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Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material 4th Lesson Law Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material 4th Lesson Law

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Law. Explain its various sources.
(or)
Question 2.
What is meant by law? Discuss the various sources of law.
Answer:
Introduction :
Law is an important concept in the study of political science. It is an important feature of the modem state. Law regulates the external behaviour of individuals. It determines and regulates the nature of individual’s activities.

Individual’s life, social order, political system, economic transactions, cultural activities etc., remain paralysed in the absence of laws.

It is due to the deterioration of legal system that public life, governmental organisations, and state activities were affected to a great extent in some contemporary states. Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Somalia, Soviet Union, Ukraine, Yemen, Palestine etc., are some examples of such states.

Meaning :
The term “Law” is derived from the Teutonic (German) word “Lag” which means “To Lay”, “To Set” or something fixed.

The second dimension is that the word “Law” had its roots in the Latin words “Jus and Jungere” which means bond or Tie.

Definitions:
Political thinkers defined law in different ways which are listed below :

1. “Law is the command of the sovereign”. – John Austin
2. “Law is the system of rights and obligations which the State enforces”. – T.H. Green
3. “Law is a general rule of external action enforced by the sovereign political authority”. – T.E. Holland
4. “Law is a body of rules which the State recognises and applies in the administration of Justice”. – John Salmond

Sources of Law :
Law is a product of history. It has passed through various stages of development. Several elements have contributed to its evolution. In Legal sense, the state is the main source of law. Professor T.E. Holland mentioned six sources of Law. They are

1. Customs
2. Religion
3. Judicial Decisions
4. Scientific Commentaries
5. Equity and
6. Legislature.

1) Customs, Practices, and Traditions:
These are one of the important sources of law. In primitive societies, there were no laws in written form. All disputes were settled in accordance with social customs and traditions. Customs regulated the social life in the early societies. Customs and traditions cannot be laws in political sense. But, when the State recognises certain traditions, they in turn become laws. For example, the laws relating to marriage, divorce etc., found in our Country are based on traditions, the common law of England.

2) Religion :
In ancient times customary laws and religious laws were intermixed. The religious teachers enjoyed unlimited powers in those times. Their decisions were treated on par with laws. The primitive men believed that the judgements of the religious teachers had divine sanction. The ancient Roman laws were merely the religious laws. The Hindu and Muslim laws derived inspiration mainly from religion.

3) Judicial Decisions/Adjudication/Judgement of the Courts :
The judgements of the judges also serve as a source of law. Generally, judges interpret laws, apply them to particular cases and deliver judgements. Their judgements become precedents and are usually followed by other judges in similar cases. In course of time such judgements acquire the status of law. In this way, judges add to the law of the country. There are many instances that new laws have evolved by way of interpretation. Many of the laws in Britain, America, and India have originated from the judgements of the Judges of the respective countries.

4) Scientific Commentaries :
These are the works of great Jurists. The views of the Jurists expressed in their works also act as and important source of law. The Jurists collect and compare the past customs and laws with those of the present. While doing so, they point out the defects in the existing laws and suggest ways for their improvement. The views of the Jurists however, do not become laws. But, they become laws when they are recognised by the courts. For example, the writings of Coke and Black Stone in the U.K. are held in high esteem. The same is the position of Story and Kent in America and the Vignaneswara and Apararka in India.

5) Equity:
Equity means fairness or justice. It is also a kind of Judge – made law. It is an informal method Of making a new law or altering an old law to new conditions. Some-times, the courts may be confronted with the disputes about which the law is silent. Under such situation, the Judge will give relief to the aggrieved party by using principles of social justice and humanism common-sense. In course of time, they acquire the status of law. In equity, Judge is adding to the law what is missing therein and creating a new one.

6) Legislature :
This is the most important and direct source of law. Most of the laws now-a-days are made by the legislatures. Hence, legislatures are regarded as “Law-Making Factories”. They frame new laws, amend the existing laws and if necessary, abolish old laws. The other sources of Law have been replaced by the legislature. This, however, does not mean that they have no role to play in influencing laws. While framing laws, the legislators bear in mind the customs, religious practices, judicial decisions etc.

Question 3.
Explain Maclver’s classification of Laws.
Answer:
Meaning :
The English word Law’ originates from the ancient Teutonic word ‘Lag’ which means “something that lies fixed or uniform”.

Definitions :

1. “Law is the command of the sovereign”. – John Austin
2. “Law is a general rule of external action enforced by the sovereign political authority”. – T.E. Holland

Classification of Law:
Many political philosophers gave their classifications on laws in different ways, of them the classification given by Maclver is mention worthy.

Law is mainly classified into two types namely i) Natural Law ii) Positive Law.
Law is further divided into National Law and International Law.
National Law is further grouped into constitutional law and ordinary law.
Ordinary Law is again classified into public law and private law.

Public Law is further divided into Administrative Law and general law. General law is divided into statutory law, case Law and common law.

The above classification of Law can be explained in the following points.

1) Natural Law :
Natural Law is also known as divine law. It is abstract. It is not created by any human agency. It is considered as the gift of nature based on metaphysical power. It refers to the use of reason to analyse human nature. It is written in the heart of human beings by the finger of God.

2) Positive Law :
Positive Law is created by the human Agency. It is also known as political law. It is framed on the basis of the existing social and political conditions. It is sanctioned by the Sovereign Political Authority. Violation of positive law leads to punishment.

Positive Law is further classified into two categories – A) National Law and B) International Law.

A) National Law :
National Law is also known as law of the state. It confines to the territorial limits of the state. It is enforced by the sovereign, is applicable to all the people in a state. It is enforced by the sovereign, is applicable to all the people in a state.

B) International Law :
International Law is one which regulates the cordial relations among various states. National Law is further divided into two categories
i) Constitutional Law and
ii) Ordinary Law.

i) Constitutional Law:
It is a basic law of any state. It defines the political system. All the basic principles of administration are included in this type. All other laws in the state are subservient to constitutional law. It is framed by the constituent assembly.

ii) Ordinary Law :
It determines the relation between the state, administration and people. These laws are framed by a group of officials authorised by law. Ordinary law is further divided into
A) Public law and
B) Private law.

A) Public Law :
It regulates the relation between people and state. These laws are formulated by state for society.

B) Private Law :
It regulates the relation between citizens. It protects the rights of citizens. It is also called civil law.

Public Law is further divided into i) Administrative Law and ii) General Law.

C) Administrative Law:
It regulates the administrative relations between the authorities and people. Administrative law brings discipline among the personnel in the government. Now it is implementing in France and India.

D) General Law :
It deals with the private affairs of individual in relation to the state. It covers the laws relating to marriage, divorce, contract etc. General Law is further classified into
i) Statutory law
ii) Common law.

i) Statutory Law:
Statutory law is the greater part of modem law. It is enacted by the Legislature of a state for the day to day administration. Ex : The Parliament in India, the Congress in United States, and Parliament in Britain formulate this type of law.

ii) Common Law :
Common law is a customary law. It is a product of customs and traditions which are popular among the people. The courts accept common law as a part of the legal system.

Question 4.
Explain the relationship between Law and Liberty.
Answer:
Law and Liberty are the two fundamental concepts in political science. These two concepts are interdependent. There is no unanimity of opinion among political philosophers in regard to the relation between Law and Liberty.

There are two different schools which gave contradictory opinions. One school of thought believed that Law and Liberty are antithetical to each other. The other school of thought believed that Law and Liberty are inter-related to each other. Let us explain the two versions.

i) Law and Liberty are Antithetical :
Individualists like J.S.Mill, Herbert Spencer, David Ricardo, Adam Smith believed that law always restricts the activities of human beings. The State is the principal agency which destroys individual’s liberties. It will not “allow the citizens to take active part in the affairs of State and Government. Similarly, it becomes a hurdle in performing the economic activities of the Nation. The recent liberalised economic policies in many countries changed the pace of their economies. These policies enabled the people to freely participate in economic activities. Therefore, individualists believed that state is a necessary evil institution. They stated that the Government is the best which governs the least. Therefore Law and Liberty are antithetical to each other.

ii) Law and Liberty are complementary :
The socialists and communists believed that Law and Liberty are complementary to each other. They regarded the State as a welfare agency. Law imposes restrictions essential for the social welfare. It is a fact that the capitalist class exploited the working class. The State shall eradicate the evils of exploitation by making necessary laws.

The idealists believed that State is a Moral Agency The State represents the general will of the community. Individuals will be free when they obey the laws of the State. Moussolini gave a slogan “Nothing against the State”. Law always protects the interests of the people. Therefore both the concepts of Law and Liberty are complementary to each other.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Law and mention the features of law.
Answer:
Law is an important concept in the study of political science. It is an important feature of Modern State. Law regulates the external behaviour of individuals.

Meaning:
The term “Law” is derived from the Teutonic word “Lag” which means something fixed.

Features of Law :
The following are some important features of law.

1. Law comprises some rules and regulations which are approved by the Sovereign.
2. It is enforced by the State. It is valid because it is sanctioned by the State.
3. It is definite, precise and universal.
4. It reflects the will of the people.
5. Any violation of law leads to punishment.
6. Laws are compulsory and cohesive in nature.
7. Law aims at securing and promoting the individual and general welfare.
8. Law is dynamic as it goes on changing according to the needs of the people.

Question 2.
Discuss different kinds of law.
Answer:
Many political philosophers gave their classifications on laws in different ways. Of them the classification given by Maclver is mentioned worthy which can be explained in the following points.

1. Natural Law :
Natural law is also known as divine law. It is abstract. It is not created by any human agency. It is considered as the gift of nature, based on metaphysical power. It refers to the use of reason to analyse human nature. It is written in the heart of human beings by the finger of God.

2. Positive Law :
Positive law is created by the human agency. It is also known as political law. It is framed on the basis of the existing social and political conditions. It is sanctioned by the Sovereign Political Authority. Violation of positive law leads to punishment.

3. Constitutional Law:
It is a basic law of any state. It defines the political system. All the basic principles of administration are included in this type. All other laws in the State are subservient to constitutional law. It is framed by the constituent assembly.

4. Ordinary Law :
It determines the relation between the State, Administration and people. These laws are framed by a group of officials authorised by law.

5. Public Law :
It regulates the relation between people and state. These laws are formulated by State for Society.

6. Private Law :
It regulates the relation between citizens. It protects the rights of citizens. It also called civil law.

7. Administrative Law:
It regulates the administrative relations between the authorities and people. Administrative law brings discipline among the personnel in the government. Now it is implementing in France and India.

8. General Law:
It deals with the private affairs of individual in relation to the State. It covers the laws relating to Marriage, Divorce, Contract etc.

9. Statutory Law:
Statutory law is the greater part of modem law. It is enacted by the Legislature of a State for the day to day Administration.

10. Common Law :
Common law is o customary law. It is a product of customs and traditions which are popular among the people. The courts accept common law as a part of the legal system.

Question 3.
Write about any three sources of Law.
Answer:
Definitions:
The English word ‘Law’ originates from the ancient Teutonic word ‘Lag’ which means “something that lies fixed or uniform”. Political thinkers defined law in different ways which are listed below :

1. “Law is the command of the sovereign”. – John Austin
2. “Law is the system of rights and obligations which the State enforces”.- T.H. Green

Sources of Law:
1) Customs, Practices, and Traditions:
These are one of the important sources of law. In primitive societies, there were no laws in written form. All disputes were settled in accordance with social customs and traditions. Customs regulated the social life in the early societies. Customs and traditions cannot be laws in political sense. But, when the State recognises certain traditions, they in turn become laws. Ex: The laws relating to marriage, divorce etc., found in our Country are based on traditions, the common law of England.

2) Religion :
In ancient times customary laws and religious laws were intermixed. The religious teachers enjoyed unlimited powers in those times. Their decisions were treated on par with laws. The primitive men believed that the judgements of the religious teachers had divine sanction. The ancient Roman laws were merely the religious laws. The Hindu and Muslim laws derived inspiration mainly from religion.

3) Judicial Decisions / Adjudication / Judgement of the Courts :
The judgements of the judges also serve as a source of law. Generally, judges interpret laws, apply them to particular cases and deliver judgements. Their judgements become precedents and are usually followed by other judges in similar cases. In course of time such judgements ac- quire the status of law. In this way judges add to the law of the country. There are many instances that new laws have evolved by way of interpretation. Many of the laws in Britain, America and India have originated from the judgements of the Judges of the respective countries.

Question 4.
Distinguish between Law and Morality.
Answer:

Question 5.
“Law and Liberty are Antithetical” – Analyse this statement
Answer:
Individualists like J.S.Mill, Herbert spencer, David Ricardo, Adam Smith believed that law always restricts the activities of human beings. The state is the Principal Agency which destroys individual liberties. It will not allow the citizens to take active part in the affairs of State and Government. Similarly, it becomes a hurdle in performing the economic activities of the nation.

The recent liberalised economic policies in many countries changed the pace of their economies. These policies enabled the people to freely participate in economic activities. Therefore, individualists believed that state is a necessary evil institution. They stated that the Government is the best which governs the least. Therefore law and liberty are antithetical to each other.

Question 6.
How Law and Liberty are complementary?
Answer:
Law and Liberty are the two fundamental concepts in political science. These two concepts are interdependent. The socialists and communists believed that Law and Liberty are complementary to each other. They regarded the State a Welfare Agency. Law imposes restrictions essential for the social welfare. It is a fact that the capitalist class exploited the working class. The state shall eradicate the evils of exploitation by making necessary laws.

The idealists believed that state is a moral agency. The state represents the general will of the community. Individuals will be free when they obey the laws of the state. Mussolini gave a slogan “Nothing against the State”. Law always protects the interests of the people. Therefore both the concepts of law and liberty are complementary to each other.

Question 7.
In what way are law and morality related to each other?
Answer:
Law and morality are considered as the basic pillars of social institutions. The two elements play a vital role in the maintenance of peace, security and prosperity in society. They have different versions with common objective. They are interrelated and interdependent. Some political philosophers believed that law and morality are one and the same. In this context R. G. Gettle stated thus “Law and Morality were both identical. Both arise as a result of habits and experience in primitive social life when moral and social lives were not separate. Inspite of certain differences, Law and Morality are meant for common welfare. Both deal with individual as a moral agent of society. Ex : In ancient India the term “Dharma” denotes both law and morality. The Greek political philosophers identified the two as same.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the origin of the term “Law”. [A.P. 2019]
Answer:
The term “LAW’ is derived from the Teutonic route (German) “Lag” which means “To Lay”, “To Set” or something fixed. The second dimension is that the word “Law” had its roots in the Latin Words “Jus and Jungere” which mean bond or tie.

Question 2.
Write any two definitions of Law.
Answer:
Political thinkers defined law in different ways which are listed below.

1. “Law is the command of the Sovereign”. – John Austin
2. “Law is the system of Rights and obligations which the state enforces”. – T.H. Green

Question 3.
What are the features of Law?
Answer:
The following are some important features of law

1. It is enforced by the State.
2. It is definite, precise and universal.
3. It reflects the will of the people.
4. Laws are compulsory and cohesive in nature.
5. Any violation of law leads to punishment.

Question 4.
Define the term “Rule of Law”. [A.P. 19, 15; T.S. 17, 15]
Answer:
Rule of Law is an important type of administration of justice. It originated in England. It implies :

1. Legal Equality : All are equal before law.
2. No Arbitrary Action : Punishment is given only when an existing law is violated.
3. No Special Rights : No individual is above law and law does not recognise any special privileges.

Question 5.
What is Natural Law?
Answer:
Natural Law is also known as Divine Law. It is abstract. It is not created by any human agency. It is considered as the gift of nature, based on metaphysical power. It refers to the use of reason to analyse human nature. It is written in the heart of human beings by the finger of God.

Question 6.
What do you mean by Administrative Law?
Answer:
Administrative law plays an important role in the smooth functioning of administration. It regulates the administrative relations between the authorities and people. It helps the Government to bring reforms in the sphere of development and welfare programmes. Administrative law brings discipline among the personnel in the Government. Now it is implementing in France and India.

Question 7.
Write any three sources of Law. [T.S. 2017]
Answer:
Professor T.E. Holland mentioned six sources of law. They are

1. Customs
2. Religion
3. Judicial decisions
4. Scientific commentaries
5. Equity and
6. Legislature.

Question 8.
What is Constitutional Law? [A.P. Mar. 18]
Answer:
The basic law according to which the Government in a State is conducted is called constitutional law. It defines the political system. It is usually prepared by a body known as Constituent Assembly, formed only for that purpose. All other laws in the State are subordinate to this law. It also contains fundamental rights and fundamental duties.

Question 9.
Define Public Law.
Answer:
Public law regulates the relations between state and individuals. It explains the basic structure and functions of the State. It covers the basic rights of the individuals against the interference of the State. It must be followed by the citizens. Its violation leads to punishment.

Question 10.
Define the term Equity.
Answer:
Equity means fairness or justice. It is also a kind of Jude – Made law. It is an informal method of making a new law or altering an old law to new conditions. Sometimes, the courts may be confronted with the disputes about which the law is silent. Under such situation, the Judge will give relief to the aggrieved party by using principles of social justice and humanism common-sense. In course of time, they acquire the status of law. In equity Judge is adding to the law what is missing therein and creating a new one.

Question 11.
What do you mean by Scientific Commentaries?
Answer:
These are the works of great Jurists. The views of the Jurists expressed in their works also act as an important source of law. The Jurists collect and compare the past customs and laws with those of the present. While doing so, they point out the defects in the existing laws and suggest ways for thier improvement. The views of the Jurists however, do not become laws. But, they become laws when they are recognised by the courts. Ex : The writings of Coke and Black Stone in the U.K. are held in high esteem. The same is the position of Story and Kent in America and the Vignaneswara and Apararka in India.

Question 12.
What is the role of Legislature in law making Laws?
Answer:
This is the most important and direct soruce of law. Most of the laws now-a-days are made by the legislatures. Hence, legislatures are regarded as “Law-making Factories”. They frame new laws, amend the existing laws and if necessary, abolish old laws. The other sources of law have been replaced by the legislature. This, however, does not mean that they have no role to play influencing laws. While framing laws, the legislators bear in mind the customs, religious practices, judicial decisions etc.

Question 13.
What is meant by Statutory Law?
Answer:
Statutory law is an important part of modem law. it is enacted by the legislature of a state for the day to day administration. For instance, the Parliament in India, the Congress in United States and Parliament in Britain formulate this type of law.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material 3rd Lesson Nationalism Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material 3rd Lesson Nationalism

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Nationality. Explain the Essential Elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Introduction :
The concepts of Nation and Nationality have become important components in the domain of International Relations and political science respectively. Both inspired the people of several countries with patriotic feeling prior to the two world wars.

The Events that took place in the erstwhile Soviet Union, ethnic Riots between Serbians and croatians in the former Yugo slavia, the unification of East and west Germanies, the peace talks between Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on West Asia etc., reflect the serious concern of the people for realising Nationality and Nation States.

Meaning :
The Word “Nation” is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means “BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common Descent”.

Definitions :
1. R.G. Gettle:
“Nationality is a population having the common bonds of Race, Language, Religion, Traditions and History.

2. J.H. Rose :
“Nationality is a union of Hearts once made and never unmade”.

3. J.W. Garner:
“Nationality is a group or portion of population which is united by Racial and other bonds”.

Essential Elements of Nationality :

1) Purity of Race :
Racial purity helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of Nationality. Race is a physical phenomenon. It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair, complexion etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a group.

But we should remember that common race is not an indispensable factor in the growth of Nationality. Modem races are so mixed that none of them can claim to be pure. Pure races have disappeared because of wars and migrations. Racial purity is now a myth only.
Ex : Canada and United states have transformed into single nations inspite of their racial diversities in their respective populations. Similarly, Australia and Britain are two distinct Nations although they belong to one racial stock.

2) Common Language :
Language plays a key role in the promotion of nationality. The philosophers and scientists said that common language is essential for the development of nationality. Language is a medium to express all their feelings. It helps to express one’s ownselves to have cordial relations and to share the miseries and happiness in a group languages also promotes common feelings and traditions. Common language promotes the feeling of oneness and keeps the entire race on single track.

3) Common Religion:
Religion is one important factor to strengthen nationality. There are many instances when people of different nationalities with common religion remain citizens in the same state. For instance, the main reason for the partition of Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947 lies in the religion.

4) Geographical Unity :
Geographical unity is necessary for the emergence of nationality. Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people living in a single geographical area. The people residing in such an area love, worship their country and make sacrifices for the sake of their motherland. People, who belong to one religion, converse the same language, same race living in a geographical area inculcate- and improve their nationality sentiments. The formation of Israel in 1946 was purely due to the feelings of the hitherto wandering Jewish people to live in a single geographical area. Hence their desire of live in a territory made them united- This ultimately transformed them as patriotic persons.

5) Common History :
Common History is considered as an important element of Na-tionality. It invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together. Some historical incidents may give a chance to the people to develop national sentiments. Ex : Indians have learnt the lessons of Nationalism from the British legacy.

6) Common Culture:
Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common elements like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values etc. They easily develop into a single Nation. These elements bind the people together and hold together.

7) Common Political aspirations :
Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people having common political aspirations. The political ideas, conventions, and institutions which were formed due to the single political rule will have a considerable impact and influence over the people. For instance, the Swiss people love very much their direct democratic devices in political matters. Similarly the Americans express the feeling of worship towards their constitution. The British people also feel proud of their political and judicial institutions like rule of law, parliamentary democracy and judicial review etc.

8) Common Economic ties:
This element of nationality has been stressed by ‘Karl Marx’. Since then onwards the importance of this element has been increasing. The Russians have great regard for their economic system, eventhough there exist diversities. Their unflinching love for socialism inspired nationalism among them. They successfully repulsed the attacks of Germany during the Second World War. Thus the common economic ties made them united and integrated them into a nation.

Question 2.
Discuss the relation between Nation and Nationalism.
Answer:
Introduction :
The concepts of Nation and Nationalism have become important components in the domain of International Relations and political science respectively. Both inspired the people of several countries with patriotic feelings prior to the two world wars.

Meaning :
The word “Nation” and “Nationalism” are used as complementary to each other.

The word Nation is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means “BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common descent”.

Nation:
“Nation is a Nationality which has organised itself into a political body, either independent or desiring to be independent”.

Nationalism :
“Nationalism is a state of mind in which the supreme loyalty of the individual is felt to be due to the Nation state.”

Relationship between “Nation” and “Nationalism”:

1. Nationalism is a psychological feeling prevailing in the minds of the people.
2. People through the feeling of Nationalism sacrifice all their interests for the sake of their Nation.
3. The strong desire of the people of a nationality to emerge as a nation state is nationalism.
4. The seeds of nationalism originated in the cultural renaissance of Europe in 16th century.
5. In French Revolution (1789) pushed the nationalism further in Europe and took to the great heights.
6. The Vienna congress (1815) further supported the cause of nationalism in Europe.
7. The Italian and German unifications boosted the cause of nationalism.
8. The American War of Independence (1774) was a great leap forward in spreading nationalism among the people.
9. The much publicized theory of Nation’s self-determination of Woodrow Wilson in 1917 was further generated hope among the people of the world to form Nation States.
10. The two world wars completed to redraft the European map with the formation of Nation-states.
11. The Freedom struggles and national aspiration of the people of the Asia, Africa, and Latin America are fulfilled with the formation of Nation states immediately after the end of II-World war.
12. The Indian national movement from 1885 to 1947 had fulfilled with the formation of India and Pakistan as an Independent States.

In this regard, we can understand that the feeling of nationalism when it acquires unity and independence. It becomes a Sovereign Nation.
There were some writers who treated the two terms as synonymous.

Question 3.
Write a short note on demand for National Self-Determination.
Answer:
The theory of National self-determination was advocated by the former president of the United States of America, Woodrow Wilson in 1917. It was much publicized and generated hope among the people of the world to form Nation states.

From then onwards, Demands for National self-determination has been raising in different parts of the world. The Right to national self determination has also asserted the national liberation movements in Asia and Africa, when they were struggling against colonial rule. Nationalist movements maintained that political independence would ensure dignity and recognition to the colonised people. They also helped the people by protecting their collective interests. Many Nationalist movements were inspired by the goal of bringing justice and prosperity to the nation.

However, it proved almost impossible to ensure that each cultural group, which claimed to be a distinct nation, could acheive political independence and statehood. As a result, migration of people, border wars and violence have continued to plague many countries in the region. Thus we have the paradoxical situation of nation-states which themselves had acheived independence through struggle now acting against minorities with in their own territories which claim the right to national self-determination. Virtually every state in the world today faces the dilemma of how to deal with the movements of national self-determination and raised doubts about the right to national self-determination.

More and More people began realising that the solution does not lie in creating new states but in making existing states more democratic and equal. That is in ensuring that people with different cultural and ethmic indentives live and co-exist as partners (arising) and equal citizens with in the country. This may be essential not only for resolving problems arising out of new claims for self-determination but also for building a strong and United State.

Question 4.
Write a short note on “Whether India is a Nation”?
(or)
Explain breifly whether India is a Nation.
Answer:
Many western and oriental writers described that India is indeed a Nation. There are strong reasons to justify that India is a nation.

1. Indians have a common history and culture.
2. They have demonstrated their distinct qualities of National integration on many occassions.
3. Indians have expressed their dedication to make unparalled and supreme sacrifices for the accomplishment of Independence.
4. They fought unitedly against the foreign yoke under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
5. Although the people belong to different regions and provinces, they realised the basic fact that they are all first and fore most Indians. Then only, they owe indebtedness to their respective religions and languages.
6. Some common elements concerning national anthem, national heritage, culture constitution and the government inspire the nationalist feelings and inculcate the national integration among the people.
7. Indians demonstrated their distinct qualities of National integration on many occassions. During India’s Aggression by China and Pakistan, the Indians extended unequivocal support to the government.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Briefly explain the essential elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Introduction :
The concepts of Nation and Nationality have become important components in the domain of International Relations and political science respectively. Both inspired the people of several countries with patriotic feeling prior to the two world wars.

The Events that took place in the erstwhile Soviet Union, ethnic Riots between Serbians and croatians in the former Yugo slavia, the unification of East and west Germanies, the peace talks between Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on West Asia etc., reflect the serious concern of the people for realising Nationality and Nation States.

Meaning :
The Word “Nation” is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means “BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common Descent”.

Definitions :
1. R.G. Gettle:
“Nationality is a population having the common bonds of Race, Language, Religion, Traditions and History.

2. J.H. Rose :
“Nationality is a union of Hearts once made and never unmade”.

3. J.W. Garner:
“Nationality is a group or portion of population which is united by Racial and other bonds”.

Essential Elements of Nationality :

1) Purity of Race :
Racial purity helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of Nationality. Race is a physical phenomenon. It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair, complexion etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a group.

But we should remember that common race is not an indispensable factor in the growth of Nationality. Modem races are so mixed that none of them can claim to be pure. Pure races have disappeared because of wars and migrations. Racial purity is now a myth only.
Ex : Canada and United states have transformed into single nations inspite of their racial diversities in their respective populations. Similarly, Australia and Britain are two distinct Nations although they belong to one racial stock.

2) Common Language :
Language plays a key role in the promotion of nationality. The philosophers and scientists said that common language is essential for the development of nationality. Language is a medium to express all their feelings. It helps to express one’s ownselves to have cordial relations and to share the miseries and happiness in a group languages also promotes common feelings and traditions. Common language promotes the feeling of oneness and keeps the entire race on single track.

3) Common Religion:
Religion is one important factor to strengthen nationality. There are many instances when people of different nationalities with common religion remain citizens in the same state. For instance, the main reason for the partition of Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947 lies in the religion.

4) Geographical Unity :
Geographical unity is necessary for the emergence of nationality. Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people living in a single geographical area. The people residing in such an area love, worship their country and make sacrifices for the sake of their motherland. People, who belong to one religion, converse the same language, same race living in a geographical area inculcate- and improve their nationality sentiments. The formation of Israel in 1946 was purely due to the feelings of the hitherto wandering Jewish people to live in a single geographical area. Hence their desire of live in a territory made them united- This ultimately transformed them as patriotic persons.

5) Common History :
Common History is considered as an important element of Na-tionality. It invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together. Some historical incidents may give a chance to the people to develop national sentiments. Ex : Indians have learnt the lessons of Nationalism from the British legacy.

6) Common Culture:
Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common elements like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values etc. They easily develop into a single Nation. These elements bind the people together and hold together.

7) Common Political aspirations :
Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people having common political aspirations. The political ideas, conventions and institutions which were formed due to the single political rule will have a considerable impact and influence over the people. For instance, the Swiss people love very much their direct democratic devices in political matters. Similarly the Americans express the feeling of worship towards their constitution. The British people also feel proud of their political and judicial institutions like rule of law, parliamentary democracy and judicial review etc.

8) Common Economic ties:
This element of nationality has been stressed by ‘Karl Marx’. Since then onwards the importance of this element has been increasing. The Russians have great regard for their economic system, eventhough there exist diversities. Their unflinching love for socialism inspired nationalism among them. They successfully repulsed the attacks of Germany during the Second World War. Thus the common economic ties made them united and integrated them into a nation.

Question 2.
In what way do “Nation” and “State” differ from each other?
Answer:
Several Nation-States came into existence after the two world wars, on the basis of the principle of self-determination. The terms “Nation” and “State” were used synonymously. Even the political experts used both these words homogeneously and intermixingly as if both had same meaning. However, in practice both these terms are not same and identical.

Nation:
“Nation is a nationality which has organized itself into a political body either Independent or desiring to be independent”.

State :
“State is a people organized for law within definite territory”.

Differences:
The concepts of Nation and State differ from one another from the following points of view:

Question 3.
Describe the various phases of Nationalism.
Answer:
Introduction :
Nationalism is an effective force in modern politics. Nationalism is a psychological feeling prevailing in the minds of the people. People through this feeling sacrifice all their interests for the sake of their nation.

Meaning :
Nationalism is a state of mind in which the supreme loyalty of the Individual is felt to be due to the Nation State.

Broadly speaking the term “Nationalism” is generally used to describe two phenomenon. They are mentioned as follows :

1. The attitude of the members of a Nation towards their national identity.
2. The action of the members of a Nation towards the goal of achieving self-determination.

Different (or) various phases of Nationalism :
According to Snyder, there are four phases of nationalism namely.

1) Integrative Nationalism (1815 – 71) :
During this period nationalism was a unifying force and found solid expression in the unification of Italy and Germany.

2) Disruptive Nationalism (1871-90) :
During this period, subject nationalities of Austria – Hungary and other multinational states clamoured for independence.

3) Aggressive Nationalism (1890-1945) :
During this period, Nationalism became virtually identical with aggressive imperialism. This led to the clash of opposing national interests in the form of two world wars.

4) Contemporary Nationalism :
During the early years of the contemporary period, political nationalism manifested in the form of revolts against European Masters. Nationalism indeed has become a slogan, A school of thought, a movement and a fight for certain political or sovereign objective in Afro-Asian and Latin American countries.

Question 4.
Describe the relative importance of”Nation” and “Nationality”.
Answer:
The concepts of Nation and Nationality laid formidable foundations to several modem political systems. These concepts promoted the bonds of unity, fraternity and integrity among the people of a particular country. The existence of the modem states is by and large, rooted in these zealous concepts.

The two concepts have similarity in their origin. Both the words were derived from a latin word “Natio” which means birth or descent. Some political writers like lord Bryce and Hayes described that people will form into a nation when they achieve political independence. Such a nation originates when people had sentiments.

A state emerges due to the influence of nationality and nation. Nationalism and nationality profoundly influenced the people of a nation in building their own states and moulding their economic prosperity. The concepts of the nation and nationality transformed the people of Europe, Afro-Asian and latin American countries into nation-states hence, these great ideals strengthened understanding and unity among the people.

Question 5.
What are the differences between Nation and Nationality? [A.P. Mar. 19, 18; T.S. Mar. 15]
Answer:
The concepts of Nation and Nationality laid formidable foundations to several modem political systems.

Nation :
“Nation is a nationality which has organised itself into a political body either independent or desiring to be independent”.

Nationality:
“Nationality is a population having the common bonds of race, language, religion, traditions and history”.

Differences between Nation and Nationality :

Question 6.
Write a short notes on National Self-Determination.
Answer:
The theory of national self-determination was advocated by the former president of the United States of America, Woodrow Wilson in 1917. From then onwards nationalism became a world-wide phenomenon. This principle implies that every nation should be organised as an independent political entity. It raises the question whether every nationality has the right to be a self governing or sovereign state.

Nations, unlike other social groups, seek the right to govern themselves and determine their future development. In making this claim, a nation seeks recognition and acceptance by the international community of its status as a distinct political entity or state. Quite often these claims come from the people who lived together in a given land for a long period having sense of common identity. Such claims of self-determination were frequently made in the 19th century in Europe. The nation of one culture – one state began to gain acceptability at that time. Subsequently, this idea was employed while reordering state boundaries after the first World war. The treaty of Versailles led to the formation of several small and newly independent states.

The Right to national self-determination has asserted the National liberation movements in Asia and Africa when they were struggling against colonial rule. Nationalist movements maintained that political independence would ensure dignity and recognition to the colonised people.

Question 7.
Is India a Nation State? Explain.
Answer:
It is interesting to know whether India is a Nation-State. Some say that India is a uni-national state. As against this some state that it is a Multi-National State. It is argued that India is a Uni-National State rather than a Multi-National State due to the following reasons.

1. It consists of people who possess the features of uni-national state like common history, common culture and traditions.
2. The Indians showed their spirit of National integration on many occassions after in-dependence.
3. They stood as one and extended support to their government when our country was faced with wars from Pakistan and China in 1962 and 1965 respectively.
4. They stood united under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi throughout the freedom struggle against the British rule in India.
5. From the begining, our country won name and fame for its unity in diversity. Even- though the people of India belong to different regions, they are Indians first and Indians in the last resort i.e., they owe indebtedness to their respective religions and languages.
6. Some common elements concerning national anthem, national heritage, culture, constitution, national flag and the government inspire the nationalist feelings and inculcate the national integration among the people.
7. People celebrate all the national festivals with great enthusiasm and spirit.

Hence we may say that India is a nation state with the characteristic features of unity in diversity.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by Nationality?
Answer:
Nationality is derived from the Latin word “Natio”. which means birth. It is a spiritual sentiment or feeling of oneness. This emotional feeling of oneness or unity is caused due to factors like common race, common language, common religion, common territory, common history and culture, common political aspirations etc. Nationality is not politically organised. There can be no nation without nationality.

Question 2.
Define Nation.
Answer:
Nation is derived from two Latin words – “Nates” and “Natio” which means birth. Lord Bryce defined it as “A Nation is a nationality which has organised itself into a political body, either independent or desiring to be independent. “It means that the people of country are called as a National if they are united by characteristics of nationality and have a strong desire for political independence or if they are politically free.

Question 3.
Write any two differences between Nation and State.
Answer:

Question 4.
Mention any two connotations of Nationality.
Answer:

1. Nationality Refers to the legal status of citizens in a particular state. Here it refers to one’s status as a citizen of the state to which he belongs to.
2. Nationality denotes a particular kind of feelings and sentiments that binds the people together. It differentiates such people from these of other Nationalities.

Question 5.
Mention any two essential elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Nationality is derived from the Latin word “Natio”. Which means birth. It is a spiritual sentiment or feeling or oneness. This emotional feeling of oneness or unity is caused due to factors like common race, common language, common religion, common territory, common history and culture, common political aspirations etc. Nationality is not politically organised. There can be no nation without nationality.

Question 6.
What is the importance of Nationalism?
Answer:
Nationalism is an effective force in modem politics and it played prominent role in the world Affairs. It’s importance can be analysed from the following points.

1. Nationalism inspired the people and created deep hatredness among the people.
2. It helped in liberalising the people from oppressive rule.
3. It became a deciding factor in the breakup of many empires and states.

Question 7.
Write any two merits of Nationalism.
Answer:

1. Nationalism made the people obey the government.
2. It helped in achieving the progress of a nation in a short period.

Question 8.
Mention any two de-merits of Nationalism.
Answer:

1. Nationalism makes the people extremely proud, Jealous and arrogant as was clear from the history of Germany and Italy.
2. It leads to unnecessary and unhealthy competition among the nations is economic matters.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material 2nd Lesson State Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material 2nd Lesson State

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define State and explain its essential elements.
Answer:
Introduction:
State is an important political organisation. The study of political science begins and ends with the state. The term state for the first time, was used by an Italian political thinker, Machiavlly in his famous book “The Prince” in 16th century.

Meaning :
The word state is derived from a Tuetonic word “status” which means political organisation.

Definitions:

1. “State is a people organised for law within a definite Territory” – Woodrow Wilson.
2. “State is a politically organised people of a definite Territory” – Bluntschlli.
3. “State is a territorial society divided into government and subjects claiming within its allotted physical area, a supremacy over all other institutions. – Harold. J. Lasld.

Essential elements of state:
State is the predominant and superior politico – social institution existing in the society. It consists of 4 essential elements. These elements of state may be explained in a detailed way in the following paragraphs.

1) Population :
Population is the fundamental and essential element of state. There can be no state without population. Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau and others considered this feature as an important one. The famous poet Sri. Gurajada Apparao also states that it is the people, rather than the land, that comprise the state. Political writers differ in their opinions regarding the exact size of population possessed by the state.

While Plato fixed 5,040, Rousseau fixed 10,000 to be an ideal population for a state. But today we can find the countries like China and India which have more than 100 crores of population on one hand and the countries like Andora, San Marino are having small number of people on the other hand is the modem world.

2) Territory:
Territory is another essential element of the state. It is necessary for the origin and existence of the state. There can be no state without territory. Every state must have more or less territory of its own. There is no unanimous opinion among the political writers regarding the size of territory of the state. Some preferred vast territory, where as others preferred small territory. But today we can find the countries like America and Canada having large territory on one hand, and the countries like Vatican, Monaco having very less territory on the other hand in the modem world.

3) Government:
Government is the third essential element of the state. There can be no state without government. State enforces its authority through the government. Government consists of 3 organs namely
Legislature – which makes laws
Executive – which implements laws and
Judiciary – which interpretes laws.

Government are of different kinds namely, Unitary, Federal, Parliamentary and Presidential governments. Governments are at different levels like Local, State level and National level.

4) Sovereignty:
Sovereignty is the most essential element of the state. It is spirit and soul of the state. There can be no state without sovereignty. It distinguishes the state from other associations and institutions. Sovereignty is the supreme political power of the state over citizens and subjects.

Question 2.
In what aspects do state and Government differ from each other? Explain.
Answer:
Introduction :
We often use the terms “State” and “Government” indiscriminately one for the other”. State means government in practice” said by H.J. Laski. “State means almost government machinery”.

Relationship between State and Government:
The relationship between state and government can be discussed as follows.
1) Both are established by individuals :
State and government are two important organizations established by Individuals. The two came into existence for protecting the people and for regulating the conditions between them.

2) Complementary :
State is the government for all practical purposes. Government carries on its activities in the name of the state whatever government does. It does in the name of the state. The Stuart king in England and Louis XIV in France viewed the state and government as complementary.

3) The will of the state expressed by the government:
Government is an important element of state. The collective will of the state is expressed and implemented through government. Government is described as the “Brain of state”. Laws which reflect the will of the state are formulated and given effect only by the government.

Differences between State and Government :
The following are the differences between state and government.

Question 3.
Explain the relationship and differences between State and Society.
Answer:
Introduction :
State and society are two important human organizations. Maclver described that blood relationship (kinship) created society and society in turn led to the state.

State :
State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.

Society :
Society is a group of men brought together by a system of common ideas, interests and aspirations.

Relationship between State and Society :
The relationship between state and society can be discussed as follows.

1) Common features:
State and society have some common features. The two sometimes include practically. The same persons most cases, a vast majority of the members of a society may be included in the same state.

2) Complementary:
State and society go hand in hand. They help each other. Social progress depends upon the progress of the state. The working of the state is influenced by social customs and traditions.

3) Synonymous :
State and society were considered as the same in the past. In the beginning the Greek Philosophers and later the Idealists viewed the city states and society as synonymous.

4) Inter related:
State regulates the external conduct of individuals in society through laws. It provides a broad frame work of social order. Society nourishes the state with economic, cultural, religious and humanitarian activities. Thus state and society cannot be completely separated as different entities.

Differences between State and Society:
Inspite of close relationship, state and society differ from one another. This may be informed through the following table.

Question 4.
Describe the relationship and differences between State and Association.
Answer:
Introduction :
The social nature of man finds expression in numerous groups and associations which satisfy his various needs in life. Man cannot live in isolation. He seeks the cooperation and help of others to fulfill his needs and to develop his personality.

Intimate social relationship for achieving certain ends or purposes gives rise to the formation of associations.

State :
State is people organized for law within a definite territory.

Association :
Association is a group of people united for a specific purpose or a limited number of purposes.

Relationship between State and Association :
The state and association are related in the following aspects.
1) Same membership :
Both the state and other associations consist of a group of same human beings. So the same individuals remain members of both the state and associations.

2) Common interests:
Both are created and organized for the pursuit of an interest or a group of interests. Promotion of common interests in the moving force behind all forms of associations including the state.

3) Organization:
Both are characterized by organizations and a well-knit framework for realizing their objectives. Both regulate the activities of members. Both view cooperation as the basis among the members.

4) Code of conduct:
Both have a code of conduct denoting some rules and regulations. The code of conduct keeps the members together. It ensures stability to the organization.

5) Executive :
Every state will have an executive agency known as the government. Similarly every association will have an executive council for implementing its decisions.

Differences between State and Association :
State and association differ from one another in the following matters.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain any two essential elements of the State.
Answer:
Essential elements of state :
State is the predominant and superior politico-social institution existing in the society. It consists of 4 essential elements. These elements of state may be explained in a detailed way in the following paragraphs.

1) Population :
Population is the fundamental and essential element of state. There can be no state without population. Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau and others considered this feature as an important one. The famous poet Sri. Gurajada Apparao also states that it is the people, rather than the land, that comprise the state. Political writers differ in their opinions regarding the exact size of population possessed by the state.

While Plato fixed 5,040, Rousseau fixed 10,000 to be an ideal population for a state. But today we can find the countries like China and India which have more than 100 crores of population on one hand and the countries like Andora, San Marino are having small number of people on the other hand is the modem world.

2) Territory:
Territory is another essential element of the state. It is necessary for the origin and existence of the state. There can be no state without territory. Every state must have more or less territory of its own. There is no unanimous opinion among the political writers regarding the size of territory of the state. Some preferred vast territory, where as others preferred small territory. But today we can find the countries like America and Canada having large territory on one hand, and the countries like Vatican, Monaco having very less territory on the other hand in the modem world.

Question 2.
What are the other elements of State?
Answer:
Introduction:
State is an important political organization. It was established for regulating and improving the relations between individuals.

Definition :
“State is a people organised for law within a definite territory”. -Woodrow Wilson

Besides essential elements namely, population, territory, government and sovereignty, state will also have the other elements.

Other elements of the state :
1) International recognition :
It implies recognition of the sovereign status of a state by other states. This feature has gained currency due to the immerse technologlical and scientific advancements. The man of today is not only a member in his state but also a member of the entire world at large. Today majority of the countries of the world are joining in one or the other international associations to obtain certain benefits.

The United Nations Organisation is the best example for such associations. It’s membership is considered to be necessary for attaining perfect and complete statehood. Whenever a .new state comes into existence, it’s recognition by other states and by UN is considered as very essential.

2) Permanence :
State is a permanent institution. If the state surrenders to the other states during war or Aggression. It loses its significance but not the feature of permanence. Sometimes through the process of integration or disintegration, the states will change the form of their existence for instance. In 1990’s Soviet Union (Former USSR) got disintegrated and new 15 independent states came into being.

3) General obedience :
General obedience implies the supreme power of the state overall the individuals and institutions within its territorial limits. No person or association can deny the power or authority of the state. People can criticise the policies and programmes of the government but not the state. The obedience to the state is mandatory on the part of the people.

4) Popular will:
Willoughby stated that the will of the people is an important element of the stae. State continues to exist as long as it is supported by the majority of the people. The strong desire for protecting the state against invasions and internal revolutions is compulsory for the continuation of the state.

Question 3.
What do you know about Government and Sovereignly as the two essential elements of State?
Answer:
Government: Government is the third essential element of the state. There can be no state without government. State enforces its authority through the government. Government consists of 3 organs namely
Legislature – which makes laws
Executive – which implements laws and
Judiciary – which interpretes laws.

Government are of different kinds namely, Unitary, Federal, Parliamentary and Presidential governments. Governments are at different levels like Local, State level and National level.

Sovereignty :
Sovereignty is the most essential element of the state. It is spirit and soul of the state. There can be no state without sovereignty. It distinguishes the state from other associations and institutions. Sovereignty is the supreme political power of the state over citizens and subjects.

Question 4.
Describe the relationship between State and Society.
Answer:
Introduction : State and society are two important human organizations. Maclver described that blood relationship (kinship) created society and society in turn led to the state.

State :
State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.

Society :
Society is a group of men brought together by a system of common ideas, interests and aspirations.

Relationship between State and Society :
The relationship between state and society can be discussed as follows.

1) Common features:
State and society have some common features. The two sometimes include practically. The same persons most cases, a vast majority of the members of a society may be included in the same state.

2) Complementary:
State and society go hand in hand. They help each other. Social progress depends upon the progress of the state. The working of the state is influenced by social customs and traditions.

3) Synonymous :
State and society were considered as the same in the past. In the beginning the Greek Philosophers and later the Idealists viewed the city states and society as synonymous.

4) Inter-related:
State regulates the external conduct of individuals in society through laws. It provides a broad frame work of social order. Society nourishes the state with economic, cultural, religious and humanitarian activities. Thus state and society cannot be completely separated as different entities.

Question 5.
Point out the differences between State and Society. [A.P. Mar, 19, 15]
Answer:
Introduction :
State and society are two important human organizations. Maclver described that blood relationship (kinship) created society and society in turn led to the state.

State :
State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.

Society :
Society is a group of men brought together by a system of common ideas, interests and aspirations.

Differences between State and Society :
Inspite of close relationship, state and society differ from one another. This may be informed through the following table.

Question 6.
What is the relationship between State and Association.
Answer:
Introduction :
The social nature of man finds expression in numerous groups and associations which satisfy his various needs in life. Man cannot live in isolation. He seeks the cooperation and help of others to fulfill his needs and to develop his personality.

State :
State is people organized for law within a definite territory.

Association :
Association is a group of people united for a specific purpose or a limited number of purposes.

Relationship between State and Association :
The state and association are related in the following aspects.

1) Same membership :
Both the state and other associations consist of a group of same human beings. So the same individuals remain members of both the state and associations.

2) Common interests:
Both are created and organized for the pursuit of an interest or a group of interests. Promotion of common interests in the moving force behind all forms of associations including the state.

3) Organization:
Both are characterized by organizations and a well-knit framework for realizing their objectives. Both regulate the activities of members. Both view cooperatiorf as the basis among the members.

4) Code of conduct:
Both have a code of conduct denoting some rules and regulations. The code of conduct keeps the members together. It ensures stability to the organization.

5) Executive :
Every state will have an executive agency known as the government. Similarly every association will have an executive council for implementing its decisions.

Question 7.
Mention the differences between State and Association.
Ansnswer:
Introduction :
The social nature of man finds expression in numerous groups and associations which satisfy his various needs in life. Man cannot live in isolation. He seeks the cooperation and help of others to fulfill his needs and to develop his personality.

State :
State is people organized for law within a definite territory.

Association :
Association is a group of people united for a specific purpose or a limited number of purposes.

Differences between State and Association :
State and association differ from one another in the following matters.

Question 8.
In what way are State and Government related?
(Or)
Explain the relationship between State and Government.
Answer:
Introduction :
We often use the terms “State” and “Government” indiscriminately one for the other”. State means government in practice” said by HJ. Laski. “State means almost government machinery”.

State :
State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.

Government:
Government is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state

Relationship between State and Government:
The relationship between state and government can be discussed as follows.

1) Both are established by individuals :
State and government are two important organizations established by Individuals. The two came into existence for protecting the people and for regulating the conditions between them.

2) Complementary :
State is the government for all practical purposes. Government carries on its activities in the name of the state. Whatever government does. It does in the name of the state. The Stuart king in England and Louis XIV in France viewed the state and government as complementary.

3) The will of the state expressed by the government:
Government is an important element of state. The collective will of the state is expressed and implemented through government. Government is described as the “Brain of state”. Laws which reflect the will of the state are formulated and given effect only by the government.

Question 9.
Distinguish between State and Government.
Answer:
Introduction :
We often use the terms “State” and “Government” indiscriminately one for the other”. State means government in practice” said by H.J. Laski. “State means almost government machinery”.

State :
State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.

Government:
Government is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state.

Differences between State and Government :
The following are the differences between state and government.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Mention any two definitions of state.
Answer:

1. “State is a people organised for law within a definite Territory”. – Woodrow Wilson
2. “State is a politically organised people of a definite Territory”. – Bluntschlli.

Question 2.
How many essential elements does the State possess? What are they? [T.S. 2017]
Answer:
State consists of four essential elements. They are :

1. Population
2. Territory
3. Government and
4. Sovereignty.

Question 3.
What do you mean by ‘Government’? [T.S. Mar, 15]
Answer:
Government is the third essential element of the state. There can be no state without government. It is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state.

Question 4.
How many other elements does the State possess? Name them.
Answer:
Besides Population, Territory, Government, and Sovereignty, state will also possess four other elements. They are :

1. International recognition
2. Permanence
3. General obedience and
4. Popular will.

Question 5.
What do you know about ‘Society’?
Answer:
The term “Society” refers to the interaction of complex norms among the people. It can be defined as a group of men brought together by a system of common ideas, interests, and aspirations. It is a voluntary association. It’s membership is optional. It originated much earlier than the state.

Question 6.
What do you mean by ‘Association’?
Answer:
Association is a group of people united for a specific purpose or a limited number of purposes. Associations are of various types viz., social, economic, political, cultural, religious etc. It’s membership is optional. A person can be a member of a numer of associations.

Question 7.
Write about the qualitative aspect of the population of a State.
Answer:
The qualitative aspect of the population is more important for a state. Aristotle rightly said that good citizens make a good state. If the people are committed, disciplined, hard working, honest and intelligent, then the state achieves rapid progress.

Question 8.
Does a state require International recognition?
Answer:
It implies recognition of the sovereign status of a state by other states. This feature has gained currency due to the immerse technologlical and scientific advancements. The man of today is not only a member in his state but also a member of the entire world at large. Today majority of the countries of the world are joining in one or the other international associations to obtain certain benefits.

The United Nations Organisation is the best example for such associations. It’s membership is considered to be necessary for attaining perfect and complete statehood. Whenever a new state comes into existence, it’s recognition by other states and by UN is considered as very essential.

Question 9.
Mention any two differences between State and Society.
Answer:

Question 10.
Write about any two differences between State and Government.
Answer:

Question 11.
How many organs of Government are there? Explain their functions briefly.
Answer:
Government is the third essential element of the state. It is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state. Government consists of three organs viz.,
i) Legislature :
Law making organ. Ex : Parliament.

ii) Executive :
Law implementing organ. Ex : Council of Ministers.

iii) Judiciary:
Justice administering organ. Ex : Supreme court and High courts.

Question 12.
Mention any two differences between State and Association.
Answer:

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Study Material 3rd Lesson Forms of Business Organization Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Study Material 3rd Lesson Forms of Business Organization

Essay Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Sole Proprietorship and discuss its merits and demerits. [Mar. 17 ; May 17- A.P.]
Answer:
A business unit is commenced with a single person i.e. owned by a single person it is called “Sole proprietorship concern”. The person who does the business is called sole trader. The individual may run the business on his own or may obtain the assistance of employees.

Sole proprietorship concern is also known as individual entrepreneurship, it is easiest to form and is also the simplest in organisation. In the sole trading concerns the sole trader contributes capital and runs the business. There are no legal formalities to be followed except those required for a particular type of business.

A sole proprietor contributes and organises the resources in a systematic way and controls the activities with objective of earning profit.

Sole proprietorship – Definitions:
“A type of business unit where one person is solely responsible for providing the capital and bearing the risk of the enterprise, and for the management of the business.” – J.L. Hanson

“Sole proprietorship is a form of business where the individual proprietor is the supreme judge of all matters pertaining to his business.” – Kimball and Kimball

Merits:
The following are the merits of sole proprietorship concern.

1. Easy to form
2. Quick decision and prompt action
3. Direct contact with customers
4. Flexibility in operation
5. Maintence of business secrets
6. Motivation
7. Self employment

1) Easy to form :
It is very and simple to form a sole proprietorship form of business organisation. Less legal formalities are required to be observed. Naturally, the business can be wound up any time if the proprietor so decides.

2) Quick decision and prompt action :
Since he is the sole organizer, he can take quick decisions. He can act promptly according to the changes in the market. Because, nobody interferes in the affairs of the sole proprietory organisation.

3) Direct contact with customers :
He is the owner and manager of the concern. He will be in a position to study the tastes and needs of customers personally since he establishes good contacts with them.

4) Flexibility in operation :
It is very easy to initiate and implement charges as per the requirements of the business. The expansion or curtailment of Forms of Business Organization does not require many formalities as in the case of other forms of business organisation.

5) Maintenance of business secrets :
The business secrets are known only to the proprietor. He is not required to disclose any information to others unless and until he himself so decides. He is also not bound to publish his business accounts.

6) Motivation:
In this organisation the entire profit of the business goes to the owner. This motivates the proprietor to work hard and run the business effectively and efficiently.

7) Self-employment:
Small scale units can be easily started. Nationalised banks are also helping in this direction.

Demerits:
The following are the demerits.

1. Limited resources
2. Lack of continuity
3. Unlimited liability
4. Limited managerial skills

1) Limited resources :
The resources of a sole proprietor are always limited. Being the single owner, it is not always possible to arrange sufficient funds from his own sources. So, the proprietor has a limited capacity to raise funds for his business.

2) Lack of continuity :
The continuity of the business is linked with the life of the proprietor. Illness, death or insolvency of the proprietor can lead to closure of the business. Thus, the continuity of business is uncertain.

3) Unlimited liability :
As per law, the proprietor and business are one and same. So personal proprietors of the owner can also be used to meet the business obligations and debts.

4) Limited managerial skills :
As there is only one man the managerial ability is limited. The sole trader has limited financial sources, administration, sale and marketing skills. However, all skills required to take decisions may not be present in a single person alone.

Question 2.
“One man management is best in the world provided one man is big enough to take care of everything.” Discuss.
Answer:
Business organisation is an organised entity having group of people working together to achieve or common goal. In order to achieve the desired goal, try to organisations mobilise capital or finance, employ labour or man power and other resources like land and building, plant and machinery, furniture and fitting, etc. Finally, all these resources are put together in a useful manner to achieve the end results.

Sole proprietorship concern is one of the business organisations. When a business organisation is owned by a single person, it is called sole trade in concern. It is also known as “one man’s business”. The person who does the business is called the sole trader or sole proprietor. The sole trader carries on business by himself and for himself. He is the proprietor, manager and controller of business. He enjoys all profits and bears all losses.

According to James Stephenson, a sole trader is a person who carries on business exclusively by and for himself. The leading feature of this kind of concern is that the individual assumes full responsibility for all risks connected with conduct of business. He is not only the owner of the capital of the undertaking, but is usually the organizer and manager and takes all the profits or responsibility for losses.

Sole proprietorship has several advantages but proves to be inadequate as the business expands. One man control is ideal if the man is competent enough to manage everything. But in reality, one man cannot look after every aspect of business. Therefore, sole proprietorship is suitable for small scale business.

In spite of all the limitations, a sole trading concern is a popular form of organisation in all parts of the world. Thus, we can say that it has its own place in the field of business even today. Its future is bright. In the words of William R. Basset, “One man control is the best in the world, if that one man is big enough to manage everything. But a business must be small, indeed to permit one man actually to know and to supervise everything. The danger is always present that he thinks he knows, when really he does not know. If the one man is away or ill, the business stops and when he dies, business vanishes or has to be rebuilt”. Thus, one man control is strictly limited to small business only.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is sole proprietorship?
Answer:
A sole proprietor contributes and organises the resources in a systematic way and controls the activities with the objective of earning profit.

The sole proprietorship is that form of business ownership which is owned and controlled by a single individual. He receives all the profits and bears risks of his property in the success of failure of the ent.erprises^It is the first stage in the evolution of the forms of organisation and is thus, the oldest among them,

Sole proprietorship also known as individual entrepreneurship, it is the easiest to form and is also the simplest in organisation. All that is required is that the individual concerned should decide to carry on some particular business and find the necessary capital. For this purpose, he may depend mostly on his own savings, or else, he may borrow part or whole from his friends or relatives. There are no legal formalities to be followed except those required for a particular type of business.

Question 2.
Explain the features of sole proprietor.
Answer:
“Sole proprietorship is a form of business where the individual proprietor is the supreme judge of all matters pertaining to his business.” – Kimball and %imball

The important features of sole proprietorship :

1. The business is owned by only one person.
2. The business is controlled by a single individual.
3. The risk is borne by a single person only i.e. sole trader.
4. The liability of the sole trader is unlimited.
5. The business concern has no separate legal entity, i.e. as per law the sole trader and firm both are same.
6. To commencement of business, legal formalities are very less. So it is easiest form.
7. Decisions are made by sole trader only.

Thus, a sole proprietor or trader is a person who sets up his business with his own resources. He is the owner, entreprenuer, financier, manager, controller of Lie business and sole responsible for the results of its operations.

Question 3.
Explain the limitations of sole trader.
Answer:
The following are the limitations of sole trading concern.

1. Limited resources
2. Lack of continuity
3. Unlimited liability
4. No suitable for large scale operations
5. Limited managerial skills

1) Limited resources :
The resources of a sole proprietor are always limited. Being the single owner, it is not always possible to arrange sufficient funds from his own sources. So, the proprietor has a limited capacity to raise funds for his business.

2) Lack of continuity :
The continuity of the business is linked with the life of the proprietor. Illness, death or insolvency of the proprietor can lead to closure of the business. Thus, the continuity of business is uncertain.

3) Unlimited liability :
As per law, the proprietor and business are one and same. So personal proprietors of the owner can also be used to meet the business obligations and debts.

4) Not suitable for large scale operations :
Since the resources and the managerial ability is limited, sole proprietorship form of business organisation is not suitable for large scale business.

5) Limited managerial skills :
As there is only one man the managerial ability is limited. The sole trader has limited financial sources, administration, sale, and marketing skills. However, all skills required to take decisions may not be present in a single person alone.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
No separate entity
Answer:
The sole proprietorship unit does not have an entity separate from the owner. The businessman and its enterprise are one and the same, and the businessman is responsible for everything that happens in his business firm.

Question 2.
Unlimited liability
Answer:
The liability of the sole proprietor is unlimited. In case of loss, if his business assets are not enough to make the payment of business liabilities, his personal property can also be utilised to pay off the liabilities of the business.

Question 3.
Forms of business organisation
Answer:
Arrangement of ownership and management of business organisations is termed as “Form of business organisation”. Business organisations may be owned and managed by a single individual (sole proprietorship) or a group of individuals (partnership) or in the form of a company (joint stock company).

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Study Material 2nd Lesson Business Activities Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Study Material 2nd Lesson Business Activities

Essay Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by Industry? Explain various types of industries with suitable. [Mar. 2019, 18 – T.S. Mar. 16 – A.P.]
Answer:
Industry – Meaning :
Industry is concerned with the production of goods and services. Industry is involved to convert raw materials into finished goods. It creates form utility to goods.

Classification of Industries :
Industries can be classified into various types. They are

1. Primary industry
2. Genetic industry
3. Extractive industry
4. Manufacturing industry
5. Construction industry
6. Service industry

1) Primary Industry :
Primary industry is concerned with the production of goods with the help of nature. E.g : Agriculture, Farming, Fishing, Horticulture, etc.

2) Genetic industry :
This industry is concerned with the breeding of plants or animals, which are used in reproduction. E.g. : Poultry forms,’ Cattle breeding farms, Fish hatcheries, etc.

3) Extractive Industry :
This is concerned with extraction or drawing out goods from the soil, air or water. Generally products of extractive industries come in raw material, they are used for manufacturing and construction industries for produc¬ing finished products. E.g. : Mining, Fishing, Coal, Mineral, Iron ore, Oil industry, Timber, Rubber from forests, etc.

4) Manufacturing Industry :
This industry is engaged in the conversion of raw materials into semi-finished or finished goods. E.g.: Cotton Textiles, Sugar, Cement, etc.

Manufacturing industries are also sub-divided into four types. They are given below:

i) Analytical Industry :
In an analytical industry the basic raw material is broken into several useful materials. E.g.: Oil refinery. Crude oil is refined and several petroleum products are obtained.

ii) Synthetic Industry:
In this type of manufacturing industry two or more materials are mixed to form a new product. E.g. : Cosmetics, Soaps, Fertilizers, Paint industry etc.

iii) Processing Industry :
In this industry material is processed through various stages.
E.g.: The textile industry. Cotton passes through the spinning, weaving, dyeing, bleaching and printing processes.

iv) Assembling Industry :
In this type of industry, manufactured components or parts are combined together mechanically or chemically to produce a new product.
E.g.: Manufacturing of TV sets, and automobiles industries.

5) Construction Industry :
This industry is concerned with the construction and erection.
E.g.: Construction of Buildings, Roads, Dams, Bridges, and Canals.

6) Service industry:
These type of industries are engaged in the provision of essential services to the community. Service sector plays an important role in the development of the nation. E.g.: Hotels, Tourism, Entertainment industry, etc.

Question 2.
What is Commerce? Describe the various branches of Commerce.
Answer:
Commerce – Meaning:
Commerce is the part of business. It deals with the buying and selling of goods. Commerce is concerned only with the exchange of goods. It includes all those activities which are related to the transfer of goods from production place to the consumption place. Commerce includes trade and aids to trades. Trade means buying and selling of goods. Aids to trade include transport, banking, insurance, warehousing, etc.
(Commerce = Trade + Aids to Trade )

Commerce – Definition:
“Commerce is an organized system for the exchange of goods between the members of the industrial world.” – James Stephenson

Branches of Commerce :
Commerce is divided into two branches. They are :

1. Trade
2. Aids to trade

1) Trade:
Trade is branch of commerce. It means purchase and sale of goods with profit motive. It involves exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers. Trade may be classified into two types, i) Home trade ii) Foreign trade

i) Home trade :
This is also known as inland trade or internal trade. Purchase and sale of goods with profit motive within the boundaries of the country is called internal trade.

Home trade is also divided into two types. They are :

1. Wholesale trade
2. Retail trade

1) Wholesale trade :
It implies buying and selling of goods in large quantities. Traders who engage themselves in wholesale trade are called “Wholesalers”. Wholesale serves as a connecting link between the producers and retailers.

2) Retail trade :
It involves buying and selling in small quantities. Traders engaged in retail trade are called “Retailers”. They serve as a connecting link between the wholesalers and consumers. Retail trade is the final stage of distribution.

ii) Foreign trade:
It refers to buying and selling of goods and services between two or more countries, it is called foreign trade. In other words, the trade beyond the boundaries of the country is known as foreign trade.

Foreign trade is also known as “External trade” and “International trade”. Foreign trade may be classified into three types. They are
i) Export trade
ii) Import trade
iii) Entrepot trade

i) Export trade:
When domestic goods are sold to the other country it is called export trade. Selling and sending goods by Indian firms to other firms located outside India.

ii) Import trade :
In this type of trade, wherein goods are purchased from foreign countries. Purchasing goods by an Indian trader from a trader of the USA, the. UK, Japan, etc., is an example for import trade.

iii) Entrepot trade :
When the goods imported from one country are exported to an other country, it is known as entreport or re-export trade. E.g.: Oil import from Iraq by an Indian firm and export the same to Nepal, is called entrepot trade.

2) Aids to Trade :
Commercet is the sum total of those processes, which are engaged in the removal of hindrance of persons, place and time in the exchange of commodities, it is called Aids to trade.
Aids to trade is also called “Auxiliaries to trade.” Aids to trade include Transport, Communication, Warehousing, Banking, Insurance, Advertising.

i) Transport :
It means for the movement of commodities from one place to another place. The development of road, rail, air and water transport allows to move commodities all over the world. They create place utility to goods. Transport is broadly classified into three types – Land transport, Water transport, Air transport.

ii) Insurance :
Insurance reduces the problem of risks. Business is subject to risks and uncertainties. These are inevitable in the field of business. Risks may be due to fire, theft, accident or any other natural calamity. Insurance plays a vital role in removing risks. Insurance tries to reduce risks by spreading them out over a larger number of people.

iii) Warehousing :
There is a time gap between production and consumption. In other words, goods which are produced at one time, are not consumed at the same time. Hence it becomes necessary to make arrangements for storage or warehousing. Warehousing creates time utility and removes the hindrances of time.

iv) Banking :
Banking solves the problem of finance. Businessmen receive money and also pay money in large amounts. It is risky to carry large amount to cash from one place to another. Here comes banking as a solution. Banking and financial institutions solve the problem of payment and facilitate exchange between buyer and seller. Banks provide many services like accepting deposits, advance loans, agency services, overdraft facilities, etc.

v) Advertising :
Advertising means giving publicity regarding goods or services which are offered to the public for sale. It is intended to retain the existing market. Advertising creates mass market for the product. Advertisements can be made through different media.” E.g. : Newspaper, Magazines, Television, Radio, Outdoor publicity, etc.

Question 3.
Define trade explain the various types of aids to trade.
Answer:
Trade :
Trade is branch of commerce. It means purchase and sale of goods with profit motive. It involves exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers.
Trade may be classified into two types.

1. Home trade
2. Foreign trade

1) Home trade :
This is also known as inland trade or internal trade. Purchase and sale of goods with profit motive within the boundaries of the country is called internal trade. Home trade is also divided into two types. They are :
i) Wholesale trade
ii) Retail trade

i) Wholesale trade :
It implies buying and selling of goods in large quantities. Traders who engage themselves in wholesale trade are called “Wholesalers”. Wholesale serves as a connecting link between the producers and retailers.

ii) Retail trade :
It involves buying and selling in small quantities. Traders engaged in retail trade are called “Retailers”. They serve as a connecting link between the wholesalers and consumers. Retail trade is the final stage of distribution.

2) Foreign trade :
It refers to buying and selling of goods and services between two or more countries, it is called foreign trade. In other words, the trade beyond the boundaries of the country is known as foreign trade.

Foreign trade is also known as “External trade” and “International trade”. Foreign trade may be classified into three types. They are
i) Export trade
ii) Import trade
iii) Entrepot trade

i) Export trade :
When domestic goods are sold to the other country it is called export trade. Selling and sending goods by indian firms to other firms located outside india.

ii) Import trade :
In this type trade, wherein goods are purchased from foreign countries. Purchasing goods by an Indian trader from a trader of the USA, the UK, Japan, etc. is an example for import trade.

iii) Entrepot trade :
When the goods imported from one countiy are exported to an other country, it is known as entrepot or re-export trade. E.g.: Oil import from Iraq by an Indian firm and export the same to Nepal, is called entrepot trade.

Aids to trade :
Commerce is the sum total of those process, which are engaged in the removal of hindrance of persons, place and time in the exchange of commodities, it is called Aids to trade.

Aids to trade is also called “Auxiliaries to trade.” Aids to trade include, Transport, Communication, Warehousing, Banking, Insurance, Advertising.

i) Transport:
It means for the movement of commodities from one place to another place. The development of road, rail, air and water transport allows to move commodities all over the world. They create place utility to goods. Transport is broadly classified into three types – Land transport, Water transport, Air transport.

ii) Insurance:
Insurance reduces the problem of risks. Business is subject to risks and uncertainties. These are inevitable in the field of business. Risks may be due to fire, theft, accident or any other natural calamity. Insurance plays a vital role in removing risks. Insurance tries to reduce risks by spreading them out over a larger number of people.

iii) Warehousing :
There is a time gap between production and consumption. In other words, goods, which are produced at one time, are not consumed at the same time. Hence it becomes necessary to make arrangements for storage or warehousing. Warehousing creates time utility and removes the hindrances of time.

iv) Banking :
Banking solves the problem of finance. Businessmen receive money and also pay money in large amounts. It is risky to carry large amount to cash from one place to another. Here comes banking as a solution. Banking and financial institutions solve the problem of payment and facilitate exchange between buyer and seller. Banks provide many services like accepting deposits, advance loans, agency services, overdraft facilities, etc.

v) Advertising :
Advertising means giving publicity regarding goods or services which are offered to the public for sale. It is intended to retain the existing market. Advertising creates mass market for the product. Advertisements can be made through different media.
E.g.: Newspaper, Magazines, Television, Radio, Outdoor publicity, etc.

Question 4.
Explain the inter-relationship between Trade, Commerce and Industry, and also state differences between them.
Answer:
Inter-relationship between Industry, Trade and Commerce :
Business:
Business deals with production or purchase and sale of goods and services undertaken with the object of earning profit and acquiring wealth, through the satisfaction of human wants. .

Industry :
Industry deals with production of goods and services.

Commerce :
Commerce deals with distribution or exchange of goods and services.

Trade :
Trade deals with the buying and selling of goods and services.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define industry.
Answer:
Industry – Meaning :
Industry is concerned with the production of goods and services. Industry is involved to convert raw materials into finished goods. It creates form utility to goods.

Industry is a business activity which is related to the extracting, producing, processing or manufacturing of goods.

The goods may be consumer goods or producer goods. Consumer goods are the goods, which are used finally by consumers, e.g., Food grains, textiles, cosmetics, VCR, etc. Producer’s goods are the goods used by manufacturers for producing some other goods. E.g. Machinery, tools, equipment, etc.

Question 2.
What do you understand by commerce?
Answer:
Commerce is the part of business. It deals with buying and selling of goods and services and includes all those activities which directly or indirectly facilitate that exchange.

Commerce includes trade and aids to trade i.e. deals with the distribution aspect of the business. Whatever is produced it must be consumed, to facilitate this consumption there must be a proper distribution channel. Here comes the need for commerce which is concerned with the smooth buying and selling of goods and services.

Commerce is a very wide term. It involves the process of bringing goods from the place of production to the place of consumption. In other words, it supplies goods to ultimate consumers. Thus commerce in the sum total of those processes, which are engaged in the removal of hindrances of persons as place, time in the exchange of commodities. Importance of commerce :

1. Commerce helps to increase our standard of living.
2. Commerce links producers and consumers.
3. Commerce generates employment opportunities.
4. Commerce increases national income and wealth.
5. Commerce encourages international trade.

COMMERCE = TRADE + AIDS TO TRADE”

Question 3.
What is trade?
Answer:
Trade :
Trade means purchase and sale of goods with profit motive. It involves exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers. Trade is a branch of commerce. It connects buying and selling activities. An individual who does trade is called a trader. Trader transfers the goods from the producer to the consumer. He earns profit from this activity.

Trade may be classified into (a) home trade (b) foreign trade.

Question 4.
State the types of foreign trade.
Answer:
Foreign trade :
It refers to buying and selling of goods and services between two or more countries through international airports and sea ports. Foreign trade is also known as ‘External Trade’ or ‘International Trade’.

Foreign trade may be classified into three types. They are :

1. Import trade
2. Export trade
3. Entrepot trade

1) Import trade :
In this type of trade, wherein goods are purchased from foreign countries. Purchasing goods by an Indian firm from a trader of the USA, the UK, Japan, etc. is an example for import trade.

2) Export trade :
When domestic goods are sold to the other country it is called export trade. Selling and sending goods by Indian firms to other firms located outside India.

3) Entrepot trade :
When the goods imported from one country are exported to an other country, it is known as entrepot trade or re-export trade.
E.g.: Electronic goods are imported from Singapore and the same are exported to Bangladesh.

Question 5.
Explain the classification of industries.
Answer:
Classification of Industries : Industries can be classified into various types. They are

1. Primary industry
2. Genetic industry
3. Extractive industry
4. Manufacturing industry
5. Construction industry
6. Service industry

1) Primary industry :
It is concerned with the production of goods with the help of nature. E.g : Agriculture, Farming, Horticulture, etc.

2) Genetic industry :
This industry is concerned with the breeding of plants or animals, which are used in reproduction.
E.g. : Poultry forms, Cattle breeding farms, Fish hatcheries, etc.

3) Extractive industry :
This is concerned with extraction or drawing out goods from the soil, air or water. Generally products of extractive industries come in raw material, they are used for manufacturing and construction industries for producing finished products.
E.g. : Mining, Fishing, Coal, Mineral, Iron ore, Oil industry, Timber, Rubber from forests, etc.

4) Manufacturing Industry:
This industry is engaged in the conversion of raw materials into semi-finished or finished goods. E.g.: Cotton Textiles, Sugar, Cement, etc.

Manufacturing industries are also sub-divided into four types. They are given below :

i) Analytical Industry :
In an analytical industry the basic raw material is broken into several useful materials. E.g.: Oil refinery. Crude oil is refined and several petroleum products are obtained.

ii) Synthetic Industry:
In this type of manufacturing industry two or more materials are mixed to form a new product. E.g. : Cosmetics, Soaps, Fertilizers, Paint industry, etc.

iii) Processing Industry:
In this industry material is processed through various stages. E.g.: The textile industry. Cotton passes through the spinning, weaving, dyeing, bleaching, and printing processes.

iv) Assembling Industry:
In this type of industry, manufactured components or parts are combined together mechanically or chemically to produce a new product. E.g.: Manufacturing of TV sets, and automobiles industries.

5) Construction Industry:
This industry is concerned with the construction and erection. E.g.: Construction of Buildings, Roads, Dams, Bridges, and Canals.

6) Service industry:
These type of industries are engaged in the provision of essential services to the community. Service sector plays an important role in the development of the nation. E.g.: Hotels, Tourism, Entertainment industry, etc.

Question 6.
Define entrepot trade.
Answer:
Entrepot trade :
It means importing (buying) goods from one country for the purpose of exporting (selling) them to another country. This type of trade is also known as re-export trade.

Entrepot trade refers to a trade in one centre for the goods of other countries. Merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties in entrepot trade. Because of favorable trade conditions, profit is possible in entrepot trade.

Question 7.
What are the hindrances involved in commerce?
Answer:
Commerce is an organised system which facilitates free flow of goods and services. In busi¬ness, products and services are produced through industry. The produced goods and ser¬vices face various types of hindrances to reach the customers. Commerce removes all these hindrances and helps to distribute products and reach business desired goal.

Following are some important hindrances in commerce :

1. Hindrance of person
2. Hindrance of place
3. Hindrance of exchage
4. Hindrance of time and duration
5. Hindrance of knowledge

1) Hindrance of person :
Trade treaty is done by buyers and sellers. In exchange of money, the sellers sell the value of the goods and services to the buyers. Therefore through the handover of products personal hindrances can be removed.

2) Hindrance of place :
The goods are produced at one place but their consumption in different places. The hindrance of distance is removed by various means of transport such as rail, road, air, and sea. Transport helps in removing the hindrance of place. It creates place utility.

3) Hindrance of exchange :
The payment of goods and services is generally made possible through banks. Bank as a part of commerce, acts to remove the hindrance of exchange. Bank helps in removing the hindrance of exchange.

4) Hindrance of time and duration :
There is a time gap between production and consumption. The goods produced are not immediately required for consumption. Warehousing removes the hindrances of time and duration. It preserves the goods from the time of production to the time of consumption. It creates time utility.

5) Hindrance of risk :
Business involves risk. Risk is involved in transporting goods from one place to another place. There can be a risk due to fire, theft, accident, etc. The risk of loss will removed by insurance. Insurance helps in the removal of hindrance of risk.

6) Hindrance of knowledge :
Advertisement removes the hindrance of knowledge. It informs to the customers about the availability of various products. Communication helps in the efficient operation of commercial activities. The hindrances of knowledge will be removed by advertisements.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Industry tf
Answer:
Basically industry is concerned with manufacturing of goods and services. Industry deals with extractive, genetic, manufacturing, construction, and service type industries.

Question 2.
Commerce.
Answer:
It deals with buying and selling of goods. Commerce is concerned only with the exchange of goods and services.

(Commerce = Trade + Aids to Trade)

Question 3.
Trade
Answer:
Trade is the central activity of commerce. Trade means purchase and sale of goods with profit motive. It involves exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers.

Question 4.
Home trade
Answer:
Purchase and sale of goods with profit motive within the boundaries of the country is called home trade. It is also known as Inland trade or Internal trade.

Question 5.
Entrepot trade.
Answer:
It is one of types of the foreign trade. When goods are imported from one country and the same are exported to another country such trade is called entrepot trade.
E.g.: Electronic goods are imported from Taiwan and same are exported to Nepal.

Question 6.
Transportation
Answer:
There is a vast distance between centers of production and centers of consumption. This difficulty is removed by transport. Transportation creates place utility.

Question 7.
Warehousing
Answer:
It is very important function of commerce. It involves storage or accumulation of goods for the purpose of equalizing supplies over a period of time. So, it creates time utility.

Question 8.
Genetic industries
Answer:
These industries are concerned with the breeding of plants or animals, which are used in reproduction. Eg : Poultry farms, etc.

Question 9.
Extractive industries
Answer:
These are concerned with extraction or drawing out goods from the soil, air or water. Eg : Mining, Fishing, Coal, Minerals, Iron ore, Oil industries, etc.

Question 10.
Banking
Answer:
Banking is one of the aids to trade. It solves the problem of finance. Businessmen receive money and also pay money in large amounts. It is risky to carry money from one place to another place. Here comes banking as a solution.

Question 11.
Ana lytica l industry
Answer:
In an analytical industry the basic raw material is broken into several useful materials. E.g.: Oil refinery. Crude oil is refined and several petroleum products are obtained.

Question 12.
Synthetic Industry
Answer:
In this type of manufacturing industry two or more materials are mixed to form a new product. E.g.: Cosmetics, Soaps, Fertilizers, Paint industry, etc.

Question 13.
Processing industry
Answer:
In the industry material is processed through various stages. E.g.: The textile industry. Cotton passes through the spinning, weaving, dyeing, bleaching and printing processes.

Question 14.
Assembling industry
Answer:
In this type of industry, manufactured components or parts are combined together mechanically or chemically to produce a new product.
E.g.: Manufacting of TV sets and automobile industries.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 12th Lesson Final Accounts Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 12th Lesson Final Accounts

Essay Type Questions

Question 1.
List out advantages of Final accounts.
Answer:
List out advantages of Final accounts :

1. To know the profit or loss: Business profit or loss can be known to the trader through the trading account and profit and loss account.
2. Financial position: Balance sheet reflects the financial position of the organization.
3. Financial planning : Final accounts are important source of finance information which helps the management to plan the financial activities of the business concern.
4. Decision making: Financial statements of current year can be compared with results of the previous year statements, which helps the trader to take business decisions.
5. To pay the taxes: Final accounts help in completion of tax.
6. To borrow money : Final accounts reveal the solvency position of the organization. This helps to take loan from banks.

Question 2.
Explain the capital and revenue expenditures and incomes with examples.
Answer:
Capital and Revenue Expenditures: Business expenditure of an enterprise are of three kinds as :

1. Capital Expenditure,
2. Revenue Expenditure,
3. Deferred Revenue Expenditure.

1) Capital Expenditure : It is the expenditure which is normally incurred for acquiring fixed assets or assets which increase the earning capacity of the business. Benefits of this expenditure are extended over a number of years. E.g.: Purchase of furniture, Machinery, Buildings, etc.

2) Revenue Expenditure : It is the expenditure incurred in the normal course of business activities. The benefit of this expenditure is restricted to only one accounting year.
E.g.: Rent, Salaries, Selling expenses.

3) Deferred Expenditure : It consists of revenue and capital items. Benefits from these expenses are spread over several years.
E.g.: Huge amount of expenditure on advertisement.

Capital and Revenue Incomes: The business incomes are of three kinds as :

1. Capital Income,
2. Revenue Income and
3. Deferred Income.

1) Capital Income: Any amount received as investment by the owners, raised by way of loans and incomes received on sale of fixed assets is called capital income.
E.g.: Capital, Sale of machinery, etc.
2) Revenue Income: It means an income which arise, during normal course of regular business transactions. E.g.: Commission received, Sale of goods, etc.
3) Deferred Income : This consists of items of revenue and capital nature and spread over several years. E.g.: Rent or Interest received for more than a year.

Question 3.
Draw an imaginary Balance Sheet Pro forma.
Answer:
Balance sheet may be prepared in any one of the following orders.

1. Liquidity order
2. Permanency order

Proforma of Balance sheet on the basis of Liquidity order:
Balance sheet of ____ as on _____

Balance sheet on the order of Permanency: Balance sheet of ____ as on ____

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write the meaning and uses of final accounts.
Answer:
Final accounts (Final statements) are the statements that are prepared at the end of an accounting period. These consist of trading account, profit and loss account and balance sheet.

Uses:

1. To know the profit or loss at the end of a particular period.
2. To know the financial position of the organization.
3. It helps to plan the financial activities of business concern.
4. It helps to take business decision.
5. With the help of financial statements business concerns can get the loans from the banks.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning and advantages of trading account.
Answer:
An account is to be prepared to know the results of trading activities carries during the accounting period. This account is termed as Trading Account.

Advantages:

1. It reveals either gross profit or gross loss
2. Gross profit / loss ratio can be calculated
3. Trading expenses and incomes of the current year can be compared with that of previous year.
4. The trader can estimate his trade revenue for future years.

Question 3.
Write the meaning and importance of profit and loss account.
Answer:
After trading account, the Profit & Loss a/c is to be prepared to find out the net profit or net loss of the business. It is a nominal account. Hence all the expenses and losses should be debited and all the incomes and gains to be credited to this account.

Importance of Profit & Loss Account

1. It reveals net profit or net loss.
2. Net profit ratio can be calculated.
3. Current year’s administrative, selling and other expenses can be compared with the previous year’s amounts.
4. It facilitates for the preparation of balance sheet.

Question 4.
Explain the following with examples:
a) Current Assets
b) Current Liabilities
Answer:
a) Current Assets : The assets which are held for resale or can be converted into cash on a later date are called current assets. E.g.: Stock, Debtors, Bills receivable, etc.
b) Current Liabilities : These liabilities payable by the organization within one accounting period (short term liabilities) not more than 12 months from the date of balance sheet E.g.: Bills payable, Trade creditors, Bank overdraft, etc.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define capital expenditure and give two examples.
Answer:
Capital expenditure is the expenditure which is normally incurred for acquiring fixed assets or assets which increase the earning capacity of the business. Benefits of capital expenditure are extended over a number of years. E.g,: Purchase of fixed assets like furniture, Machinery and Buildings.

Question 2.
Define revenue expenditure with two examples. (Mar. ’17 – A.P.)
Answer:
Revenue expenditure means an expenditure incurred in the normal course of business activities. The benefit of revenue expenditure is restricted to only one accounting year.
E.g.: Office expenses like rent, Salaries, etc.

Question 3.
Define capital income and give two examples. (Mar. 2019, 15 – A.P.)
Answer:
Any amount received as investments by the owners, raised by way of loans and income received on sale of fixed assets is called capital income. E.g.: Capital, Sale of machinery, etc.

Question 4.
Explain the terms tangible and intangible assets with examples.
Answer:
Assets which can be seen and touch are called tangible assets E.g.: Furniture, Machinery, etc. Assets which can neither be seen nor touched are called intangible assets. E.g.: Patents, Good will etc.

Question 5.
Define the term drawings. (Mar. 2019 – T.S.)
Answer:
Drawings may be defined as the amount withdrawn by the proprietor from the business either in cash or in kind for personal use. Drawings should be deducted from capital in the balance sheet on liabilities side.

Problems

Question 1.
Prepare trading account of Srikanth Traders for the year ended 31.12.2013.

Answer:
Dr. Tracing Account of Srikanth Traders for the year ended 31.12.2013

Question 2.
Prepare trading account from the following particulars for the year ended 31.03.2014:

Answer:

Question 3.
Prepare trading account.
Purchases

Answer:

Question 4.
Prepare trading account of Hyderabad Traders as on 31.12.2012:

Answer:

Question 5.
From the following particulars, prepare Profit & Loss A/c as on 31.12.2013:

Answer:

Question 6.
Prepare Profit & Loss A/c from the following particulars:

Answer:

Question 7.
From the following Particulars, prepare Profit & Loss A/c.

Answer:

Question 8.
Prepare Trading A/c, Profit & Loss A/c of Suresh Traders for the year ending 31.12.2012.

Answer:

Question 9.
From the following trial balance, prepare Trading A/c, Profit & Loss A/c for the year ended 31.12.2013:

Answer:

Question 10.
Prepare Trading account and Profit & Loss A/c. (amounts in rupees)

Answer:

Question 11.
Prepare Balance sheet from the following;

Answer:

Question 12.
Prepare balance sheet of Kiran Traders from the following as on 31.03.2913:

Answer:

Question 13.
Prepare balance sheet of Vamsi Traders for the year ended 31.12.2013:

Answer:

Question 14.
From the following Trial Balance, prepare Trading, P& L Account and Balance Sheet:

Answer:

Question 15.
From the following a trial balance prepare final accounts for the year ending 31.03.2014 :

Answer:

Balance sheet for the year ending 31.3.2014

Student Activity

Visit any small undertaking and collect its expenses, income, assets and liabilities during the latest accounting period, and prepare Trading and Profit & Loss A/c and Balance Sheet in vertical form.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 11th Lesson Rectification of Errors Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 11th Lesson Rectification of Errors

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Give two examples of Errors of Omission.
Answer:
When a transaction is completely or partly omitted from the books of accounts such error is known as Error of Omission.

1. When no entry is made for a transaction in journal
   E.g.: Purchase of goods are not recorded in the books of original entry.
2. If an entry is not made for a transaction in the Subsidiary Book
   E.g.: Paid cash to Ganesh traders not entered in Cash Book.

Question 2.
Explain the errors of commission with two examples.
Answer:
The errors arise due to wrong recording, wrong posting, wrong casting, wrong entry forwarding, wrong balancing, etc.

1. Wrong recording: When a transaction is incorrectly recorded in the books of original entry E.g.: Slaes of goods to Rama of Rs. 150 recorded as Rs. 50.
2. Wrong casting : If the mistake is committed in totaling, it is called error of commission.
   E.g.: Sales book is overcast by Rs. 100.

Question 3.
Explain the errors of Principle with two examples.
Answer:
Errors which are committed by violating or defective knowledge of accounting principles (rules). These errors may arise, when the clear distinction is not made between the Capital and Revenue nature items.
E.g.:

1. Purchase of land & buildings – debited to purchases a/c instead of land & buildings a/c.
2. Rent paid to landlord – debited to landlord a/c instead of rent a/c.

Question 4.
Explain the compensating errors. (Mar. 2018 – A.P.)
Answer:
If two or more errors are arised and one error nullifies the another error, the net effect is unchanged, these are Called compensating errors.
E.g.: Amount paid to Teja Rs. 2000 recorded as Rs. 200 and Amount received from Krishna Rs. 10,000 recorded as Rs. 9,500.

Question 5.
Define suspense account.
Answer:
Sometimes, despite an accountant’s best efforts, the trial balance may not agree. In such circumstances, the differnce between the debit and credit Totals should be transferred to an account called Suspense Account. It is an imaginary account, opened and used as a temporary measure to make two sides of the trial balance agree.

Essay Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the various types of errors ? Explain. (Mar. 2018 – A.P. – May ’17 – A.P. & T.S.; Mar. 17. ’15 – T.S.)
Answer:
Errors may be classified as:

1) Errors of Principle
2) Errors of Omission
3) Errors of Commission
4) Compensating Errors
5) Writing to wrong head of account

1) Errors of Principle : Errors which are committed by violating or defective knowledge of accounting principles (rules). These errors may arise, when the clear distinction is not made between the Capital and Revenue nature items.
E.g.:

1. Purchase of land & buildings – debited to purchases a/c instead of land and buildings a/c.
2. Rent paid to landlord – debited to landlord a/c instead of rent a/c.

2) Errors of Omission : When a transaction is completely or partly omitted from the books of accounts such error is known as Error of Omission.

1. When no entry is made for a transaction in journal
   E.g.: Purchase of goods are not recorded in the books of original entry.
2. If an entry is not made for a transaction in the Subsidary Book E.g.: Paid cash to Ganesh not entered in Cash Book.

3) Errors of Commission : The errors arise due to wrong recording, wrong posting, wrong casting, wrong entry forwarding, wrong balancing, etc.

1. Wrong recording : When a transaction is incorrectly recorded in the books of original entry E.g.: Sales of goods to Rama of Rs. 150 recorded as Rs. 50.
2. Wrong Casting : If the mistake is committed in totaling is called error of commission. E.g.: Sales book is overcast by Rs. 100.

4) Compensating Errors: If two or more errors are arised and one error nullifies the another error, the net effect is unchanged, these are called compensating errors.
E.g.: Amount paid to Teja Rs. 2000 recorded as Rs. 200. and amount received from Krishna Rs. 10,000 recorded as 9,500.

5) Writing to wrong head of account: Instead of recording one account, recording another account is known as writing to wrong head of a/c.
E.g.: Paid to Vijay Rs. 1,000 is debited to Vinay a/c.

Question 2.
What are the errors disclosed by Trial Balance and not disclosed by Trial balance ? (Mar. 2019 – A.P. & T.S.)
Answer:
Errors may be classified as

I) Errors not disclosed by Trial Balance
II) Errors disclosed by Trial Balance .

I) Errors not disclosed by trial balance :

1. Errors of Principle
2. Errors of Omission
3. Errors of Commission
4. Compensating Errors
5. Writing to wrong head of account

II) Errors disclosed by Trial Balance :

1. Posting of transaction to wrong side of an account
2. Posting of wrong amount to an account
3. Errors in totaling
4. Errors of carrying forward
5. Posting of only one aspect of journal entry into ledger
6. Recording one aspect twice

Question 3.
What is meant by Suspense Account? Why Is It opened ?Explain. (Mar. ’17, ’15 – A.P.)
Answer:
Sometimes, despite an accountant’s best efforts, the trial balance may not agree. In such circumstances, the difference between the debit and credit Totals should be transferred to an account called ‘Suspense Account’. It is an imaginary account, opened and used as a temporary measure to make two sides of the trial balance agree.
The suspense account may show any balance, suspence account will be written off after the errors are detected and rectified. If the opening balance of suspense a/c is not given, the difference of suspense account is to be considered as opening balance.

Problems

Question 1.
Rectify the following errors:
a) A sale of goods to Adithya for Rs. 2500 was passed through the purchases book.
b) Salary of Rs. 800 paid to Sandeep was wrongly debited to his personal account.
c) Furniture purchased on credit from Sekhar for Rs. 1000 was entered in the purchases book.
d) Rs. 5000 spent on the extension of buildings was debited to buildings repairs account.
e) Goods returned by Shailesh Rs. 1200 were entered in the Return Outwards book.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 2.
Rectify the following errors;
a) Furniture purchased for Rs. 10,000 wrongly debited to purchase account.
b) Machinery purchased on credit from Ramana for Rs. 20,000 was recorded through purchases book.
c) Repairs on machinery Rs. 1,400 debited to machinery account.
d) Repairs on overhauling of secondhand machinery purchased Rs. 2,000 was debited to repairs account.
e) Sale of old machinery at book value of Rs. 3,000 was credited to sales account.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 3.
Pass journal entries to rectify the following errors:
a) Machinery purchased for Rs. 5,000 has been debited to purchases a/c.
b) Rs. 700paid to Ruchira as legal charges were debited to his personal account.
c) Rs. 10,000 paid to Escorts Company for machinery purchased stand debited to Escorts company account.
d) Typewriter purchased for Rs. 6,000 was wrongly passed through purchase book.
e) Rs. 20,000 paid for the purchase of Motor-Cycle for proprietor has been charged to General Expenses’a/c.
f) Rs. 15,000 paid for the purchase of Gas engine’ were debited to ‘Purchases’ a/c.
g) Cash paid to Saritha Rs. 400 was debited to the account of Amani.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 4.
Give rectification entries for the following errors:
a) Wages payable to furniture maker Rs. 670 debited to Wages a/c.
b) A credit sale of Rs. ISO to Srinivas debited to Shiva Ram.
c) Payment of salary to Varshini not passed through books at all.
d) A credit purchase ofRs. 140 to Harshini, recorded in the books as Rs. 410.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 5.
Pass journal entries to rectify the following errors:
a) The purchases book of the trader is overadded by Rs. 200. (Overcast by)
b) Old furniture sold for Rs. 100 was wrongly credited to sales a/c.
c) Rs. 100 paid on account of interest was debited to commission account.
d) An amount of Rs. 125 received from Soni was wrongly credited to his account as Rs. 152.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 6.
Rectify the following errors:
a) Purchases of furniture costing Rs. 1,200 have been passed through purchases book.
b) Repairs to machinery Rs. 200 were debited to machinery account.
c) A credit sale ofRs. 200 to Ramesh Kodur through properly entered in the sales book has been credited to his account.
d) The total of purchases book, was overcast by Rs. 200.
e) Salary paid to Sheshu, manager stands debited to his account.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 7.
Rectify the following errors:
a) Sale of old machinery Rs. 500 has been entered in the sales book.
b) Rakesh Vedantam pays 300. This amount has been credited to Rajesh.
c) A sale ofRs. 250 to Shah & Co., has been debited to them as Rs. 520.
d) Returns to Ramanuji Rs. 350 have not been posted to his account.
e) Salary of Rs. 1500 paid to Ramana has been debited to his account.
f) A purchase ofRs. 700 from Gupta & Co., has been entered in the sales book.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 8.
Rectify the following errors:
a) An amount of Rs. 100 paid for the repairs of furniture was debited to furniture account,
b) Sales book total was overcast by Rs. 500.
c) Expenses 15 were posted in the ledger as 150.
d) A sale ofRs. 200 to Mr. S. was wrongly debited to the account of Mr. V.
e) Old furniture sold has been credited to sales a/c Rs. 500,
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 9.
Write the entries for the rectification of the following errors:
a) Sales book was overcast by Rs. 300.
b) Sales of Rs. 100 to Madhavi was wrongly debited to account of Sharath.
c) General expenses of Rs. 20 were posted in the general ledger as Rs. 30.
d) Rs. 100 received from Yada was debited to Sandhya.
e) Legal expenses Rs. 200 paid to Saritha was debited to her personal account.
f) An amount of Rs. 200 paid of Ramesh is not posted to his account.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 10.
Pass Journal en fries for rectification of the following errors:
a) The total of purchases book was undercast by Rs. 200.
b) A credit purchase from Vaishnavi for Rs. 1000 has been wrongly passed through the sales book
c) Wages paid Rs. 200 was wrongly debited to salaries account.
d) Rs. 100 receIved on account interest stands wrongly credited to commission account.
e) Salary of Rs. 500 paid to manager Mr. Krishna (s debited to his personal account.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 11.
Rectify the following errors before preparation of trial balance:
a) Purchase book was undercast by Rs. 2000.
b) Rent paid Rs. 350 was debited to that account as Rs. 530.
c) Discount received from Rama & Co. Rs. 250 was not posted to their account.
d) Interest paid Rs. 89 was wrongly credited to that account as Rs. 98.
e) Sales book was overcast byRs. 1700.
f) Purchase returns book undercast by Rs. 275.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 12.
Rectify the following errors discovered before preparation of the trial balance.
a) The sales book has been totaled Rs. 1000 short.
b) Sale of old furniture Rs. 4000 was credited to sales account.
c) Rs. 250 paid towards interest was debited to commission account.
d) Rs. 125 paid by Sandeep but was entered in his account Rs. 152.
e) The purchase a/c was overcast by Rs. 750.
f) Rs. 4500 salary paid to Mr. Shekar head clerk stands debited to his personal account.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 13.
Rectify the following errors dicovered before preparation of the trial balance.
a) Furniture purchased Rs. 3,500 has been passed through the purchases book.
b) The returns inward book was overcast by Rs. 250.
c) Rs. 800 paid for repairs to machinery was debited to machinery account
d) A sale ofRs. 750 made to Srimannarayana was entered in sales book but was credited to his account.
e) A purchase ofRs. 760 made from Radhika was credited to his account Rs. 670.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 14.
Rectify the following errors before preparation of trial balance.
a) Rs. 250paid for proprietors medical bill was debited to sundry expenses account.
b) Sale of goods to Sandhya & Co. for Rs. 2900 was entered through the purchase book.
c) Sale of old machinery Rs. 5000 was posted to the credit of sales account.
d) The total of purchase book was overcast by Rs. 2000.
e) Salary ofRs. 4500 paid to Kittu has been debited to his account.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Question 15.
Pass necessary entries to rectify the following errors. After the preparation of trial balance.
a) Rs. 1500 received from Gopal has been wrongly credited to Chandu’s a/c.
b) The purchase book was undercast by Rs. 1000.
c) Repairs to machinery Rs. 800 were debited to machinery account.
d) Discount allowed to Chiru Rs. 200 correctly entered in cash book, has not been posted to his account.
e) Bills payable from Mr. Gopichand Rs. 1000 was entered in the bills payables book.
Answer:
Rectification Entries

Student Activity

Visit any small organisation and note down its experiences in rectifying the errors.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 10th Lesson Trail Balance Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 10th Lesson Trail Balance

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define’TrialBalance’.
Answer:
“Trial Balance is a statement, prepared with the debit and credit balances of ledger accounts to test the arithmetical accuracy of the books.” – J.R. Batliboi
“A Trial Balance is a list of all the balances standing on the ledger accounts and cash book of a concern at any given date.” – Spicer and Peglar

Question 2.
Give the format of Trial Balance.
Answer:
Trial Balance of ……. as on ……

Question 3.
What are the objectives of the Trial Balance ?
Answer:
Objectives of trial balance are :

1. To verify the arithmetical accuracy of ledger accounts.
2. To know the balances of various ledger accounts.
3. Final accounts can be prepared on the basis of trial balance.
4. Trial balances of various years are useful for comparison and get conclusions.

Question 4.
What are the methods of preparation of Trial Balance ?
Answer:
There are two methods to prepare trial balance.

1. Total Balances Method : Under this method total of debit side and total of credit side of each individual a/c is taken into trial balance. This method is not in use now.
2. Net Balances Method : Under this method, balance in each ledger a/c is taken into trial balance. All the ledger a/cs showing debit balances are put on the debit side of the trial balance and the accounts showing credit balances are put on the credit side.

Essay Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Trial Balance ? How it is prepared ?
Answer:
Trial balance is a statement of balances/totals of accounts of a business concern and prepared to check the arithmetical accuracy of the books.
Preparation of Trial balance : The following points are to be kept in the mind while preparing the Trial Balances.

1. Draw the pro forma of trial balance with the title.
2. Trial balance is a statement; hence we need not use the words ‘to’ or ‘by’.
3. Show all types of assets in debit column.
4. Show all types of liabilities in credit column.
5. Show all types of expenses in debit column,
6. Show all types of incomes in credit column.
7. Show reserves and surpluses / reserve funds / provisions in credit columns.
8. Show intangible assets in debit column E.g. good will, patents, royalties
9. Show purchases and sales returns in debit column.
10. Show sales, purchase returns in credit column.

Question 2.
Explain the merits and demerits of Trial Balance.
Answer:
Merits:

1. It helps in ascertaining the arithmetical accuracy of ledger accounts.
2. It helps in detecting errors.
3. It helps to get a summary of the ledger accounts.
4. It helps in the preparation of final accounts.

Limitations:

1. Certain type of errors remain even when the trial balance tallies.
2. It is possible to prepare trial balance in which double entry book-keeping system is followed which is very expensive.
3. Even if some transactions are omitted the trial balance tallies.

Problems

Question 1.
From the following balances taken from the books of Naveena as on December 2013, prepare a trial balance in proper form :

Answer:
Trial Balance of Naveena as on December 2013

Question 2.
Prepare a Trial Balance from the following balances of Swathi as on 31^st March 2013:

Answer:
Trial Balance of Swathi as on 31^st March 2013

Question 3.
The following Trial Balance has been prepared by an inexperienced accountant. Redraft it in a correct form :


Answer:
Correct Trial Balance

Question 4.
The following are the Balances extracted from the books ofRuthwik, prepare a Trial Balance as on 31-03-2013.


Answer:
Trial Balance of Ruthwik as on 31.03.2013

Question 5.
From the following balances, prepare Trial Balance of Harshini as at 31-12-2013.

Answer:
Trial Balance of Harshini as at 31.12.2013

Question 6.
The following are the balances extracted from the books ofSarayu on 31-08-2013 Prepare the Trial Balance.

Answer:
Trial Balance of Sarayu as on 31.8.2013

Question 7.
The following are the balances extracted from the books of Paddu as on 31 -01 – 2014. Prepare Trial Balance.

Answer:
Trial Balance of Paddu as on 31.1.2014

Question 8.
Prepare the Trial Balance of Renish as on 31.12.2013. (Mar. 2018 – A.P. ; May ’17 – A.P.)

Answer:
Trial Balance of Renish as on 31.12.2013

Question 9.
From the following balances prepare Trial Balance of Manas as on 31.12.2013.

Answer:
Trial Balance of Manas as on 31.12.2013

Question 10.
From the following balances prepare Trial Balance of Mridula as on 31.12.2013. (Mar. ’17 – A.P.)

Answer:
Trial Balance of Mridula as on 31.12.2013

Question 11.
Prepare Trial Balance of Prafulla from the following balances as on 31.12.2013. (Mar. 2019 – T.S.)

Answer:

Question 12.
Prepare Trial Balance of Suchitra as on 31.12.2013 from the following balances:

Answer:
Trial Balance of Suchitra as on 31.12.2013

Question 13.
Prepare trial Balance of Radha from the following balances:

Answer:
Trial Balance of Radha

Question 14.
Prepare Trial Balance of Snigdha form the following balances:

Answer:
Trial Balance of Snigdha

Question 15.
Prepare Trial Balance of Supreeth from the following balances as on 31-12-2010. [May – ’17 – T.S.]

Answer:
Trial Balance of Supreeth as on 31.12.2010

Question 16.
Prepare Trial Balance of Rohitha : (Mar. 2018 – T.S.)

Answer:
Trial Balance of Rohitha

Question 17.
Prepare Trial Balance ofSusmitha from the following balances as on 31.03.2013.

Answer:
Trial Balance of Smith as on 31.12.2013

Question 18.
Prepare Trial Balance of Sudha from the following particulars:

Answer:
Trial Balance of Sudha as on 31.12.2013

Question 19.
Prepare Trial Balance from the following balances.

Answer:
Trial Balance as on 31.12.2013

Student Activity

Visit any organisation and prepare a trial balance by extracting balances of accounts from its ledger.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 8th Lesson Cash Book Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 8th Lesson Cash Book

Essay Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the meaning and importance of the cash book.
Answer:
Among the entire subsidiary books, cash book is one of the important books. In this book we record cash receipts and cash payments. The main objective of cash book is to know the balance of cash at any given time. The person who maintains cash book is known as cashier. Business transactions are mainly two kinds.

1. Cash Transactions
2. Credit Transactions

All cash transactions are two types :

1. Cash receipts
2. Cash payments

Cash receipts should be recorded on debit side and cash payments are on the credit side. Generally cash book shows debit balance, because a business unit cannot pay more than its receipts.

Question 2.
Briefly explain the different types of cash books.
Answer:
The form of the cash book depends on the need, nature and scope of activities of a business firm.
They are as follows :

1) Simple cash book
2) Double column cash book
i) With cash and discount columns
ii) With bank and discount columns
3) Triple column cash book
4) Analytical petty cash book

1) Simple Cash Book: The simple cash book is maintained by small business concern. Only cash transactions are recorded in this book. Cash receipts are to be recorded on the debit side and cash payments are on credit side. After entering all the transactions, the balance is ascertained like other accounts.

2) Double Column Cash Book:

a) Cash Book with Cash and Discount Columns: The transactions pertaining to cash and cash discounts are also recorded. To record the discount involved in any transactions one additional column on both sides of the cash book is provided. Discount column on the debit side should be named as discount allowed, and on the credit side discount received. They should not be balanced.

b) Cash Book with Bank and Discount Columns : Modern business organisations carry their transactions in the form of cheques through banks. The receipts and payments of the business are made through cheques. They maintain bank column in the cash book. The traders deposit money and cheques into bank account and make payments by cheques. The traders’ deposit through bank is having advantages of safety and convenience.

3) Triple Column Cash Book: This book also known as cash book with cash discount and bank columns. It contains three columns on both the sides. Three column cash book is used by big trading organisations, to record large number of cash and bank transactions of different nature.

4) Analytical Petty Cash Book: In large scale business organisation cash is paid and received through banks, but every day the organisation has to pay various small payments. It is not possible to pay small payments through cheques and enter in the cash book. Hence all petty payments of the business are recorded in a separate cash book which is called a Petty Cash Book.

Question 3.
Write the importance of Triple column cash book and draw its pro forma.
Answer:
Triple column cash book contains three columns on both sides (debit and credit) in addition to date, particulars and L.F columns. Three column cash book is very useful to the big trading organisations for the following reasons.

1. It helps to record cash Receipts and also Receipts through cheques.
2. It is useful to record Cash Payments and also Payments by Cheques.
3. It helps to record large number of cash and bank transactions of different nature.
4. It is useful to record Contra Entries.
   

Question 4.
Explain the important points to be followed in the preparation of three column cash book.
Answer:
The following points are to be noted carefully while preparing three column cash book.

1. Opening cash and bank balances are recorded on the debit side of the cash and bank column as “To Balance b/d” in the particulars column.
2. If the overdraft is given as opening bank balance, it should be recorded on the credit side of Bank column.
3. All cash receipts should be recorded on the debit side cash column and cash payments are recorded in the cash column on the credit side.
4. If any cheque is received from customers and if it was not deposited in the bank on the same day, it should be debited to cash column.
5. If cheque is received and sent to bank on the same day, it should be debited to bank column.
6. Any payment made through cheque, should be credited to bank column on the credit side.
7. If discount amounts are involved either in cash or in bank transactions, discount allowed should be recorded on the debit side and discount received should be recorded on the credit side in the discount column.
8. If the cheques sent to bank for collection are dishonoured, it should be recorded in the bank column on debit side.
9. The transaction which is passed on both sides of the cash book is called ‘Contra Entry’. While opening bank a/c, cash deposited in bank, cash withdrawn from bank for personal use and cheque received on one day but deposited on another day. Contra entries will appear on both sides. It is denoted by “C”.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the advantages of cash book.
Answer:
Advantages of Cash Book:

1. It helps to know the amount of cash received and the amount of cash paid by the Business Unit.
2. It gives the Cash and Bank balances of a business unit at any given period.
3. Mistakes or Fraud can be detected by verifying the closing balance of cash book with the actual amount of cash in hand.
4. As cash book acts as Cash A/c, preparation of a separate Cash A/c (ledger) is not required.

Question 2.
Give the characteristics of cash book.
Answer:
Characteristics of Cash Book :

1. Cash book is a Subsidiary Book.
2. It records only Cash Transactions.
3. Cash book serves as Cash Account.
4. It records cash receipts on the debit side and cash payments on the credit side.
5. Cash book will show Debit Balance only.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Cash Discount (Mar. ’17 – T.S.)
Answer:
It is given for prompt and early payment. If a debtor pays the amount to the creditor on or before the due date, he may receive discount in the form of cash. It is known as cash discount. It is discount received for the debtor and discount allowed for the creditor. The discount column is maintained on both sides of the cash book.

Question 2.
Discount Allowed
Answer:
Discount given or allowed by the creditor is known as discount allowed. It is a loss for the ‘ creditor. This was allowed to the debtor for prompt payment.

Question 3.
Discount Received
Answer:
If a debtor pays the amount on or before the due date, he may receive discount in the form of cash. It is gain for the debtor. It is called discount received.

Question 4.
Contra entry (Mar. 2019 ; May ’17 – T.S.) (Mar. 2018 – A.P.)
Answer:
The transaction which is recorded on both sides of Triple column cash book i.e. Cash and Bank on the opposite sides is called contra entry. Contra means opposite side. It should be denoted by “C” in the L.F column on both sides of Triple Column Cash Book.

Question 5.
Imprest System
Answer:
In this system petty cash payments for a period is estimated and that amount is given to the petty cashier as advance. The cashier makes payments from this amount and records them in petty cash book. At the end of a particular period the petty cashier submits petty cash book to the Head Cashier. The Head Cashier scrutinizes the petty payments and issues a fresh cheque equal to the amount of petty expenses paid. This system of book keeping is called Imprest System.

Problems

Question 1.
Prepare süaple cash book as on 1.1.2014 from the following particulars:

Answer:

Question 2.
Enter the following transactions in single column cash book of Farma traders

Answer:

Question 3.
Prepare Simple Cash Book as on 31.3.2014.

Answer:

Question 4.
Record following transactions in Two Column Cash book as on 31.1.2014:

Answer:

Question 5.
Prepare Double Column Cash Book with Cash and Discount Columns:

Answer:

Question 6.
Prepare Double Column Cash Book from the following:

Answer:

Hint: Transaction dated 20th is a credit Transaction.

Question 7.
Prepare Two column cash book with Bank and Discount columns from the following: (Mar. 17 T.S.)

Answer:

Question 8.
Prepare Three Column Cash Book. (Mar. 2019, ’17 – A.P.)

(Hint: Transactions dated 25^th and 28^th are Contra entries.)
Answer:

Question 9.
Prepare three column cash book from the following particulars :

Answer:

Question 10.
Prepare Triple Column Cash Book from the following:

Answer:

Question 11.
Record the following transactions in Cash, Bank, and Discount Columns Cash Book

Answer:

Question 12.
From the following particulars, prepare three column cash book:

Answer:

Question 13.
Prepare triple column cash book from the following information, 2014 (May -17 – T.S.)

Answer:

Question 14.
Prepare triple column cash book from the following particulars: (Mar. 2019, 18 – T.S.)

Answer:

Question 15.
Prepare Three Column Cash Book from the following: (Mar. 2018 – A.P.)

Answer:

Question 16.
Prepare Three Column Cash Book from the following:

Answer:

Question 17.
Prepare Three Column Cash book from the following particulars.

Answer:

Question 18.
Prepare Three Column Cash book of Mr.Stephen from the following particulars.

Answer:

Question 19.
Prepare Three Column Cash book of Mrs. Vijaya from the following particulars 2010

Answer:

Question 20.
Prepare Analytical Petty Cash from the following particulars:

Answer:

Question 21.
Prepare Analytical Petty Cash Book.

Answer:

Question 22.
From the following information, prepare Analytical Petty Cash Book and also prepare ledger:

Answer:

Student Activity

1. Collect Cash and Bank transactions during a month from any organisation or firm and prepare Cash Book.
2. Collect daily expenses of small amount and prepare petty Cash Book.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 7th Lesson Journal Proper Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 7th Lesson Journal Proper

Questions

Question 1.
What is Journal Proper ?
Answer:
There are some transactions which cannot be recorded in any of the remaining seven subsidiary books, are entered in special book known as “Journal proper”.

Question 2.
Explain various kinds of transactions that are recorded in Journal Proper.
Answer:
The following are the transactions recorded in journal proper.
1) Opening entries : Opening entries are passed at the commencement of the new year, to record the balances of assets and liabilities brought forward from the previous year.
The rule to be applied as
Assets A/C
To Liabilities a/c
To Capital a/c
(Being last year balance brought forward).

2) Purchase and sale of fixed assets: Business organisations either purchase or sell the assets for cash and sometimes on credit. If it is purchased on credit, then the entry should be recorded in the journal proper.
Example : Purchased machinery from Godrej Company 40,000.

3) Rectification entries : Sometimes errors may occur while recording transactions, posting them into the ledger or while balancing the ledger accounts. In such cases certain entries should be passed in order to rectify the errors. Such entries are called “Rectification entries”.
Example : Rama paid Rs. 1000. This was credited to Bheema’s A/c.

4) Adjustment entries: At the time of preparation of final accounts of the business firm some adjustments are to be made. The journal entries relating to these adjustments are known as “Adjustment entries”.
Example: Outstanding expenses, prepaid expenses, incomes receivable, income received in advance, depreciation, etc.

5) Closing entries: At the end of every financial year the balances of all the Nominal accounts are transferred to the Trading and Profit & Loss accounts. These transferred entries are known as Closing entries. All expenses and losses are debited and incomes and gains are credited to Trading, Profit & Loss account.

6) Transfer entries: Sometimes the trader transfers the amount from one account to another account. This type of journal entries are known as ‘Transferred journal entries’.
Example : Transfer of Profit to Reserve Fund.

7) Other entries : It is not possible to enter same transactions in journal and hence they are recorded in Journal Proper.
Example: Interest on drawings, interest on capital, goods lost due to fire & theft, goods sent on consignment, etc.

Question 3.
Explain the following in not more than 5 lines.
a) Opening Entries
b) Rectification Entries
c) Adjustment Entries
d) Closing Entries
Answer:
a) Opening Entries : Opening entries are passed at the commencement of the new year, to record the balances of assets and liabilities brought forward from the previous year.
The rule to be applied as
Assets a/c Dr
To Liabilities a/c
To Capital a/c
(Being the last year balance brought forward).

b) Rectification Entries : Sometimes errors may occur while recording transactions, posting them into the ledger or while balancing the ledger accounts. In such cases certain entries should be passed in order to rectify the errors. Such entries are called “Rectification entries”.
Example : Rama paid Rs. 100. This was credited to Somu’s A/c.

c) Adjustment Entries: At the time of preparation of final accounts of the business firm some adjustments are to be made. The journal entries relating to these adjustments are known as “Adjustment entries”.
Example: Outstanding expenses, prepaid expenses.

d) Closing Entries: At the end of every financial year the balances of all the Nominal accounts are transferred to the Trading and Profit & Loss accounts. These transferred entries are known as Closing entries. All expenses and losses are debited and incomes and gains are credited to Trading, Profit & Loss account.

Problems

Question 1.
Record the Opening entry from the following particulars on 1st April 2013: (Mar. 2019 – T.S.) (Mar. 2018 : May 17 – A.P.)

Answer:

Question 2.
Write the Opening entry on 1st Jan. 2013 in the books of Ram from the following:

Answer:

Question 3.
Record the Opening entry from the following assets and liabilities as on Jan. 1st, 2014:

Answer:

Question 4.
Pass Opening Journal Entry from the following particulars on 1^st April, 2013.

Question 5.
Record Opening entry on 1^st Jan. 2014 from the following assets and liabilities:


Answer:

Question 6.
Rectify the following errors dated on Dec. 31^st, 2013:
1. Machinery purchased Rs. 20,000, wrongly debited to Purchases a/c,
2. Commission received Rs. 3,000, wrongly credited to Interest received a/c,
3. Salaries paid to Accountant Prakash Rs. 10,000, debited to his personal a/c,
4. Purchased goods for Rs. 8,000, recorded as Rs. 80,000,
5. Paid cash to Rohit Rs. 5000, wrongly debited to Mohit a/c.
Answer:

Question 7.
Pass adjustment journal entries for the following:
1. Salaries Outstanding Rs. 2,000,
2. Insurance Paid in Advance Rs. 500,
3. Credit 5% Reserve for Bad and Doubtful Debts on Debtors amounted to Rs. 10,000,
4. Provide 10% Depreciation on Machinery. Machinery Value Rs. 20,000,
5. Closing Stock Rs. 15,000.
Answer:

Question 8.
Record the Closing Entries from the following Ledger Balances ofAshrith :

Answer:

Question 9.
Write Opening Entry as on Jan. 1^st 2014 from the following balance sheet of Venkat: Balance Sheet of Venkat as on 31^st Dec. 2013

Answer:

Question 10.
Write Opening Journal Entry from the following as on 1^st April 2013 : (Mar. 2018-T.S.)

Answer:

Student Activity

Visit any organisation/firm and record opening, closing and other entries of Journal proper.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 6th Lesson Subsidiary Books Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 6th Lesson Subsidiary Books

Questions

Question 1.
Explain the various Subsidiary Books with suitable examples.
Answer:
Separate Books or special books which are maintained to record a particular category of trans¬actions are known as “Subsidiary books”.
The journal is divided into eight subsidiary books. They are :
a) Purchase book : This book records all the goods purchased on credit. Cash purchases and purchase of assets are not recorded in this book.
Whenever goods are bought on credit we receive an invoice from the seller. It is called “Inward Invoice”. It is evidence for recording in purchase book.

b) Sales book : The goods sold on credit are recorded in this book. Cash sales and assets sold for cash or credit are not recorded in this book.
Whenever goods are sold on credit we send an Invoice to the customer. It is called “Outward Invoice”. It is evidence for recording in sales book.

c) Purchase returns book: This book is also known as returns outward book. This book records the goods returned to the suppliers. When goods are returned to their sellers a Debit Note’ is prepared and sent to the suppliers along with goods.

d) Sales returns book: This book is also known as returns inward book. This book records the goods returned by the customers. When the sellers receive goods back from the customer along with a debit note, then he prepares a credit note and sends to the customer.

e) Cash book: Cash book is used for recording all cash transactions i.e. cash receipts and cash payments either in cash or by cheque are recorded in this book.

f) Bills receivable book: This book is used to record all the bills received from the customers for the amount due. It contains details of acceptor of the bill, its due date, date bill, the amount due, etc.

g) Bills payable book: If the goods are purchased on credit and bills are accepted for the due amounts, all these bills payable are recorded in this book. It contains the amount due, date of bill, place of payment, due date, etc .

h) Journal proper : This book is used to record only those transactions, which cannot be recorded in any one of the seven subsidiary books side above.

Question 2.
Give the advantages of subsidiary books.
Answer:
Subsidiary Book Advantages:
a) Saving of Time : No need of writing the Journal Entries. Transactions are directly entered into their respective journals.
b) Division of Work: By entrusting different Subsidiary Books to different persons, division of principle can be implemented.
c) Easy Recording: Transactions can be recorded very fast and easy.
d) Improves Efficiency: Accounting work will be done efficiently by allotting work to different experts who prepare the Special Books.
e) Detection of Errors : Since Separate Books are maintained to record a particular set of transactions, errors can be easily noticed.

Question 3.
Explain about Purchases book and draw the pro forma of it.
Answer:
This book records all the goods purchased on credit. Cash purchases and purchase of assets are not recorded in this book.

Whenever goods are bought on credit we receive an invoice from the seller. It is called “Inward Invoice”. It is evidence for recording in purchase book. It is numbered serially and filed in a separate file.
Proforma of purchase book:

Purchase book contains five columns, such as Date, Particulars, Invoice No., L.F.No. and Amount.

Question 4.
Explain about Sales book and draw the pro forma of it.
Answer:
The goods sold on credit are recorded in this book. Cash sales and assets sold for cash or credit are not recorded in this book.
Whenever goods are sold on credit we send an invoice to the customer. It is called “Outward invoice”. It is evidence for recording in sales book. It is serially numbered and kept in a separate file.

Proforma of sales book:

Sales book contains five columns, such as Date, Particulars, Invoice No., L.F.No. and Amount.

Question 5.
Answer the following in not more than 5 lines. (Mar. ’17 – A.P.)
a) Invoice
b) Debit Note
c) Credit Note
d) Trade Discount
e) Journal Proper
Answer:
a) Invoice:
It is the document prepared by the supplier of goods with all the details like quantity, price discount offered and other terms and conditions. This is also known as “Inward Invoice”.

b) Debit Note: (Mar. 2019 – A.P.) (Mar. 2018 – T.S.)
If goods are returned to the supplier, a debit note or letter is sent along with goods, informing the supplier about the debit given to his account for the value of the goods returned. This note is known as debit note.

c) Credit Note:
If the customer returned the goods, a credit note is sent to him by the traders informing the customer that his account has been credited with the value of the goods returned.

d) Trade Discount:
It is a reduction in the catalogue price of an article. This is given by the wholesaler to the retailer to enable him to sell at a catalogue price and make a profit. It is not entered in books.

e) Journal Proper: (May ’17 – A.P.)
This book is used for recording only those transactions which cannot be recorded in any one of the seven subsidiary books said above.
Examples: Opening entries, closing entries, adjustment entries, transfer entries.

Problems

Question 1.
Record the following transactions in the purchase book.

Hint 1: For transaction dated on 11^th Calculate trade discount @ 10% on Rs. 5,000/- i.e. 5000 × \(\frac{10}{100}\) = 500, and take net purchases as 5000 – 500 = 4500.
Hint 2: Transaction dated 17^th March is a cash transaction. So, it is not to be taken in purchase book.
Answer:

Question 2.
Prepare Purchase Book from the following:

Hint 1: For transaction dated on 10^th calculate discount @ 10% on 10,000/-
i.e. 1,000 and takes net purchases as 10,000 – 1,000 = 9,000.
Hint 2: Transaction dated on 12^th is a cash transaction. So, it is not entered in purchases book.
Answer:

Question 3.
Record the following in Purchases Book:
2012
March 1^st Purchase goods on credit from Chand traders Invoice No. 301.
120 reams of white paper @15 per ream
60 dozen ink pots @ 25 per dozen

March 8^th Purchased from Gupta traders Invoice No. 403
10 Drawing boards @ 30 each
40 Notebooks @ 20 each

March 10^th Purchased goods from Goyal and Company for cash 3,000.

March 15^th Purchased goods from Ankit Rs. 10,000 as per Invoice No. 450.

Hint 1 : Transaction dated on March 1^st Net Purchases amount is to be calculated as, (120 × 15) + (60 × 25) = 1800 + 1500 = 3300
Hint 2 : Transaction dated on March 8^th Net Purchases amount is,
(10 × 30) + (40 × 20) = 300 + 800 = Rs. 1100
Answer:

Question 4.
Enter the following in Purchase Book and Purchase Returns Book: (Mar. 2019 – A.P. & T.S.)

Answer:

Question 5.
Prepare Sales Book (May 17 – T.S.)

Hint 1: Trade discount is 4000 × 5/100. Net sales = 3,800.
Hint 2: Transaction dated on 14th is a Cash transaction.
Answer:

Question 6.
Enter the following transactions in Sales Book and prepare Ledger.

Hint 1: For transaction dated on 18^th calculate trade discount i.e. 8000 × 10/100 = 800, net sales = 7200.
Hint 2: Transaction dated on 20th is a cash transaction.
Answer:

Ledgers:

Question 7.
Prepare Sales Book and Sales Returns Book from the following. (Mar. 2018 – A.P. & T.S.)

Answer:

Question 8.
Record the following transactions in Proper Subsidiary Books.

Answer:

Question 9.
Enter the following transactions in the related Subsidiary Books.

Hint 1: For transaction dated on 10^th Trade discount is 15000 × 10/100 = 1500
Net purchases = 13500
Hint 2: Transaction dated on 18^th is a cash transaction.
Hint 3: For transaction dated on 20^th Trade discount is 3000 × 5/100 = 150
Net sales = 2850
Hint 4: Transaction dated on 26^th is to be entered in journal proper.
Hint 5: For transaction dated on 27^th Trade discount is 8000 × 15/100 = 1200
Net sales = 6,800
Answer:

Question 10.
Prepare Purchases Book.

Answer:

Question 11.
Enter the following transactions in Purchases Book and post them in Ledger.

Answer:

Ledgers:

Question 12.
Record the following in Sales Book and Sales Returns Book.


Answer:

Question 13.
Enter the following transactions in Proper Subsidiary Books: (May ’17 – A.P.)

Hint : Transaction dated Nov. 19^th trade discount 15% of 10000 i.e.,
10000 × 15/100 = 1500 is to be deducted from purchase amount Rs. 10000.
Net purchases 10000 – 1500 = 8500

Question 14.
From the following transactions prepare Sales Book and Sales Returns Book. (IPE. Mar. 14)

Answer:

Question 15.
Enter the. following transactions in proper Subsidiary Books. (IPE. Mar. 14)

Answer:

Student Activity

Collect the invoices, debit notes, credit notes from any business organization.

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 5th Lesson Ledger Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material 5th Lesson Ledger

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define ledger and explain the advantages of ledger.
Answer:
Ledger is a book which facilitates recording of all types of transactions related to Personal, Real and Nominal. All the debit and credit aspects which are recorded in the journal are transferred to the respective accounts in the ledger.
According to L.C.Cropper, “the book which contains a classified and permanent record of all transactions of a business is called the Ledger”.

Advantages:

The following are the advantages of ledger.

1. Complete information at a glance : All the transactions pertaining to an account are collected at one place in the ledger. By looking at the balance of that account, one can understand the collective effect of all such transactions at a glance.
2. Arithmetical accuracy: With the help of ledger balances, Trial balance is prepared to know the arithmetical accuracy of accounts.
3. Result of business operations: It facilitates the preparation of final accounts for ascertaining the operating result and the financial position of the business concern.
4. Accounting information : The data supplied by various ledger accounts are summarized, analyzed and interpreted for obtaining various accounting information.

Question 2.
What do you mean by posting ? Explain the rules relating to posting.
Answer:
The process of transferring the entries recorded in the journal or subsidiary books to the respective accounts opened in the ledger is called ‘Posting’. In other words’, posting means process of grouping of all the transactions relating to a particular account at one place.

RULES:

Following steps should be taken into account while making posting.

A) Opening of separate accounts: Each transaction affects minimum two accounts for which separate accounts are to be opened in the ledger. All transactions relating to an account, debit as well as credit, are to be posted to know the net position of the account.

B) Posting journal entry to concerned side: If an account is debited in the journal, posting will be made on the debit side of the account in the ledger. Similarly, if an account is credited in the journal, that account would be credited in the ledger.

C) Use of word ‘To” and “By” : While writing the debit side, commence with word “To” and write the name of the account, which is credited in the journal. Write the word “By” on the credit side before writing the name of the account that is debited in the journal.

D) Balance in account: The difference between debit and credit totals of an account is the net position of the account, known as balance of the account.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is ledger ? (Mar. ’15 – T.S.)
Answer:
Ledger is a book which facilitates recording of all types of transactions related to Personal, Real and Nominal accounts separately in related accounts. In other words, the group of accounts recorded in a book is called Ledger’. Ledger is also called ‘Book of Final Entry’.

Question 2.
What is posting ? (Mar. ’17 – T.S.)
Answer:
The process of transferring the entries recorded in the journal or subsidiary books to the respective accounts opened in the ledger is called Posting’. It is also process of grouping of all the transactions relating to a particular account at one place.

Question 3.
What do you mean by balancing of an account ?
Answer:
Balancing means the writing of the difference between the amount columns of the two sides in the ledger (smaller total) side, so that the totals of the two sides become equal.

Question 4.
What is debit balance ?
Answer:
The excess of debit total over the credit total is called the debit balance.

Question 5.
What is credit balance ?
Answer:
The excess of credit total over the debit total is called the credit balance.

Problems

Question 1.
Journalise the following transactions of Mr. Prahlad and post them in the ledger and balance the same.
2013
February 01 Prahlad invested Rs. 5,00,000 cash in the business
February 03 Paid into Bank Rs. 60,000
February 05 Purchased building for Rs. 2,00,000
February 07 Purchased goods for Rs. 50,000
February 10 Sold goods for Rs. 80,000
February 15 Withdrew cash from bank Rs. 12,000
February 25 Paid internet Rs. 2,000
February 28 Paid Salary Rs. 18,000
Answer:
Journal Entries in the books of Mr. Prahlad


Ledger Accounts :

Question 2.
Prepare Pavan account from the following: (May ’17 – T.S.)

Answer:

Question 3.
Prepare Sudha account from the following: (Mar. 2019 – T.S.) (May 17 – A.P.)

Answer:

Question 4.
Prepare Swami’s account from the following: (Mar. 2018 – T.S.)

Answer:

Question 5.
Prepare Machinery account from the following:

Answer:

Question 6.
Prepare the Ledger account of Bhavya from the following particulars:

Answer:
Journal Entries in the books of Bhavya

Question 7.
From the following information prepare Praveen’s Account as on 31-3-2014. (Mar. 2018 – A.P.)

Answer:

Question 8.
Prepare Vamsi’s Account from the following.

Answer:

Question 9.
Prepare Anurudh ‘s Account from the following. (Mar. 2019 – A.P.)

Answer:

Student Activity

Visit any bank or any organisation and find the process of preparation of accounts.