Srinivas

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 2 Rain and Rivers to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 2 Rain and Rivers

→ All life on the earth is very crucially dependent upon water.

→ As you know over 71% of the earth’s surface is covered with water.

→ We depend upon water for growing crops. But we do not get water uniformly over the year.

→ After the unbearable heat of April, May and June, comes the rainy season, which lasts for a few months.

→ Water in the cloth or in the plate becomes water vapour and mixes with the air through a process called ‘evaporation’.

→ There are several water bodies on the earth’s surface – oceans, rivers, lakes etc.

→ There is constant evaporation of water from these water bodies.

→ Formation of clouds and Rain: When water vapour rises with hot air and reaches high up in the sky, it gets cooled. This is because it gets cooler as we rise above the surface of the earth. With the cooling, water vapour is transformed into tiny water droplets. Change of water into vapour is known as evaporation.

→ The process of water evaporating from the seas, forming clouds in the sky, coming down like rain. Different forms of condensation of water vapour are known as precipitation.

→ The amount of invisible water vapour present in the atmosphere is known as humidity. The winds come all the way from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal and they transport the rain clouds. They are called ‘Monsoon winds’. They are also called ‘south-west monsoon winds’ as they blow from that direction. These winds blow only in the summer.

→ There are two arms of the monsoon winds: one blows from the Arabian Sea and the other from the Bay of Bengal.

→ The southwest monsoon, however, brings much rain to the Telangana districts as the winds again rise over the Eastern Ghasts.

→ In the months from May to October, cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal causing widespread rains in coastal and inland Andhra Pradesh.

→ Rain caused by whirling storms is called cyclonic rain.

→ The cyclones are formed in the sea due to intense heating up in summer.

→ An instrument by which the rainfall is measured is known as ‘rain gauge.

→ The amount of rainfall for a unit area is measured in centimetres.

→ Rivers or streams which join a larger river are called ‘tributaries’.

→ Rivers like the Krishna and the Godavari start from the Western Ghats, which receive heavy rains.

→ The treeless bed is called the floodplain of the river.

→ Vegetation covers on land obstruct the runoff rainwater and slow down the speed of its flow. Vegetation reduces the erosion of soil by rainwater.

→ If the surface of the land is covered with vegetation, then soil erosion is greatly reduced. The worst cyclone hit the state in November 1977.

→ Recently in 2018 Titles cyclone created huge destruction in North coastal Andhra, Srikakulam.

→ Cyclones and floods are seasonal phenomena.

→ Rivers and Tributaries: A river is usually in the form of a thin stream. As it flows further it gets bigger and broader. This happens because many small streams join it as the stream flows. Rivers or streams which join a large river are called tributaries

→ Condensation: Drops of water that form on a cold surface when warm water vapour becomes cool.

→ Annual rainfall: In the months from May to October cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal causing widespread rains in coastal and inland Andhra Pradesh.

→ Flood plain: Every year when it rains heavily, the river trough is filled with water allowing no permanent trees or plants to grow there. This treeless bed is called the flood – plain of the river.

→ Cyclone: A violent tropical storm in which strong winds move in a circle.

→ Monsoon: The rainy season.

→ Hail: ice pieces of frozen vapour falling in showers.

→ Famine: Scarcity of anything.

→ Slums: An area of the city that is very poor ànd where the houses are dirty and in bad condition

→ Vegetation: Plants ¡n general especially the plants that are found in a particular area or environment

→ Western Ghats: The Western flank of the Deccan plateau ¡s guarded by the Western Ghats.

→ Eastern Ghats: The Eastern ghats are much less strongly marked than the Western Ghats. They are from the Eastern boundary of the Deccan Plateau.

→ Drought: Famine; a condition where there ¡s no rainfall.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 18 Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77) to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 18 Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77)

→ In the early years of independence many challenges like leadership, maintenance of unity and integrity were there.

→ There were also other challenges like social and economic transformation and to ensure the successful working erf democratic system.

→ India adopted Universal Adult Franchise at one go.

→ The first elections were difficult as most people did not know how to read and write.

→ Election Commission used the symbols from daily life for visual identification.

→ In Independent India’s first three general elections in 1952, 1957 and 1962, the Indian National Confess won reducing other participants to almost nothing.

→ Among the first challenges the new nation laced was the demand for the reorganisation of states on the basis erf language.

→ In August 1953 the States Reorganisation Commission was appointed with Fazl Ali, K.M.Panikkar and Hridaynath Kunzru on the basis of linguistic principle.

→ It created 14 States and 6 Union territories.

→ planning Commission was set up to dissolve the divisions of caste and religion, community and region and other disruptive tendencies.

→ The First Five Year Plan focussed on agriculture.

→ Nehru favoured land reforms, agricultural cooperatives and local self-government for development.

→ India, Indonesia, Egypt together built a policy of not joining either of the power camp named the Non-Alignment Movement.

→ Official Languages Act passed in 1963 made Hindi imposed in all states.

→ The DMK believed that act to be an attempt to foist Hindi on the rest of the country and they began a state-wide protest.

→ The shift of a price-incentive and technocratic strategy between the years 1964 – 67 is called the “Green Revolution”.

→ 1967 elections show the big transition in India where many regional parties came to power.

→ It propounded India is moving towards a multiparty system.

→ Immediately after the victory in the 1971 Bangladesh war, Indira Gandhi used the popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’.

→ Raised oil prices inflation, scarcity of food and unemployment gave Congress government the public resentment.

→ Opposition united under Jaya Prakash Narayan formed JP Movement.

→ As the JP movement gaining strength the government imposed an emergency.

→ An important achievement of this period (1947-77) was the establishment of stable democracy.

→ States Reorganisation: Commission set up to address the issue of formation of states on the basis of linguistic principle

→ One-party dominance: In Independent India’s first three general elections trie Indian National Congress won reducing other participants to almost nothing. It only established governments in states and at the centre also. There was no party to challenge Congress. This period was known as one-party dominance.

→ Emergency: Something dangerous or serious, such as an accident, which happens suddenly or unexpectedly and needs immediate action in order to avoid harmful results.

→ Reg4nal movements: The movement by the people of a region to preserve 2nd promote the language, customs, culture, economy and the way of life of that region.

→ Nationalisation : (of a government) The act of taking control of a business or industry.

→ Universal Adult: Every person, who is a citizen of India and completes 18 Franchise years of age can become a voter irrespective of religion, race, caste, gender, etc.

→ Congress system: The Congress party formed government at the centre and in many states in the first three general elections. This inaugurated what some observers called the Congress system.

→ Multi-party system A country that allows many political parties to exist and vie for power and serve the democracy.

→ Linguistic States: The states which were formed on the basis of the language that their people speak.

→ Planning Commission: It was set up in 1950 to oversee coordinated developmental planning.

→ Election Commission.: An autonomous body that conducts elec Lions to the Parliament and state legislatures in a free and fair manner.

→ Zamindari system: The system wherein Zamindar collected land revenue, on behalf of Mughal emperors and received a share of collected revenue.

→ Tenancy reforms: Reforms aimed at fixing rent on land, collecting it from the tenant farmers and defining them.

→ Land ceilings Central government set a limit to the size of landholding and redistributing the excess land to the poor.

→ Land reforms: Reforms aimed at farmérs to pay land tax direction to government, abolishing zamindari system and redistributing the land, etc.

→ Cold War: A war of tension caused by the two rival alliances and the USSR

→ Non – Aligned Movement: A foreign po&y which Is aimed to keep aloof from and USSR power blocs and serve the cause of world peace.

→ Panchsheel policy: An agreement between India and China made respect territorial Integrity and sovereignty of nations and practise peaceful coexistence.

→ Anti-Hindi agitations: A statewide campaign by DMK In Tamil Nadu against the imposition of Hindi as the official language for the country

→ Green revolution: Use of high yielding varieties (seeds) for the increase of crop production and better water management

→ Left of the centre group: This group in a party or government usually supports state control and nationalisation and socialism.

→ Regional parties: The parties which secure at least 4% of valid votes In a state In general elections either to Lok Sabha or Vidhana

→ Liberation movement: Movement organised for independence or formation of new

→ Tenant farmers: The peasants who cultivated the lands of landlords are called tenant cultivators (or farmers).

→ Comptroller and Auditor – General: A person in charge of the accounts of the Union and of the States.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 19 Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000 to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 19 Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000

→ The period between 1975 to 1985 was a testing time for Indian Democracy.

→ When the 1977 elections were announced, Indira released all political prisoners and removed censorship on freedom of movement, campaigns, and meetings.

→ All opposition parties merged to form Janata Party.

→ Janata Party became victorious and dismissed nine state governments that enjoyed a majority belonged to Congress.

→ The factional struggle in Janata Party soon culminated in the fall of the government within three years.

→ The Congress returned to power in 1980 and paid back Janata Party by dismissing nine non-Congress state governments.

→ There were different strands of the demands for autonomy in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, and Punjab.

→ The frequent change of Chief Ministers by the central Congress leadership made people believe they are not respected.

→ Popular film actor N.T. Ramarao set up Telugu Desam Party on the plank of the honor and self-respect of the Telugu-speaking people and swept the 1982 elections.

→ The Assamese-speaking people faced difficulties with the officialdom of Bengalis and the flooding of Bangladeshis.

→ In the 1970s, a social movement came out under the leadership of the All Assam Students Union (AASU).

→ There were talks between agitations and the central government for 3 years and reached an agreement.

→ When elections were conducted Assam Gana Parishad, an offshoot of AASU came to power.

→ In Punjab also there is agitation stating their state was ignored, more powers to states through a constitutional amendment, greater decentralization as their demands.

→ Bhindranwale, leader of militant Sikhs preached separatism and a special state Khalistan was demanded.

→ They occupied Golden Temple and the army vacated them.

→ A fallout of all this was the assassination of Indira.

→ Late Rajiv made an agreement with Langowali of Sikh SAD.

→ Rajiv liberalized system, hoped the participation of the masses, brought the telecom revolution.

→ Communalism sprang during this time through the demolition of Babri Masjid and try to build Ram Temple at Ayodhya.

→ This was the beginning of successful coalitions at the center.

→ Mandal Commission provided for Other Backward Class reservations and globalization are of this period.

→ Regional aspiratIons: Regions agitating for separate statehood, local parties In power, greater shares in revenue and waters, etc., more decentralization.

→ Coalition: A government formed by two or more political parties governments working together.

→ Communalism: A strong sense of religious belonging that leads to extreme behavior or violence to others.

→ Majority: The amount by which the greater number of votes is cast, as In an election, exceéds the total number of remaining votes.

→ Minority: A group or party having fewer than a controlling number of votes.

→ Single party A democratic country where all the elections were won over democracy by a single political party decimating all others.

→ Outsiders : (In this context) The Assamese people called the Bengalis, migrators from Bangladesh, mostly Muslims.

→ Ethnic cleansing : (here) FoiIble eviction of minthïty tribal communities by even outright mass killing In man parts of Assam.

→ Telecom revolution: (In India) Speeding up and’ spreading the network of telephonic communication In India using satellite technology.

→ Policy paralysis: In coalitions, the leading party could not Implement a policy for fear of withdrawal of support by partners.

→ Inclusive development: Making the scheduled cutes, scheduled tribes, and backward classes and minorities as a part of the process of development.

→ Mandal Commission: A committee chaired by B.P. Mandai recommended reservations for Other Backward Cluses In government employment and educational facilities.

→ Rath Yatra: In 1990, LK. Advani, the leader of BiP led ‘Rath Yatra’ from Somnath to Ayodhya, In support of Rani Temple at Ayodhya.

→ Liberalization: Cuts in subsidies, expenditure on public services reducIng restriction foreign Investment in India and taxes on import of foreign goods; openIng many sectors to private Investors.

→ Majority government: The set up of government by a political party that got more than 5% of seats.

→ Minority government: Coalition government where the strength of the leading party is below 50% IndivIdually but the coalition has a majority.

→ LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, a Tamil separatist group of Sri Lanka.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 20 Post – War World and India to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 20 Post – War World and India

→ Three of the most important processes that took place after the Second World War are the establishment of the United Nations, the Cold War, and Decolonisation.

→ At the time of its establishment UN had a membership of 54 countries and today (2014) there are 193 countries.

→ It was started with twin objectives of ensuring lasting peace and human development.

→ It works through six different organs.

→ Security Council, an organ of the UN, has 5 permanent membership countries with Veto (made invalid or rejected) power.

→ For more than fifty years after World War II, Cold War was fought between the USA and the USSR.

→ The destruction was of third world countries, which fought under the influence of the two blocks.

→ The superpowers formed alliances and expanded their influence to gain access to resources like oil and minerals.

→ Both the USSR and the USA spent huge amounts of money to conduct research into weapons and space. ,

→ People of all countries lived in constant fear of war.

→ The Bandung conference represented by 29 nations from Africa and Asia paved the way for the Non-Aligned Movement.

→ By 2012, its membership is 120 countries with 17 Observers.

→ West Asian or the Middle East conflicts have the bone of contention Israel, a newly formed Jews state.

→ The reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia, ‘the Glasnost’ and ‘Perestroika’ resulted in disbanding of USSR in 1991.

→ India made a Panchsheel agreement with China in 1954 but the latter made a surprise attack on India in 1962.

→ Later full diplomatic relations were restored only in 1976.

→ The bone of contention for Indo-Pak relations is Kashmir.

→ Pakistan waged many wars with India over Kashmir.

→ India made a 25-year peace treaty with Bangladesh in 1972, after its liberation.

→ Since times immemorial, India and Sri Lanka have had cultural, ethnic, and economic relations.

→ Military alliances: Formation of groups in connection with armed forces

→ Proxy war: The USA and the USSR are not fighting directly, they support two opposing sides in the countries of their sphere of influence and there is a physical war

→ Arms race: Countries spending huge amounts of money to conduct research into weapons and building arsenals of devastating arms.

→ Unipolar: The world led by one superpower In the military, economic supremacy, and ideology.

→ Bipolar: The world is divided between two superpowers for military, economic supremacies, and Ideological conflict.

→ Decolonization: Granting of independence to a colony = freeing It from colonial states

→ Peace: A situation or a period of time in which there is no war or violence in a country, area, or in the world.

→ Veto: Make invalid or reject = A provision given to five permanent members of the security council in UNO (China, France, the UK, the USSR, and the USA) through which any decision taken by the council can be vetoed by the Intervention of even any one of these countries.

→ Ethnic conflict: The tight of people of a particular race with another race and to have control over it.

→ Panchsheel: FIve principles of peaceful coexistence, India made an agreement with Panchsheel with China in 1954. Principles are like mutual non-aggression, equality, and mutual benefit, mutual non-Interference in each- others’ internal affairs, etc.

→ Great Depression: A great decline in trade and general prosperity worldwide (1929-39)

→ Cold War: The intense tension between the US and the USSR (during 1945-1991) of propaganda and words, in absence of real fighting.

→ Dictatorship: The rule which is not effectively restricted by a constitution, laws and recognized opposition, etc.

→ Imperialism: The practice of extending a state’s rule over other territories, colonizing them.

→ Capitalism: Economic system based on private ownership of means of production, distribution, and exchange and operated for profits.

→ Communism: Belief that private ownership of land, factories, railways, banks, etc. should be replaced by public ownership.

→ Autonomy: The freedom for a country to govern itself independently.

→ Moderation: The quality of being moderate (reasonable) and not being extreme.

→ Third world: The countries emerging from colonial.

→ DomInation: Rest of the world from 2 blocks, USA and USSR.

→ Strategic alliances: Formation of groups In connection with getting an advantage In war or other military situations.

→ Flashpoints: Situations where violence starts and cannot be controlled.

→ Nationalism: The desire by a group of people who share the same race, culture, language, etc. to form an independent country.

→ Secularism: The belief that religion shall not be involved in administration (or) government’s non-interference in religion.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Rampur: A Village Economy to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Rampur: A Village Economy

→ In villages across India farming is the main production activity.

→ Non-farm activities include small manufacturing, transport, shopkeeping, etc.

→ The land is the most crucial factor necessary for farm production.

→ In Rampur, three crops are grown every year

→ They are two main crops, Jowar and Bajra are one and what is the other; the third crop is the potato.

→ They have got a well-developed irrigation system.

→ The use of natural resources has not always been judicious.

→ In Rampur, about l/3rd of the population, i.e., 150 families are landless. About 240 families cultivate small plots of land less than 2 hectares in size and the remaining families are medium and large farmers.

→ Every production is organised by people or entrepreneurs combining the elements of land, labour and physical capital. These are known as factors of production

→ Farming requires a great deal of hard work.

→ Small farmers along with their families mostly cultivate their own fields.

→ There is wide variation in the duration of employment and in wages.

→ Most small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for the working capital.

→ The medium and large farmers generally have their own savings from farming.

→ Small farmers keep a substantial share of production for their own family needs.

→ The medium and large farmers usually supply the surplus to Market Yard

→ Only 25% of the people working in Rampur are engaged in activities other than agriculture.

→ They are like dairy farming, small scale manufacturing, shopkeepers and transport.

→ Factors of production: Land, labour, physical capital, working capital and entrepreneurs cause the production of goods or services are called Factors of Production

→ Land: An area of ground, especially when used for a particular purpose such as farming or building; A necessary factor for Production.

→ Labour: Workers especially people who do practical work with their hands

→ Working capital: The requirement of raw material and money which are used up in the production cycle

→ Fixed capital: Physical Capital = Tools, machines and buildings, which are not used up or consumed immediately in the production process

→ Surplus: More than is needed

→ Farm activities: The works done in agricultural fields to produce goods

→ Non-farm activities: The production activities other than agriculture, like transport, shop-keeping, etc.

→ Multiple cropping: To grow more than one crop on the same piece of land

→ Water table: The level of groundwater

→ Wages: Remuneration for labour

→ MNREGA: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

→ Modem farming method: Involves high yielding variety seeds, assured irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides.

→ Trade: Exchange of goods

→ Production activity: The work wherein a good or service is produced

→ Natural resources: Resources available from nature like land, water and minerals, etc.

→ Skilled workers: Highly educated and trained workers

→ Unskilled workers: Not educated and non-trained workers

→ Farm labourers: Those who do not have a right over the crops grown on the land but are paid wages

→ Inputs for: Farm instruments, seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and payments cultivation to labourers, etc.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 11 Food Security to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 11 Food Security

→ In pre-independent India, famines-situations of extreme scarcity of food were common causes of large-scale starvation deaths.

→ Ration shops where people go and buy foodgrains at subsidized prices, mid-day meals that many of you have been eating, Anganwadis where young children are taken care of, including meals during the day are some ways through which government today ensures food security.

→ Producing a sufficient amount of foodgrains is an important requirement of food security.

→ Per person (per capita) availability of foodgrains in the country should be sufficient and also increased over the years.

→ There is a change in consumption pattern with people demanding more fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, poultry, and fisheries.

→ Over the years, although there has been increasing in the production of other food items, it is not sufficient to meet the minimum dietary requirements.

→ The decline in the level of per capita availability of foodgrains is something to be worried about for India’s food security.

→ It is not sufficient to produce food grains and other items. Everyone should be able to buy them for consumption.

→ 80% of people in rural areas in India consume food that is below the calorie standard.

→ Ration shops are important means for people to access foodgrains in India.

→ The Indian government came out with a new law in 2013 called the National Food Security Act to legalize people’s Right to Food.

→ It applies to approximately 2/3rd of the population of India. Every person of low-income families is entitled to 5 kilograms of foodgrains per month at subsidized rates.

→ About 14 crore children studying in schools eat mid-day meals today. This is the largest school feeding program in the world.

→ Food is required by the body for all its functions-for energy, growth, and the capacity to remain healthy and fight illness.

→ A survey conducted by the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad (NIN) across many states in the country confirms the overall alarming status of nutrition in the country.

→ Over a long period of time, 35% to 45% of people are consuming less food than they should.

→ The issue of food security needs careful thinking and efforts in all of the above directions.

→ Production: The process of making or growing goods to be sold.

→ Availability: BeIng able to be obtained or used, usefulness

→ Access: The method or possibility of approaching a place or person or the right to use something

→ NutrItion: The substances that you take Into your body as food and the way that they influence your health.

→ Buffer stock: The stock of food grains (wheat & rice) procured and maintained by the government through the Food Corporation of India (FCI).

→ Hunger: The feeling you have when you need to eat.

→ Public Distribution System (PÐS): The system of ration shops distributing foodgrains and, other essential items is known as the Public Distribution System.

→ Ration shops/Fair price shops: The shops where the government provides subsidized prices for food items and fuel for identified families, based on the ration cards.

→ Subsidy prices: To keep the prices low arid In the reach of common people, the government reduces the price by paying Itself the remaining amount.

→ Food Security: The promise of the government to see to produce food grains sufficient for the population of the entire country and make everyone buy Them for consumption.

→ Crop rotation: ChangIng the crop that Is grown on an area of land in order to protect the soil.

→ Water harvesting: The act of gathering water either from rains or from other sources like streams, canals, etc.

→ Crop diversIfication: ChangIng of the crops so that there is a great variety of crops.

→ Agricultural diversification; The careful planning which PnMdes the farmers to take up food crops and non-food crop and dairying together as a greater variety In agriculture.

→ Per capita availability of food grains: The total foodgrains produced In the country summed up with net Imports and subtracted the change In stocks with government divided by the population during the year.

→ Access to food: The ability of each person to buy the food for consumption.

→ UnIversal PDS system: The states following the system in which the low-cost food grains would be available to all.

→ Minimum Support Price: The pre-announced price of the crop, by the government, at which It buys the surplus production from farmers.

→ Non-governmental organizations: The organizations that were not run by the government, but the public in key issues related to people and the environment.

→ Nutrition Status: The nutrition status of children and adults judges whether the food actually consumed by them Is adequate or not or excess.

→ Underweight: Being less in weight is decided by the nutritionists as per their age and height.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and Salts to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and Salts

→ Any substance that has a sour taste and turns blue litmus to red is called an ‘acid’.

→ Any substance that has a bitter taste and soapy in nature that turns red litmus to blue is called a base.

→ We use natural and chemical indicators to test for acids and bases.

→ Acid-base indicators are dyes or mixtures of dyes that are used to indicate the presence of acids and bases.

→ When acids and bases react with each other, their respective salts and water are formed. This chemical reaction is called neutralization.

→ The acidic nature of a substance is due to the formation of H⁺ (aq) ions in the solution. The formation of OH^– (aq) ions in the solution are responsible for the basic nature of a substance.

→ Some substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media are called Olfactory indicators.

→ When a base reacts with a metal with the evolution of hydrogen gas, a salt is formed.

→ When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate gives the corresponding salt, carbon dioxide gas and water.

→ Metallic oxides react with acids to give salt and water. Metallic oxides are basic in nature.

→ Non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.

→ Acidic and basic solutions in water conduct electricity because they produce hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions respectively.

→ Acid solutions have ions and the electric current is carried through the movement of ions in the solution.

→ In glucose and alcohol ions are absent.

→ Dissolving bases in water produces hydroxide (OH^–) ions.

→ Bases that are soluble in water are called alkalis.

→ The process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is an exothermic process.

→ Mixing an acid or base with water results in dilution.

→ Strong acids are completely ionized whereas weak acids are partially Ionized.

→ Strong bases release more OH^– ions in water, whereas weak bases release fewer OH^– ions in water.

→ The strength of an acid or an alkali can be tested by using a scale called the pH scale (0-14) which gives the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

→ A neutral solution has a pH of 7, while an acidic solution has a pH less than 7 and a basic solution has a pH of more than 7.

→ A mixture of several indicators is called a Universal indicator.

→ pH scale ¡s used for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

→ Living beings carry out their metabolic activities within an optimal pH range.

→ Our body works within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8.

→ When the pH of rainwater is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain.

→ Mixing concentrated acids or bases with water is a highly exothermic process.

→ Acids and bases neutralize each other to form corresponding salts and water.

→ The water of crystallization is the fixed number of water molecules chemically attached to each formula unit of salt in its crystalline form.

→ Antacids are the mild bases used to control the stomach pain caused due to indigestion.

→ Magnesium hydroxide is known as the ‘milk of magnesia’.

→ Tooth decay starts when the H of the mouth is lower than 5.5.

→ The atmosphere of Venus is made ¿p of thick white and yellowish clouds of sulphuric acid.

→ Salts are electrically neutral.

→ Beds of rock salts are formed when seas of bygone ages dried up.

→ Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used in soda acid fire extinguishers.

→ Washing soda is used in the manufacture of borax.

→ Salts have various uses in everyday life and in industries.

→ Plaster of Paris (CaSO₄, 6H₂0) is used for making toys, materials for decoration and for making surfaces smooth.

→ Indicator: A special substance that gives different colours in acidic, and basic media.

→ Acid: ‘Acid’ is a word derived from the Latin word ‘Acidus’. It means sour. Usually, we call any substance that has a sour taste.

→ Base: The substance that has a bitter taste and is slippery to touch.

→ Red Litmus: A red coloured indicator used to test the presence of basic nature in a substance.

→ Blue Litmus: A blue coloured indicator used to test the presence of acidic nature in a substance.

→ Phenolphthalein and Methyl Orange: The synthetic (chemical) indicators to find the presence of acids and bases.

→ Salts: A substance that is formed as a result of the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base.

→ Neutralization: When acids and bases react, salt and water are formed. This chemical reaction is known as neutralization.

→ Guard tube: A drying tube used in experiments.

→ Hydronium ion: H₃O⁺ ion.

→ Alkali: A base that is soluble in water is called alkali.

→ Strong acid: Acid that gives more H₃0⁺ ions (They are ionized completely).

→ Strong Base: Base that gives more OH^– ions in water.

→ Universal indicator: It is a mixture of several indicators.

→ pH Scale: A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. pH = – log₁₀ (H⁺)

→ Potenz: A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is called the pH scale. The ‘P’s in pH stands for Potenz. In German ‘Potenz’ is power.

→ Antacids: A mild base used to get rid of pain and irritation caused due to indigestion of food.

→ Tooth decay: Corrosion of tooth due to the degradation of sugar and food particles remaining in the mouth.

→ Family of Salts: Salts having the same positive or negative radicals belong to a family called a family of salts.

→ Common Salt or Table Salt: Sodium Chloride Salt (NaCl).

→ Bleaching Powder: The action of chlorine on dry slaked lime.

→ Baking Soda: Sodium bicarbonate salt is used in the kitchen for making tasty and crispy pakoras.

→ Washing Soda: Sodium carbonate salt is used in washing clothes, etc.

→ Hydrated Salt: Salt which contains water.

→ The water of crystallization: It is the fixed number of water molecules chemically attached to each formula unit of salt in its crystalline form.

→ Plaster of Paris: On heating gypsum at 373 K it loses water molecules and becomes Calcium Sulphate hemihydrate called Plaster of Paris.

→ Olfactory indicators: The substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media.

→ Litmus solution: A natural indicator extracted from certain lichens.

→ Lichen: Rock Moss.

→ Endothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed.

→ Exothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat is evolved.

→ Aqueous Solution: The solution in which the solvent is water.

→ The concentration of a Solution: The amount of solute present per unit volume or per unit mass of the solution.

→ Weak acids: Acids that give fewer (less) H₃O⁺ ions (They are not ionized completely).

→ Weak bases: Bases that give fewer (less) OH^– ions in water.

→ Saturated solution: The solution in which the amount of solute dissolved is equal to solubility.

→ Unsaturated solution: The solution in which solute is less than the solvent.

→ Supersaturated solutIon: The solution in which the solute dissolved is more than its solubility.

→ Acid rain: When the pH of rainwater is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain.

→ Rock Salt: Deposits of seawater (solid salt) are changed to large brown crystals called Rock salt.

→ Dry slaked lime: Ca (OH)₂ (i.e.,) Calcium Hydroxide.

→ Brine solution: An aqueous solution of common salt.

→ Anode: A positive electrode.

→ Cathode: A negative electrode.

→ Quick lime: CaO (Calcium Oxide).

→ Achara Nagarjuna (AD 931):

• Acharya Nagarjuna was born In AD 931 in Gujarat (India). He was an alchemist.
• He knew an artel transmuting base metals to look like gold.
• He was a metallurgist and chemist. He was very famous for his book Rasevada’ Which deals with Mercury compounds.
• He discussed the extraction of costly Metairie gold, alive; etc. In bis wrItings.

→ JFW Adolf Von Baeyer (1835 – 1917):

• Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adoli Von Baeyer was born on October 31, 1835 In Berlin (Germany).
• He was interested In chemical experiments. He found a new double salt of copper.
• He studied Methyl Chloride, Uric acid, Indigo, etc.
• He discovered Indole.
• His ‘Baeyer strain theory of the Carbon iingW Is very famous.
• He received the Nobel Prize In 1905.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 22 Citizens and the Governments to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 22 Citizens and the Governments

→ Right to Information Act, 2005 was passed by the Central Government.

→ The act was passed as a result of people’s mobilization as well as in recognition of the provisions in the Constitution that provide Rights to citizens.

→ In any democratic system, governments are responsible and accountable to the people.

→ Disseminating information that is generated in the government department to any citizen who may be interested, now becomes the responsibility of all governments.

→ Every government functions on the basis of certain rules and regulations.

→ Public Information Officers and appellate authorities in the same department are responsible to implement this act.

→ These all are functioning under State Public Information Commissioner and Central Public Information Commissioner.

→ Suppose both the PIO and APIO refuse to give information, then one can go to State Public Information Commissioner or Central Public Information Commissioner.

→ In case some PIOs refuse to give information such officers can be penalized on the orders of SPIC or CPIC.

→ The Act identifies public authorities who are expected to follow various RTI Acts as
(a) the institution created under the Constitution
(b) made under the laws of Parliament or State Legislatures
(c) created through a notification or order of the appropriate governments.

→ The law permits the governments not to disclose certain information that could affect the sovereignty and integrity of India etc.

→ Most of the armed forces and security agencies are outside the purview ap Information Commissions.

→ Any citizen can approach any department of the government and ask for any information, need not explain why he needed it.

→ Individual who is collecting the information can remain anonymous.

→ Transparency of information can help to contain corruption and hold governments accountable to individual citizens also.

→ Information: Material in any form like records, documents, etc. data in any form like electronic, etc., and matters related to any private body which can be assessed by public authority.

→ Appellate Authority: An authority where people can appeal If information is not provided by Public Information Officers.

→ Record: A written account kept for future use.

→ Pudic authority: An institution or organization which has the power over the affairs of common people which Is vested in them through the constitution.

→ Transparency: Quality that makes things easy to understand and allows to see there is no corruption.

→ Legal Service: The help or service offered In matters of law.

→ Lok Adalat: People’s court = It Is an Act to constitute legal services authorities to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society

→ Domestic violence: Violence between the members of the same family, usually children, and women are the sufferers.

→ Civil cases: Cases Involving personal legal matters and not criminal, like marriage, divorce, partition, sale deeds, land disputes, etc.

→ Juvenile home: A home for the culprits of offenses who are young people and not adults (above 18 years of age is adult).

→ Autonomous: Able to govern itself or control Its own affairs (a country, a region, or an organization)

→ Prima fade: At first sight (based on what seems to be the truth when first seen or heard)

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 14 The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2 to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 14 The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2

→ The livelihood of most Russians was derived from agriculture and control over the land was the basic cause for the struggle between peasants and landlords.

→ On March 8th, 1917, around 10,000 women of the capital, St. Petersburg took procession demanding ‘Peace and Bread’. Many others joined them and Tsar abdicated the throne. It is called the “March Revolution”.

→ The Soviets under. Bolshevik leadership seized power and put an end to war and redistributed land and nationalized all factories, banks, etc. It is called November Revolution.

→ Gradually the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the USSR) was formed by 1924. After the death of Bolshevik leader, Lenin in 1924 Stalin used his undisputed power to build the economy of Russia.

→ Introduced Five Year Plans in 1928 and pursued twin policy of rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.

→ An extended schooling system was developed and full employment for all citizens and improvement of their standard of living substantially.

→ The USSR prided itself in escaping the impact of the Great Depression.

→ It has enormous centralization of power in the hands of the communist party and its leaders and denied ordinary democratic liberties to the citizens and done away with the opposition.

→ The USSR inspired people all over the world who were committed to the ideals of equality and national liberation.

→ Many others were also horrified by the elimination of opposition and denial of multiparty democracy and freedom in the USSR.

→ The Great Depression began around the end of 1929 and lasted almost till 1939.

→ In America, as many as 25% of people and nearly 33% in many other countries were unemployed.

→ JM Keynes argued that the state should invest funds and generate employment to revive the economy.

→ The President of the US, Franklin Roosevelt announced the ‘New Deal’ which promised Relief (to the victims of depression), Reform (of financial institutions), and Recovery (ensure economy).

→ The USA gave Germany loans in 1928 and its economy stabilized.

→ But as America was affected by Depression, the German economy was the worst hit by the Depression.

→ In such a situation, Nazi Party’s propaganda stirred hopes of a better future.

→ Hitler promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for the youth.

→ His rule established complete control over the economy, media, army, and judiciary.

→ He aimed at full production and full employment through a state-funded work-creation program.

→ He attacked Poland in 1939 which led to the breakout of the Second World War.

→ The tide of initial victories of Germany was turned back after the Battle of Stalingrad in early 1943 when German forces were defeated.

→ Hitler and his close associates committed suicide and Germany was divided into the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).

→ Second World War ended with America dropping atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and later United Nations Organisation was formed.

→ After the Second World War countries like India, Indonesia, Vietnam, etc. became independent from colonial rule.

→ Socialism: Economic system based on government control over the means of production, distribution, and exchange and operated for the welfare of people

→ Communism: Belief that of private ownership of land, factories, railways, banks, etc. should be replaced by public ownership

→ Revolution: The fundamental political change, overthrowing a government/ruler and substitute with other

→ Centralization: Giving the political power of a country to a group of people of power in one particular place

→ Bolshevik: A Russian Communist Party founded by Vladimir Lenin

→ Collectivization: Joining of several private farms, etc. together so that they are controlled by the government/community

→ Relief-Reform-Recovery: Roosevelt, the then President of the US announced the New Deal’ which promised Relief to the victims of depression Reform of financial institutions and steps to ensure economic Recovery by undertaking large public works.

→ Welfare state: A system by which government undertakes prime responsibility for the economic and social well-being of the population

→ Indoctrination: ForcIng somebody to accept a particular belief or set of beliefs and not allowing them to consider any others

→ Propaganda: Ideas that may be false but are used in order to gain support for a political leader/party

→ Racial Supremacy: Belief that some races are superior to the others

→ Tsar: Title of the pre-1917 rulers of Russia Russian Emperor

→ Feudalism: A social system in Europe in which people were given land and protection by a nobleman (Feudal Lord) and people had to work hard and fight for him.

→ Autocrat: A ruler with unrestricted authority

→ Bureaucracy: Too complicated system of official rules where a large number of officials are not elected.

→ Provisional: Government arranged for the present time only and likely government to be changed in the future

→ Aristocrat: A person belonging to the noble class (the best by birth)

→ liberals: People believing ¡n freedom from government restrictions on trade and liberty and holding with the constitutional rule

→ Soviets: The councils into which people began to organize themselves

→ Civil war: Internal war in a country

→ Collective farms: Pool of all the land iñ the village along with tools, machines, and animals

→ Great depression: A worldwide economic decline triggered by a decline in demand and fall in prices

→ Pauperization: Becoming a very poor person

→ Capitalism: Economic system based on private ownership of means of production, distribution, and exchange and operated for profits

→ Great depression: A worldwide economic decline triggered by a decline in demand and fall in prices

→ Pauperization: Becoming a very poor person

→ Capitalism: EconomIc system based on private ownership of means of production, distribution, and exchange and operated for profits

→ Concentration: Prison camps set up by the Nazis to contain those whose Camps oppose the Nazi regime

→ Enabling Act: Hitler was given all powers to sideline parliament and rule by decree

→ Gestapo: Secret State Police in Germany during Nazi regime

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 21 Social Movements in Our Times to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 21 Social Movements in Our Times

→ From 1950, an era of economic growth and prosperity for most of the countries was started.

→ Likewise from 1950 tensions were grown in many countries and sections of societies that had long been denied equal rights.

→ The American Civil Rights Movement fought for equal treatment of Afro – Americans against permitting segregation.

→ They boycotted discriminatory services like buses and schools.

→ They violated discriminatory laws peacefully.

→ On 28th August 1963, they conducted Washington March.

→ They demanded the passing of the bill, decent housing, the right to vote, and adequate integrated education.

→ Malcolm X and others were of the view that blacks needed a separate nation.

→ The USSR and other countries of Eastern Europe governments were constantly under fear of conspiracies to destabilize them and kept close control over all activities of people.

→ The 1970s and 1980s saw a new kind of movement – the movement against war and nuclear arms.

→ Thousands of scientists and intellectuals from across the world campaigned for abolishing all nuclear weapons and insisted that the USA and the USSR come to an agreement to end the Arms Race.

→ There was large-scale human destruction in Vietnam when the USA and France fought with her.

→ A treaty was signed in 1991 called Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) and removed 80% of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence by 2001.

→ During the last phase of the USSR, a major accident took place in its nuclear plant in Chernobyl which caused the death of a large number of its workers.

→ Worldwide economic and political changes since the 1990s, which go by the name of ‘Globalisation’ or ‘Neo-liberalism’ have deeply impacted the lives of the underprivileged and poor.

→ Greenpeace has taken up the impact of climate change across many countries.

→ The worst industrial disaster in the world, claiming thousands of lives and many more suffering to date was happened in Bhopal in 1984.

→ In the beginning, people were awestruck by the dams, the huge amounts of water it could store, the vast tracts it could irrigate, the amount of electricity it could generate, the floods and droughts it could prevent.

→ Later people began to question even the dam constructed if it accounted for all the expenditure and all the losses incurred in terms of forests and fields and villages

→ Narmada Bachao Andolan that organized people’s movement in the Narmada Valley against the dam.

→ There were anti-arrack movements in combined Andhra Pradesh and the movement of Manipuri women against special powers of the armed forces, which were aimed at social justice and human rights.

→ Civil Rights: The equality of status between groups and races.

→ Civil disobedience ‘: The refusal to obey laws, pay taxes, etc.

→ Segregation: Keep one thing away from the other.

→ Destabilize: To make a system, country or government, etc. become less firmly established or successful.

→ AntIwar: The section of a society which does not support the war.:

→ Draft age: The period during which Black Americans awaited the Implementation of the Civil Rights Act.

→ Weaponlsatlon: Making things set for the use of weapons.

→ RehabilitatIon: HelpIng the people to restore normalcy after they are affected by the way

→ CompensatIon: Money that is given to. winning side by the lost side as they had hurt it.

→ AntI – arrack: The movement led by women belonged to the poorest Movement, a section of society in Andhra Pradesh to ban toddy and arrack and later complete prohibition.

→ Democratic: Controlled by representatives who are elected by the people of the country.

→ Participatory: Taking part in an activity ‘or event.

→ Fascism: The Ideology of Benito Mussolini, which encouraged militarism and extreme nationalism and opposed democracy and liberalism in Italy.

→ Liberalism: PolitIcal views favoring progress, reform, and Individual freedom.

→ National Liberation: Movement run to free a country from the control of the Movement other.

→ Score: A group of twenty.

→ Nazism: The Ideology of Adolf Hitler, which encouraged building armed forces, regaining territories lost and against communism, hatred towards Jews In Germany.

→ Laotians The people of Laos.

→ Napalm bombs: Petrol/gas bombs.

→ Cold War: The state of military tension and diplomatic and political hostility between the USA and the USSR.

→ Globalization: DIfferent economies around the world are becoming connected.

→ SustaInable: Development which Is environmentally sustainable over-development long time and also just for all people.

→ Green peace: Movement to ensure the ability of the earth to nurture life In movement all Its dIversity

→ SSP: SardarSarovar Project.

→ Multipurpose dams: The river valley projects which serve the main functions like the supply of Irrigation water, generation of power, control of floods, development navigation, and fishery are generally described as multipurpose dams.

→ Environmental: Movements for protection of the natural environment and movement sustainability of It.

→ Movements of Women: Movements taken up by women against unequal treatment for equal rights and opportunities, personal safety, and Justice.

→ Movement of Women: Movement of Manipur women against the misuse Manipurl of Armed Forces Special Power Act by Indian Parliament In Manipur after Its merger agreement.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 10 Globalisation to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 10 Globalisation

→ Globalization is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.

→ It is a major change that occurred across the globe in the late 20th century

→ It has political, cultural as well as economic dimensions.

→ It has three implications like the flow of trade in goods and services, flow of labour, (migration of people in search of employment), and flow of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.

→ Globalization is not merely about the market, in fact, ideas are also being shared and expanded.

→ Multi-National Company is not only selling its finished products globally but more importantly, the goods and services are provided globally

→ The criteria for selecting a site for operations of MNCs are proximity to the markets, availability of skilled and unskilled labour at low costs, assured availability of other factors of production, government policies that protect their interests,

→ Foreign trade results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in different countries.

→ The flow of capital, people, technology is supposed to have created a borderless world

→ Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalization process.

→ The Indian government, after independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment.

→ Around 1991, the government decided that the time had come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe

→ Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as liberalization

→ World Trade Organisation with 150 member countries aimed at liberalization of International trade. (164 members as of 29th July 2016)

→ Globalization has benefited well-off consumers and also producers with skill, education, and wealth.

→ Thousands of small producers and workers have seen their employment and worker’s rights erode.

→ MNCs: Multi-National Company is a company that owns or controls production In more than oñe nation

→ Nation-State: An independent country, especil1y wheñ thought of as consisting of a single large group of people all sharing the same language, traditions, and history

→ Technology: (The study, and knowledge of) the practical, especially industrial, use of scientific discoveries

→ Foreign Investment: The money that MNCs spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines, and other equipment

→ Foreign trade: The foreign trade of a country consists of both exports and imports of goods and services

→ Liberalization: Removing the trade barriers or restrictions set by the government

→ Globalization: The process of rapid integration or Interconnection between countries

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 13 The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 13 The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1

→ The world was divided into the ‘West1, experiencing economic growth, and the ’Rest’, colonially exploited by the West.

→ The 20th century was a period of great expectations, experiments, and dangerous developments.

→ The 1st World War broke out in 1914 and ended in 1918; Second World War was from 1939 to 1945.

→ World War 1 had claimed 10 million men in battle.

→ In World War II, 22-25 million military deaths, 40-52 million civilian deaths occurred,

→ Two main power blocks emerged – the Centre and the Entente or Allies

→ Every World War is triggered by some immediate provocations and some long-term cause.

→ The Murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Serbian fanatic was an immediate provocation of World War I.

→ The immediate provocation for World War II was the German occupation of Poland over Danzing Port.

→ Long-term causes are aggressive nationalism, imperialism, secret alliances, militarism for World War I.

→ Aggressive nationalism is the ideology of having pride in oneself and hatred against neighbors.

→ Italian Fascism from 1923 and the National Socialism of German Nazis were the other forms of aggressive nationalism.

→ European countries needed markets for their products and access to raw materials – paved the way for colonization that is called Imperialism.

→ Instead of real peace, the secret alliances created an atmosphere of fear and armed peace in Europe.

→ Militarism is the belief that military might is the best way to ensure security and war is a good way to solve problems.

→ To weaken Germany, the Treaty of Versailles, after completion of the First World War, imposed territorial penalties and military cuts on it.

→ The Treaty of Versailles also set up the League of Nations to prevent wars in the future.

→ It failed to prevent Germany and Italy from violating agreements and attacking other countries.

→ Germany under Hitler avenged the injustice meted out to them through the Treaty of Versailles.

→ The Western capitalist countries feared the repetition of Communist Revolutions like Russia in their countries, made Hitler act as a buffer against Soviet Socialism-policy of Appeasement of Hitler’.

→ World Wars asserted democratic principles.

→ With the process of decolonization, after World War II, the colonies rose to independence in Asia and Africa are more than a hundred.

→ United Nations Organisation was formed based on preserving world peace, upholding human rights, respecting international law, and promoting social progress

→ Beginning with the confidence of being breadwinners, women began raising their voices for equality in all walks of life. Getting the right to vote was a big step in that direction.

→ Industrial capitalism: Free trade (1813-60) West European countries, tasted industrial revolution, made Asian and African countries as colonies and used as chief exporters of raw material and market for manufactured goods

→ Alliances: Groups of countries, political parties, or people who have agreed to work together because of shared interests or alms

→ Aggressive: The ideology of having pride In oneself and hatred against nationalism neighbors

→ Militarism: The ideology that the military might is the best way to ensure security and war is a good way to solve problems

→ Easclsm: The Ideology of Mussolini, encouraged militarism and extreme nationalism

→ Imperialism: The practice of extending state’s rule over other territories, colonizing them

→ Great depression: A great decline In trade and general prosperity worldwide (1929-39)

→ Holocaust: The killing of millions of Jews by the Nazis In the 1930s and 1940s.

→ Nazis: The workers of the National Socialist Party (Nazi) of Germany, under Hitler

→ Power block: A country with great military strength and a lot of influence in world affairs

→ Nation-state: The independent sovereign nation inhabited by people of that state only, as opposed to several nationalities

→ Diplomatic alliance: Forming a group in connection with managing relations between countries

→ Colonization: Industrialized state making territories as colonies using as markets for their products and cheap suppliers of raw materials

→ Diktat: An order given, that people must obey

→ Decolonization: Granting of independence to a colony = freeing from colonial status