proceedings against those who criticise or defy it’s judgements etc.

Conclusion :
From the above account it is evident that our Supreme Court unique position in the judicial system of the country.

Question 2.
Explain the Powers and Functions of the Supreme Court of India.
Answer:
The supreme Court of India is the Highest Court of Justice in India. Article 124 of the Indian constitution provides for the establishment of the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court of India was established in New Delhi on January 26, 1950. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice and 30 other Judges.

Powers and Functions of Supreme Court:
1) Original Jurisdiction :
According to the original jurisdiction, the Supreme Court hears directly any dispute

• between the Government of India and one or more States.
• between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other.
• between two or more State. The Supreme Court also decides all disputes and doubts regarding the election of the President and Vice President. It protects the Fundamental Rights guaranteed to the citizens by issuing several writs.

2) Appellate Jurisdiction:
The Supreme Court is the highest Court of appeal in India. All appeals from all other courts can be heard by Supreme Court. The appellate jurisdiction extends to four types of cases namely civil, criminal, constitutional and special. But, the High Court should give certificate for appealing in the Supreme Court in the first three kinds of cases. But in special cases the certificate of High Court is not required.

3) Advisory Jurisdiction :
The Supreme Court offers it’s advice to the President on those matters of legal or public importance which are referred to him (Art. 143). It’s opinion is purely advisory and not binding on the President. The Supreme Court may refuse to give its opinion to the President. In October, 1994 when Dr. S.D. Sharma, the then President of India asked the Supreme Court to give it’s advisory opinion on the Ayodhya issue, the court refused to give it’s opinion.

4) Judicial Review:
The Supreme Court has the power of Judicial Review. It examines the validity of laws passed by the legislatures or the orders issued by the Executive and declares them as ultravires or unconstitutional if they are against the provisions of the constitution.

5) Court of Record:
The Supreme Court acts as a court of record. All the judgements and interpretations of the Supreme Court are recorded for future references.

6) Other Powers :
The Supreme Court.

1. reviews it’s own decisions.
2. supervises the working of the State High Courts and other Subordinate Courts.
3. recruits its own personnel for its maintenance.
4. Interprets the constitution and acts as it’s guardian.
5. initiates contempt proceedings against those who criticise defy it’s judgements etc.-

7) Review of Judgement :
The Supreme court is empowered to review its own Judgements. It can uphold, modify or nullify its previous judgements. For instance it, while pronouncing its judgement in Golak nathcase vs. Punjab state case in 1967, declared the Parliament has no powers sb amend any of the provisions of fundamental rights of Indian Citizens.

Conclusion :
From the above account it is evident that our Supreme Court enjoys unique position.

Question 3.
Describe Judicial Review.
Answer:
Judicial Review is perhaps the most important power of the Supreme Court. The purpose of Judicial Review is to maintain the supremacy of the Constitution. There is no explicit mention of Judicial Review in the Indian Constitution. The higher courts derive this power from the provisions of Article 13 of the Constitution.

This Article empowers the Supreme Court to validate those laws and executive orders which infringe upon the Fundamental Rights. The makers of our constitution adopted this concept from the American Constitution keeping in view the written nature of the Indian Constitution and federal character of Indian polity.

Judicial Review means the power of the Supreme. Court or High Courts to examine the Constitutional validity of the legislative enactments and executive actions of both Central and State Governments and to declare them ‘null and void’ if found repugnant, of the provisions of the Constitution. As M.V Pylee stated, “Judicial Review is the competence of a court of law to declare the Constitutionality or otherwise of a legislative enactment”.

Article 13 declares all laws that are inconsistent with or direspectful of the fundamental rights, or void to the extent of their inconsistency. Hence, the Supreme Court being responsible for protecting fundamental rights, can declare any legislative act or executive decision that is inconsistent with provisions on fundamental rights as ultra vires or null and void, meaning unconstitutional and inapplicable. Besides, in case of federal relations, the Supreme Court can avail this power if a law is inconsistent with the provisions concerning the distribution of powers between the governments as laid down by the Constitution.

In this context the Supreme Court and High courts reviews legislations on the grounds that (a) they violate fundamental rights or (b) they violate the federal distribution of powers. The Supreme Court’s power of Judicial Review extends to the

• Laws passed by the union and state legislatures,
• Executive actions of the union and states,
• Decisions of the public sector undertakings and
• Constitutional Amendments. The Supreme Court for the first time utilized this power in 1950 itself by declaring Section 14 of the Preventive Detention Act as unconstitutional.

It may be noted that the Supreme Court of India is prominent in the world by exercising the power to determine the validity of the Constitutional Amendment Acts. However, Judicial Review is inevitable due to the following reasons.

1. The Supreme Court has to uphold the supremacy of the Constitution.
2. It has to maintain the federal equilibrium.
3. It has to protect the fundamentals rights of the citizens.

Apart from the above, the power of Judicial Review is a resultant of the position of the Supreme Court as the; guardian of the Constitution. As such it has the final say in interpretation of the Constitution and by such an interpretation, the Supreme Court has extended its power of Judicial Review to almost all the provisions of the Constitution.

Question 4.
What is Judicial Activism? What are its merits and demerits?
Answer:
Generally, Judicial Activism is construed to be the over willingness of the judiciary to jump into the arena of executive or legislative functions. Judicial Activism, in fact, is not a distinctly separate concept from usual judicial activities. In general parlance, the expression “activism” means “being active”, “doing things with decision” and the expression “activist” should mean “one who favours intensified activities”. In this sense every judge is an activist.

Judicial Activism is a policy making in competition with policy making by legislature and executive. The essence of true Judicial Activism is rendering of decisions which are in tune with the temper and tempo of the times. The nature of Judicial Activisim is that it furthers the cause of social change or articulates concepts like liberty, equality or justice.

Judiciary which is an institution that traditionally confined to responding to cases brought before it, began considering many cases merely on the basis of Newspaper reports and postal complaints received by the court. But most of the cases of Judicial Activism have occurred through Public Interest Litigatiqn in the sphere of Public Health, Child Labour, Environment, Corruption etc. Therefore, the Judicial Activism became the most popular description of the role of Judiciary.
Causes for Judicial Activism :
The following are the causes for the emergence of Judicial Activism in India.

1. Expansion of the rights of hearing in the administrative process.
2. Excessive delegation without limitation.
3. Judicial Review over administration.
4. Promotion of open government.
5. Indiscriminate exercise of contempt of power.
6. Exercise of jurisdiction when non – exist.
7. Over extending the standard rules of interpretation in its search for socio-economic and educational objectives.
   8) Breakdown of other machinery of the government.

Merits of Judicial Activism :

1. Judicial Activism has democratized the judicial system by giving, access to the courts not just to individuals but also to groups.
2. It has enforced executive accountability.
3. It made an attempt to make the electoral system more free and fair.
4. It is due to the impact of Judicial Activism during elections the candidates who tender affidavits disclosing their assets, income, educational qualifications, criminal record etc. This enable the people to elect better candidates.

De – Merits:

1. Judicial Activism has blurred the line of distinction between the executive and legislature on the one hand and the judiciary on the other hand.
2. Some felt that Judicial Activism led to the worsening of relations and balance among the three organs of government.
3. Democracy is based on the principle that each organ of government will respect the powers and jurisdiction of others. But Judicial Activism may negate this democratic principle.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write about the composition of the Supreme Court.
Answer:
The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of Justice in India part V of the India Constitution from Articles 124 to 147 deals with the composition, Appointment, Qualifications of Judges, powers and Functions of the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court of India was established in New Delhi on January 26, 1950.

Composition :
The Supreme Court consists of the chief Justice of India and such number of other Judges as is provided by the law. The parliament is authorised to determine the number of Judges in the Supreme Court. At present, there are a chief Justice and 30 other Judges in the Supreme Court. There may be some Adhoc Judges and retired Judges on temporary basis in the Supreme Court. All general cases are adjudicated by division Bench comprising two or more judges.

Cases involving the constitutional matters are heard by a constitution bench consisting Five Judges.

For considering special cases larger benches consisting of Five or more than Five Judges are constituted.

Question 3.
Mention any two Jurisdictions of the Supreme Court.
Answer:
1. Original Jurisdiction :
The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is purely of federal in nature. This power is confined to disputes between (a) the Government of India and any of the States in India, (b) The Government of India and any State of States on one side and other States on the other side or (c) two or more States. This power exclusively belongs to the Supreme Court and no other court in India is empowered to entertain any such suit. However disputes arising out of any treaty agreement, convenant, engagement etc., do not come under this Jurisdiction unless referred to by the President for advisory opinion. The Supreme Court can directly hear the disputes concerning the election of the President and the Vice-President.

2. Appellate Jurisdiction:
The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in India. Its appellate Jurisdiction may be divided into three heads.

1. Cases involving interpretation of constitution,
2. Civil cases and.
3. Criminal cases.

i) The Supreme Court hears cases involving a substantial question of Law as the interpretation of. the constitution. It requires the certificate of the High Court for hearing such a case. Sometimes the Supreme Court can take up the appeal if it is satisfied that the case has do with certain intepretation of the constitution.

ii) In case where no constitutional question is involved, the Supreme Court hears appeals on the basis of a certificate of the High Court. Such cases, in the opinion of High Court involve (a) a substantial question of law and (b) the decision of the Supreme Court,

iii) In case of the criminal matters the Supreme Court hears appeals from any Judgement, whether they are in the form of final order or sentence of the High Court. It hears two specified cases namely.
a) Where the High Court has on an appeal reversed on order of acquittal of an accused and sentenced him to death and b) Where the High Court has tried the appeals from any of its subordinate courts convicted the accused and sentenced him to death.

Question 3.
What are the powers of Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
Answer:
The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in India. Its appellate Jurisdiction may be divided into three heads.

1. Cases involving interpretation of constitution,
2. Civil cases and
3. Criminal cases.

i) The Supreme Court hears cases involving a substantial question of Law as to the interpretation of the constitution. It requires the certificate of the High Court for hearing such a case. Sometimes the Supreme Court can take up the appeal if it is satisfied that the ease has do with certain intepretation of the constitution.

ii) In case where no constitutional question is involved, the Supreme Court hears appeals on the basis of the High Court. Such cases, in the opinion of High Court involve (a) a substantial question of law and (b) the decision of the Supreme Court.

iii) In case of the criminal matters the Supreme Court hears appeals from any Judgement, whether they are in the form of final order or sentence of the High Court. It hears two specified cases namely.

a) Where the High Court has on an appeal reversed on order of acquittal of an accused and sentenced him to death and b) Where the High Court has tried the appeals from any of its subordinate courts convicted the accused and sentenced him to death.

The Supreme Court also hears appeals by special leave on any judgement of the High Court when the latter certifies that the case is fit for hearing by the Supreme Court. Besides, the Supreme Court as per Article 136 hears appeals over the cases that remain outside the purview of the ordinary law.

Question 4.
Explain the Advisory Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
Answer:
Under Article 143, the Supreme Court has advisory jurisdiction. Accordingly, the supreme Court offers its advice to the President on those matter of. legal or public or constitutional importance, when the President seeks such advice. It also reports its opinion over the disputes referred to it by the President, arising out of any treaty, agreement which was made or executed before the commencement of the Constitution. So far the Supreme Court rendered its advice to the President on eight occasions. The president, in the recent past, sought the advice of the Supreme Court on the ‘Ayodhya Issue’.

These are excluded by Article 131. However, the Supreme Court is not bound to render advice on such matters and the president is not bound to accept such an advice.

One may immediately question about the utility of the advisory powers of the Supreme Court. The utility is twofold. In the first place, it allows the government to seek legal opinion on a matter of importance before taking, action on it. This may prevent unnecessary litigations later. Secondly, in the light of the advice of the Supreme Court, the government can make suitable changes in its action or legislations.

Question 5.
Write about the Writ Jurisdiction.
Answer:
The word ‘writ’ literally means ‘order’ in written form. Article 32 of our Constitution confers authority upon the Supreme Court, to issue a constitutional writ for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights of the citizens. Any person, whose fundamental rights have been violated, can directly move the Supreme Court for remedy. The Supreme Court issues Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibitions, Quo-Warranto and Certiorari, for enforcing the Fundamental rights.

i) Habeas Corpus :
Literally means ‘to have the body of. It is issued by the court to affect the release of a person who has not been detained legally. Under this writ the court issues orders to the concerned authority to produce the person before-the court. The failure to abide by the writ order is met with punishment for contempt of court.

ii) Mandamus :
It means ‘we command’. The writ is a command issued by the court to a public official to do a duty which he has failed to do. This writ cannot be issued against private persons.

iii) Prohibition :
It means ‘to forbid’. It is issued by a higher court to a lower court to prevent the latter from exceeding its jurisdiction that it does not posses. This writ can be issued only against judicial and quasi-judical authorities.

iv) Certiorari:
It means ‘to be certified’ or ‘to be informed’. This writ is issued against the lower courts by the Supreme Court or High Courts, if the lower former courts violate their jurisdiction.

v) Quo Warranto :
It means ‘by what authority’ or ‘warrant’. If the court finds that a person is holding a public office which is not entitled to hold that office, it issues this writ for restricting that person from acting in that office. This writ is also not issued with respect to the private offices.

Besides the above, many other mechanism have been established for protecting of human rights. The National Commission for Women, the National Commission for Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes, the National Human Rights Commission etc are some examples in this regard.

Question 6.
Describe Judicial Activism in India.
Answer:
It is the collective responsibility of the legislative, executive and the judiciary to accomplish the goals of the Constitution. Social Justice is the prime goal of the Constitution. Judiciary plays a vital role in achieving this goal. In order to meet the basic needs of the poor the oppressed and suppressed classes of the society, the Supreme Court entertains and also encourages the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in its expanded, role of Judicial Activism.

As a result the apex court has evolved, developed new techinique, discovered and applied new remedies for violation of Fundamental Rights, and attempted to fill the vacuum arising out of executive and legislative inaction.

Due to the negligible attitude of the legislature and lack of edicts from the executive, the vulnerable classes of the society are sometimes denied social justice. In such circumstances, Social Action Groups, Civil Liberties Organizations, Voluntary Organizations etc., have come forward to their rescue through Public Interest Litigation.

As Chief Justice A.S. Ananad remarked that “the expanded concept of Public Interest Litigation by judicial interpretation from time to time has expanded the judicial limits of the courts exercising Judicial Review. This expanded role has been given the title of Judicial Activism by those who are critical of this expanded role of the Judiciary”.

Question 7.
What is meant Public Interest Litigation (PIL). [Mar. 17]
Answer:
The institution of Public Interest Litigation originated in USA during the mid 1960s. PIL or Social Action Litigation is an offshoot of liberalized rules of locus – standi. The traditional rule of locus-standi was based on the fact that judicial remedy can be sought only by those who have suffered an injury on account of violation of legal right by some public authority. The PIL choose liberalize this rule by making it clear that any person who suffer an injury but is unable to reach the court can take help of public minded citizens to reach the court to seek justice.

Public Interest Litigation Movement in India emerged during post-emergency years intending to make the judicial system accessible to the socially and economically lower sections of the society. In most of cases, Judicial Activism has occurred through public interest litigation. In public interest litigation any person or group can approach the Supreme Court and High Court for the redressal of grievances on behalf of the victim or victims who were incapable of approaching the court.

Under this new arrangement, a destitute citizen can file a writ petition even through a simple letter written on the post card. This derives authenticity from the “right be heard” as implied by Article 32 of the Constitution. But the court has to ensure that the petitioner who approaches the court with PIL, is acting bona- fide and not for personal gains private profit, political or other oblique considerations. The court should not allow this process to be abused by politicians and others to delay legitimate administrative action or to gain a political objective.

Question 8.
What is the Meaning of Independence of Judiciary? How is it ensured by the constitution?
Answer:
The Judiciary performs its Functions independently. The Legislature or the executive shall not interfere in the working of the Judiciary. The Judiciary carries on its obligations according to the constitutional norms and democratic principles.

The following measures have been taken by the constitution to ensure the independence of Judiciary in India.

Measures ensuring for Independence of Judiciary
1. The Legislature is not involved in the process of appointment of judges. Thus, it is believed that party politics would not play a role in the process of appoinments. In order to be appointed as judge, a person must have experience as a advocate and / or must be well versed in law. Political opinion of the person or his/her political loyalty should not be the criteria for appointments to judiciary.

2. The judge have a fixed tenure. They hold office till reaching the age of retirement. Only in exceptional cases judges may be removed as per the procedure prescribed in the Constitution. This measure ensures that judge could function without fear % or favor.

3. The Judiciary is not financially dependent on either the executive or legislature. The Constitution provides that the salaries and allowances of the judges are not subjected to the approval of the legislature.

4. The actions and decisions of the judges are immune from personal criticism. The judiciary has the power to penalize those who are found guilty of contempt of court. This authority of the court is seen as an effective protection to the judges from unfair criticism.

5. Judiciary in India is neither a branch Of the executive nor a hand-made of the legislature. It has an independent identity under the Constitution.

6. Our Constitution prescribes specific and high qualifications for the judges. Thus, only those persons who have specific qualifications and experience as prescribed by the Constitution can be appointed as Judges of Supreme Court.

7. Security of the service for the Judges is an essential quality for securing the independence of Judiciary. No Judge can be removed from the office except by impeachment and only on the grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity.

8. The Judiciary in India enjoys the vast jurisdiction. It is no way subordinate to the other organs of the government. Its decisions bind all. Such a powerful position helps the Judiciary to maintain its independence.

Question 9.
What are the Power and Functions of the Attorney-General of India? [Mar. 18, 16]
Answer:
Article 76 of our Constitution provided for the office of the Attorney General of India. The Attorney General is the highest law officer of the Union Government. He is appointed by the President. He holds the office during the pleasure of the President. He is entitled to all privileges and immunities allowed to a Member of Parliament. When he attends sessions of the House, he occupies a seat on the treasury government benches.

Qualifications :
The Attorney General of India Possess the same qualifications that are necessary for a judge of the Supreme Court. They are as follows.

1. He must be a citizen of India.
2. He must have served as a judge in some High Court for a period of at least five years.
3. He must have served as an advocate in some High Court for a period of at least ten years.
4. He must be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.

Pay and Allowances :
The Attorney General of India is paid not a salary but a remuneration that is determined by the President. The remuneration of Attorney General is equal to salary of a judge of the Supreme Court.

Removal:
He may quit his office by submitting his resignation to the President. He can be removed by the President in case a special address is passed charging him with ‘proved misbehavior’ or ‘incapacity’ by each House of Parliament with its absolute majority and with two-thirds majority of the members present and voting.

Powers and functions :
The Constitution assigned some specific powers and functions to the Attorney General of India. They are mentioned as follows :

1. The Attorney General of India render advice to the Union Government upon such legal matters which are referred to him by the President.
2. He performs such other functions of legal character that are assigned to him by the President from time to time.
3. He discharges the Functions conferred on him by the constitution or any other Laws.
4. He appears in any court of Law on behalf of the union government in all. cases.
5. He represents the government in any reference made by the president to the Supreme Court.
6. He appears in any High, Court on behalf of the union government.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Qualifications of Judges of Supreme Court.
Answer:
A person to be appointed as a judge of the supreme court shall possess the following qualifications :

1. He should be a citizen of India.
2. He should have continuously worked as a judge in one or more High Courts at least for a period of 5 years.
3. He should have continuously worked as an advocate of one or more High Courts for not less than 10 years or
4. He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the president of India.

Question 2.
Removal of the Judges of Supreme Court.
Answer:
A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his position only on the grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity. He can be removed from his office by an order of the president, after an address from each house of Parliament, supported by a majority of the total membership of that house and by a majority of not less than 2/3 notes of the members present and voting passed.

Question 3.
Judicial Review. [Mar. 16]
Answer:
Judicial Review means the power of the Supreme Court or High Court to Examine the constitutional validity of the legislative enactments and executive actions of both central and state governments and to declare them ‘null and void’ if found repugnant of the provisions of the constitution.

Question 4.
Court of Record.
Answer:
According to Article 141, Supreme Court acts as court of Record. Being the highest court of the land, its proceedings acts and judgements are kept in record for perpetual memory and further verification and reference.

Question 5.
Judicial Activism.
Answer:
Generally, Judicial Activism is construed to be the over willingness of the judiciary to jump into the arena of executive or legislative functions. In general parlance, the expression “activism” means “being active”, “doing things with decision” and the expression “activist” should mean “one who favours intensified activities”. Judicial Activism is a policy making in competition with policy making by legislature and executive.

The essence of true Judicial Activism is rendering of decisions which are in tune with the temper and tempo of the times. The nature of Judicial Activism is that it furthers the cause of social change or articulates concepts like liberty equality or justice.

Question 6.
PIL.
Answer:
In Public Interest Litigation any person or group can approach the Supreme Court and High Court for the redressal of grievances on behalf of the victim or victims who were incapable of approaching the court. Under this new arrangements a destitute citizen can file a writ petition even through a simple letter written on the post card.

Question 7.
Independence of Judiciary.
Answer:
The Judiciary perform its functions independently. The legislature or the executive shall not interfere in the working of the judiciary. The Judiciary carries on its obligations accordingly to the constitutional norms and democratic principles.

Question 8.
Habeas corpus.
Answer:
Literally means ’to have the body of. It is issued by the court to affect the release of a person who has not been detained legally. Under this writ the court issues orders to the concerned authority to produce the person before the court. The failure to abide by the writ order is. met with punishment for contempt of court.

Question 9.
Seat of the Supreme Court. [Mar. 18, 17]
Answer:
The Supreme Court ordinarily shall sit at New Delhi. The Supreme Court of India was inaugurated on January 28, 1950. All general cases are adjudicated by a division Bench comprising two or more judges. Cases involving the constitutional matters are heard by a constitution bench consisting five judges. For considering special causes larger benches consisting of five or more than five judges are constituted.

Question 10.
Writs.
Answer:
The word ‘writ’ literally means ‘order’ in written form. Article 32 of our constitution, confers authority upon the supreme court, to issue a constitutional writ for the enforcement of fundamental rights of the citizens. Any person whose fundamental rights have been violated, can directly move the supreme court for remedy. The Supreme Court issues harbeas corpus mapdomus prohibition quo-warranto and certiorari for enforcing the fundamental rights.