AP State Board Notes

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 11 Some Natural Phenomena to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 11 Some Natural Phenomena

→ Some objects can be charged by rubbing with other objects.

→ There are two kinds of charges – positive charge and negative charge,

→ Like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other.

→ The electrical charges produced by rubbing are called static charges.

→ When charges move, they constitute an electric current.

→ An electroscope may be used to detect whether a body is charged or not.

→ Attraction is not a sure test to know the presence of charge on a body.

→ The process of transfer of charge from a charged objects to the earth is called earthing.

→ The process of an electric discharge between clouds and earth or between different clouds causes lightning.

→ A lightning strike could destroy life and property.

→ Lightning conductors can protect from the effects of lightning.

→ An earthquake is a sudden shaking or trembling of the earth.

→ Earthquake is caused due to the disturbance deep inside the earth’s crust.

→ It is not possible to predict the occurrence of an earthquake, as Earthquakes tend to occur at the boundaries of the earth’s plates. The boundaries are known as fault zones.

→ The destructive energy of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale. The earthquake measuring 7 or more on the Richter scale can cause severe damage to life and property.

→ We should take necessary precautions to protect ourselves from earthquakes.

→ Crust: The outermost layer of the earth is called the crust

→ Discharge: The process where the flow of charge takes place between negative and positive charges which produce streaks of bright light and sound is called discharge.

→ Earth’s plate: The outermost layer of the earth is not in one piece. It is fragmented. Each fragment is called an opiate.

→ Electroscope: An earthquake is a sudden, shaking or trembling of the earth

→ Lightning: An electroscope is a device used to detect whether a body is charged or not.

→ Lightning conductor: A lightning conductor is a device used to protect the building from the effect of lightning

→ Negative charge: When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth by sign convention the charge acquired by sick cloth is taken as a negative charge.

→ Positive charge: When the glass rod is rubbed with Silk cloth buying convention the charge acquired by gloss rod is is taken as positive.

→ Richter scale: Destructive energy of an earthquake ¡s measured on Richter scale.

→ Seismograph: The seismic waves are recorded by an instrument called the seismograph.

→ Thunder: A loud rumbling or crashing noise heard after a lightning flash due to the expansion of rapidly heated air.

→ Thunderstorm: The swift movement of the foiling droplets along with the rising air creates lightning and sound. This event has coiled a thunderstorm.

→ Transfer of charge: The movement of charge from one place to another place is the coiled transfer of chore.

→ Tsunami: A tidal wave caused by an earthquake or other disturbance.

→ Tremor: A slight earthquake.

→ Earthing: The process of transfer of charge from a charged object to the earth is coiled earthing.

→ Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790):

• He was one of the founding fathers of the United States.
• A noted polymath, Franklin was the leading author, painter, political theorist, politician, postmaster, and scientist
• He invented the lightning rod bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass armonica.
• As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity.

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Biology Notes Chapter 11 Why Do We Fall Ill to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Biology Notes Chapter 11 Why Do We Fall Ill

→ Health is a state of being well to function physically, mentally, and socially with optimum efficiency.

→ The health of all organisms will depend on their surroundings or environment.

→ Social equality and harmony are necessary for individual health.

→ We talk of disease when we can find a specific and particular cause for discomfort.

→ When there is a disease, either the functioning or the appearance of one or more systems of the body will change for the worse.

→ Diseases are classified as acute or chronic, depending on their duration.

→ The disease may be due to infectious or non-infectious causes.

→ Some diseases last for only a very short period of time and these are called acute diseases.

→ Chronic diseases have very drastic, long-term effects on people’s health.

→ Lack of good nourishment becomes the cause of the disease.

→ Diseases, where microbes are the immediate causes, are called infectious diseases.

→ Helicobacter Pylori was responsible for peptic ulcers.

→ Organisms that can cause diseases are viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and worms.

→ diseases like typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, and anthrax are caused by bacteria.

→ Many common skin infections are caused by fungi. Protozoans cause malaria and Kala-azar.

→ Elephantiasis is caused by different species of worms.

→ Many microbial agents that can commonly move from an infected person to someone else are called communicable diseases.

→ Diseases spread through the air are common cold Pneumonia and tuberculosis.

→ The immune system of our body is normally fighting off microbes.

→ The immune cells manage to kill the infection long before.

→ An active immune system recruits many cells to the affected tissue to kill the disease-causing microbes. This recruitment process is called inflammation.

→ In HW infection, the virus goes to the immune system and damages its function.

→ Making anti-viral medicines is harder than making antibacterial medicines.

→ Prevention of diseases is better than its cure.

→ The functioning of the immune system in our body will not be good if proper and sufficient nourishment and food are not available.

→ Having the disease once was a means of preventing subsequent attacks of the same disease.

→ There are vaccines now available for preventing a whole range of infectious diseases against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, polio, and many other diseases.

→ Effective prevention of infectious diseases in the community requires that everyone should have access to public hygiene and immunization.

→ Health: It is a state of being well enough to function physically, mentally, and socially with optimum efficiency.

→ Disease: Illness of health caused by infection.

→ Acute disease: Some diseases last for only very short periods of time, and these are called acute diseases.

→ Chronic disease: Chronic diseases, therefore, have very drastic, long-term effects on people’s health as compared to acute diseases.

→ Infective disease: Diseases, where microbes are the immediate causes, are called infectious diseases.

→ Non-infective diseases: These are not caused by infectious agents. Their causes vary but they are not external causes like microbes that can spread in the community. Instead, these are mostly internal, non-infectious causes.

→ Manifestation: Some characteristic signs or indications in the body that appear during sickness can help us to identify the sickness are called symptoms. The appearance of the symptoms is called manifestation.

→ Immunization: The creation of immunity usually against a particular disease, especially treatment (as by vaccination) of an organism for the purpose of making it immune to a particular pathogen.

→ Alexander Fleming:
Alexander Fleming, the seventh of eight children, was born on a farm in rural Lochfielf Scotland, on August 6, 1881. He attended the Louden Moor School, the Darnel School, and Kilmarnock Academy before moving to London in 1895, where he lived with his older brother, Thomas Fleming. He finished his basic education at the Regent Street Polytechnic.

Fleming was a member of the Territorial Army and served from 1900 to 1914 in London. Scottish Regiment. He entered the medical field in 1901, studying at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical school at the University of London. While at St. Mary’s, he won the 1908 gold medal as the top
medical student.

Alexander Fleming had planned to become a Surgeon, but a temporary position in the Inoculation Department. He worked as a bacteriologist, studying wound infections.

Fleming discovered that antiseptics commonly used at the time were doing more harm than good. In November 1921, while nursing a cold, Fleming discovered lysozyme, a mildly antiseptic enzyme present in body fluids. In September 1928, he noticed that a culture of Staphylococcus aureus he had left out had become contaminated with a mold Penicillium Notatum. He at first called that substance ‘mold juice’ and then named it “Penicillin” an antibiotic – one of the first antibiotics to be discovered.

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Biology Notes Chapter 10 Not For Drinking-Not For Breathing to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Biology Notes Chapter 10 Not For Drinking-Not For Breathing

→ With the rapid increase in the number of vehicles the problem of automobile pollution has assumed greater significance.

→ Anything that is harmful to the environment is pollution.

→ The composition of air in the atmosphere comprises four major gases namely nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide.

→ Some pollutants enter the air by natural disasters like volcano eruptions, forest fires and dust and sand from storms.

→ Gases emitted by motor vehicles pollute the air by producing harmful pollutants like sulphur dioxide nitroggb’Idioxide, carbon dioxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, lead and soot.

→ Various industries like granite, lime, cement etc, pollute the air by releasing pollutants as sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide, chlorine, flash, dust, asbestos dust, etc.

→ The two problems of nuclear power are radioactive waste and the possibility of meltdowns like Chernobyl.

→ Hydroelectric power plants, thermal power plants using Radioactive elements like uranium.

→ Use of the fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture pollutes not only air but also land and water.

→ The biodegradable, mainly human and animal waste, enters the water supply and pollutes water.

→ Phosphate and nitrates – chemical fertilizers from agriculture run-off due to rain and industrial waste enter into the water through sewage and pollute the water.

→ Thermal pollution can be natural in the case of hot springs and shallow ponds in the summertime is the reason for increasing temperature in water.

→ Chloro Fluro carbons are used in refrigerators, Air conditioners and aerosol sprays.

→ Industrial waste contains a large number of harmful chemicals like acids, alkali and metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium leading to toxicity.

→ Follow 3R’s principles to reduce pollution and recover resources.

→ Natural resources are the divine gift for us by nature. Keep these clean and healthy not only for us but also for future generations.

→ Pollution: Anything that is harmful to the environment is pollution.

→ Air pollution: If the solid, liquid and gaseous substances are present in higher volumes than required ¡n the air, it Is harmful to air. It is called air polhk1h.

→ Pollutants: Substances responsible for disturbing the naturally occurring balance are said to be pollutants.

→ Volcanic eruption: Throw out of lava suddenly from a mountain or a hill.

→ Thermal power plants: The place where electric power is generated by using coal ¡s called thermal power plants.

→ Chloro Fluro Carbons (CFCs): CFCs are used in refrigerators. Air conditioners and aerosol sprays. The use of CFCs pollutes the air by depleting the ozone layer as a result of which harmful ultraviolet rays reach the earth.

→ Water pollution: The contamination of water with unwanted and harmful substances such as sewage, toxic chemicals, industrial wastes etc. is called water pollution.

→ Potable water: Water suitable for drinking ¡s called potable water.

→ Toxic industrial waste: Industrial waste contains a large number of harmful chemicals like acids, alkali and metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium leading to toxicity.

→ Fertilizers & Pesticides: To increase the fertility of the soil some chemical fertilizers are used. To kill the pests on the crop plants farmers make use of pesticides.

→ Eutrophication: The enrichment of water by nutrients, leading to excessive plant growth and depletion of oxygen is known as eutrophication.

→ Biodegradation: The human and animal waste enters a water supply and thus pollute water.

→ Reduce: Make less.

→ Reuse: Use again.

→ Suspended Particulate

→ Matter (SPM): Pollutants are substances that contaminate the environment. Main pollutants are suspended par&ulate matter, carbon monoxide, excess carbon dioxide, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, CFCs and heavy metals.

→ Most of the Granite factories are present at Chimakurthy of Prakasam district. Cement factories at Macharla, Limestone factories at Piduguralla are the most polluted areas because granite powder, cement dust, limestone dust is released into the air causing pollution. Thermal power plants of Parawada in Visakhapatnam, Krishnapatnam in Nellore districts are releasing the pollutants like fly ash, Sulphur dioxide, and radioactive substance causing air, water and land pollution. People are suffering from lung cancer and skin allergies due to pollution. The people living near the granite factory have faced several health problems like respiratory bronchitis and asthma. Thermal power plants pollute the air by emitting sulphur dioxide, radio-active substances and fly ash.

→ Har Gobind Khorana:
Har Gobind Khorana (January 9, 1922 – November 9, 2011) was a biochemist who shared the 1968Nobel Prize for physiology or Medicine with Marshall W. Nirenberg and Robert W. Holley for research that helped to show how the nucleotides in nucleic acids, which carry the genetic code of the cell, control the cell’s synthesis of proteins. Khorana was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Colombia University in the same year.

He became a naturalized citizen of the united states in 1966, and subsequently received the National Medal of Sciences. He served as MIT’s Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and chemistry, emeritus and was a member of the Board of scientific governors at “The Scripps Research Institute.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 6 Africa to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 6 Africa

→ Africa is known as the ‘Dark continent’ till the 19th century.

→ The highest peak in Africa is Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.

→ The largest desert in the world is the Sahara, which is in the North part of Africa.

→ Egypt is called as “Gift of Nile”.

→ Most of Egypt is a desert.

→ The zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn is known as the Tropic region.

→ The zones south and north of the tropics experience summer as well as winter. They are called ‘Temperate Regions’.

→ In the south, there is another arid region called the Kalahari Desert.

→ Agriculture has long been carried out on river banks as well as on the margins of forests.

→ About 500 years ago, Europeans began their attempts to reach India by the sea route by going around Africa.

→ In 1498, a Portuguese sailor named Vasco da Gama went around the southern tip of Africa and reached India.

→ In the 16th century, many Europeans began migrating to America and started cultivation there.

→ The slaves were greatly oppressed.

→ In the 16th and 17th centuries, numerous companies were engaged in the slave trade.

→ Eventually, the slave trade ended in the 19th century and the slaves were declared free citizens in America in 1860.

→ The Europeans exported African timber, minerals, etc. on a very large scale to Europe.

→ Nigeria was under British rule until 1960 when it won independence.

→ During the last century, African countries gained independence from the control of European powers.

→ One of the main aims of Europeans in Africa was to exploit these resources by using the servile labor of the Africans.

→ Since 1958, mineral oil has been exported from Nigeria.

→ Colonies: Europeans started halting at African ports. Slowly the Portuguese, Dutch, English, French, and Germans gained a foothold in the interior and colonized these areas.

→ Slave: There was plenty of land in America, but not enough people to work in the fields. It was to fulfill this need for additional working hands in America that the Slav trade from Africa began. Africans were captured and enslaved mainly from the coastal areas of Guinea as well as eastern Africa, In exchange for the slaves, the African tribal leaders accepted guns, iron objects, liquor, and clothes.

→ Plateau: Plateaus are landforms with some unéveness but relatively level surface with a steep slope on one side.

→ Tropic region: The zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn experiences a warm climate. In fact, this is the hottest region in the world. There is hardly any winter here. This region is also known as the Tropic region.

→ Temperate regions: The zones south and north of the tropics experience summer as well as winter. They are called Temperate Regions”.

→ Tropics: One of the two imaginary lines drawn around the world 23°26’.

→ Khmarijaro: The highest peak in Africa is Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.

→ Sahara Desert: There ¡s a region in the north where no rivers are to be seen. This is the Sahara Desert, which receives very scanty rainfall.

→ Nile: There is only one river that crosses the Sahara Desert. The Nile flows through Egypt Most of Egypt is a desert

→ Savanna: Due to moderate rainfall tall grasses grow in this region in some places these grasses are so tall that ever’ elephants can hide in them. Some trees also grow between the grasses. This region is known as the Savanna.

→ Kalahari Desert: In the southern part of Africa, there is an arid region called the Kalahari desert.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 5 Europe to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 5 Europe

→ Industrial Revolution took place first in Europe.

→ The Mediterranean sea separates Europe from North of the Africa.

→ Asia and Europe are one continuous landmass. This landmass is therefore called Eurasia. & Europe has several high snow-covered mountains.

→ The Alps, the most important mountain ranges of Europe, are covered with snow all year round.

→ The Caucasian Mountains, which lie between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, form the southern boundary of Europe.

→ There are no large plateaus in Europe.

→ European rivers are used not only for irrigating the fields but also as major waterways; & The sea coast of Europe is very jagged.

→ Landmasses that are surrounded by the sea on three sides and connected to the mainland on the fourth side are called peninsulas’.

→ The Landmass which is surrounded by water on all sides is called an Island.

→ Bays and gulfs are parts of the sea enclosed by land on three sides.

→ Deep gulfs or bays are preferred for building harbors as large ships can be anchored in them. & Europe has a cooler climate than ours.

→ The waters in the oceans are not static.

→ The warm currents are very good for fish breeding as they contain ample food materials for the fish.

→ The lands along the Mediterranean Sea have a distinct climate called the ‘Mediterranean climate’. & Most European countries including France have four main seasons. They are winter, spring, summer, and autumn.

→ Summer is the season of agriculture in Europe. Crops mature in this season.

→ In European countries, cultivation is possible only for 6 to 7months.

→ European plains and river valleys are very fertile.

→ Wheat is the main crop of European plains.

→ From very ancient times, the people of Europe have been trading with India and other countries of Asia like Indonesia and China.

→ About five hundred years ago, the West European sailors and traders began to search for new routes to India. The industrial revolution as you know started in England around 1750.

→ Peninsula: Landmass that is surrounded by the sea on three sides and is connected to the mainland on the fourth side is called Peninsula. E.g.: Norway and Sweden.

→ Island: A piece of land that is completely surrounded by water is called an Island. E.g.: Great Britain.

→ Bay: Bays and gulfs are parts of the sea enclosed by land on three sides. In a bay the land curves inwards and the mouth of the bay ¡s usually wide as in the Bay of Bengal.

→ Currents: Movements of water in a particular direction.

→ Gulf: A gulf is a narrow inlet of the sea and has a narrow mouth. E.g.: The entire Baltic sea is a large gulf.

→ Climate: The regular pattern of weather conditions of a particular place (country/continent).

→ Dikes (Dykes): A long thick wall that is built to stop water flooding onto a low area of land, especially from the sea or a channel that carries water away from the land.

→ Westerlies Wiñds blow all the year-round from the Atlantic Ocean towards Europe. Since they blow from the west. These winds are called Westerlies.

→ Ocean currents: The voters in the oceans are not static. They keep flowing’ from one place to another along the continents. These are the ocean currents.

→ Mediterranean climate: The lands along the Mediterranean sea have a distinct climate called the ‘Mediterranean climate’.

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Biology Notes Chapter 9 Production and Management of Food From Animals to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Biology Notes Chapter 9 Production and Management of Food From Animals

→ Since long ago, man has used animals not only for obtaining food but also for agriculture.

→ People living in rural areas used to domesticate animals like cows, buffaloes, bullocks, goats, sheep, pigs, hens, etc.

→ Bulls are mainly reared for use in plowing.

→ Taking care of animal health is also an important task in animal husbandry.

→ Viral and bacterial diseases also affect milk production.

→ Veterinary doctors provide treatment and health care for cattle.

→ Our government treats producing milk as an industry.

→ Haryana, Jaferabad, Nagapuri are the traditional varieties of cows that give a good quantity of milk.

→ According to the Economical and Statistical Survey of India 2011, about 40 to 60 lakh liters of milk are produced every day in our state.

→ Care should be taken while buying cattle for milk production.

→ Biogas production also is a useful product in animal husbandry.

→ Production and rearing of hens on a large scale are generally called poultry.

→ The culture of honey bees is called Apiculture.

→ The bee wax and bee venom are other products in Apiculture.

→ Fish constitute important and plentiful sources of high-quality animal protein.

→ The egg is the chief nutritious food that is easily available for all.

→ Our government provides opportunities to improve animal food production to fulfill the food requirements of a growing population.

→ Animal husbandry: Providing food, shelter, protection, and breeding of animals is called Animal husbandry.

→ Livestock: The term represents cows, bulls, and buffaloes.

→ Jersy, Holstein: Jersy (England) and Holstein (Denmark) are the foreign varieties. They give 25 liters of milk per day.

→ Pasteurization: In this process, milk is heated at a temperature (62°) for a definite period of time (30 minutes) and cooled at 10CC.

→ Biogas: The dung obtained from cattle is mixed with bacteria and ¡s used for the production.

→ Poultry: Production and rearing of hens on a large scale for eggs and chicken.

→ Hatching: Placing the egg under a broody hen to produce chicken is hatching.

→ Incubator: An apparatus for hatching eggs.

→ Apiculture: The culture of honey bees is called apiculture.

→ Honey bee hive: A construction of six-sided wax compartments made by bees to store honey and eggs.

→ Honey wax: Besides honey wax produced by the honey bees is known as bee wax or honey wax used ¡n the production of cosmetics, shoe polish, candles, and leather industry.

→ Queen bee: Only one Queen bee in a colony. The function is to lay eggs. (800 – 1200 per day)

→ Drone: Drones are the male members of the honey bee colony. Their main duty is participating in mating.

→ Aquaculture: Cultivating fish and prawns in water on a large scale.

→ Marine fisheries: India’s marine fisheries sources include 7500 km of coastal line and deep seas beyond it. Popular marine fish varieties include Mackerel, Tuna, Sardines, and Mumbai duck.

→ Inland fisheries: In such a system, a combination of five or six fish species is used in a single fish pond. These species are selected so that they do not compete for food among them and have different types of food habits.

→ Breeding: Mate and then produce young.

→ Food processing: Preservation of food items through the processing of sun-drying semi-drying, salting and drying, pickling, and pit curing.

→ Milk is the secretion of the mammary glands in animals. During the period following at least 72 hours after calving or until the milk is colostrum free, milk appears as white opaque fluid, in which fat is present as emulsion, protein, and some other minerals, vitamin A, D, and E are 80 to 90% of water. Nowadays cattle rearers and dairy farmers use hormone injections to get a high quantity of milk. These hormones settle down in our body to cause various diseases like early reaching of puberty. Chemicals used in chilling centers to preserve milk also cause damage to our health.

→ In Odisha traditional livestock – Chilka buffaloes are reared. They take care to avoid cross-breeding with Murra. They graze during night times in the brackish water of Chilka lake. They return home in the morning give milk without any extra feed. This milk

→ Emu is a flightless bird from Australia. It is the second-largest bird in the world after Ostrich. This amazing bird weighs nearly 50 kg. and run at 40 miles per hour. Emu farming is also a commercial practice like a hen. Recently farmers of Adilabad, Medak, Nalgonda, and some other districts of Andhra Pradesh, started Emu farming. Meat, chicks, skin leather, oil, feathers eggs are the main products in the Emu culture. Its meat and eggs are costly. The Emu market is not so good at present in our state.

→ Honey has probably been associated with man since very early days. The first proof of this association is evident from the rock paintings made by primitive man thousands of years ago. The man knows about the art of beekeeping in the regions of early civilization. The Egyptians were well acquainted with bee husbandry 4000 years ago as they practiced migratory beekeeping. The Rigveda, probably written between 3000 B.C. and 2000 B.C, contains many references to bees and honey. They named honey as a divine food.

→ Seaweeds constitute an important marine resource and are found along the Rocky intertidal and sub-tidal regions of the coasts of India. The Sunderbans, the Chilka lake, the deltas of Godavari and Krishna, Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, Gujarat coast, and around Lakshadweep, Andaman, and Nicobar Island are areas rich in seaweeds. They are used for human consumption, as cattle and poultry feed, as manure, and for industrial purposes as the sources of Phyco colloids like Agar-agar.

→ Rudolf Carl Virchow:
Rudolf Carl Virchow (13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician, known for his advancement of public health, Referred to as “the father of modern pathology”, he is considered one of the founders of social medicine. He stated that the cell was the basic unit of the body.

In 1861, he was elected a foreign member of the RoyalSwedishAcademy of sciences. In 1892, he was awarded the Copley Medal. Among his most famous students was anthropologist Franz Boas, who became a professor at Columbia University. The society for MedicalAnthropology gives an annual award in Virchow’s name the Rudo if Virchow Award.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 4 Oceans and Fishing to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 4 Oceans and Fishing

→ The earth is known as a watery planet as it is the only planet containing water in abundance. & It is estimated that about 71% of the earth’s surface is occupied by seas and oceans.

→ An extension of saline water on earth is called the sea.

→ Large sea areas are called oceans.

→ Oceans are huge bodies of water generally separated by continents.

→ The floor of the ocean is just like the surface of the earth.

→ The bottom of the sea is not a flat surface.lt consists of hills, mountains, plateaus, plains, trenches, etc.

→ The waters of the oceans are never still.

→ Ocean waters have three kinds of movements. They are:

1. Waves,
2. Currents,
3. Tides. & Streams that flow constantly in a definite direction on the surface of the ocean are called ocean currents.

→ The ocean currents are of two types – the warm currents and the cold currents.

→ Tides are the rhythmic rise and fall in the level of the water in the oceans every day.

→ Tides do not rise to the same height every day.

→ Ocean water is always saline. It contains Several mineral salts dissolved in it.

→ The oceans are the main source of rainfall.

→ Oceans are storehouses of fish and other seafood.

→ They are the main source of salts.

→ Oceans provide natural highways for international trade.

→ The fishermen have a special tool kit for repairing the nets which consist of Nulukarralu Nulukanda and a flattened stick that determines the net ring size.

→ The village soil is mainly loamy and rice is the principal crop grown on it.

→ A large number of people of Bhavanapadu worship Gangamma, Gowri, and Shiva

→ Tool kit: The fishermen have a special tool kit for repairing the nets which consist of Nulukarralu (net repairing fork) N.ilukanda (thread) and a flattened stick that determines the net ring size.

→ Kannulu: Nets are of different types based on different sizes of the Kannulu, (Rings) and layers of the net.

→ Burra Katha: There is an open stage where the Burra Katha is performed There are three members on the stage One among them tells a story, others follow him by imitating It is a famous technique

→ Mechanical Boat: Compared to the Karrateppa there is far more risk of life in Marapadava (Mechanicál boat) because it goes far into the sea.

→ Salinity: Containing salt or salts.

→ Waves: When the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls they are called waves.

→ Currents: In the oceans, water is found to move from one part to another in big streams.

→ Tides: Tides are the rhythmic rise and fall of the water in the oceans every day

→ Warm currents: The warm currents flow from the equatorial region towards the poles

→ Cold current: The cold currents flow from the poles towards the equatorial regions.

→ Karrateppa: It is a country-made boat which goes up to 5 km into the sea and brings small catches of fish.

→ Marapadava: It goes far into the sea and it is difficult to swim over to shore in times of trouble.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 3 Tanks and Ground Water to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 3 Tanks and Ground Water

→ The Kakatiya and Vijayanagara kings and Nayaks built a large number of tanks in Telangana and Rayalaseema. This enabled the extension of agriculture into these areas.

→ The tanks were usually built by building a strong wall of stones and mud across a small stream in such a way that with a wall on just one side a large lake could be formed.

→ The tanks helped the people not only in giving them and their animals drinking water but also in irrigating their fields in such a way that even in drought years they could raise at least some crops.

→ Most important thing is that the tanks helped to prevent the run-off of rainwater and the erosion of topsoils.

→ During the last twenty or thirty years, the tanks have been neglected and have been allowed to break down.

→ Rocks that have cracks or pores in them and can contain water are called previous rocks. & Rocks like granite, Kadapa limestone, are very compact and do not have pores in them.

→ Water cannot enter into them. These are called impervious rocks.

→ The layer of water which accumulates under the ground among rocks is called an aquifer.

→ The level of groundwater, which is also called the water table.

→ Most of the rocks under the soil in Andhra Pradesh consist of granites, which are hard and impervious.

→ If we draw more water than what percolates down, the groundwater will decrease over time.

→ Vegetation like trees, grasses, and bunds are used to enhance groundwater.

→ Groundwater is usually mixed with many minerals.

→ Many times water Is polluted due to the excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides, or poor drainage.

→ Groundwater like the rivers is the common resource of all people and not just of those who have landed over aquifers.

→ Those who own land over aquifers tend to over-use the water, which decreases the water table for all neighboring people.

→ Today’s generation has received water from the past as a sacred asset. We should give it to the future generation just as we received it.

→ Previous rocks Rocks which have cracks or pores (minute holes) in them and can contain water are caLled pervious rocks

→ Impervious rocks: Some rocks like granite, Kadapa limestone, are very compact and do not have pores in them. Water cannot enter into them. Groundwater usually accumulates above such rocks Since the water can’t go beneath them, these are caLled impervious rocks

→ Vegetation: The vegetation means trees and grasses and buns etc.

→ Aquifers: The layer of water which accumulates under the ground among rocks is an aquifer.

→ Megalithic age: The stone boulders are known as megaliths. These were arranged by people and were used to mark burial sites.

→ Water table: The level below which the ground is saturated with water.

→ Tanks: The tanks were usually built by building a strong wall of stones and mud across a small stream in such a way that with a wall on just one side a large lake could be formed.

→ Groundwater: Rainwater that goes down into the soil accumulates below the ground in the gaps between rocks, pebbles, sand, etc. This is the groundwater.

→ Minerals: The minerals like Sodium, Fluoride, Chloride, Iron, Nitrate, etc., come from the rocks and soils underneath

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 2 Rain and Rivers to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 2 Rain and Rivers

→ All life on the earth is very crucially dependent upon water.

→ As you know over 71% of the earth’s surface is covered with water.

→ We depend upon water for growing crops. But we do not get water uniformly over the year.

→ After the unbearable heat of April, May and June, comes the rainy season, which lasts for a few months.

→ Water in the cloth or in the plate becomes water vapour and mixes with the air through a process called ‘evaporation’.

→ There are several water bodies on the earth’s surface – oceans, rivers, lakes etc.

→ There is constant evaporation of water from these water bodies.

→ Formation of clouds and Rain: When water vapour rises with hot air and reaches high up in the sky, it gets cooled. This is because it gets cooler as we rise above the surface of the earth. With the cooling, water vapour is transformed into tiny water droplets. Change of water into vapour is known as evaporation.

→ The process of water evaporating from the seas, forming clouds in the sky, coming down like rain. Different forms of condensation of water vapour are known as precipitation.

→ The amount of invisible water vapour present in the atmosphere is known as humidity. The winds come all the way from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal and they transport the rain clouds. They are called ‘Monsoon winds’. They are also called ‘south-west monsoon winds’ as they blow from that direction. These winds blow only in the summer.

→ There are two arms of the monsoon winds: one blows from the Arabian Sea and the other from the Bay of Bengal.

→ The southwest monsoon, however, brings much rain to the Telangana districts as the winds again rise over the Eastern Ghasts.

→ In the months from May to October, cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal causing widespread rains in coastal and inland Andhra Pradesh.

→ Rain caused by whirling storms is called cyclonic rain.

→ The cyclones are formed in the sea due to intense heating up in summer.

→ An instrument by which the rainfall is measured is known as ‘rain gauge.

→ The amount of rainfall for a unit area is measured in centimetres.

→ Rivers or streams which join a larger river are called ‘tributaries’.

→ Rivers like the Krishna and the Godavari start from the Western Ghats, which receive heavy rains.

→ The treeless bed is called the floodplain of the river.

→ Vegetation covers on land obstruct the runoff rainwater and slow down the speed of its flow. Vegetation reduces the erosion of soil by rainwater.

→ If the surface of the land is covered with vegetation, then soil erosion is greatly reduced. The worst cyclone hit the state in November 1977.

→ Recently in 2018 Titles cyclone created huge destruction in North coastal Andhra, Srikakulam.

→ Cyclones and floods are seasonal phenomena.

→ Rivers and Tributaries: A river is usually in the form of a thin stream. As it flows further it gets bigger and broader. This happens because many small streams join it as the stream flows. Rivers or streams which join a large river are called tributaries

→ Condensation: Drops of water that form on a cold surface when warm water vapour becomes cool.

→ Annual rainfall: In the months from May to October cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal causing widespread rains in coastal and inland Andhra Pradesh.

→ Flood plain: Every year when it rains heavily, the river trough is filled with water allowing no permanent trees or plants to grow there. This treeless bed is called the flood – plain of the river.

→ Cyclone: A violent tropical storm in which strong winds move in a circle.

→ Monsoon: The rainy season.

→ Hail: ice pieces of frozen vapour falling in showers.

→ Famine: Scarcity of anything.

→ Slums: An area of the city that is very poor ànd where the houses are dirty and in bad condition

→ Vegetation: Plants ¡n general especially the plants that are found in a particular area or environment

→ Western Ghats: The Western flank of the Deccan plateau ¡s guarded by the Western Ghats.

→ Eastern Ghats: The Eastern ghats are much less strongly marked than the Western Ghats. They are from the Eastern boundary of the Deccan Plateau.

→ Drought: Famine; a condition where there ¡s no rainfall.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 18 Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77) to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 18 Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77)

→ In the early years of independence many challenges like leadership, maintenance of unity and integrity were there.

→ There were also other challenges like social and economic transformation and to ensure the successful working erf democratic system.

→ India adopted Universal Adult Franchise at one go.

→ The first elections were difficult as most people did not know how to read and write.

→ Election Commission used the symbols from daily life for visual identification.

→ In Independent India’s first three general elections in 1952, 1957 and 1962, the Indian National Confess won reducing other participants to almost nothing.

→ Among the first challenges the new nation laced was the demand for the reorganisation of states on the basis erf language.

→ In August 1953 the States Reorganisation Commission was appointed with Fazl Ali, K.M.Panikkar and Hridaynath Kunzru on the basis of linguistic principle.

→ It created 14 States and 6 Union territories.

→ planning Commission was set up to dissolve the divisions of caste and religion, community and region and other disruptive tendencies.

→ The First Five Year Plan focussed on agriculture.

→ Nehru favoured land reforms, agricultural cooperatives and local self-government for development.

→ India, Indonesia, Egypt together built a policy of not joining either of the power camp named the Non-Alignment Movement.

→ Official Languages Act passed in 1963 made Hindi imposed in all states.

→ The DMK believed that act to be an attempt to foist Hindi on the rest of the country and they began a state-wide protest.

→ The shift of a price-incentive and technocratic strategy between the years 1964 – 67 is called the “Green Revolution”.

→ 1967 elections show the big transition in India where many regional parties came to power.

→ It propounded India is moving towards a multiparty system.

→ Immediately after the victory in the 1971 Bangladesh war, Indira Gandhi used the popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’.

→ Raised oil prices inflation, scarcity of food and unemployment gave Congress government the public resentment.

→ Opposition united under Jaya Prakash Narayan formed JP Movement.

→ As the JP movement gaining strength the government imposed an emergency.

→ An important achievement of this period (1947-77) was the establishment of stable democracy.

→ States Reorganisation: Commission set up to address the issue of formation of states on the basis of linguistic principle

→ One-party dominance: In Independent India’s first three general elections trie Indian National Congress won reducing other participants to almost nothing. It only established governments in states and at the centre also. There was no party to challenge Congress. This period was known as one-party dominance.

→ Emergency: Something dangerous or serious, such as an accident, which happens suddenly or unexpectedly and needs immediate action in order to avoid harmful results.

→ Reg4nal movements: The movement by the people of a region to preserve 2nd promote the language, customs, culture, economy and the way of life of that region.

→ Nationalisation : (of a government) The act of taking control of a business or industry.

→ Universal Adult: Every person, who is a citizen of India and completes 18 Franchise years of age can become a voter irrespective of religion, race, caste, gender, etc.

→ Congress system: The Congress party formed government at the centre and in many states in the first three general elections. This inaugurated what some observers called the Congress system.

→ Multi-party system A country that allows many political parties to exist and vie for power and serve the democracy.

→ Linguistic States: The states which were formed on the basis of the language that their people speak.

→ Planning Commission: It was set up in 1950 to oversee coordinated developmental planning.

→ Election Commission.: An autonomous body that conducts elec Lions to the Parliament and state legislatures in a free and fair manner.

→ Zamindari system: The system wherein Zamindar collected land revenue, on behalf of Mughal emperors and received a share of collected revenue.

→ Tenancy reforms: Reforms aimed at fixing rent on land, collecting it from the tenant farmers and defining them.

→ Land ceilings Central government set a limit to the size of landholding and redistributing the excess land to the poor.

→ Land reforms: Reforms aimed at farmérs to pay land tax direction to government, abolishing zamindari system and redistributing the land, etc.

→ Cold War: A war of tension caused by the two rival alliances and the USSR

→ Non – Aligned Movement: A foreign po&y which Is aimed to keep aloof from and USSR power blocs and serve the cause of world peace.

→ Panchsheel policy: An agreement between India and China made respect territorial Integrity and sovereignty of nations and practise peaceful coexistence.

→ Anti-Hindi agitations: A statewide campaign by DMK In Tamil Nadu against the imposition of Hindi as the official language for the country

→ Green revolution: Use of high yielding varieties (seeds) for the increase of crop production and better water management

→ Left of the centre group: This group in a party or government usually supports state control and nationalisation and socialism.

→ Regional parties: The parties which secure at least 4% of valid votes In a state In general elections either to Lok Sabha or Vidhana

→ Liberation movement: Movement organised for independence or formation of new

→ Tenant farmers: The peasants who cultivated the lands of landlords are called tenant cultivators (or farmers).

→ Comptroller and Auditor – General: A person in charge of the accounts of the Union and of the States.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 19 Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000 to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 19 Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000

→ The period between 1975 to 1985 was a testing time for Indian Democracy.

→ When the 1977 elections were announced, Indira released all political prisoners and removed censorship on freedom of movement, campaigns, and meetings.

→ All opposition parties merged to form Janata Party.

→ Janata Party became victorious and dismissed nine state governments that enjoyed a majority belonged to Congress.

→ The factional struggle in Janata Party soon culminated in the fall of the government within three years.

→ The Congress returned to power in 1980 and paid back Janata Party by dismissing nine non-Congress state governments.

→ There were different strands of the demands for autonomy in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, and Punjab.

→ The frequent change of Chief Ministers by the central Congress leadership made people believe they are not respected.

→ Popular film actor N.T. Ramarao set up Telugu Desam Party on the plank of the honor and self-respect of the Telugu-speaking people and swept the 1982 elections.

→ The Assamese-speaking people faced difficulties with the officialdom of Bengalis and the flooding of Bangladeshis.

→ In the 1970s, a social movement came out under the leadership of the All Assam Students Union (AASU).

→ There were talks between agitations and the central government for 3 years and reached an agreement.

→ When elections were conducted Assam Gana Parishad, an offshoot of AASU came to power.

→ In Punjab also there is agitation stating their state was ignored, more powers to states through a constitutional amendment, greater decentralization as their demands.

→ Bhindranwale, leader of militant Sikhs preached separatism and a special state Khalistan was demanded.

→ They occupied Golden Temple and the army vacated them.

→ A fallout of all this was the assassination of Indira.

→ Late Rajiv made an agreement with Langowali of Sikh SAD.

→ Rajiv liberalized system, hoped the participation of the masses, brought the telecom revolution.

→ Communalism sprang during this time through the demolition of Babri Masjid and try to build Ram Temple at Ayodhya.

→ This was the beginning of successful coalitions at the center.

→ Mandal Commission provided for Other Backward Class reservations and globalization are of this period.

→ Regional aspiratIons: Regions agitating for separate statehood, local parties In power, greater shares in revenue and waters, etc., more decentralization.

→ Coalition: A government formed by two or more political parties governments working together.

→ Communalism: A strong sense of religious belonging that leads to extreme behavior or violence to others.

→ Majority: The amount by which the greater number of votes is cast, as In an election, exceéds the total number of remaining votes.

→ Minority: A group or party having fewer than a controlling number of votes.

→ Single party A democratic country where all the elections were won over democracy by a single political party decimating all others.

→ Outsiders : (In this context) The Assamese people called the Bengalis, migrators from Bangladesh, mostly Muslims.

→ Ethnic cleansing : (here) FoiIble eviction of minthïty tribal communities by even outright mass killing In man parts of Assam.

→ Telecom revolution: (In India) Speeding up and’ spreading the network of telephonic communication In India using satellite technology.

→ Policy paralysis: In coalitions, the leading party could not Implement a policy for fear of withdrawal of support by partners.

→ Inclusive development: Making the scheduled cutes, scheduled tribes, and backward classes and minorities as a part of the process of development.

→ Mandal Commission: A committee chaired by B.P. Mandai recommended reservations for Other Backward Cluses In government employment and educational facilities.

→ Rath Yatra: In 1990, LK. Advani, the leader of BiP led ‘Rath Yatra’ from Somnath to Ayodhya, In support of Rani Temple at Ayodhya.

→ Liberalization: Cuts in subsidies, expenditure on public services reducIng restriction foreign Investment in India and taxes on import of foreign goods; openIng many sectors to private Investors.

→ Majority government: The set up of government by a political party that got more than 5% of seats.

→ Minority government: Coalition government where the strength of the leading party is below 50% IndivIdually but the coalition has a majority.

→ LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, a Tamil separatist group of Sri Lanka.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 20 Post – War World and India to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 20 Post – War World and India

→ Three of the most important processes that took place after the Second World War are the establishment of the United Nations, the Cold War, and Decolonisation.

→ At the time of its establishment UN had a membership of 54 countries and today (2014) there are 193 countries.

→ It was started with twin objectives of ensuring lasting peace and human development.

→ It works through six different organs.

→ Security Council, an organ of the UN, has 5 permanent membership countries with Veto (made invalid or rejected) power.

→ For more than fifty years after World War II, Cold War was fought between the USA and the USSR.

→ The destruction was of third world countries, which fought under the influence of the two blocks.

→ The superpowers formed alliances and expanded their influence to gain access to resources like oil and minerals.

→ Both the USSR and the USA spent huge amounts of money to conduct research into weapons and space. ,

→ People of all countries lived in constant fear of war.

→ The Bandung conference represented by 29 nations from Africa and Asia paved the way for the Non-Aligned Movement.

→ By 2012, its membership is 120 countries with 17 Observers.

→ West Asian or the Middle East conflicts have the bone of contention Israel, a newly formed Jews state.

→ The reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia, ‘the Glasnost’ and ‘Perestroika’ resulted in disbanding of USSR in 1991.

→ India made a Panchsheel agreement with China in 1954 but the latter made a surprise attack on India in 1962.

→ Later full diplomatic relations were restored only in 1976.

→ The bone of contention for Indo-Pak relations is Kashmir.

→ Pakistan waged many wars with India over Kashmir.

→ India made a 25-year peace treaty with Bangladesh in 1972, after its liberation.

→ Since times immemorial, India and Sri Lanka have had cultural, ethnic, and economic relations.

→ Military alliances: Formation of groups in connection with armed forces

→ Proxy war: The USA and the USSR are not fighting directly, they support two opposing sides in the countries of their sphere of influence and there is a physical war

→ Arms race: Countries spending huge amounts of money to conduct research into weapons and building arsenals of devastating arms.

→ Unipolar: The world led by one superpower In the military, economic supremacy, and ideology.

→ Bipolar: The world is divided between two superpowers for military, economic supremacies, and Ideological conflict.

→ Decolonization: Granting of independence to a colony = freeing It from colonial states

→ Peace: A situation or a period of time in which there is no war or violence in a country, area, or in the world.

→ Veto: Make invalid or reject = A provision given to five permanent members of the security council in UNO (China, France, the UK, the USSR, and the USA) through which any decision taken by the council can be vetoed by the Intervention of even any one of these countries.

→ Ethnic conflict: The tight of people of a particular race with another race and to have control over it.

→ Panchsheel: FIve principles of peaceful coexistence, India made an agreement with Panchsheel with China in 1954. Principles are like mutual non-aggression, equality, and mutual benefit, mutual non-Interference in each- others’ internal affairs, etc.

→ Great Depression: A great decline in trade and general prosperity worldwide (1929-39)

→ Cold War: The intense tension between the US and the USSR (during 1945-1991) of propaganda and words, in absence of real fighting.

→ Dictatorship: The rule which is not effectively restricted by a constitution, laws and recognized opposition, etc.

→ Imperialism: The practice of extending a state’s rule over other territories, colonizing them.

→ Capitalism: Economic system based on private ownership of means of production, distribution, and exchange and operated for profits.

→ Communism: Belief that private ownership of land, factories, railways, banks, etc. should be replaced by public ownership.

→ Autonomy: The freedom for a country to govern itself independently.

→ Moderation: The quality of being moderate (reasonable) and not being extreme.

→ Third world: The countries emerging from colonial.

→ DomInation: Rest of the world from 2 blocks, USA and USSR.

→ Strategic alliances: Formation of groups In connection with getting an advantage In war or other military situations.

→ Flashpoints: Situations where violence starts and cannot be controlled.

→ Nationalism: The desire by a group of people who share the same race, culture, language, etc. to form an independent country.

→ Secularism: The belief that religion shall not be involved in administration (or) government’s non-interference in religion.