AP State Board Notes

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Rampur: A Village Economy to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Rampur: A Village Economy

→ In villages across India farming is the main production activity.

→ Non-farm activities include small manufacturing, transport, shopkeeping, etc.

→ The land is the most crucial factor necessary for farm production.

→ In Rampur, three crops are grown every year

→ They are two main crops, Jowar and Bajra are one and what is the other; the third crop is the potato.

→ They have got a well-developed irrigation system.

→ The use of natural resources has not always been judicious.

→ In Rampur, about l/3rd of the population, i.e., 150 families are landless. About 240 families cultivate small plots of land less than 2 hectares in size and the remaining families are medium and large farmers.

→ Every production is organised by people or entrepreneurs combining the elements of land, labour and physical capital. These are known as factors of production

→ Farming requires a great deal of hard work.

→ Small farmers along with their families mostly cultivate their own fields.

→ There is wide variation in the duration of employment and in wages.

→ Most small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for the working capital.

→ The medium and large farmers generally have their own savings from farming.

→ Small farmers keep a substantial share of production for their own family needs.

→ The medium and large farmers usually supply the surplus to Market Yard

→ Only 25% of the people working in Rampur are engaged in activities other than agriculture.

→ They are like dairy farming, small scale manufacturing, shopkeepers and transport.

→ Factors of production: Land, labour, physical capital, working capital and entrepreneurs cause the production of goods or services are called Factors of Production

→ Land: An area of ground, especially when used for a particular purpose such as farming or building; A necessary factor for Production.

→ Labour: Workers especially people who do practical work with their hands

→ Working capital: The requirement of raw material and money which are used up in the production cycle

→ Fixed capital: Physical Capital = Tools, machines and buildings, which are not used up or consumed immediately in the production process

→ Surplus: More than is needed

→ Farm activities: The works done in agricultural fields to produce goods

→ Non-farm activities: The production activities other than agriculture, like transport, shop-keeping, etc.

→ Multiple cropping: To grow more than one crop on the same piece of land

→ Water table: The level of groundwater

→ Wages: Remuneration for labour

→ MNREGA: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

→ Modem farming method: Involves high yielding variety seeds, assured irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides.

→ Trade: Exchange of goods

→ Production activity: The work wherein a good or service is produced

→ Natural resources: Resources available from nature like land, water and minerals, etc.

→ Skilled workers: Highly educated and trained workers

→ Unskilled workers: Not educated and non-trained workers

→ Farm labourers: Those who do not have a right over the crops grown on the land but are paid wages

→ Inputs for: Farm instruments, seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and payments cultivation to labourers, etc.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 11 Food Security to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 11 Food Security

→ In pre-independent India, famines-situations of extreme scarcity of food were common causes of large-scale starvation deaths.

→ Ration shops where people go and buy foodgrains at subsidized prices, mid-day meals that many of you have been eating, Anganwadis where young children are taken care of, including meals during the day are some ways through which government today ensures food security.

→ Producing a sufficient amount of foodgrains is an important requirement of food security.

→ Per person (per capita) availability of foodgrains in the country should be sufficient and also increased over the years.

→ There is a change in consumption pattern with people demanding more fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, poultry, and fisheries.

→ Over the years, although there has been increasing in the production of other food items, it is not sufficient to meet the minimum dietary requirements.

→ The decline in the level of per capita availability of foodgrains is something to be worried about for India’s food security.

→ It is not sufficient to produce food grains and other items. Everyone should be able to buy them for consumption.

→ 80% of people in rural areas in India consume food that is below the calorie standard.

→ Ration shops are important means for people to access foodgrains in India.

→ The Indian government came out with a new law in 2013 called the National Food Security Act to legalize people’s Right to Food.

→ It applies to approximately 2/3rd of the population of India. Every person of low-income families is entitled to 5 kilograms of foodgrains per month at subsidized rates.

→ About 14 crore children studying in schools eat mid-day meals today. This is the largest school feeding program in the world.

→ Food is required by the body for all its functions-for energy, growth, and the capacity to remain healthy and fight illness.

→ A survey conducted by the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad (NIN) across many states in the country confirms the overall alarming status of nutrition in the country.

→ Over a long period of time, 35% to 45% of people are consuming less food than they should.

→ The issue of food security needs careful thinking and efforts in all of the above directions.

→ Production: The process of making or growing goods to be sold.

→ Availability: BeIng able to be obtained or used, usefulness

→ Access: The method or possibility of approaching a place or person or the right to use something

→ NutrItion: The substances that you take Into your body as food and the way that they influence your health.

→ Buffer stock: The stock of food grains (wheat & rice) procured and maintained by the government through the Food Corporation of India (FCI).

→ Hunger: The feeling you have when you need to eat.

→ Public Distribution System (PÐS): The system of ration shops distributing foodgrains and, other essential items is known as the Public Distribution System.

→ Ration shops/Fair price shops: The shops where the government provides subsidized prices for food items and fuel for identified families, based on the ration cards.

→ Subsidy prices: To keep the prices low arid In the reach of common people, the government reduces the price by paying Itself the remaining amount.

→ Food Security: The promise of the government to see to produce food grains sufficient for the population of the entire country and make everyone buy Them for consumption.

→ Crop rotation: ChangIng the crop that Is grown on an area of land in order to protect the soil.

→ Water harvesting: The act of gathering water either from rains or from other sources like streams, canals, etc.

→ Crop diversIfication: ChangIng of the crops so that there is a great variety of crops.

→ Agricultural diversification; The careful planning which PnMdes the farmers to take up food crops and non-food crop and dairying together as a greater variety In agriculture.

→ Per capita availability of food grains: The total foodgrains produced In the country summed up with net Imports and subtracted the change In stocks with government divided by the population during the year.

→ Access to food: The ability of each person to buy the food for consumption.

→ UnIversal PDS system: The states following the system in which the low-cost food grains would be available to all.

→ Minimum Support Price: The pre-announced price of the crop, by the government, at which It buys the surplus production from farmers.

→ Non-governmental organizations: The organizations that were not run by the government, but the public in key issues related to people and the environment.

→ Nutrition Status: The nutrition status of children and adults judges whether the food actually consumed by them Is adequate or not or excess.

→ Underweight: Being less in weight is decided by the nutritionists as per their age and height.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and Salts to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and Salts

→ Any substance that has a sour taste and turns blue litmus to red is called an ‘acid’.

→ Any substance that has a bitter taste and soapy in nature that turns red litmus to blue is called a base.

→ We use natural and chemical indicators to test for acids and bases.

→ Acid-base indicators are dyes or mixtures of dyes that are used to indicate the presence of acids and bases.

→ When acids and bases react with each other, their respective salts and water are formed. This chemical reaction is called neutralization.

→ The acidic nature of a substance is due to the formation of H⁺ (aq) ions in the solution. The formation of OH^– (aq) ions in the solution are responsible for the basic nature of a substance.

→ Some substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media are called Olfactory indicators.

→ When a base reacts with a metal with the evolution of hydrogen gas, a salt is formed.

→ When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate gives the corresponding salt, carbon dioxide gas and water.

→ Metallic oxides react with acids to give salt and water. Metallic oxides are basic in nature.

→ Non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.

→ Acidic and basic solutions in water conduct electricity because they produce hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions respectively.

→ Acid solutions have ions and the electric current is carried through the movement of ions in the solution.

→ In glucose and alcohol ions are absent.

→ Dissolving bases in water produces hydroxide (OH^–) ions.

→ Bases that are soluble in water are called alkalis.

→ The process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is an exothermic process.

→ Mixing an acid or base with water results in dilution.

→ Strong acids are completely ionized whereas weak acids are partially Ionized.

→ Strong bases release more OH^– ions in water, whereas weak bases release fewer OH^– ions in water.

→ The strength of an acid or an alkali can be tested by using a scale called the pH scale (0-14) which gives the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

→ A neutral solution has a pH of 7, while an acidic solution has a pH less than 7 and a basic solution has a pH of more than 7.

→ A mixture of several indicators is called a Universal indicator.

→ pH scale ¡s used for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

→ Living beings carry out their metabolic activities within an optimal pH range.

→ Our body works within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8.

→ When the pH of rainwater is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain.

→ Mixing concentrated acids or bases with water is a highly exothermic process.

→ Acids and bases neutralize each other to form corresponding salts and water.

→ The water of crystallization is the fixed number of water molecules chemically attached to each formula unit of salt in its crystalline form.

→ Antacids are the mild bases used to control the stomach pain caused due to indigestion.

→ Magnesium hydroxide is known as the ‘milk of magnesia’.

→ Tooth decay starts when the H of the mouth is lower than 5.5.

→ The atmosphere of Venus is made ¿p of thick white and yellowish clouds of sulphuric acid.

→ Salts are electrically neutral.

→ Beds of rock salts are formed when seas of bygone ages dried up.

→ Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used in soda acid fire extinguishers.

→ Washing soda is used in the manufacture of borax.

→ Salts have various uses in everyday life and in industries.

→ Plaster of Paris (CaSO₄, 6H₂0) is used for making toys, materials for decoration and for making surfaces smooth.

→ Indicator: A special substance that gives different colours in acidic, and basic media.

→ Acid: ‘Acid’ is a word derived from the Latin word ‘Acidus’. It means sour. Usually, we call any substance that has a sour taste.

→ Base: The substance that has a bitter taste and is slippery to touch.

→ Red Litmus: A red coloured indicator used to test the presence of basic nature in a substance.

→ Blue Litmus: A blue coloured indicator used to test the presence of acidic nature in a substance.

→ Phenolphthalein and Methyl Orange: The synthetic (chemical) indicators to find the presence of acids and bases.

→ Salts: A substance that is formed as a result of the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base.

→ Neutralization: When acids and bases react, salt and water are formed. This chemical reaction is known as neutralization.

→ Guard tube: A drying tube used in experiments.

→ Hydronium ion: H₃O⁺ ion.

→ Alkali: A base that is soluble in water is called alkali.

→ Strong acid: Acid that gives more H₃0⁺ ions (They are ionized completely).

→ Strong Base: Base that gives more OH^– ions in water.

→ Universal indicator: It is a mixture of several indicators.

→ pH Scale: A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. pH = – log₁₀ (H⁺)

→ Potenz: A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is called the pH scale. The ‘P’s in pH stands for Potenz. In German ‘Potenz’ is power.

→ Antacids: A mild base used to get rid of pain and irritation caused due to indigestion of food.

→ Tooth decay: Corrosion of tooth due to the degradation of sugar and food particles remaining in the mouth.

→ Family of Salts: Salts having the same positive or negative radicals belong to a family called a family of salts.

→ Common Salt or Table Salt: Sodium Chloride Salt (NaCl).

→ Bleaching Powder: The action of chlorine on dry slaked lime.

→ Baking Soda: Sodium bicarbonate salt is used in the kitchen for making tasty and crispy pakoras.

→ Washing Soda: Sodium carbonate salt is used in washing clothes, etc.

→ Hydrated Salt: Salt which contains water.

→ The water of crystallization: It is the fixed number of water molecules chemically attached to each formula unit of salt in its crystalline form.

→ Plaster of Paris: On heating gypsum at 373 K it loses water molecules and becomes Calcium Sulphate hemihydrate called Plaster of Paris.

→ Olfactory indicators: The substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media.

→ Litmus solution: A natural indicator extracted from certain lichens.

→ Lichen: Rock Moss.

→ Endothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed.

→ Exothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat is evolved.

→ Aqueous Solution: The solution in which the solvent is water.

→ The concentration of a Solution: The amount of solute present per unit volume or per unit mass of the solution.

→ Weak acids: Acids that give fewer (less) H₃O⁺ ions (They are not ionized completely).

→ Weak bases: Bases that give fewer (less) OH^– ions in water.

→ Saturated solution: The solution in which the amount of solute dissolved is equal to solubility.

→ Unsaturated solution: The solution in which solute is less than the solvent.

→ Supersaturated solutIon: The solution in which the solute dissolved is more than its solubility.

→ Acid rain: When the pH of rainwater is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain.

→ Rock Salt: Deposits of seawater (solid salt) are changed to large brown crystals called Rock salt.

→ Dry slaked lime: Ca (OH)₂ (i.e.,) Calcium Hydroxide.

→ Brine solution: An aqueous solution of common salt.

→ Anode: A positive electrode.

→ Cathode: A negative electrode.

→ Quick lime: CaO (Calcium Oxide).

→ Achara Nagarjuna (AD 931):

• Acharya Nagarjuna was born In AD 931 in Gujarat (India). He was an alchemist.
• He knew an artel transmuting base metals to look like gold.
• He was a metallurgist and chemist. He was very famous for his book Rasevada’ Which deals with Mercury compounds.
• He discussed the extraction of costly Metairie gold, alive; etc. In bis wrItings.

→ JFW Adolf Von Baeyer (1835 – 1917):

• Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adoli Von Baeyer was born on October 31, 1835 In Berlin (Germany).
• He was interested In chemical experiments. He found a new double salt of copper.
• He studied Methyl Chloride, Uric acid, Indigo, etc.
• He discovered Indole.
• His ‘Baeyer strain theory of the Carbon iingW Is very famous.
• He received the Nobel Prize In 1905.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 22 Citizens and the Governments to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 22 Citizens and the Governments

→ Right to Information Act, 2005 was passed by the Central Government.

→ The act was passed as a result of people’s mobilization as well as in recognition of the provisions in the Constitution that provide Rights to citizens.

→ In any democratic system, governments are responsible and accountable to the people.

→ Disseminating information that is generated in the government department to any citizen who may be interested, now becomes the responsibility of all governments.

→ Every government functions on the basis of certain rules and regulations.

→ Public Information Officers and appellate authorities in the same department are responsible to implement this act.

→ These all are functioning under State Public Information Commissioner and Central Public Information Commissioner.

→ Suppose both the PIO and APIO refuse to give information, then one can go to State Public Information Commissioner or Central Public Information Commissioner.

→ In case some PIOs refuse to give information such officers can be penalized on the orders of SPIC or CPIC.

→ The Act identifies public authorities who are expected to follow various RTI Acts as
(a) the institution created under the Constitution
(b) made under the laws of Parliament or State Legislatures
(c) created through a notification or order of the appropriate governments.

→ The law permits the governments not to disclose certain information that could affect the sovereignty and integrity of India etc.

→ Most of the armed forces and security agencies are outside the purview ap Information Commissions.

→ Any citizen can approach any department of the government and ask for any information, need not explain why he needed it.

→ Individual who is collecting the information can remain anonymous.

→ Transparency of information can help to contain corruption and hold governments accountable to individual citizens also.

→ Information: Material in any form like records, documents, etc. data in any form like electronic, etc., and matters related to any private body which can be assessed by public authority.

→ Appellate Authority: An authority where people can appeal If information is not provided by Public Information Officers.

→ Record: A written account kept for future use.

→ Pudic authority: An institution or organization which has the power over the affairs of common people which Is vested in them through the constitution.

→ Transparency: Quality that makes things easy to understand and allows to see there is no corruption.

→ Legal Service: The help or service offered In matters of law.

→ Lok Adalat: People’s court = It Is an Act to constitute legal services authorities to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society

→ Domestic violence: Violence between the members of the same family, usually children, and women are the sufferers.

→ Civil cases: Cases Involving personal legal matters and not criminal, like marriage, divorce, partition, sale deeds, land disputes, etc.

→ Juvenile home: A home for the culprits of offenses who are young people and not adults (above 18 years of age is adult).

→ Autonomous: Able to govern itself or control Its own affairs (a country, a region, or an organization)

→ Prima fade: At first sight (based on what seems to be the truth when first seen or heard)

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 14 The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2 to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 14 The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2

→ The livelihood of most Russians was derived from agriculture and control over the land was the basic cause for the struggle between peasants and landlords.

→ On March 8th, 1917, around 10,000 women of the capital, St. Petersburg took procession demanding ‘Peace and Bread’. Many others joined them and Tsar abdicated the throne. It is called the “March Revolution”.

→ The Soviets under. Bolshevik leadership seized power and put an end to war and redistributed land and nationalized all factories, banks, etc. It is called November Revolution.

→ Gradually the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the USSR) was formed by 1924. After the death of Bolshevik leader, Lenin in 1924 Stalin used his undisputed power to build the economy of Russia.

→ Introduced Five Year Plans in 1928 and pursued twin policy of rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.

→ An extended schooling system was developed and full employment for all citizens and improvement of their standard of living substantially.

→ The USSR prided itself in escaping the impact of the Great Depression.

→ It has enormous centralization of power in the hands of the communist party and its leaders and denied ordinary democratic liberties to the citizens and done away with the opposition.

→ The USSR inspired people all over the world who were committed to the ideals of equality and national liberation.

→ Many others were also horrified by the elimination of opposition and denial of multiparty democracy and freedom in the USSR.

→ The Great Depression began around the end of 1929 and lasted almost till 1939.

→ In America, as many as 25% of people and nearly 33% in many other countries were unemployed.

→ JM Keynes argued that the state should invest funds and generate employment to revive the economy.

→ The President of the US, Franklin Roosevelt announced the ‘New Deal’ which promised Relief (to the victims of depression), Reform (of financial institutions), and Recovery (ensure economy).

→ The USA gave Germany loans in 1928 and its economy stabilized.

→ But as America was affected by Depression, the German economy was the worst hit by the Depression.

→ In such a situation, Nazi Party’s propaganda stirred hopes of a better future.

→ Hitler promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for the youth.

→ His rule established complete control over the economy, media, army, and judiciary.

→ He aimed at full production and full employment through a state-funded work-creation program.

→ He attacked Poland in 1939 which led to the breakout of the Second World War.

→ The tide of initial victories of Germany was turned back after the Battle of Stalingrad in early 1943 when German forces were defeated.

→ Hitler and his close associates committed suicide and Germany was divided into the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).

→ Second World War ended with America dropping atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and later United Nations Organisation was formed.

→ After the Second World War countries like India, Indonesia, Vietnam, etc. became independent from colonial rule.

→ Socialism: Economic system based on government control over the means of production, distribution, and exchange and operated for the welfare of people

→ Communism: Belief that of private ownership of land, factories, railways, banks, etc. should be replaced by public ownership

→ Revolution: The fundamental political change, overthrowing a government/ruler and substitute with other

→ Centralization: Giving the political power of a country to a group of people of power in one particular place

→ Bolshevik: A Russian Communist Party founded by Vladimir Lenin

→ Collectivization: Joining of several private farms, etc. together so that they are controlled by the government/community

→ Relief-Reform-Recovery: Roosevelt, the then President of the US announced the New Deal’ which promised Relief to the victims of depression Reform of financial institutions and steps to ensure economic Recovery by undertaking large public works.

→ Welfare state: A system by which government undertakes prime responsibility for the economic and social well-being of the population

→ Indoctrination: ForcIng somebody to accept a particular belief or set of beliefs and not allowing them to consider any others

→ Propaganda: Ideas that may be false but are used in order to gain support for a political leader/party

→ Racial Supremacy: Belief that some races are superior to the others

→ Tsar: Title of the pre-1917 rulers of Russia Russian Emperor

→ Feudalism: A social system in Europe in which people were given land and protection by a nobleman (Feudal Lord) and people had to work hard and fight for him.

→ Autocrat: A ruler with unrestricted authority

→ Bureaucracy: Too complicated system of official rules where a large number of officials are not elected.

→ Provisional: Government arranged for the present time only and likely government to be changed in the future

→ Aristocrat: A person belonging to the noble class (the best by birth)

→ liberals: People believing ¡n freedom from government restrictions on trade and liberty and holding with the constitutional rule

→ Soviets: The councils into which people began to organize themselves

→ Civil war: Internal war in a country

→ Collective farms: Pool of all the land iñ the village along with tools, machines, and animals

→ Great depression: A worldwide economic decline triggered by a decline in demand and fall in prices

→ Pauperization: Becoming a very poor person

→ Capitalism: Economic system based on private ownership of means of production, distribution, and exchange and operated for profits

→ Great depression: A worldwide economic decline triggered by a decline in demand and fall in prices

→ Pauperization: Becoming a very poor person

→ Capitalism: EconomIc system based on private ownership of means of production, distribution, and exchange and operated for profits

→ Concentration: Prison camps set up by the Nazis to contain those whose Camps oppose the Nazi regime

→ Enabling Act: Hitler was given all powers to sideline parliament and rule by decree

→ Gestapo: Secret State Police in Germany during Nazi regime

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 21 Social Movements in Our Times to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 21 Social Movements in Our Times

→ From 1950, an era of economic growth and prosperity for most of the countries was started.

→ Likewise from 1950 tensions were grown in many countries and sections of societies that had long been denied equal rights.

→ The American Civil Rights Movement fought for equal treatment of Afro – Americans against permitting segregation.

→ They boycotted discriminatory services like buses and schools.

→ They violated discriminatory laws peacefully.

→ On 28th August 1963, they conducted Washington March.

→ They demanded the passing of the bill, decent housing, the right to vote, and adequate integrated education.

→ Malcolm X and others were of the view that blacks needed a separate nation.

→ The USSR and other countries of Eastern Europe governments were constantly under fear of conspiracies to destabilize them and kept close control over all activities of people.

→ The 1970s and 1980s saw a new kind of movement – the movement against war and nuclear arms.

→ Thousands of scientists and intellectuals from across the world campaigned for abolishing all nuclear weapons and insisted that the USA and the USSR come to an agreement to end the Arms Race.

→ There was large-scale human destruction in Vietnam when the USA and France fought with her.

→ A treaty was signed in 1991 called Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) and removed 80% of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence by 2001.

→ During the last phase of the USSR, a major accident took place in its nuclear plant in Chernobyl which caused the death of a large number of its workers.

→ Worldwide economic and political changes since the 1990s, which go by the name of ‘Globalisation’ or ‘Neo-liberalism’ have deeply impacted the lives of the underprivileged and poor.

→ Greenpeace has taken up the impact of climate change across many countries.

→ The worst industrial disaster in the world, claiming thousands of lives and many more suffering to date was happened in Bhopal in 1984.

→ In the beginning, people were awestruck by the dams, the huge amounts of water it could store, the vast tracts it could irrigate, the amount of electricity it could generate, the floods and droughts it could prevent.

→ Later people began to question even the dam constructed if it accounted for all the expenditure and all the losses incurred in terms of forests and fields and villages

→ Narmada Bachao Andolan that organized people’s movement in the Narmada Valley against the dam.

→ There were anti-arrack movements in combined Andhra Pradesh and the movement of Manipuri women against special powers of the armed forces, which were aimed at social justice and human rights.

→ Civil Rights: The equality of status between groups and races.

→ Civil disobedience ‘: The refusal to obey laws, pay taxes, etc.

→ Segregation: Keep one thing away from the other.

→ Destabilize: To make a system, country or government, etc. become less firmly established or successful.

→ AntIwar: The section of a society which does not support the war.:

→ Draft age: The period during which Black Americans awaited the Implementation of the Civil Rights Act.

→ Weaponlsatlon: Making things set for the use of weapons.

→ RehabilitatIon: HelpIng the people to restore normalcy after they are affected by the way

→ CompensatIon: Money that is given to. winning side by the lost side as they had hurt it.

→ AntI – arrack: The movement led by women belonged to the poorest Movement, a section of society in Andhra Pradesh to ban toddy and arrack and later complete prohibition.

→ Democratic: Controlled by representatives who are elected by the people of the country.

→ Participatory: Taking part in an activity ‘or event.

→ Fascism: The Ideology of Benito Mussolini, which encouraged militarism and extreme nationalism and opposed democracy and liberalism in Italy.

→ Liberalism: PolitIcal views favoring progress, reform, and Individual freedom.

→ National Liberation: Movement run to free a country from the control of the Movement other.

→ Score: A group of twenty.

→ Nazism: The Ideology of Adolf Hitler, which encouraged building armed forces, regaining territories lost and against communism, hatred towards Jews In Germany.

→ Laotians The people of Laos.

→ Napalm bombs: Petrol/gas bombs.

→ Cold War: The state of military tension and diplomatic and political hostility between the USA and the USSR.

→ Globalization: DIfferent economies around the world are becoming connected.

→ SustaInable: Development which Is environmentally sustainable over-development long time and also just for all people.

→ Green peace: Movement to ensure the ability of the earth to nurture life In movement all Its dIversity

→ SSP: SardarSarovar Project.

→ Multipurpose dams: The river valley projects which serve the main functions like the supply of Irrigation water, generation of power, control of floods, development navigation, and fishery are generally described as multipurpose dams.

→ Environmental: Movements for protection of the natural environment and movement sustainability of It.

→ Movements of Women: Movements taken up by women against unequal treatment for equal rights and opportunities, personal safety, and Justice.

→ Movement of Women: Movement of Manipur women against the misuse Manipurl of Armed Forces Special Power Act by Indian Parliament In Manipur after Its merger agreement.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 10 Globalisation to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 10 Globalisation

→ Globalization is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.

→ It is a major change that occurred across the globe in the late 20th century

→ It has political, cultural as well as economic dimensions.

→ It has three implications like the flow of trade in goods and services, flow of labour, (migration of people in search of employment), and flow of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.

→ Globalization is not merely about the market, in fact, ideas are also being shared and expanded.

→ Multi-National Company is not only selling its finished products globally but more importantly, the goods and services are provided globally

→ The criteria for selecting a site for operations of MNCs are proximity to the markets, availability of skilled and unskilled labour at low costs, assured availability of other factors of production, government policies that protect their interests,

→ Foreign trade results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in different countries.

→ The flow of capital, people, technology is supposed to have created a borderless world

→ Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalization process.

→ The Indian government, after independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment.

→ Around 1991, the government decided that the time had come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe

→ Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as liberalization

→ World Trade Organisation with 150 member countries aimed at liberalization of International trade. (164 members as of 29th July 2016)

→ Globalization has benefited well-off consumers and also producers with skill, education, and wealth.

→ Thousands of small producers and workers have seen their employment and worker’s rights erode.

→ MNCs: Multi-National Company is a company that owns or controls production In more than oñe nation

→ Nation-State: An independent country, especil1y wheñ thought of as consisting of a single large group of people all sharing the same language, traditions, and history

→ Technology: (The study, and knowledge of) the practical, especially industrial, use of scientific discoveries

→ Foreign Investment: The money that MNCs spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines, and other equipment

→ Foreign trade: The foreign trade of a country consists of both exports and imports of goods and services

→ Liberalization: Removing the trade barriers or restrictions set by the government

→ Globalization: The process of rapid integration or Interconnection between countries

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 13 The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 13 The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1

→ The world was divided into the ‘West1, experiencing economic growth, and the ’Rest’, colonially exploited by the West.

→ The 20th century was a period of great expectations, experiments, and dangerous developments.

→ The 1st World War broke out in 1914 and ended in 1918; Second World War was from 1939 to 1945.

→ World War 1 had claimed 10 million men in battle.

→ In World War II, 22-25 million military deaths, 40-52 million civilian deaths occurred,

→ Two main power blocks emerged – the Centre and the Entente or Allies

→ Every World War is triggered by some immediate provocations and some long-term cause.

→ The Murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Serbian fanatic was an immediate provocation of World War I.

→ The immediate provocation for World War II was the German occupation of Poland over Danzing Port.

→ Long-term causes are aggressive nationalism, imperialism, secret alliances, militarism for World War I.

→ Aggressive nationalism is the ideology of having pride in oneself and hatred against neighbors.

→ Italian Fascism from 1923 and the National Socialism of German Nazis were the other forms of aggressive nationalism.

→ European countries needed markets for their products and access to raw materials – paved the way for colonization that is called Imperialism.

→ Instead of real peace, the secret alliances created an atmosphere of fear and armed peace in Europe.

→ Militarism is the belief that military might is the best way to ensure security and war is a good way to solve problems.

→ To weaken Germany, the Treaty of Versailles, after completion of the First World War, imposed territorial penalties and military cuts on it.

→ The Treaty of Versailles also set up the League of Nations to prevent wars in the future.

→ It failed to prevent Germany and Italy from violating agreements and attacking other countries.

→ Germany under Hitler avenged the injustice meted out to them through the Treaty of Versailles.

→ The Western capitalist countries feared the repetition of Communist Revolutions like Russia in their countries, made Hitler act as a buffer against Soviet Socialism-policy of Appeasement of Hitler’.

→ World Wars asserted democratic principles.

→ With the process of decolonization, after World War II, the colonies rose to independence in Asia and Africa are more than a hundred.

→ United Nations Organisation was formed based on preserving world peace, upholding human rights, respecting international law, and promoting social progress

→ Beginning with the confidence of being breadwinners, women began raising their voices for equality in all walks of life. Getting the right to vote was a big step in that direction.

→ Industrial capitalism: Free trade (1813-60) West European countries, tasted industrial revolution, made Asian and African countries as colonies and used as chief exporters of raw material and market for manufactured goods

→ Alliances: Groups of countries, political parties, or people who have agreed to work together because of shared interests or alms

→ Aggressive: The ideology of having pride In oneself and hatred against nationalism neighbors

→ Militarism: The ideology that the military might is the best way to ensure security and war is a good way to solve problems

→ Easclsm: The Ideology of Mussolini, encouraged militarism and extreme nationalism

→ Imperialism: The practice of extending state’s rule over other territories, colonizing them

→ Great depression: A great decline In trade and general prosperity worldwide (1929-39)

→ Holocaust: The killing of millions of Jews by the Nazis In the 1930s and 1940s.

→ Nazis: The workers of the National Socialist Party (Nazi) of Germany, under Hitler

→ Power block: A country with great military strength and a lot of influence in world affairs

→ Nation-state: The independent sovereign nation inhabited by people of that state only, as opposed to several nationalities

→ Diplomatic alliance: Forming a group in connection with managing relations between countries

→ Colonization: Industrialized state making territories as colonies using as markets for their products and cheap suppliers of raw materials

→ Diktat: An order given, that people must obey

→ Decolonization: Granting of independence to a colony = freeing from colonial status

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 3 Animals and their Food to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 3 Animals and their Food

→ Different types of animals that live in our surroundings have their own food habits. (Way of taking in food and type of food taken)

→ Sucking, licking, pecking, chewing, peeling, swallowing are all the ways by which animals take in their food.

→ Plants and animals are the main sources of food in our surroundings.

→ Each animal has its own style of getting food. They track down, collected, grab or hunt and then use various parts of their body to take food into the mouth finally.

→ To locate the food most animals use a wide range of senses – Smell, sight, hearing, taste, and touch.

→ Different parts may be used to take the same type of food.

→ Beaks of different birds are used to eat different types of food.

→ Leeches stick onto the skin and suck the blood of cattle as well as humans.

→ Frog gets its food by its sticky tongue.

→ Animals are divided into three types on the basis of their food. They are herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.

→ Dogs eat food by using their sharp teeth and tongue.

→ Wild animals like lions, tigers have strong legs to run, sharp claws to catch and sharp teeth to tear flesh.

→ The food chain is the connection between the animals on the basis of their food habits.

→ The food chain consists of feeding levels known as producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.

→ Any living thing that uses the energy of the sun to make its own food is a producer.

→ All animals are consumers because they do not make their own food.

→ The food chain describes how organisms get energy and nutrients by eating other organisms.

→ The food chain explains the interdependence of diverse organisms in nature.

→ The decomposers help in the cycling of materials between producers, consumers, and soil.

→ Several food chains in an ecosystem are interconnected to form a food web.

→ Many animals live in colonies. Ex: Elephants, ants, honey bees.

→ The ant colony consists of workers, soldiers, female and male ants.

→ Food habit: The way a person or group eats.

→ Carnivore: Carnivores are animals that only eat animals. Ex: Wolf, Tiger, Lion.

→ Herbivores: Herbivores are animals that only eat plants. Ex: Cow, Deer.

→ OmnIvores: Omnivores are animals that eat both plants and animals. Ex: Crow, Hen, Man.

→ Rumination: To bring back swallowed food into the mouth. Ex Cow, Buffalo, Camel.

→ Food chaIn: A food chain shows the feeding relationship between different organisms in a particular habitat.

→ Producers: Producers are organisms that make their own food. Ex Green plants.

→ Consumers: The organisms that eat other organisms for food are called “Consumers”. Ex Deer, Tiger, Lion.

→ Decomposers: Decomposers are an organism thät breakdown dead or decaying organisms’: Micro-Organisms (Bacteria, Fungi)

→ Food Web: A food web is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what eats what is in a habitat.

→ Pet animals: An animal that you keep in your home to give you company or pleasure. Ex: Dog, cat, etc.

→ TrackIng: The act or the process of following something or source one.

→ Beak: The hard-pointed part of a bird’s mouth.

→ Reptiles: The vertebrates (having vertebral column) that crawl or move on their belly or on short legs. Ex: Snake, Lizard.

→ Natural scavenger: An organism or animal that feeds on waste, dead organic matter. They keep their surroundings clean in this manner. Ex: Crow, Vultures, Fungi, Microorganisms.

→ Wild animals: Wild animal Is an animal that is not tame: and lives on its own. Ex: Crow, Wolf, Squirrel.

→ RearIng: To take care and support up to maturity is called rearing.

→ Journal: The organisms that are active mainly in the daytime. Ex: Cow, Sheep, Goat, Hen, Man

→ Nocturnal: The organisms that are active mainly in the nighttime. Ex: Owl, Bat, Lizard.

→ PestIcides: A pesticide Is a chemical or other substance that is used to kill or prevent pests. Ex: Glycol

→ Insecticides: Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. Ex: Malathion, Pyrethrum.

→ Colony: A group of organisms of the same type living or growing together.

→ Primary Consumers: A primary consumer is an organism that feeds on producers for energy. Ex: Deer, Cow, Goat.

→ Secondary consumers: A secondary consumer is an organism that feeds on primary consumers for energy. Ex: Hen, Wolf, Fox, Fish.

→ Tertiary Consumers: A tertiary consumer is an organism that feeds on secondary consumers for energy. Ex: Tiger, Lion

→ Pond skater: A small insect that floats on the water surface.

→ Pest: An organism that may cause illness and damages the food crops.

→ Nectar: A sugar fluid secreted within the flowers.

→ RumInants: The animals that bring up food from their stomach and chew it again. Ex Cow, Camel.

→ Hunting: Chasing and killing of wild animals by other wild animals for food. Ex Tiger, Lion.

→ Ecosystem: It is an area of living organisms along with the non-living components of their environment.

→ Aphids: The insect which feeds on plant juices.

→ Frugivorous Animals
These animals feed mostly on raw fruits, succulent fruits-like vegetables, roots, shoots, nuts, and seeds. Frugivore can be any type of herbivore or omnivore where the fruit is a preferred food type. Because approximately 20% of all mammalian herbivores eat fruit, frugivory is common among mammals

→ Natural Scavengers
Crows and vultures that live in our surroundings usually eat waste, rotten food material, dead animals, etc. They keep our surroundings clean in this manner.

→ Ruminants
Animals like cows, buffalo, camels, etc., chew food very quickly, swallow and store it in a part of their stomach. After some time they take food material back from the stomach to the mouth and chew it again. This process is called rumination. These animals are called ruminants.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 7 Let us Measure to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 7 Let us Measure

→ Foot space, hand space, cubit are conventional methods to measure the lengths.

→ The standard unit of length is Meter.

→ The smallest unit of length is centimeter/millimeter (cm/mm) and the larger unit of length is Meter / Kilometer (m/km).

→ The measurement of the extent of plane surface occupied by an object is Area.

→ A square centimeter (cm²) is a standard unit to measure the area of a surface.

→ Volume is a measurement of the extent of space occupied by an object.

→ The volume of solids is measured in cubic meters, cubic centimeters.

→ The volume of liquids is measured in liters or milliliters.

→ We need standard instruments to measure lengths accurately.

→ The area is a measure of the extent of the plane surface occupied by an object.

→ France made a certain length of rod made of special material of platinum-iridium called a meter.

→ The original scale is preserved in the museum of France.

→ In our daily life, we use different types of measurements like plain type roll type centimeter scale of different sizes made up of wood iron, and plastic.

→ While measuring the length of objects the zero point of scale should be consisting the starting of an object

→ The perimeter of the bucket and perimeters of Kadai is examples of curved surfaces

→ For measuring the volume of liquids in laboratories like milk and oil etc., they use measuring cylinders

→ The volume of the box is = Length × Breadth × Height

→ Measure:‘ The unit used to know the size and weight of an object

→ The standard unit of area: A level of quality

→ Volume: The extent of space occupied by a body

→ Regular Surface: A systematic area whose length and breadth can easily measure

→ Irregular Surface: An unsystematic, changeable area whose length and breadth cannot easily measure

→ Rectangular body: A plane figure with four straight sides and four right angles. with opposite sides are parallel and of equal length.

→ Measuring cylinder: A long hollow tube which is using to measure the volume of liquids and solids

→ Graph Paper: A paper with equal designs and used to measure the area of irregular surface bodies

→ Yard: The distance between nose and tip of the middle fingers

→ Area: The surface occupied by an object

→ Handspan: The gap between thumb line and little finger

→ Cubit: The length between elbow and tip of the middle finger

→ Tarragona: A famous rural game in ÆP. gilildanda (karrabilla)

→ Feet: 12 inches of length in feet

→ Scale: The universal unit to measure length and width

→ Meter: 100 cm length is a meter

→ “Live and Let Live”:
You must have noticed that the volumes of liquids are written ¡ri ml while those of solids are written in cm³. Do you know the relation between these two units? The two units are related as follows: 1 ml = 1 cm³

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 10 Basic Electric Circuits to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 10 Basic Electric Circuits

→ The cell is the source of electrical energy in a torchlight.

→ The cell has two terminals, (+) and (-).

→ Do not connect the two terminals of a cell with a single wire.

→ The bulb consists of a filament that gives light and two terminals.

→ A circuit consists of a cell (power source), a bulb, and connecting wires.

→ An electric circuit provides a complete path for electricity to flow between the cell and the bulb.

→ Electricity requires a closed path for it to flow.

→ A switch helps us to allow or break the flow of electricity in a circuit.

→ The flow of electricity in a circuit is called a current.

→ A torchlight consists of a cell, a bulb, and a switch.

→ Substances that allow the flow of electricity are known as conductors of electricity.

→ Substances that do not allow the flow of electricity are known as insulators.

→ The electric bulb was invented by Thomas Alva Edison.

→ Electricity: The flow of electrons is known as electricity.

→ Cell: Cell is the source of energy. An electric cell is a sort of container that produces electricity from the chemical stored inside it.

→ Bulb: An electric bulb is a device that produces light when electricity is passed through its terminals. There are different types of bulbs.

→ Fused bulb: A bulb is said to be fused if the filament gets broken. The fused bulb does not glow.

→ Terminals: The terminal is a point of connection for closing an electric circuit, Cell has two terminals ‘+’ and ‘-‘. The bulb also has two terminals ‘+‘ and ‘-‘.

→ Filament: The metal resistance wire inside a bulb that transfers electrical energy to light.

→ Switch: A device for making and breaking the connection in an electric circuit.

→ Circuit: An electrical circuit is a path in which electrons from a current source flow.

→ Conductor: The material which permits (allow) the electric current to pass through it.

→ Insulator: The material which resists the current to flow through them.

→ Tungsten: A type of metal used for making filaments.

→ LED bulb: LED stands for the light-emitting diode. It is an energy efficiency bulb.

→ Electric shock: A reflex response to the passage of electric current through the body.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 6 Fun with Magnets to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 6 Fun with Magnets

→ Lodestone is a natural magnet.

→ Man-made magnets are of different shapes i.e. bar magnets, horseshoe magnets, ring-type magnets, Disc magnets, cylindrical, etc.

→ The materials that are attracted by magnets are called magnetic materials. Ex: Iron, Steel, Cobalt, etc.

→ The materials that are not attracted by magnets are called non-magnetic materials. Ex: Glass, Wood, paper, etc,

→ A bar magnet always has two ends whose attracting capacity is more than the other parts of it. The poles of the magnet lie at these ends.

→ Each magnet has two magnetic poles: North and South.

→ Like Poles (N-N, S-S) repel each other and unlike poles (N-S, S-N) attract each other.

→ A freely suspended magnet always aligns in the North-South direction.

→ The directional property of magnets is used to make a magnetic compass.

→ The magnetic compass is an instrument that is used to find directions.

→ The magnetic property possessed by a magnetic substance due to the presence of a magnet near to it is called magnetic induction.

→ Magnets lose their properties if they are heated or dropped from a height or hit with a hammer or placed near cell phones, computers, DVDs.

→ Improper storage can also cause magnets to lose their properties.

→ We use various equipment with magnets in our day-to-day life such as Speakers, electric motors, door locks, pin holders, magnetic cranes-etc.

→ Electromagnetic trains work on the principle of electromagnetic levitation.

→ Magnet: any material capable of attracting iron and producing a magnetic field outside itself.

→ Magnetic materials: the materials that are attracted by magnets are called magnetic materials.

→ Non-magnetic materials: the materials that are not attracted by magnets are called non-magnetic materials.

→ North pole: End part of the freely suspended magnet that points towards north.

→ South pole: End part of the freely suspended magnet that points towards the south.

→ Magnetic compass: A compass that is used with a magnetized needle is called a magnetic compass.

→ Like poles: Same poles of two magnets, either N – N or S – S. They repel each other.

→ Unlike poles: Different poles of two magnets, either N – S or S – N. They attract each other.

→ AttractIon: a force by which things are pulled towards each other

→ Repulsion: a force under the influence of which objects tend to move away from each other

→ Magnetic induction: the process by which an object or material is magnetized by an external magnetic field.

→ Magnetic levitation: magnetic levitation is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields.

→ Poles: each of the two opposite points on the surface of a magnet at which magnetic forces are strongest.