Class 6

Telangana SCERT Class 6 English Solutions – TS 6th Class English Guide Study Material Telangana Pdf

TS 6th Class English Study Material Pdf Unit 1

• A. Peace and Harmony
• B. I Want Peace (Poem)
• C. Grand Contest in the Forest

TS 6th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 2

• A. Telangana, The Pride of the People
• B. In the Bazaars of Hyderabad (Poem)
• C. Bammera Pothana, the jewel of Telugu literature

6th Class English Guide Pdf Telangana Unit 3

• A. What Can a Dollar and Eleven Cents Do?
• B. A Nation’s Strength (Poem)
• C. Wilma Rudolph

6th Class English Guide Telangana Unit 4

• A. An Adventure
• B. The Naughty Boy (Poem)
• C. Tanaji Malusare

Telangana SCERT Class 6 English Solutions Unit 5

• A. Plant a Tree
• B. If a Tree Could Talk (Poem)
• C. Children, Speak Up!

TS 6th Class English Textbook Pdf Unit 6

• A. Rip Van Winkle
• B. My Shadow (Poem)
• C. Gulliver’s Travels

Unit 7

• A. P.T.Usha, the Golden Girl
• B. Indian Cricket Team (Poem)
• C. Ranji’s Wonderful Bat

Unit 8

• A. Half the Price
• B. The Sheik’s White Donkey

TS 6th Class Study Material

Telangana SCERT 6th Class Social Study Material Telangana 21th Lesson – Greenery in Telangana Textbook Questions and Answers.

Greenery in Telangana – TS 6th Class Social 21th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
Why is it necessary to increase the greenery in Telangana ?
Answer:

1. According to National Forest Policy of India to maintain ecological balance 33% of tree cover is necessary.
2. But in Telangana the present tree cover area is only 24%.
3. Due to this Telangana state receives very less rainfall and ground water level also reduces.
4. Total wildlife is in endangered position due to less greenery.
5. So it is necessary to increase the greenery.

Question 2.
What are the uses of forests ?
Answer:

1. If we grow more plants and trees, it will be useful in getting rainfall, improving the surface and ground water level.
2. Tanks and wells will be with full of water and so better irrigation’will be provided for agriculture.
3. Animals such as sheep, goats, cows will have abundant fodder.
4. Grasslands, green meadows will be available to these animals for grazing.
5. The pollution caused due to emissions from industries, vehicles and fossil fuel burning will be reduced. •
6. Forest produce like timber, bamboo, leaves for medicines and beedi leaves, fire wood, honey, fruits, nuts, etc. will be available from these forests.
7. Birds and wild animals will have a proper shelter and will not poach on to the habitations.

Question 3.
Suggest a few measures to protect the plants.
Answer:
Measures to protect the plants :

1. Use natural pesticides
2. Try Botanical insecticides
3. Provide shelter and warmth
4. Add some mulch
5. Water then daily
6. Plant more trees
7. Prevent excess deforestation

Question 4.
How are the trees on both sides of the roads helpful to us ?
Answer:

1. The trees on both sides of the roads in the city make greenery.
2. They provide us shelter.
3. They make temperature cool.
4. They prevent air pollution.
5. Abundant oxygen is supplied by taking carbondioxide.

Question 5.
Collect newspaper clippings, showing the news related to planting saplings and make an album.
Answer:
Plant saplings:

Note : Students can collect some more images.

Question 6.
How is Vanamahotsavam conducted recently in your locality ?
Answer:

1. Vanamahotsavam is being held in our country since 1950 during the first week of July.
2. We are residing in Bhupalpally. We have celebrated Vanamahotsavam 1st July.
3. Students, teachers, SMC members, president and some famous persons in our area, participated in this programme.
4. We selected non-greenery areas and plant trees like neem. kanuga, peepal. banyan, etc. on either side of roads.
5. After that we conducted a cultural programme on greenery.

Question 7.
Create a few slogans on afforestation.
Answer:

1. Save trees, Save the world, Save yourself.
2. Live green, Love green, n think green.
3. You want to smile, so let the Earth smile.
4. T.R.E.E.S : Treat Our Existing Ecosystem Sacredly.

I. Conceptual Understandings

Question 1.
How was Vanamahotsav programme held in your school ?
Answer:
It is our primary duty to take care of these plants. In my school Vanamahotsav programme was held on August 4th. For this programme my headmaster invite the local leader to participate in it. At first our H.M. Chief guest and other teachers gave their valuable speeches about importance of greenery.

After that they distributed each student one plant and make them to plant surroundings of my school. Remaining students went into my village and plant the saplings in open places. According to this programme we known very much about the importance of greenery.

Question 2.
Make a list of different saplings planted in your school.
Answer:
We have sappled the following plants in our school zone.

1. Bougenvellia
2. Jasmine
3. Marigold
4. Rose
5. Hybiscus
6. Peepal
7. Banyan
8. Neredu
9. Neem
10. Mango
11. Indian goosberry
12. Guava
13. Caster plants
14. Coconut
15. Ashoka
16. Eucalyptus
17. Survey plants
18. Subabul etc.

Question 3.
How can you say that increase in forest cover will help in high rainfall ?
Answer:

1. Increase forest may leads high rainfall to transportation by the plants / trees.
2. High transpiration into the atmosphere allows for the formation of clouds in that region and may lead to abundant rainfall and increasing oxygen levels.
3. The carbondioxide levels also will decrease in that area and reduce global warming affect.

Analysation:

Question 1.
Imagine the situations in your village / town or your region, if it is fully covered with trees and greenery.
Answer:
Due to the continuous efforts made our local leaders, now my village turned into self-sufficient in increasing plants and trees. The Vanamahotsav programme has been continuing for the last four years, we made our village full greenery and the village also involving in the waste lands and converted into parks. This greenery in our village gives us recreation and also habitat for various new animals surviving, it controls endangering of animals in our regions. It leads to increasing oxygen levels, agriculture works and heavy rainfall. Now our village has become a role model to all other surrounding villages and cities to bring awareness about the greenery importance in the people.

Discussion:

Question 1.
Discuss in the classroom, how the plantation has taken place in your locality.
Answer:
The ecofriendly technology method is insisted by the environmental scientist, nation leaders, state leaders as well as village leaders, we started the plantation programme in our city areAnswer:

Ours is a small school in our locality, my panchayat leaders, local MLA’s have conducted a weekend programme of increasing greenery in our village. Before that we all save trees save country campaign programme. Later our local leaders and our school principal have donated a plant a each student and asked them to plant in your house or near by areas and to take care of them, hence they have become trees. As we do this programme every year, the oxygen levels in the atmosphere will increase and carbondioxide levels will decrease. This helps in sustaining of life.

Question 2.
Discuss about the trees, gardens, parks available in your village / town or region,
Answer:
Ours is a small town and we have so many trees along the road side, and our leaders also have taken care of growing plants in our area and a few parts are created. Because of this our small town is cool in hot seasons when compared will surrounding towns and village. If we continue maintaining. This type of situations in every village. Global temperature will definitely come down and we can lead the happiest.

II. Learning and Thinking Questions for Examination Purpose

Question 1.
Where do Telangana lies ?
Answer:
Telangana lies between 15°46′ and 19°47! North latitude and 77°16’ and 81°43′ Eastern longitude. It is situated in the Deccan Plateau.

Question 2.
Write about NFPI (1988) ?
Answer:
According to National Forest Policy of India (1988) the total geographical area under tree cover should be a minimum of 33% to maintain environmental stability and ecological balance. It is very essential for the sustenance of all life forms, human beings and animals.

Question 3.
What are the two folds of Telangana massive plantation programme ?
Answer:

1. Initiatives in notified areas.
2. Initiatives in areas outside the notified.

Question 4.
Read the following para and answer the given questions.

Massive planting activities are taken up in areas such as road-side avenues, river and canal bank, barren hills, tank bunds and foreshore areas, schools and colleges, religious places, housing colonies, community lands, municipalities, industrial parks and farm lands, etc.

Question 1.
What activities are taken up ?
Answer:
Massive planting activities are taken up.

Question 2.
Name the areas that are related to students.
Answer:
Schools and colleges.

Question 5.
Read the following para and answer the given questions.

Medicinal plants like neem, tulsi, etc. Fruit and nut bearing like almonds, mango, j sapota, guava, custard apple, etc. Flowering plants like jasmine, marigold, rose.! gulmohar, etc and several other plants like silver oak, raavi. marri, neredu. etc. are! being planted in the above mentioned areas.

1. Name any medicinal plant.
Answer:
Neem/Tulasi.

2. Name the nut bearing plants.
Answer:
Almonds, mango, sapota, guava, custard apple etc.

Question 6.
Read the given para and comment on it.

Planting of saplings is a passion to many of us, but the problem is with regard to safeguarding and protecting of the plants. Normally, more saplings are planted, but not many of them are grown due to our own negligence.
Answer:
Now-a-days, on many oecassions many of us plantives, saplings and posting the photos in social mediAnswer: This become a great activity to many of us. And we feel it as our pride. But nobody takes care of them. Only a few saplings will grow to plants and then to trees. As the plants are main source of our livelyhood. we should not ignore their growth.

Question 7.
In Telangana the present tree cover area is only about 24%. Discuss the sensitivity in this issue ? *
Answer:

1. According to National Forest Policy of India (1988). the total geographical area under tree cover should be a minimum of 33% to maintain environmental stability and ecological balance.
2. But it is only 24% in Telangana.
3. This leads to many problems to the life in Telangana and India.
4. So steps to be taken to fill the gap between two percentages.

Question 8.
What are the uses of growing more plants and trees ? Write an essay.
Answer:
If we grow more plants and trees, it will be useful in getting rainfall, improving the surface and ground water level. Tanks arid wells will be with full of water and so better irrigation will be provided for agriculture. Animals such as sheep, goats, cows will have abundant fodder. Grasslands, green meadows will be available to these animals for grazing.

The pollution caused due to emissions from industries, vehicles and fossil fuel burning will be reduced. Forest produce like timber, bamboo, leaves for medicines and beedi leaves, fire wood, honey, fruits, nuts, etc. will be available from these forests. Birds and wild animals will have a proper shelter and will not poach on to the habitations.

Question 9.
Appreciate the Forest Man of India.
Answer:
The Forest Man of India :
Jadav Molai Payeng was a forest worker in Jorhat district of Assom. At the age of 16, he participated in the social forestry program in 1979 as a labourer in the project which continued for 5 years. After completion of the project, all the workers left but he continued to plant more trees on his own.

He planted and cared number of trees in an area of about 1360 acres over a period of 20 years on a sand bar of the river Brahmaputra. With his work, the whole place turned into a forest, called the Molai forest, after him. He is called as “the Forest Man of India” and awarded Padmashree, the fourth highest civilian honour in the country.

Question 10.
Name the programme of greenery in some other schools.
Answer:
Each one, Plant one.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
Can you think of the reasons for the condition in the first picture ?
Answer:

1. Due IO lack of rains the area has turned into desertification.
2. It also includes acid rains and usage of nuclear weapons
3. Excessive use of underground water created this situation.
4. Excessive use of bio-chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides, the land turned into barren.
5. Global warming is also main reason for this condition.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
With regard to your region compare the situations of the above pictures.
Answer:

1. I am living in Telangana area, naturally our area is upland area.
2. There are scarcity of rivers and rocky soil.
3. Cultivation is not possible due to lack of water.
4. So the first picture situation is also available in same parts of my area.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
What will we do to make our regions like the second picture ?
Answer:

1. We encourage afforestation and planting the saplings in the open places and even in dry waste lands.
2. We discourage afforestation and encourage tribal people to use alternate source for their fire wood.
3. In every function, in our region a new habit has inculcated among the people to give each and every couple a plant to develop greenery.

TS 6th Class Social 21th Lesson Notes – Greenery in Telangana

• Ecological balance : The ecological balance is the equilibrium between harmonious co-existence of organisms and their environment.
• Pollution : The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.
• Ground water level : It is a term that is used in a relatively loose way, normally referring to the level, either below ground or above ordnance datum at which soil or rock is saturated, (water table)
• Greenery : Green foliage, growing plants or vegetation.
• Predominently : Mainly, mostly, for the most part.
• Scanty : Small or insufficient in quantity or amount.
• Erratic : Not even or regular in pattern or movement, unpredicable,
• Scrub lands : it is a plant community characterised by vegetation dominated by vegetation dominated by shrubs.
• Degradation : The process by which something changes to a worse condition.
• Erosion : The process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the seAnswer:
• Massive : Large and heavy or solid.
• Prominent : Important, famous.
• Meadows : A piece of grassland, especially one used for hay.
• Emmissions : The production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation.
• Saplings : A young tree, especially one with a slender trunk.
• Intention : A thing intended, an aim or plan.
• Transformation : A marked change in form, nature or appearance.
• Desperate : Feeling or showing a hopeless sense that a situation is so bad as to be impossible to deal with.

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT 6th Class Social Study Material Telangana 20th Lesson –Sculptures and Buildings Textbook Questions and Answers.

Sculptures and Buildings – TS 6th Class Social 20th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
Why do you think Ashoka chose lions and bulls or his pillars rather than cows or parrots ? What animal would you have chosen if you were in his place ? Give reasons for your choice.
Answer:
The animals chosen by Ashoka are believed to symbolize different’ steps of Lord Buddha’s life.

• Elephant: The elephant represents the Buddha’s idea in reference to the dream of Queen Maya of a white elephant entering her womb.
• Bull : The bull represents desire during the life of the Buddha as a prince.
• Horse : The horse represents Buddha’s departure from palatial life.
• Lion : The lion represents the accomplishment of BuddhAnswer: If I were in his place 1 would have chosen Cows/Bulls, Dogs and Horses.

Reasons for my choice :

1. Cows are sacred.
2. Bulls do hardwork for us.
3. Dogs are our best friends.
4. Horses represent our strength.

Question 2.
Many stupas of Andhra Pradesh are on the banks of rivers (like Salihundam, Nagaijunakonda, Amaravati, etc). Why do you think the monks selected these places to build stupas?
Answer:
The civilizations are flourished on the banks of rivers. Many people settled there. The monks received donations from the people to construct stupas. The stupas are also should be visited by people to offer prayers. Any religion can come into wide practice if it receives the affection of people and support of the kings. So these are plenty near the banks of the rivers. So they constructed stupas near banks.

Question 3.
Look at the sculpture showing the calming of the elephant. Who are the people watching the event from a height ?
Answer:
These people were Queen and her servants.

Question 4.
Why do you think only the rock cut viharas and chaityas have survived till today ?
Answer:
a) Viharas:

1. Viharas were the monasteries or living places of Buddhist monks where religious education was imparted.
2. A vihara usually had small rooms around an open courtyard and had a small shrine containing a stupa or an image of the Buddha at one end.
3. This shrine was called a chaitya which was also a prayer hall for monks. There are cave viharas excavated on hill sides like in Nashik and Karle. The other viharas were built with brick or stone blocks like in Takshasila, Nagarjunakonda and Nalanda which became great place of learnings. Viharas were made of rock using chisel and hammer, so they were survived till today.

b) Chaityas:

1. Traders, artisans and kings of the time of the Satavahanas donated generally to build a unique kind of chaityas and viharas in several places in Maharashtra like Karie, Bhaja, Kamheri and Nashik.
2. These were built like caves on hill sides. Stone workers usipg chisel and hammer carved living rocks and reproduced structures which carpenters and wood workers had made.
3. They made large prayer halls, stupas and small rooms for monks – all in the rock. So they were also survived and had attracted the pilgrims from other countries.

Question 5.
Compare the features of a Chaitya and a temple. Do you think the mode of worship in a Chaitya and a temple would be different ?
Answer:

1. The temple was the greatest socio-religious institution created in ancient IndiAnswer: The whole South India is dotted with temples. Tamil Nadu alone has more than 30,000 temples. Chaitya was a prayer hall for the monks.
2. The temple was not merely a peace of worship, it was also the hub of the social, religious, cultural, economic and political life of the community. Chaityas were the great places of learning.
3. The temple was conceived as a place not only for worship, but as a centre of learning also.
   Apart from imparting education in chaityas and viharas monks were als.o treating the physical ailments of people.
4. The temple was a great seat of intercourse. The life of man from the cradle to the grave was wrapped in rituals and ceremonies to be performed in temple. Buddhist monks taught Buddhist scriptures to disciples.
5. Temples were served as Ghatikas and enjoyed patronage of wealthy merchants
   and ruling prince. Ordinary women-men, farmers, traders, soldiers and artisans made liberal donations for chaityas. .
6. The Gopuram tower acted as a beacon or pointer for the location of village, acting like a light house during the night. They also maintain hospitals and made provisions for medicines.

In chaityas we can see simple structure – a small room, Mandapa, Shikara, etc..

Question 6.
Why are the Buddhist Stupas and Chaityas are sacred ?
Answer:

1. Buddhist Stupas and Chaityas are considered to be sacred.
2. In the centre of the stupa, relics of Buddha or other important monks were buried.
3. That is why it is considered to be sacred.
4. Pilgrims worship the stupa by offering flowers, etc. and going around it in pradakshina and meditating in front of it.
5. Chaitya is a small shrine (in viharas) containing a stupa or an image of Buddha and is used as prayer hall for monks.
6. That is why it is also considered to be sacred.

Question 7.
How did the Buddhist monks probably use the Viharas and Chaityas ?
Answer:

1. Viharas were the monasteries or living places of Buddhist monks where religious education was imparted.
2. A vihara usually had small rooms around an open courtyard and had a small shrine containing a stupa or an image of the Buddha at one end.
3. In viharas, monks taught Buddhist scriptures to disciples.
4. Apart from imparting education in viharas, monks were also treating the physical ailments of people.
5. ‘Ordinary men and women, farmers, soldiers and artisans made liberal donations for building and expenses of viharas.
6. Traders, artisans and kings of the time donated generally to build a unique kind of chaityas and viharas.

Question 8.
Locate Buddhist and Jain sites on the outline map of TelanganAnswer:
Answer:
Nelakondapalli – Khammam District

Question 9.
Read the first para of Text Page : 170 (178) (Vihara’s were the for the monks) and comment on it.
Answer:
Viharas were the monasteries or living places of Buddhist monks where religious education vyas imparted..A vihara usually had small rooms around an open courtyard, and had a small shrine containing a stupa or an image of the Buddha at one end. This shrine was called a chaitya, which was also a prayer hall for the monks.
Answer:
Viharas were the Buddhist monasteries. Buddhist religious teaching were taught there. These viharas had small rooms and a ‘Chait.ya’ (stupa) with a open court yard. These were used for both education and prayers. Mostly the wandering monks used to stay here for several months for education. These play a key role in spreading the Buddhism.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
Do you feel that the lions in Sarnath Lion Capital look natural or do they look artificially posing for the sculpture ?
Answer:
I feel that the lions look natural. These four majestic lions facing the four directions hold on their head the wheel of DharmAnswer: These pillars and the lion capital represent the power and majesty of the Mauryan Emperor.

Question 2.
Mention the structural details of Nagaijunakonda Stupa.
Answer:

1. The Nagarjunakonda Stupa is one of the famous Buddhist stupas.
2. It was the capital city of Ikshvaku kings.
3. It was on the bank of the Krishna river.
4. Vijayapuri had a large number of Stupas, Viharas and palaces.
5. It also had a beautifully designed ampitheatre and ghats leading to the river.
6. Unfortunately today the entire city lies under water – submerged in the Nagarjuna- sagar dam.
7. A large number of sculptures and other remains have been removed and kept in a museum nearby.
8. These sculpture panels represent the earliest sculptural activity in South India.

Question 3.
Explain earliest surviving stone temples at Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh.
Answer:
This is a very simple structure, with just a small room (called garbhagriha) in which the idol of the Buddha was kept, and a small open porch or mandapa with no walls but only pillars. The door and the pillars are beautifully carved. However, the temple has a flat roof without any tower or shikhara on it. This was built around 1600 years ago.

Question 4.
What did Hu-en-Tsang and others describe about “Nalanda”?
Answer:
Hu-En-Tsang and others Chinese pilgrims spent time studying in Nalanda (Bihar) the most famous Buddhist monastery of the period. This is how he describes it:

“The teachers are men of the highest ability and talent. They follow the teachings of the Buddha in all sincerity. The rulers of the monastery are strict, and everyone has to follow them. Discussions are held throughout the day, and the old and the young , mutually help one another. Learned men from different cities come here to clear their doubts. The gate keeper asks new entrants difficult questions. They are allowed to enter only after they have to answered them. Seven or eight out Of every ten are not able to answer.”

Question 5.
Look ait the sculpture panel from Kanaganahalli and identify the features that distinguish the king from other people.
Answer:
The king has a turban like crown on his head. He has some ear rings and some metal ornaments around his wrist and hands. He has some mark of ‘Vibhudhi’ or ‘Tilak’ on his forehead. There is a ‘belt’ like thing around his neck and chest. No other person in the picture has such things.

Question 6.
What are the salient features of ‘Harappan culture’ ?
Answer:

1. ‘Harappan culture or ‘Indus Valley civilisation progressed in the plains watered by river Indus and its tributaries.
2. It was predominantly city cultured i.e. people do not depend on agriculture or hunting gathering for livelihoods.
3. Buildings here were of baked bricks of standard size and shape.’
4. They used seals and weights and a pictographic language.
5. They developed an organised drainage system.
6. They used objects made of different kinds of metals like copper, silver, tin etc. and bronze.
7. They prayed Mother Goddess, Pashupati, etc.
8. They organised rituals society as a whole.

Question 7.
Do you think Telangana was a part of the Harappan culture ? Would the people living in Telangana have known about the Harappan people ? How ?
Answer:

1. I don’t think Telangana was a part of the Harappan culture.
2. It was not drained by either Indus or its tributaries.
3. The people living in Telangana might have known about Harappan culture.
4. There were trade relations between Northern and Southern parts-of India from ancient times.
5. This might have made them to know about the Harappan culture.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Can you compare a stupa with a temple and tell what the similarities and the differences are between them and how people worship in them?
Temples are the greatest socio-religious institutions created in ancient indiAnswer: The whole of South India is dotted with temples. The following are the differences between stupa and temple.

Similarities:

1. Both of them represent the universe and worship the god.
2. Both of them play a major role in the economic life of the community.

Question 2.
Why did the Stupa of Amaravathi in Guntur district become ‘famous among other Stupas?
Answer:

1. Amaravati Stupa in Guntur district is the most famous one in Andhra Pradesh.
2. This was built during the rule of Satavahanas about 1900 years ago.
3. The flying figures on the top of the stupa are supposed to be gods from heavens who came to worship the BuddhAnswer:
4. At the bottom, you can see some men and women also bowing down and worshipping.
5. We can also see the four lions on the gateway.
6. Today, the Amaravathi stupa is just a mound of rubble.
7. All that we have to imagine is how this great stupa was with the help of the panels which show us how it must have looked 1900 years ago.
8. As you can see from the picture the stupa was covered with panels of sculptures depicting the Buddha and his teachings.
9. These panels were found by the British and were taken away by them to London.
10. Some of the panels that could not’be transported werekept in Madras museum.

III. Information Skills

1. Read the following passage.
Traders, artisans and kings of the time of the Satavahanas donated generously to build unique kinds of chaityas and viharas in several places in Maharashtra like Karle, Bhaja, Kanheri and Nasik. These were built like caves on hill sides. Stone workers, carved rocks and reproduced the structures made by the carpenters with wood. They made large prayer halls, stupas and small rooms for monks – all made in rock.They also carved beautiful images of people and animals and some times of the Buddha The Karle Chaitya was built about 2100 years ago.

Answer the following questions:
1) Who donated generously to build a unique kind of chaityas and viharas ?
Answer:
Traders, artisans and kings of the time Satavahanas donated generously to build a unique kind of chaityas and viharas.

2) Name the chaityas and viharas in MaharashtrAnswer:
Answer:
Karle, Bhaja, Kanheri and Nasik.

3) What did the Stone workers use to carve living rocks ?
Answer:
Chisel and hammer.

4) What did they make with the rock?
Answer:
They made large prayer halls, stupas and small rooms for monks.

5) When was Karle Chaitya built ?
Answer:
It was built about 2100 years ago.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
Who were the Chinese pilgrims attracted by the monasteries ?
Answer:
Chinese pilgrims Fa-hi-an, Itsing and Hu-En-Tsang came to visit places associated with the life of Buddha as well as famous monasteries.
Pilgrims were the people who took up journeys to holy places to offer worship. Hu-En-Tsang and others spent time studying in Nalanda (Bihar) the most famous • monastery of the period.

Question 2.
Explain the sculpture panels of Nagaijunakonda and Amaravathi.
Answer:
Introduction : As time went on sculptors started making large and complete figures instead of just the reliefs. Large statues of the Buddha tried to give people an idea of the peaceful, calm and serene personality of the BuddhAnswer: The most famous sculptures of the Buddha come from Gandhara in the Northwest, Mathura and Saranath in Uttar Pradesh. We also can see some of these sclptures in NagarjunakondAnswer: These sculpture panels represent the earliest sculptural acitivity in South India You can get a glimpse of people of those times from them.

1. Nagarjuna Konda Stupa was the part of Vijayapuri, the capital city of Ikshavaku kings. It was on the banks of the Krishna river. Vijayapuri, had a large number of stupas and viharas and palaces.
2. Amaravati Stupa in Guntur district is the most famous one in Andhra Pradesh. This was built during the rule of Satavahanas about 1900 years ago. The flying figures of Stupa are supported to be gods from heavens who came to worship the Buddha

Question 3.
Where did the archaeologists find remains of stupas ?
Answer:
Archaeologists have found remains of stupas from very early times in several places of Andhra Pradesh like Amaravati, Bhattiprolu, Ramatirtham, Salihundam etc. At Bhattiprolu stupa was found a crystal casket containing of the relics of the BuddhAnswer: Amaravati Stupa in Guntur district, Nagarjunakonda Stupa at Vijayapuri are the most famous stupas in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 4.
Observe the dresses of men and women in the sculptures and draw them in a notebook. How are they different from the dresses we wear today ?
Answer:
They wore tight, short clothes to cover their lower body. But today we wear clothes to cover our full body.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivitve

Question 1.
Explain the meanings of stupa.
Answer:
The stupa has many meanings. It is supposed to represent the BuddhAnswer: At the same time it is believed that the dome of the stupa represents the universe with the central pillar being the axis around which everything revolves and which connects the world below, the earth and the heavens. Pilgrims worship the stupa by offering flowers etc., and going round it in pradakshina and meditating in front of it.

Project:

Question 1.
Visit a place of worship in your village or town and draw a sketch of the structure. – Try to get the name of each part, its meaning and use. Prepare a report about this place of worship and conduct an exhibition in your class.
Answer:
Student’s Self Exercise.

TS 6th Class Social 20th Lesson Notes – Sculptures and Buildings

• Chaitya : A Buddhist hall containing a stupa as the object of veneration. It is the prayer hall for the monks.
• Vihara : It was the residence of Buddhist / Jain monks. These are the monasteries or living places of Buddhist monks where religious education was imparted. Relics : Relics are remains of body like teeth, bone, hair etc.
• Monks : Members of a religious group of men who often live apart from other
  people in a monastery and who don’t marry or have personal possessions.
• Stupa : A Stupa is built on a platform. In the centre of a stupa were buried reljcs of the Buddha or important monks. It is usally surrounded by a stone fence with decorated gateways.
• Monastery: It is a building in which Buddhist monks live together.
• Sculpture : A work of art that is solid figure or object made by carving or shaping wood, stone, clay, metal etc.
• Brahmi : It is the script used by AshokAnswer: Most of the scripts we use in India are in Brahmi script.
• Script : A written text of a play, film/movie, broadcast, talk etc.
• Pilgrims : Pilgrims are the people who take up journeys to holy places to offer worship.

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT 6th Class Social Study Material Telangana 19th Lesson – Language, Writing and Great Books Textbook Questions and Answers.

Language, Writing and Great Books – TS 6th Class Social 18th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
What is the importance of languages ?
Answer:
Language has become so much a part of our lives that we seldom stop to think about it. We think and understand with the help of language.
The importance of language :

1. First of all we use language to help us to organise and plan our own work.
2. Secondly we use language to attract the attention of others and also ask them to do
   something on the other. .
3. Thirdly, we use language to create new things and just to have fun.
4. Fourthly, we try to understand the world around us with the help of language.
5. Fifthly, we use language to tell others about what we feel and experience.
6. Language has helped people to pass to their children information about what they saw, what they learnt and what they felt.
7. Language brings together people who are far away from each other.

Question 2.
How can you say that Aryabhatta was the father of Astronomy ?
Answer:
Many people felt that the stars, planets sun and moon contained secrets about the entire universe and we should understand them better by observing them more carefully calculating their movements. One such person was Aryabhatta who wrote his book called Aryabhattiyam in which he said that the earth rotates causing day and night and that actually the sun did not go around the earth people did not agree with him in those days.

Question 3.
Differentiate between Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita.
Answer:

1. In earlier times there were many people who studied why people fell ill, and how they can be cursed how people hurt in wars could be healed.
2. They collected herbs and other things and prepared medicines and 4Tso wrote about these medicines and how to lead healthy lives.

Question 4.
Mention a few inventions in Mathematics.
Answer:

1. Our ancestors were fascinated by the heavenly bodies like the sun and moon, the stars and the planets.
2. They observed them day after day and noted the things in the sky kept changing over time. *
3. They noted all these carefully and found out that the skies had two or three distinct kind of bodies.
4. Aryabhatta wrote his book called Aryabhattiyam in which he said that the earth rotates causing day and night and that actually the sun didn’t go around the earth.
5. Aryabhatta and another mathematicians of ancient India also adopted the decimal system of numbers and place value system writing numbers the way we do today.

Question 5.
Look at a currency note and write down the different scripts on them. Identify the language. Is the same script used for different languages ? Which are they ?
Answer:
Different languages written or printed on,the currency note are 15.

1. Assamese,
2. Bengali,
3. Gujarati,
4. Kannada,
5. Kashmiri,
6. Konkani,
7. Malayalam,
8. Marathi,
9. Maithili,
10. Oriya,
11. Punjabi,
12. Sanskrit,
13. Tamil,
14. Telugu
15. Urdu.

Apart from these Hindi is also printed. Different languages using same script are
a) Assamese, Bengali,
b) Hindi, Sanskrit, Konkani, Marathi, Maithili
c) Kashmiri, Urdu.

Question 6.
Refer to any general knowledge book, list out and tabulate five great books in Telugu language and other languages.
Answer:

Question 7.
How did the work done in various fields by the ancient Indian scientists inspire the present time scientists ?

1. The work done in various fields by the ancient Indian scientists inspired the present time scientists in many ways.
2. The books of Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Sainhita laid foundations for. Ayurveda and many scientists are working in the field.
3. Books on astronomy and mathematics by Aryabhatta, Varahamihira, etc. are of great help to present day scientists for their inventions.
4. Apart from these there are many inventions in botany, physical science, organic and inorganic chemistry at present, vow their roots to ancient Indian scientists works.

Question 8.
Locate the following in the map India.
a) Bihar
b) Tamil Nadu
c) Uttar Pradesh
d) Maharashtra
e) West Bengal
Answer:

Question 9.
Read the para under the title The great Epics’ of page 146 (165) and comment on it.
Epics are deeds of heroic and legendary figures. They describe conflicts between good and evil, dharma ’ and ‘adharmaEvery country has its own epics and in India, we have two important epics – the Rarnayana and the Mahabharata. The Ramayana is the story of Rama and Sita and the fight between Rama and Ravana. The Ramayana tries to portray an ideal human being – an ideal son, an ideal wife, an ideal brother, an ideal ruler etc. This epic, composed by Valmiki, is considered to be the first Kavya in Sanskrit literature. Initially, it was recited orally by wandering preachers and later on edited and written down.
Answer:
The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are the two great epics of our country. The Ramayana is the very soul of IndiAnswer:It is a complete guide to God realization, the path of nighteousness. The ideas of man are beautifully portrayed in it. Sage Valmiki wrote Ramayana

The Mahabharata was written by famous sage Vedavyas. This epic talks about the importance of following one’s assigned duties in life. It is a brilliant portrayal of ancient politics. It also tells us about the Lord Krishna.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
What is the Indo Aryan family ?
Answer:
There is another language family in India called the Indo – Aryan family. The famous languages of this family are Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi etc. There are some other language families in IndiAnswer:As people travelled and mixed with each other their languages too mixed with each other and people adopted several words from each other’s languages. Thus in Teiugu today uses many words taken from Sanskrit, Marathi, Arabic, Persian and English.

Question 2.
Write about Sangam literature in Tamil.
Answer:

1. Sangam refers to the assembly of scholars and poets in Madurai, the capital of the Pandyas.
2. Tamil was the language that was spoken in a large part of South India in the early days.
3. Sangam literature is a collection of poems composed by a large number of poets and poetesses.
4. They write about heroes who bravely fought wars in defence of their tribes, about the love of brave heroes and beautiful girls, about the beauty of the landscapes and seasons and their effect on human beings.
5. This Sangam literature refers to the history and culture of ancient kingdoms of Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas.

Question 3.
Narrate the two great Epics – Ramayana and Mahabharata,
Answer:
Epics are deeds of great heroes and heroines. They describe conflicts between heroes and evil forces. Every country lias its epic and in India we have two important epics – Ramayana and MahabharatAnswer:Ramayana is the story of Rama and Sita and the fight between Rama and Ravan who had carried off Sita to LankAnswer:This epic is considered the first kavya in Sanskrit literature and composed by Vaimiki. Initially it was related orally by wandering preachers and later on edited and written down.

Mahabharata is the story of the conflict between two sets of cousins (Kauravas and Pandavas) over who should rule the kingdom, ft finally ended in a great war which was won by Pandavas with the help of Krishna. It is one of the largest poems in the world and contains hundreds of small stories. This was composed by Vyasa and again recited orally by wandering story tellers and eventually written down.

Question 4.
What did the people write it on ?
Answer:

1. In the beginning people probably wrote on cloth, leaves, barks, etc. which decayed and got destroyed with time.
2. Some people even wrote on pots by scratching on them.
3. Some of these pots have survived.
4. However, the earliest waiting of a long text that Has survived to our own time in Ashoka’s inscriptions which were engraved on rocks or stone pillars.
5. In many parts of South India people wrote on palm leaves which were cut to a definite size.
6. They used a pin like pen to scratch on the dried leaf and coloured it with black ink.
7. In North India they used the barks of Bhoja trees which grew in the Himalayas.
8. These barks peeled off just like paper and one could easily write on them using ink. In those days paper was not in use.

Question 5.
What are the different types of scripts mentioned in this lesson ?
Answer:

1. We write and read languages with the help of scripts.
2. We use many kinds of scripts. We use a) Roman script b) Devanagari script c) Arabic script d) Telugu script and e) Tamil script.
3. Actually it took human beings thousands of years to develop scripts like the ones we use today.
4. In the beginning they just drew pictures instead of writing. To say that goat is running they would make a picture of a goat and another picture of two running legs.
5. Slowly the scripts as we know them developed.
6. Four thousand years ago the people of Indus Valley used scripts, but we don’t know how to read them.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
Why are there so many languages ?
Answer:

1. Language is developed by a group of people living together. They decide to call the drink that quenches their thirst as water.
2. Another group of people who may be living far away from the first group may decide to call the same drink as NEELLU. Another group may call it as THANNI.
3. They mean the same but they use different sounds or symbols for it.
4. That is why people developed different languages such as English, Sanskrit, Persian, Chinese, Swahili, Hindi, Telugu etc.
5. Often it also happened that one group of people who spoke a language got separated into different sub groups and each group in turn developed different languages based on the old language.
6. We say that all these languages belong to one family.
7. Thus, originally a group of people spoke a language which today we call early Dravidian.
8. When the people who spoke this language began to live in distant places and mixed with other people, they developed new languages.
9. Among them are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, gondi etc. These are today mainly spoken in South India.

Question 2.
Explain about oral literature.
Answer:

1. Many of stories were not written down but told by one generation to another generation to another just like our parents told us. These are called oral literature.
2. That is literature which has been passed from mouth to mouth.
3. This was the earliest form of literature.
4. The earliest people composed poems, songs and stories and told them to their children who in turn told their children.
5. They also passed on their understanding of the world through sayings and proverbs which too were similarly taught.

Question 3.
Why were Jataka tales delightful stories which we may like to read ?
Answer:
Gautama Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. His followers wrote many stories about these births of Buddha and compiled them in the form of Jataka stories. These are delightful stories which we may like to read. These too were collected and written down around 1600-1800 years ago.

III. Information Skills

1. Read the following passage and answer the following questions.

Historians believe that even though these epics were composed much earlier they were given their final form about 1600 years ago.
You had read about Gautama Buddha in an earlier lesson. His followers believed that he had been born several times earlier to preach dharma to fellow human beings and animals.They wrote many stories about Buddha’s previous births and compiled them in the form of Jataka stories. These are delightful stories, which you might enjoy reading. These too were collected and written down around 1600-1800 years ago.

Anwer the following questions :

1) When were the epics given final form ?
Answer:
They were given their final form about 1600 years ago.

2) Who was the founder of Buddhism ?
Answer:
Gautama Buddha was the founder of Buddhism.

3) What was the belief of Buddha’s followers ?
Answer:
His followers, believed that he had taken several births earlier to preach dharma to fellow human beings and animals. .

4) When were Jataka tales written down ?
Answer:
Jataka stories were collected and written down around 1600-1800 years ago.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
What was the Buddha trying to teach sorrowful mother ? (By the story of KisagotamJ)
Answer:

1. Once there was a woman named Kisagotami, whose son had died.
2. She was so sad that she roamed through the streets of the city carrying the child with her asking for help to bring him back to life.
3. A kind man took her to BuddhAnswer:Then Buddha asked her to bring him a handful of mustard seeds, and he will bring her child back to life.
   4) He also said the seeds must come from the, house of a family where nobody has died. ‘
   5) She couldn’t bring seeds any where.
   6) She returned with sad. Then Buddha taught her death is common thing as birth. No one can escape from dfeath. Man is mortal.

Question 2.
Why is Ramayana considered the first Kavya ?
Answer:

1. Every country has its epic and in India we have two important epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.
2. Ramayana is the story of Rama and Sita and the fight between Rama and Ravan who had carried off Sita to Lanka.
3. This epic is considered the first Kavya in Sanskrit literature.
4. And it was composed by Valmiki.
5. Initially it was related orally by wandering preachers and later on edited and written down.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
Explain, how human beings were developed scripts like the ones we use today?
Answer:
In the beginning they just drew pictures instead of writing. To say that the goat is ‘ running, they would make a picture of a goat and another picture of two running legs! Slowly the scripts as we know them developed. Four thousand years ago the people of Indus Valley used scripts, but we don’t’know how to read them.
मेरा नाम रघु – Hindi
నా పేరు రఘు – Telugu

Project:

Question 1.
Listen to different languages on TV or radio and try to think of the similarities and differences.
Answer:
Student’s Self Exercise.

TS 6th Class Social 19th Lesson Notes – Language, Writing and Great Books

• Epic – Epics are deeds of great heroes and heroines. They describe conflicts between heroes and evil forces. Every country has its epic and in India we have two important epics – Ramayana and Mahabharata.
• inscription – a thing inscribed, as on a monumental or in a book.
• Ayurveda – Ayurveda is a type of traditional Hindu medicine that treats illness using a combination of foods, herbs and breathing exercises.
• Sangam Literature – Sangam literature is a collection of poems composed by a large number of poets and poetesses. They write about heroes who bravely fought was indefence of their tribes.
• Decimal system – It is based on or counted in tens or tenths etc.
• Language – The system of communication in speech and writing that is used by people of particular country or area.

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT 6th Class Social Study Material Telangana 18th Lesson – Devotion and Love towards God Textbook Questions and Answers.

Devotion and Love towards God – TS 6th Class Social 18th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
Imagine a discussion between a Buddhist monk and a hunter – gatherer and how they learnt from each other. Write a short dialogue between them.
Answer:
Buddhist Monk : Buddham Saranam Gachchami
Dharmam Saranami
Saranam Gachchami

Hunter-gatherer : Sami, move aside, I have to hit that bird.

B.M : No man, it is sin. You should not do such‘himsa’.

H.G : Then how can we get our daily food ? Some birds and animals are born for our food. And it is my

B.M : The God gave us many plants, fruits, vegetables and grains for our food. So we should not kill them. Even though, they cannot express their feelings, they curse us in their thoughts.

H.G : Let them curse. Nothing will happen to us. Leave me Sami, let me do my work. B.M : Let me complete my son. We believe in one universal rule – “what we sow, so we reap.” If we do harm to others, in return we have to receive it in double. So don’t kill them. Let them be happy in the nature. Then you will be happy in the world.

H.G : Is it true Sami ? Oh! I am doing mistakes for all these years. How can I come out from this ?

B.M : Your repentance is enough. Say the three jewels
Buddham Saranam Gachchami
Dharmam Saranam Gachchami
Sangham Saranam Gachchami
Every sin will be vanished: But remember one thing, repeating the mistakes is not good for you.

H.G : No Sami, I will never do it again. I will work in some other field and feed my family. Namaste Sami Namaste.
Buddham Saranam Gachchami
Dharmam Saranam Gachchami
Sangham Saranam Gachchami
In this conversation the Buddhist monk learnt that ‘need’ leads the human behaviour. Hunter-gatherer learnt that ‘one should bear one’s sins.’

Question 2.
Can you see any similarities and differences between the early and the Vedic reli¬gion ?
Answer:
Similarities:

1. Both religions believed in rebirth.
2. Both worshipped dead ancestors.
3. Both believed in one supreme God.
4. Both worshipped animals and plants.
5. Both performed idol worship.

Question 3.
In what ways were the early Bhagavata and Shaiva thinking different from that of the Buddhists and Jains ?
Answer:

1. Buddhists or Jains or Upanishadic thinkers did not emphasise worship of any god as the road to salvation or mokshAnswer:
2. They advocated meditation, abandoning desires or purifying oneself through penance etc.
3. But the Bhagavatas believed that intense devotion and worship of Vishnu alone could relieve us from all problems and would lead to salvation.
4. They thought that yagnas or giving alms to Brahmins etc., or even reciting the Vedas was not necessary. They built temples and worshipped images of KrishnAnswer:
5. Shaivas too built small temples with images of Shiva or a lingam. Some people also worshipped goddess Durga in the same manner.
6. Even as Vishnu or Shiva or Durga was being worshipped as Supreme God, the Buddhists and Jainas also began worshipping the Buddha and the Tirthankaras.
7. They made beautiful images of the Buddha and the Tirthankaras and set them up in stupas or temples called Chaityas. Eg : Amaravati, Nagarjuna Konda,Phanigiri and Nelakondapalli.
8. Even though Buddha or Mahavira did not claim to be gods, they began to be treated as supreme god’s representatives by now.

Question 4.
Discuss how the Puranas helped in bringing together different religious practices in the country.
Answer:

1. The stories about Vishnu or Shiva were written down as Puranas.
2. These Puranas, besides combining various religious traditions also extolled one or the other god as the Supreme God who was all powerful, all knowing etc.
3. They advocated worshipping of the God as the easy way to solve one’s problems and attain salvation.

Question 5.
Can you point out the most important difference between the early beliefs and the beliefs of the Bhaktas of Tamilnadu ?
Answer:

1. About 550 CE in Tamilnadu there arose a new movement of devotion to God.
2. They were the followers of Vishnu and ShivAnswer:
3. They did not believe in performance of any elaborate ritual like yagnas or animal sacrifices.
4. They did not pray for solving problems or for riches or power, but for union with God.
5. These above two are important differences between the early beliefs and the beliefs of the Bhaktas of Tamilnadu

Question 6.
In what way did the prophet Mohammad explain the equality of all human beings?
Answer:

1. The founder of Islam was Prophet Mohammad.
2. He was born in Arabia at Mecca in 570 CE.
3. He opined that the way all the children are equal before their parents, all human beings are equal before god.
4. God or Allah has no shape and therefore it is wrong to worship idols.
5. He emphasised the importance of love for whole of humanity.

Question 7.
Read the para under the title ‘The belief in a Supreme God’ of page 136 (160) and write your comment.

The Belief in a Supreme God

Can you see some common ideas emerging among the Hindu Bhaktas, Christian and Muslim religions ? They all believed in the existence of one Supreme God and the need to worship Him. They also believed in equality, love and respect for all human beings irrespective of their wealth, education or social status. These ideas were increasingly adopted by a very large number of people. Kings and rulers also adopted these ideas and started encouraging their subjects to practice these religions. They built vast temples, churches or mosques in which people could worship.
Answer:
The belief in a ‘Supreme God’. This can also be called as Monotheism. This belief was developed in all the religions. Many rulers and people adopted this belief. This means that there is only one supreme reality. To practice this many temples, churches and mosques were built.

Question 8.
Write your view on the religious programme held recently in your areAnswer:
Answer:
In our village ‘Sripalle’ a religious programme was held on Karthika pournami. My father Sir., Yellomraju Madhava Rao and my mother Smt. Rajyalakshmi celebrated this with our relatives and villagers. We performed ‘Abishekams’ and ‘Lakshapathri Pooja’ to Lord SivAnswer: On the next day we performed ‘Chandi Homam’ in the temple. All the villagers gathered there and performed Gowri Pooja also. It was really a wonderful occasion. The temple was decorated with leaves, flowers and lights. Vedic Chantings were continued for two days. To say… 1 feel the presence of the Goddess in the ‘Homam’. At the end ‘Santarpana’ was organized with the help of the committee members and villagers.

Question 9.
Point out the following in the world map.
a) Jerusalem
b) Mecca
c) Kerala State
d) Chennai
e) Amaravati

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
Who are Alvars and Navanars ?
Answer:
a) Alvars : Twelve main devotees of Vishnu were called the Alvars – the most important among them being Periyalvar and Nammalvar. Andal the daughter of Periyalvar is the only woman among them. Most of them travelled to different temples of Vishnu and composed and sang songs called Pasurams. Nammalvar considers Vishnu to be the creator of the universe,

b) Nayanars : The Navanars were 63 in number and were devotees of ShivAnswer: They came from different castes, including Kannappa, a hunter and Nandanar, a Pulaiya, or an outcaste. Some of them like Appar, Sambandar, Sundarar and Manikkavasagar went from one temple to another and composed songs in praise of ShivAnswer: A couple of them like Karaikkal Arraiyar were women.

Question 2.
Why does Nammalvar feel that God is playing hide and seek ?
Answer:
In his song “You dwell in heaven ………… will you always play hide and seek?”
Nammalvar is pointing out that the Lord is present everywhere but he is not appearing before him. He is desperately seeking a vision of God, but the God is not showing himself to Nammalvar. He is unable to have a glimpse of God.

Question 3.
Write a short notes on ‘Christianity’.
Answer:

1. Just as people in the Indian subcontinent started worshipping a Supreme God and believed that love and devotion to God is the path for salvation, people in other parts of the world too developed similar ideas.
2. In the Middle East in the region now called Israel and Palestine developed a new religion called Christianity started for Jesus Christ.
3. He was born at Bethlehem near Jerusalem about 2000 years ago.
4. Jesus Christ preached that all people are equal. He taught us to love one another. He taught the importance of peace, love and compassion.
5. Saint Thomas a follower of Jesus Christ came to India with Roman traders and brought with him the teachings of Christ. St. Thomas propagated Christianity in South India

Question 4.
Give a brief account of Islam.
Answer:
The Islam religion was founded by Prophet Mohammad. Prophet Mohammad was born in Arabia at Mecca in 570 CE. Prophet taught that there is only one God and all human beings are his creation. The way all the children are equal before their parents all human beings are equal before god. God or Allah has no shape and therefore it is wrong to worship idols. He taught that all men are brothers. He emphasised the importance of love for the whole of humanity. Mohammad is considered as a Prophet or messenger of Allah. The teachings of Allah are written in a book called Quran. It is the holy book of Islam.

Question 5.
What are the common ideas emerging among the Hindus, Christians and Muslims?
Answer:

1. They all believed in the existence of one Supreme God and the need to worship him.
2. They also believed in equality, love and respect for all human beings irrespective of their wealth, education or social status.
3. These ideas were increasingly adopted by a very large number of people.
4. Kings and rulers also adopted these ideas and started encouraging their subjects to practise these religions.
5. They built vast temples, churches or mosques in which people could worship.
6. Kings and emperors also encouraged such ideas and often tried to claim to be representatives of those Supreme Gods themselves.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
Can you compare the religious beliefs of the Vedic period and the Bhakti movement ?
Answer:
The religious beliefs of the Vedic period :

1. The Aryans believed in the existence of one supreme power as the creator of the entire universe. The gods were represented as great and powerful.
2. The earliest religious ideas of the Aryans were based on nature worship. Indra, Agni. Surya, Varuna etc., are their gods.
3. The Gods were worshipped by means of sacrifice and prayers. So yagnas occupied a very important place in the religion of early Vedic period.
4. In later Vedic period Indra and Varuna lost their pre-eminence. Praja Pathi Brahma came to occupy a supreme position as the creator of the universe. Vishnu came to be regarded as the protector of life. Rama and Krishna were believed to be the incarnations of Vishnu.
   5) Under the influence of the brahman as the cult of sacrifices (yagnas) became the corner stone of Aryan culture. Simple ceremonial worship gave place to elaborate rituals and sacrifices.

The religious beliefs of the Bhakti movement:

1. The Bhaktas were the followers of Vishnu or Shiva.
2. They believed in one God “Vishnu”.
3. Bhaktas did not believe in performance of any elaborate ritual like yagnas or sacrifices.
4. They believed that intense love for Shiva or Vishnu and a desire for union with him alone was the path for salvation.
5. All Bhaktas together sang songs of love for the God and danced in jey.

Question 2.
In what way was Nammalvar expressing his intense love for Vishnu ?
Answer:
Nammalvar considers Vishnu to be the creator of the universe, but at the same time talks of him as being his own father and lord. Thus all powerful God is as close as father to his son. In his verse in that original moment (Vishnu), our lord and fath …….. And the gods of rain.” He expressed his intense love for Vishnu.

III. Information Skills

1. Read the following passage and answer the following questions.

About the same time, some other people began to worship Shiva in a similar manner. They too built small temples with images of Shiva or a Lingam. Some people also worshipped goddess Durga in the same manner.

As Vishnu, Shiva and Durga were being worshipped as Supreme Gods, the Buddhists and Jainas also began worshipping the Buddha and the Tirthankaras (Earliest Jaina gurus).They made beautiful images of the Buddha and the Tirthankaras and worshipped , them.These are found in many places like Phanigiri and Nelakondapalli in Telangana and at Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, Jaggayyapeta, Bhattiprolu in Andhra Pradesh.

1) Where does the images of Buddha found ?
Answer:
They were found in Phanigiri and Nelakondapalli in Telangana and at Amaravathi, Nagarjunakonda, etc. in Andhra Pradesh

2) Who was being worshipped as Supreme God ?
Answer:
Vishnu, Shiva and Durga vas being worshipped as Supreme God.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
What were the important teachings of Jesus Christ ?
Answer:

1. The Lord Jesus Christ founded the religion “Christianity”.
2. This religion preached love, kindness and mercy.
3. It preached repentence, non-violence and truth.
4. Christ preached that love and faith in God is an early way to the kingdom of God.
5. God is all powerful in the universe.
6. Love thy neighbour as thyself.

V. Mapping skills

A) Map Pointing:
Locate the following on the world map :
1) Europe
2) Asia
3) Africa
4) India
5) Mecca

B) Map Reading:
Observe the following world map and answer the following questions. African, Asian and European Territories Conquered by Arabs in 7th Century
Answer:

1) Where was Prophet Mohammad born ?
Answer:
In Arabia at Mecca
2) Where was Madina ?
Answer:
To the north of Mecca

3) In which continents was the Islam spread ?
Answer: Asia Africa and Europe

4) Where was Spain ?
Answer:
In Europe

5) Where is Sindh now ?
Answer:
In Pakistan

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

1. Can you see the similarities between the Bhagavatas, the Shaivas and the Buddhists ?

Question 2.
Can you compare the religious belief of hunter-gatherers and the Bhakti movement and point out the similarities and differences?
Answer:
a) Similarities:

1. Painting and dance were important parts of the religious lives of the hunter- gatherers. They probably painted hunting scenes or danced to imitate a hunting scene in the belief that this will give them a good hunt. Bhaktas also believed that anyone irrespective of their caste or community could love god. All devotees together sang songs of love for the God and danced in joy.
2. Hunter-gatherers believed that life continues even after death and hence made there arrangements for the after life of the dead persons.
3. Instead Bhaktas believed that intense love for Shiva or Vishnu and a desire for union with him alone was the path for salvation.

b) Differences:

3. Can you list the similarities and differences between the religious feelings ?
Answer:
Similarities:

1. They all believed in the existence of one Supreme God and the need to worship him.
2. They also believed in equality, love and respect for all human beings irrespective of their wealth education social status.
3. They built vast temples, churches or mosques in which people could worship.

Differences:

1. Many people were very unhappy about this growing inequality and the suppression of the poor and the powerless.
2. Some historians feel that Buddhism and Jainism which emphasised meditation and control over one’s own desires lost their popularity.
3. Some in fact did not believe in the existence of an all powerful God at all.

TS 6th Class Social 18th Lesson Notes – Devotion and Love towards God

• Sculptures : Work of art that is solid figure or object made by carving or shaping wood, stone, clay, metal, etc.
• Incarnations : A period of life in a particular form. This is called avatarAnswer: Vishnu took birth on the Earth in various forms of incarnations to save the world from evil.
• Salvation : The state of being saved from the power or evils.
• Jataka Stories : The Buddhist stories were written down as the Jataka stories.
• Sramanas : The Sramanas of Buddhist and Jaina established Viharas and Stupas and preached the teachings of Buddha or Jaina.
• Bhakti Movement : About 550 Common Era, in Tamil Nadu there arose a new movement of devotion to God. They were the followers of Vishnu or ShivAnswer: They didn’t believe in performance of any elaborate ritual like yagnas or animal sacrifices. Ramanuja, Ramananda, Kabir, Gurunanak, etc., were prominent saints.
• Bhagavatas : A new kind of religious belief called BhagavatAnswer: The Bhagavatas worshipped Vishnu or NarayanAnswer: They believed that Vishnu was the ultimate God and creator of universe
• Tirthankaras : The earliest Jaina gurus are called Tirthankaras. They are spiritual leaders. Vardhamana Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara
• Bhaktas : Bhaktas were the followers Vishnu or ShivAnswer: They didn’t believe in performance of any elaborate ritual like yagnas or animal sacrifices.
• Puranas : The stories about.Vishnu or Shiva were written down as Puranas.
• Alvars : Tweleve main devotees of Vishnu were called the Alvars – the most important among them being Periyalvar and Nammalvar.
• Nayanars : The Nayanars were 63 in number and were devotees of ShivAnswer: They came from different castes including Kannappa, a hunter and Nandanar, a Pulaiya or an outcaste
• Holy books : These are connected with God ora particular religion. The Bible is the holy book of the Christians. Quran is the holy book of Muslims.

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT 6th Class Social Study Material Telangana 17th Lesson Religion and Society in Early Times Textbook Questions and Answers.

Religion and Society in Early Times – TS 6th Class Social 17th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
List some religious practices of the people of the following.
Answer:

Question 2.
Write about the common characteristics /tenets of Buddhism and Jainism.
Answer:

Discuss and Write :

Question 1.
How do you think can we express our thanks to nature ?
Answer:

1. Hunter gatherer’s believed that the forest and wild animals were sacred and had to be worshipped.
2. Farmers rear animals and also have close interaction with herders.
3. Our people have been worshipping several trees like Peepal, Neem, Jammi, Banyan and plants like Tulasi.
4. Potshreds from very ancient times have pictures of people leaves (tainted on them indicating that people had great regard for these trees.
5. Many farmer communities also worship animals like elephants, tigers, snakes, monkeys, etc.
6. It is believed that these practices have their origin in very ancient period.
7. Now in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh also people celebrate some festivals to regard trees and animals “Nagula Chaviti”. It is the festival of worshipping snakes and also “Vana Samaradhana” for worshipping trees.
8. The famous festival “Pongal” is celebrated in three days Bhogi, Sankranti and KanumAnswer: Animals particularly cows and oxen are worshipped in these days.
9. Thus we express our thanks to nature.

Question 2.
We sometimes see people causing suffering to and terrorising animals. What do you think about this ? Do we have right to cause pain to any living being ?
Answer:

1. We sometimes see people cause suffering to and terrorising animals.
2. I think it is not fair on our part.
3. We do not have any right to cause pain to any living being.
4. Human beings domesticated many animals.
5. To gain total control over those domesticated animals people usually hurt and punish them.
6. We should be kind to animals.

Question 3.
Why did people worship dead ancestors and kept boulders on the buried sites ?
Answer:
Many people have a common belief, that is ‘Rebirth’. They believe that there is no end to the soul. The soul of the dead person would come again to the earth. So they worship their dead ancestors. In some areas the boulders are kept for seats arrangements to the travellers, in some areas they are kept for their recognition

Question 4.
Identify the megalith areas in the map of India and colour those areas.
Answer:

Question 5.
Write about the different religious customs that are practiced in your areAnswer:
Answer:
India is a land of deep rooted religious customs. Thus customs are nurtured and nour¬ished to maintain deeply held values. Different religious customs are practiced in our area by following things :

1. Offering prayers daily
2. Greeting others when we meet them
3. Putting marks on their fore head (Tilakdhavan) (Hindus)
4. Prostrating before their parents and elders
5. Offering dinners on auspicious days
6. Offering new clothes
7. Offering gifts on special occasions etc.

Question 6.
Read the para under the title ‘What is it that will never perish ?’ of Text Page 116 (150) and comment on it.

In those days, many people went to live in the forests in ashrams. In these ashrams, they meditated and pondered over several questions. They also had discussions with people who came to visit them and shared their teachings with others. People who lived in ashrams were called Rishis and Munis (sages). Several kings were also in the forefront of this kind of thinking.The views of these rishis and kings can be read in texts called the Upanishads.Yagnavalkya and Uddalaka Aruni were famed rishis of those, times.
Answer:
Many of our Indian Rishis and kings led their lives in Ashrams in forests and on mountains. They tried to know about ‘What is it that will never perish’. They performed meditation to know this. They discussed their experiences in meditations and they named it as ‘Atrna’. Atmas is a consciousness in the body of a person. It will never perish. Death and Birth are the two major events for the body only but not for the AnnAnswer: It has no begining, no ending. It is Sanathan.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
What do you think Hunter-gatherers would pray for ? Who do you think they would pray to ?
Answer:

1. The two important parts of the religious lives of the hunter-gatherers were painting and dancing.
2. They probably painted hunting scenes or danced to imitate a hunting scene in the belief that this will give them a good hunt.
3. Sometimes they dressed themselves as animals, wore masks and danced.
4. All of them also danced hand in hard.
5. Hunter-gatherers believed that the forests and wild animals were sacred and had to be worshipped.
6. Animals should not be killed except in need.
7. They worshipped many animals too by drawing their pictures on caves.
8. The Chenchus of Nallamala hills to this day worship forest goddess called Garelamysamma or Gangamma by making offerings to her and by dancing.
9. They also worship Mallayya of Srisailam and Narasimha of Ahobilam. They believe that these gods had married chenchu girls and therefore were their sons-in-law.

Question 2.
What kind of change do you think would have come about in the religion of the early farmers and herders ?
Answer:

1. Archaeological excavations in early villages show that they probably worshipped ‘Mother Goddess’ or mother earth.
2. Mother Goddesses were worshipped in the form of small images, or simply in the form of a stone or a tree or a plant.
3. Shepherds in India today are known by different names across the country.
4. ‘Dhangar’ in Maharashtra, ‘Kurubas’ in Karnataka and Kuruma/ Golla/ Yadava in TelanganAnswer:
5. They worship special dieties like Vitthoba in Maharashtra, Renuka, Yellamma, Mysamma, Pochamma etc., in Telangana and KarnatakAnswer:
6. Farmers rear animals and-also have close interaction with herders.
7. Hence both of them worship similar gods. A common mode of worship is the building of small shrines for these gods and goddesses in a corner of the village.
8. On special occasions festivals are organised in which animals like buffalo, ram, cock are sacrificed and cooked rice offerings are made by the entire community.
9. They usually pray for good harvest, freedom from disease, welfare of children etc.

Question 3.
What do you know about worshipping dead ancestors – the Megaliths of the Deccan ?
Answer:

1. The stone boulders are known as Megaliths. There were carefully arranged by people and were used to mark burial sites.
2. The practice of erecting megaliths began about 3000 years ago and was prevalent throughout the Deccan, South India, in the North-East and Kashmir.
3. While some megalithic burials can be seen on the surface, several are underground.
4. Sometimes, archaeologists find a circle of stone boulders or a single large stone standing on the ground.
5. These are the only indications that there are burials beneath. Sometimes, megaliths contain more than one skeleton.
6. These indicate that people, perhaps belonging to the same family, were buried in the same place though not at the same time.
7. All these burials have some common features. Generally, the dead were buried with distinctive pots, which are called Black and Red Ware.
8. Also found are tools and weapons of iron and sometimes, skeletons of horses, horse equipment and ornaments of stone and gold.

Question 4.
Define Parivrajakas.
Answer:
Parivrajakas: There were other seekers of truth who did not live permanently in any one place. They left their homes and wandered from village to village and forest to forest. Hence they were called parivrajakas (wanderers) or Bhikshus (mendicants or those who begged). Among these pariyrajakas, Vardhamana Mahavir, Gautama Buddha, Makhkhali Goshala and Ajita Keshkambalin became very famous.

Question 5.
What is it that will never perish ?
Answer:
In those days, many people went to live in the forests in ashrams. In these ashrams, they meditated and pondered over several questions. They also had discussions with , people who came to visit them, and shared their teachings with others. People who lived in ashrams like this were called Rishis and Munis (sages). Several kings too were in the forefront of this kind of thinking. The views of these rishis and kings can be read in texts called the Upanishads.

Yagnavalkya and Uddalaka Aruni were famed rishis of those times. The rishis were in search of something which would neither die nor be afflicted by sorrow. They called this indestructible being the Atma or Brahman. They believed that by understanding the atma or Brahman, immortality could be attained. In order to know the atma, one had to perform penance or tapasyAnswer:

Question 6.
Explain the ‘Great Middle Path’ of Buddhism.
Answer:
Great Middle Path of Buddhism:

1. According to Gautama Buddha, sorrow is caused by excessive craving and desire.
2. We can attain freedom from sorrow if we control our desires.
3. In order to gain control over our desires, we need to live a balanced and controlled life, and should not cause pain to any living being.
4. Buddha taught that one should avoid extremes-extreme penance or extreme , pleasure, but instead follow a middle path. That is why Buddhism is also called the ‘Great Middle Path’

Question 7.
Match the following :

Answer:

Question 1.
Name the Vedas and mention briefly the religion of the Vedas.
Answer:

1. The Vedas are the earliest surviving literature of the Indian subcontinent.
2. There are four Vedas. The Rig Veda, the Sarria Veda, the Yajur Veda and the Atharvana VedAnswer:
3. Of these the Rig Veda is the oldest and was composed about 3500 years ago. The vedas composed by Rishis consisted of hymns and prayers for welfare.
4. These hymns were in praise of various gods and goddesses. These gods were especially important.
5. There are many prayers in the Rig Veda to fray for cattle, children and horses. Historians who study the Vedas guess from there descriptions that the vedic people mainly reared animals like cows and horses.
6. They lived in the north western part of India iathe region between the Hindukush Mountains and the Yamuna River.
7. The vedic people lived in small Janas or tribal habitations, each with its own leader. The tribes also had some priests called Brahmins who performed the sacrifices and recited the hymns.
8. During there times the vedic hymns were compiled in the Yajur Veda and the Atharvana Veda.

Question 2.
In Vedic times how was the society be divided into castes ?
Answer:

1. It was during these times that we see the emergence of an idea that society should be divided into castes and women should be kept out of important roles.
2. The books mention four castes, the Brahmins who were considered the highest and were expected to conduct sacrifices and recite vedas.
3. The Kshatriyas who were next to them and were expected to rule over the others.
4. The Vaishyas who tended cattle and tilled the fields and gave gifts and tributes to the Brahmins and Kshatriyas; and
5. Finally, the Sudras who were lowest in the position and had to serve the other three castes.
6. These ideas were not accepted by all and many people argued against them.

Question 3.
How can one attain liberation from the cycle of birth and Death as per Vardhamana Mahavira ?
Answer:

1. Vardhamana Mahavira was born in a ganasanghAnswer: He left his family and home at the age of thirty (30) years.
2. And he became a ParivrajakAnswer: He was seeking an answer to this question. “How can we get rid of the cycle of birth and death in this world ?
3. After years of meditation and hard penance, Mahavira finally found an answer to his question.*
4. Mahavira taught the people that when we inflict sorrow on other living beings, we add to our load of sins.
5. Therefore, as far as possible we should avoid hunting any living thing, however small.
6. In order to become free from our burden of previous sins, we must be austere, put our bodies through a lot of hardship and perform penance. .
7. In this way, we can be freed of our sins and become liberated.
8. Mahavira kept wandering for spreading his teachings among the people.

Question 4.
Why is there sorrow in this world ? How can one attain freedom from sorrow ?
or
What did Gautama Buddha preach about this ?
Answer:

1. Like Mahavira, Gautama Buddha too was born in a ganasanghAnswer:
2. He found that people everywhere were miserable and in conflict with each other. He began to think, “How can we get rid of this misery.
3. Gautama also left his family and home in search of answers to such questions.
4. He became a Parivrajaka, and after years of penance and meditation, arrived at some answers to these questions.
5. According to Gautama Buddha, sorrow is caused by excessive craving and desire.
6. We can attain freedom from sorrow if we control our desires.
7. In order to gain control over our desires, we need to live a balanced and controlled life, and should not cause pain to any living being.
8. The teachings of Buddha came to be known as Buddhism

III. Information Skills

Read the following passage and answer the following questions.

There are many prayers in the Rig Veda to fary for cattle, children (especially sons) and horses. Historians who study the Vedas guess from these descriptions that theVedic people mainly reared animals like cows and horses.They lived in the north western part of India in the region between the Hindukush Mountains and the Yamuna River.

The Vedic people lived in small Janas or tribal habitations, each with its own leader. The tribes also had some priests called Brahmins who performed the sacrifices and recited the hymns.They were given gifts by the leaders and the ordinary people of the tribe. These tribes often had to fight with each other to control cows, pastures and water sources. Horses were yoked to chariots that were used in battles, that were fought to capture cattle.

Answer the following questions.

1) Where did the vedic people live ?
Answer:
They lived in the North Western part of India in the region between the Hindukush mountains and the Yamuna River.

2) Who performed the sacrifices ?
Answer:
Brahmins performed the sacrifices.

3) Why did the tribes fight with each other ?
Answer:
These tribes often had to fight with each other to control cows and pastures and water sources.

4) Which animals were used in battles ?
Answer:
Horses were used in battles, which were fought to capture cattle.

5) What did Historians study about Vedic people ?
Answer:
According to historians, the Vedic people mainly reared animals like cows and horses. They lived in the north western part of India in the region between the Hindukush Mountains and the Yamuna River.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
Write about the “Mother Goddess”.
Answer:
Archaeological excavations in early villages show that they probably worshipped ‘Mother Goddess’ or mother earth. They probably believed that the crops and cattle would proper with her blessings. Mother goddesses were worshipped in the form of small villages, or simply in the form of a stone or a tree or a plant.

Question 2.
What do you think the Rishis are offering to the Gods ? What are they praying for ?
Answer:
The Vedas composed by Rishis consisted of hymns and prayers for welfare. There hymns were in praise of various gods and goddesses. Three gods were especially important: Agni, the god of fire; Indra, a warrior god; and Soma, a plant from which a special drink was prepared.

The hymns were recited mainly during the performance of yagnas or sacrifices during which offerings were made to the fire. There are many prayers in the Rig Veda for cattle, for children and for horses.

Question 3.
Who were Parivrajakas ? Who were very famous at that time ?
Answer:
There were other seekers of truth who didn’t live permanently in any one place. They left their homes and wandered from village to village and forest to forest. Hence they were called Parivrajakas or Bhikshus. Among these Parivrajakas Vardhamana Mahavir, Gautama Buddha, Makhkhali Goshala and Ajita Keshkambalin became very famous.

V. Mapping Skills

A) Map Pointing:

1. Locate the following modern towns and Harappa sites in the India Map.
1. Srinagar
2. Harappa
3. Mohenjodaro
4. Peshawar
5. Ranagundai
Answer:

B) Map Reading:
Observe the following map and found the cities of modern towns in the extent of Harappa culture.
Answer:

Answer the following questions:
1. Where were the several cities emerged ?
Answer:
Several cities emerged in the North West parts of the subcontinent in the plains

2. When were those cities emerged ?
Answer:
In 4600 years ago.

3. Name the cities belonged to Harappan culture / found by archaeologists.
Answer:
Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Lothal etc.

4. What were these cities inhabited ?
Answer:
These cities were inhabited by many kinds of crafts persons.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivities

Question 1.
Appreciate the Teachings of Mahavira In order to become free from our burden of previous sins.
Answer:
Mahavira taught the people that when we inflict sorrow on other living beings, we add to our load of sins. Therefore, as far as possible we should avoid hurting any living thing, however small. In order to become free from our burden of previous sins, we must be austere, put our bodies through a lot of hardship and perform penance. In this way, we can be freed of our sins and become liberated.

Question 2.
Prepare an essay on various religious practices continuing since long time in your ar ea and present them in the Literary Association Meeting to be held in your school.
Answer:
In our area there are many religious practices continuing since long time. Among them worshipping of cows and oxen is one. Similarly Neem tree and snake are also worshipped here. The presentation of Bonalu and procession of Batukamma were aiso such practices from long time. Sacrifices of chicken, goat, etc. to powerful goddesses is also in continuation from long time. Books, machinery, etc. are also worshipped on the occasions like Vinayaka Chaviti and Dusserah festivals.

Project:

Question 1.
Draw pictures of different models of worship and prepare a small booklet on it for your school library.
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

Question 2.
Visit different places of worship in your area Interact with the Head priest/ Religious Head with the following questionnaire and note down his/ her views and prepare documentation.
a) Why do people come to this place?
Answer:
People come here to offer prayers for their better positions, peace of mind etc.

b) How do they conduct worship here?
Answer:
They conduct worship with words and hyms.

c) What are your views on Moksha/ Salvation?
Answer:
‘Returning to our original home’ is moksha/salvation.

d) Do you think this kind of worship is indispensable/ essential for the mankind? How ?
Answer:
I think this is essential for mankind. The words come from thoughts and thoughts from mind. Mind becomes calm and peacefuljn prayers and temples. Thus this kind of worship helps the ‘Universal intelligence’ by giving good words and thoughts.

TS 6th Class Social 14th Lesson Notes – Religion and Society in Early Times

• Ganasangha : Having many rulers at a time. They are called Rajas. The sanghas met in Assembly and took decisions.
• Ash mounds : The animal herders of the Deccan have left behind the ‘ash mounds’ some archaeologists believe that there may be the remains of seasonal bonfire rituals just as people still do on Holi, Deepavali and Pongal festivals.
• Mother Goddess : Archaeological excavations in early villages show that they probably worshipped ‘Mother Goddess’ or mother earth. They probably believed that the crops and cattle would prosper with her blessings. Mother Goddess were worshipped in the form of small images or simply in the form of a stone or a tree or a plant.
• Pot shreds : Our people have been worshipping several trees like Peepal, Neem, Jammi, Banyan and plants like Tulasi. Pot shreds from very ancient times have pictures of people leaves painted on them indicating that people had great regard for these trees.
• Hymns : These hymns were in praise of various gods and goddesses. These gods were especially important Agni, the god of fire, Indra, a warrior god, and Soma a plant from which a special drink was prepared. Most of the hymns were composed, taught and learnt by men. A few were composed by women.
• Sacrifices : The gods were worshipped by means of sacrifice and prayers. Prayers were offered in the open air by chanting of hymns and performance of Yagnas and Homas.
• Megaliths : The stone boulders are known as megaliths (literally big stones). These were carefully arranged by people, and were used to mark burialites. The practice of erecting megaliths began about 3000 years ago.
• Penance : The Rishis believed that by understanding the atma or Brahman immortality could be attained. In order to know the atma one had to perform penance ortapasyAnswer:
• Parivrajaka : There were other seekers of truth who didn’t live permanently in any one place. They left their homes and wandered from village to village and forest to forest. Hence they are called parivrajakAnswer:
• Thripitikas : All the preachings of Buddha and his followers and compiled and are to be known as Pitikas, Vinaya, Sutta and Abhidamma are the three thripitikas.
• Great Middle Path : The great middle path is the soul of Buddhism. Buddhism is neither too difficult nor too easy to follow. This way of preaching is called great middle path.

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Guide Pdf 16th Lesson Towards Gender Equality Textbook Questions and Answers.

Towards Gender Equality– TS 6th Class Social 16th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
Is it correct to say tnat girls are naturally weaker than boys are ? Give reasons.
Answer:

1. Some people feel that women by nature are physically weaker than men, they are more caring and loving and not the fighting type.
2. And they are instinctly tuned to cooking, cleaning and stitching.
3. There is a notion that they need to be protected by others – men.
4. Women take care of children for they alone can love and care.
5. That is why women do all the household work because they are naturally suited to it.

If you go deeply into each of these qualities you will find they apply equally to both men and women. For example, you will find both brave and cowardly men and also women. You will find many men who are very caring and loving and many women who may not be like that. Since women have been forced into these roles all these years we have grown to regard them as natural.

Question 2.
List the household jobs you, your brother or sister do?
Answer:

Question 3.
Make a list of ten employed women you know of personally. Get information about their work and earnings.
Answer:

Question 4.
If you have any elder woman in the family who went to school some twenty years ago, find out their experience of schooling and compare it with that of your own times.
Answer:
My aunt Rajyalakshmi lives with us. In those days she studied 8th class. There were separate sections for girls and boys. Their seating arrangements were according to their heights. At the end of the year the student should write the examination and get pass marks for promotion into next class. Teachers used to punish the pupils when they get less marks. My aunt studied 2nd class two times and 3rd class two times.

Now we, the boys and girls are sitting in one section in our school. Our teachers teach us but do not punish us.They promote us even though we have less percentage of attendance. We share the work of the classroom equally.

Question 5.
Why do you think daughters are not given equal share of the property of the parents ?
Answer:
a) Discrimination is access to property:

1. In our country most resources like land and factories are in the name of men.
2. Even though the law provides that property of parents should be divided equally between all children (both sons and daughters), in actual practice very few girls get a share of their parents’ property which is usually given only to sons.
3. As a result women have little or no control over any productive resource like land, shop or factory.
4. The situation in Telangana in recent times is relatively better.
5. This is due to laws made in the state in 1980s which made it mandatory that the ancestral property of parents should be equally divided between sons and daughters.

b) Reasons of above discrimination:

1. In my opinion parents think that their responsibility is to bring up the girl child and persuade her to marry. At the time of marriage parents give property in the form of dowry to her husband.
2. Later the property is given to only their son. Because they think he will look after them at their old age.
3. In our country most resources like land and factories are in the name of men. It is because men can manage these things very easily.
4. Very few women actually get educated enough to be employed in offices, schools and hospitals. Most of the women are not educated enough to understand the law. So they are not getting equal share with men.

Question 6.
Go to some Self – Help Groups in your area and find out how they help women to gain independence and dignity.
Answer:
There are eleven self – help groups in our areAnswer: They started these groups with a small amount of revolving funds. They opened their group account in bank. Later they saved a reasonable amount Rs. 200 or 300 per head for every month in the account.

After certain period the government sanctioned them matching grant, The needy persons of the group may take loan from the group with nominal interest and pay in easy equal instalments. In recent years the government sanctioned many loans for cattle etc., for ‘Pavala Vaddi’. In this way the SHGs help the women to gain independence and dignity.

Question 7.
Read the second para of page 86 (135) (Some people feel that ………….. suited to it) and write the answer. Is it proper to say that women are weaker than men ? Write your opinion.

Are Women Naturally Like That ?

Some people feel that women are naturally physically weaker than men. They are more caring and loving and not quarrelsome. They are, by instinct, tuned to cooking, cleaning, stitching and other household work. It is belived that they need to be protected by men. Women take care of children because they can only love and care.That is why because women do all the household work because they are naturally suited to it,
Answer:
Women are considered as the perfect homemakers in the world. In India, women were never given any right of liberty and equality. Men treated then in a humiliated manner. Even though they are working outside the home, they have to work in the houses also. This typ’e of violation should be stopped.

I. Conceptual understanding

Question 1.
Why do you think there is this difference in the way boys and girls are brought up ?
Answer:
From their very birth, girls and boys are brought up according to these discriminatory ideas.

1. For example, we find that the proportion of women in Indian population is constantly decreasing. In 1951 there were 946 women for every 1000 men. In 1981 it declined to 934 per thousand men. After that, it rose to 940 women per thousand men by 2011.
2. Normally equal number of girls and boys should take birth.
3. If the proportion of girls is less, it means that girls and women are not able to live a healthy life in our country and are dying earlier than men.
4. In some families, young girls do not get sufficient nutritious food.
5. So they are not able to survive when they meet with any disease.
6. Girl children in a few other families face discrimination do not receive proper medical treatment.
7. In recent times, the proportion of girls is less also due to foeticide, a practice in which girls are killed before they are born.

Question 2.
Why do you think people like Malini earn less than hundred rupees a day even though they work hard for several hours ?
Answer:

1. Most of the women who are without proper educational qualifications are forced to do physical labour in the fields of mines or as domestic servants in houses of the rich people.
2. Not only are these kinds of work physically back breaking and exhausting, but the women doing them often face lack of dignity and respect and security.
3. They have to face insults and abuses all the time.
4. Malini also had no proper qualification. So she is doing less demanding job. She gets only hundred rupees. But she is not treated with some respect.

Question 3.
“The work done by women in the household is not at all recognised”. Explain.
Answer:
If we look at the daily routine of any woman we will realise that they are working all the time. But most of the time the work they do is not recognised and not paid for. Even though everyone can see them working hard, their work remains invisible. Women are not charging for the domestic work at home.

They won’t charge for cleaning, cooking, making pickles, taking care of children, teaching children, nursing the sick, stitching clothes, filling water, purchasing provisions etc. Instead they are constantly abused for not doing this work on time or not to the taste of others. On the otherhand most of the work that men do is paid for and they control the money and spend it as they wish.

Question 4.
What are the two kinds of differences between men and women?
Answer:
There are two kinds of differences between men and women. Firstly, there are natural physical differences, but these need not cause discrimination against women. The second kind of differences are made by our society which tries to subordinate women to men and treat them unequally. Differences which lead to such inequality and discrimination are called ‘socially caused differences’ or ‘gender differences’.

Question 5.
Which jobs are ‘reserved’ for women?
Answer:
In actual fact nearly eight out of every ten Indian working women work in the fields. They till the land, they do the seedling, weeding, transplanting, harvesting, threshing and countless jobs. Of course it is also true that many farm jobs are ‘reserved’ for women – like transplanting rice, weeding or plucking groundnut pods. Women do these and many other jobs also in agriculture. A large number of farms are fully managed by women farmers only as the men go out in search of work in factories and towns.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
How are girls treated differently from boys ? Can you make a list of discrimination that girls face in our houses ?
Answer:
From their birth, girls and boys are brought up according to there discriminatory ideas. Here are some statements about how boys and girls are treated.

1. Boys are encouraged to go out, make friends, play freely while girls are encouraged to be at home and do household work.
2. Boys are encouraged to play with toys like guns, cars and trucks while girls are encouraged to play in the house with dolls and toys related to kitchen or household articles.
3. Boys get to wear dresses which allow them to run or climb or go about freely while girls get to wear dresses which cover their entire body and obstruct their movement.
4. In villages where there is no access to certain higher classes, boys are encouraged to go to school in the neighbouring villages and study while girls are not sent.
5. Various careers for the boys are planned while girls are told that they have to get married and settle as housewives.

Question 2.
The majority who leaves without completing primary education are girls. “Why”?
Answer:

1. In our culture a girl is not valued as much as a boy.
2. Even many women in our social institutions don’t want a girl child.
3. Because of poverty the dropouts are many, particularly in scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and backward sections.
4. Domestic work, care of siblings, work in the houses of others, child marriages etc., are the causes for the majority of girls leaving schools without completing primary education.

Question 3.
How is the discrimination in education ?
Answer:

1. One of the aspects of discrimination is low education among women.
2. Girls are not encouraged to go to school and are kept at home to do the household work or work in fields and shops.
3. The girls who go to school have little time to study at home as they have to do a lot of household work after school time.
4. Even when girls manage to go to school and study, they are discouraged from taking subjects like maths and science which are considered more apt for boys
5. Girls are told that they can only learn subjects like literature and ‘home science’.
6. In fact many schools practice gender bias by not allowing boys to learn subjects like ‘home science’ and forcing girls alone to learn them.
7. This kind of discrimination against girls education has resulted in very low literacy skills among women. For example in Telangana only six out of ten women can read and write.
8. Very few women actually get educated enough to be employed in offices, schools and hospitals.

III. information skills

1. Read the following table.
Proportion of women in Indian population

Now answer the following questions.

1) How many women were there for every thousand men in 1951?
Answer:
There were nearly 946 women for every thousand men.

2) How many women were there for every thousand men in 1981 ?
Answer:
There were 934 women for every thousand men.

3) In which year the situation had improved ?
Answer:
In 2011 the situation had improved, there were 988 women for every thousand men.

4) In which year the situation is very bad ?
Answer:
In 1981 the situation is bad, there were only 934 women for every thousand men.

5) How many women were there for every thousand men in 2011 ?
Answer:
988.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
Give your views on the future of the status of women in IndiAnswer:
Answer:

1. Women were oppressed in a variety of ways and assigned a subordinate position in the family.
2. They were the victims of many customs and traditions.
3. Men-and women have some abilities and intelligence.
4. Hence there should be no discrimination between the two.

Future status of women in India:

1. Slowly they realised this injustice and now they are questioning, protesting and revolting against ihe male dominant values.
2. Today women are asking for liberation but not merely protection.
3. Women are asking for empowerment but not welfare measures.
4. Now they are participating and voting in elections in large numbers.
5. Many women have acquired high education and are entering into jobs which were earlier considered reserved for men only.
6. Presently, some of the leading scientists, mathematicians, diplomats, engineers, etc. are women.
7. Women are now also recruited into the police, army, navy and airforce and there are many women pilots today. Infact we have women who are train engine drivers.
8. This has been possible because women have fought to get higher education and also broken gender biases in many professions.

Question 2.
What are the measures do you suggest to lessen the burden on the girl child and to encourage her to persue studies ?
Answer:

1. All human beings, men and women are equal and possess equal capabilities. So girls are encouraged to study as boys.
2. Government must provide scholarships to girls. Then dropout rate of girls is decreased.
3. We need a society where women are free and respected as much as men are.
4. Social inequalities can be demolished.

India can truly develop only when women are regarded as equal, when they could freely exercise their rights and contribute nation’s progress.

Question 3.
What are the other professions that are commonly taken up by women ?
Answer:

1. Women are marginalised in the world of work for several socio-cultural reasons. Most of the female workers are marginal workers and are mostly engaged in the low-paid primary sector.
2. It is true that many farm jobs are reserved for women – like transplanting rice, weeding, or plucking groundnut pods etc.
3. Most of the women who are without proper educational qualifications are forced to do physical labour in the fields, or mines or as domestic servants in houses of rich people. In the last few decades many women have acquired high education and are entering into jobs which were earlier considered reserved for men only.

Question 4.
Write some more discrimination you observed or experienced ? Discuss. Suggest remedies to keep discrimination away.
Answer:
I observed in some areas, girls are kept at home to look after the children but boys are sent to school to study with uniform, shoes and other comforts are provided to them. In severed families there is open discrimination between boys and girls in food, education, play and medical care.

The enrolment of girls at all levels of education is low compared to boys. The majority of children who leave school without completing primary education, Iney are sent to fields to pluck cotton and mirch. Among girls the dropout rates are much higher. In rural areas only 9% girls enrolled in class I reach class X. So the Government takes special measures to neutralise the social, economic, educational and political disadvantages accumulated for centuriides.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
Explain the statement : “Fewer girls, fewer women.”
Answer:
All this discrimination has had very sad consequences. For example, we find that the proportion of women in Indian population is constantly decreasing. In 1951 there were 946 women for every thousand men. In 1981 it declined to 934 per thousand men. After that it rose to 940 women per thousand men by 2011. In 1991 . there were 969 women to thousand men. The situation has improved and in 2011. There were 988 women to thousand men.

Project:

Find out from your school records how many girls are enrolled in class 1, 5, 8 and 10. Does it support the view that more boys complete schooling than girls do? Information of enrollment of girls in our school as per our records (2011 – 2012)

This information supports the view that more boys complete schooling than girls.

2. Find out from popular magazines about w- men who have entered professions which were earlier considered only for men. Prepare an album of their life arid struggles.
Answer:
A) Susanna Arundhathi Roy : Writer and Social activist
She was born on 24-11-1961 in Bengal and grew up in Aymanam village, Kottayam, KeralAnswer: She is the first woman to have won Britain prestigious Booker Prize in 1997 for her writing “The God of Small Things”

She is an inspirator to all those who speak up against the powers in support of the poor and the oppressed. She has also received Sydney Peace Prize in 2004.

B) Sakuntala Devi : A Human Computer
She was born in Bangalore. Karnataka in 1939. She has extraordinary talents in solving-complex Mathematics without Mechanical aid within seconds.

Many countries have invited Sakuntala Devi to demonstrate her extraordinary talent. She got included her name in the Guinness Book of world records (P.No. 26 of 1995)

C) Anne Besant: Social worker

Annebesant was an Irish lady, born in London. She was a famous social worker, educationalist and journalist. She came to India in 1893. She founded Home Rule League and revived Theosophical Society. She established Indian Boy Scouts Association. She died at the age of 86.

D) M.S. Subbulaxmi: Musician

Madurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbulaxmi and Nightingale of Carnatic Music. Born in Madurai, Tamil Nadu on 16-09-1916.
She had received many awards :
Padma Bhushan in 1954,
Raman Magsaysay award -1974
Padma Vibhushan -1975
Bharat Ratna in 1998.
She passed away at 88 years of age.

E) Kiran Bedi – Law and Order

She born on 09-06-1949 in Amritsar, Punjab in IndiAnswer: First woman officer in the l.P.S. retired. She has received Raman Magsaysay award in 1994.

F) Karanam Malleswari :

Indian weight lifter, She is the first Indian woman who won Olympic medal in Sydney Olympics in 2000. She was awarded Rajiv Khel Ratna award in 1994-95.

G) Medha Patkar : Social Activist

She was born on 01-12-1954 in Mumbai. She is leading ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’. She has received ‘Right Livelihood award in 1991.”

H) Tasleema Nasrin : Feminist
Born on 25-08-1962 in Bangladesh. She works to build support for Secular Humanism. She faced a number of physical attacks for her writing ‘Lazza-.

Sasi Prabha – woman driver – 28 years.
She has become first woman Bus driver in the Union territory of Pondichery in a private transport company.

J) Indira Gandhi – States woman
She was born in Allahabad – first woman Prime Minister of India – an important world states woman. At the age of 13 years she originated a ‘Vanara Sena’ to fight with the Britishers.

She was famous for her works as Prime Minister – Nationalisation of banks, liberation of Bangladesh and 20 point programme for the upliftment of the poor. In 1971 she was honoured with ‘Bharatha Ratna’. She was assassinated on 31-10-1984 by her own guards.

K) Kalpana Chawla : Astronaut (17-3-1962 to 01-02-2003) Indian American Astronaut-a mission specialist on the space shuttle ColumbiAnswer: She was one of the seven crew- mem bers killed in the ‘Space shuttle Columbia disaster’. She w?as awarded

1. Congressional space medal of honour.
2. NASA space flight model.
3. NASA distinguished service medal.

3. Consult parents in your village/locality and collect information about dropouts from schools.

Which category students are more in drop outs ? What are the reasons ? Analyse and discuss in the classroom.
Answer:
Student self exercise.

TS 6th Class Social 16th Lesson Notes – Towards Gender Equality

• Employment : Some one is paid to work for an organization.
• Literacy : The ability to read.
• Property Rights : Acquiring right on their owned property.
• Sex Ratio : The relation between two groups i.e. male and female.
• Bias : A strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people or one side in an argument, often not based on fair
• judgement or an interest in one thing more than others.
• Gender : The fact of being male or female issues of class, race and gender.
• Discrimination : The process of distinguishing one person from another person on the basis of caste, creed and colour is called discrimination.
• inequality : The unfair difference between groups of people in society. When some have more wealth, status or opportunities than other.
• Society : A particular community of people who share the same customs, loans, etc. or people in general, living together in communities.
• Deteriorating : To become work or serious condition. Eg : Her health is deteriorating rapidly.
• Exhausting : Making you feel very tired or the state of being very tired.
• Provisions : Supplies of food and drink especially for a long journey or the act of supplying somebody with something that they need or want.
• Harvesting : The time of year when the crops are gathered in on a farm etc,, the act of cutting and gathering crops.
• Weeding : A wild plant growing where it is not wanted especially among crops or garden plants.
• Transplanting in agriculture : Instead of scattering seeds on the ground from which plants, sprouts, saplings are grown and then planted in field.

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Guide Pdf 15th Lesson Diversity in Our Society Textbook Questions and Answers.

Diversity in Our Society – TS 6th Class Social 15th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
Give two examples that reveal the diversity in your neighbourhood.
Answer:
I have a friend. He belongs to Tamil Nadu. He is a Muslim. He shifted here in search of job. Finally he got the job in my organization. He usually comes to my home. My mother dislikes him because he is a Muslim. His way of speaking Telugu is somewhat different as we speak. Whenever I go to his home, his family members specially female members don’t come out from their rooms. Because they believe in Purdah system. His favourite sport is Tennis. 1 like to play cricket. My favourite festivals are Vinayaka Chaviti, Dasara, Deepavali, Sankranti, Ugadi etc. His favourite festivals are Idul Fitr, Bakrid, Muharram and Ramjan.

Question 2.
Prepare a table of similar items of different religions which depict unity.
Answer:
The religions Islam and Christianity have different features but both the religions teach one god, universal brotherhood and equality.

In spite of all these diversities there is unity among the people. They fought against the British. In the times of natural disasters people wholeheartedly contribute for migrating the sufferings.

Question 3.
How do you say the national sports meet develops unity in diversity ?
Answer:
The sport persons meet in many places for the sports meets. There they exchange their views, feelings, customs and traditions. They concentrate on medals irrespective of their region. Thus they develop unity in diversity.

Question 4.
Prepare a list of festivals that are celebrated in your locality. Which of them are shared by members of different regional and religious communities?
Answer:

Question 5.
In what ways does living in India with its rich heritage of diversity add to your life?
Answer:
Yes, living in India with its rich heritage of diversity adds to our life.

1. We know different people, their language, culture, customs, traditions. Thus diversity adds to our life.
2. Geographical diversities decide our way of life, our food, our occupations and many other things.
3. People learn to eat food of different regions.
4. We love our language, culture, customs, traditions, festivals, etc.

Question 6.
Collect pictures and contributions of freedom fighters of different regions and prepare a book containing their biographies.
Answer:
i) Mangal Pandey : (19-7-1827 to 08-04-1857) ‘A HERO of 1857 War of Independence’
A sepoy of 34th regiment of B.N.I of English East India Company. He was known for the first war of Indian independence in 1857. He was born in ‘Nagwa’ village of ‘Ballia’ district in U.P. At the age of 22 years he joined the army. At Barrackpur, on 29-3-1857 he shot the ‘Lieutenant Baugh’ but missed. Then he drew his sword and killed him. Thus he started the war and then it was spread to the other parts of the country.

ii) Jhansi Laxmi Bai – ‘Veera NarV (19-11-1835 to 17-06-1858)
She was the Queen of Maratha- ‘Jhansi’. During the time of first war of independence -1857, she fought bravely with British troops. She was praised and commented as ‘persevering, clever, beautiful and the most dangerous of all Indian leaders.

iii) Netaji – Subhash Chandra Bose : Hero of World War – II (23-01-1892 to 18-08-1945) (unconFirmed)
He was born in Cuttack, Orissa, but he was a Bengali. He inspired the Indian politics during the British rule. He took over Indian National Army form Mohan Singh in Singapore in Sept.
1942. Its slogans were Jaihind, Inquilab Zindabad. The date of his death wras unconfirmed till now. .

iv) Sardar Vallabhai Patel: Iron man of India (31-10-1875 to 15-12-1950) Gujarathi.
He was an Indian barrister and statesman. He is famous for his actions for political integration of IndiAnswer:

v) Bhogaraju Pattabhi Seetharamaiah :
Born on 24-11-1880. Hero of Andhra Pradesh. He wrote The History of the Congress’ in 1935. He ran successfully for Congress Presidency in 1948. On 28-11-1923, he established Andhra Bank in Machilipatnam, Krishna district.

Question 7.
Design a pamphlet giving illustrations that depict the unique feature of India’s Unity in diversity.
Answer:
Serve the country :
We are many but all are one. From Kashmir to Kanyakumari from Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh we are many but all are one. Chirapunji of heavy rainfall, the desert of least rainfall are two but two are in IndiAnswer: Many languages, many religious, many festivals many customs and traditions but all are one. We are many bodies but souls are united. So be Indians behave like Indians. “Serve the country, serve yourself”.

Question 8.
Fill in the following table.

Do you consider the differences in the above items as obstacles to continue your friendship ? Justify.

The above items are not obstacles to continue our friendship. “Friendship is a ship that can be sailed happily even in a cyclone.”

Question 9.
Locate the following in India map.
a) Thar desert
b) Sikkim
c) Pondicherry
d) Kerala
e) Telangana
f) Punjab

Question 10.
‘How does diversity come about ?’ Answer this question based on what you have learnt about the Thar, Sikkim and Pondicherry.
Answer:
People should move from one place to another due to many reasons. They carry their religion, customs & traditions where ever they go. They learn the religions rituals, customs and traditions of the natives and they make the others also to learn their own things. Thus diversity comes about.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
Explain the diversity in IndiAnswer:
Answer:
We live in a country in which people of different abilities, languages, cultures, religions, etc. live together. Such diversity makes life richer and varied. There are 29 states in India, each with its own language, culture, food, etc. Even within one state we can see people speaking many different languages, following different religions, eating different kinds of food, observing different kinds of festivals and wearing different kinds of dresses. The interesting thing is that slowly people adopt each others’ dresses, food, festivals, language and even religious ideas. This makes everyone’s life richer and more diverse.

Question 2.
Choose another region of India and do a similar study of the historical and geographical factors that influence the diversity found there. Are there historical
and Geographical factors connected to each other? How? Describe.
Answer:

The geography of Kerala allowed for the cultivation of spices and it attracted the traders of China and Arab. So also the geography of Ladakh made it grow sheep and produce wool. It drew traders of China and Arab. Thus history and geography are often connected.

Question 3.
What do you know about the “Thar desert” ?
Answer:
Thar desert is situated on the border of India and Pakistan. A large part of it is in Marwar region of Rajasthan state. This place receives very little rain and there are no large rivers flowing. As a result very few trees grow here and very few crops can be grown. Only grass grows here. People here mainly depend upon grazing sheep, goats aind camel. They take great care to store rain water for drinking for the animals and human beings and also for some agriculture.

Question 4.
Describe the characteristic features of Sikkim.
Answer:
Sikkim is a small state situated in the eastern parts of the Himalayan mountains. Kanchenjunga, one of the highest peaks of the Himalayas is in Sikkim. In this region there are valleys, mountains, lakes with snow and thick forests. It remains cold throughout the year and the place is covered with snow in winter. It also rains heavily in monsoon and many rivers flow through the valleys.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
How does diversity come about?
Answer:
People of all times went about in search of new lands and settled at new places. Sometimes they went to trade; sometimes they left their homes due to floods or drought or epidemics; some others travelled because of wars and conflicts. They brought their languages, religions and cultures to the new place and tried to follow them in the new place also. Gradually they mixed with the people of those areas, adopted many of their things and also taught many of their own things to them.

Question 2.
How was unity in diversity seen during the British rule in India ?
Answer:
India’s diversity has always been recognised as a source of its strength.

1. When the British ruled India, women and men from different cultures, regions and regional backgrounds came together to oppose them.
2. The people in India worked together in the freedom struggle.
3. They went to jail together.
4. They worked together to decide joint actions.
5. They acted as one against the British. Though people were different, they got united in the battle against the British.
6. This struggle is also called the National Movement.
7. Chirala – Perala movement in Andhra Pradesh is an example for such unity.

Question 3.
Read the last para (Over the past …………… National movement) and comment on it.
Over the past centuries India emerged as a country with shared cultures, religions, political systems etc. along with the diversity. This history of diversity and integration helped India people to come together as a nation to fight the British Rule. This common struggle is called the ‘National Movement.
Answer:

1. When Britishers ruled India, their colonial rule made all classes of Indian people suffer one way or the other.
2. That is why all the people united and waged a common struggle against the British.
3. Women and men from different cultures, religions, regional backgrounds came together to oppose the British.
4. We also called this struggle as National Movement.

III. Information skills

1. Read the following passage.

Thar Desert is situated on the border of India and Pakistan. A large part of it is in Marwar region of Rajasthan state. This place receives very little rainfall and there are no latge rivers flowing. As a result very few trees grow here and very few crops can be cultivated. Only grass grows here. People here mainly depend upon grazing sheep, goats and camels. The shepherds usually travel across many states (Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat) with their herds and usually come back before the rainy season to Thar. They make a living by selling goats and wool of the sheep.

Now answer the following questions.
1) Where is the Thar Desert situated ?
Answer:
Thar Desert is situated on the border of India and Pakistan. A large part of it is in Marwar region.

2) What are the types of trees that grow in Thar Desert ?
Answer:
This place receives very little rain and there are no large rivers flowing. As a result very few trees grow here and very few crops can be grown. Only grass grows here.

3) Name the important animals of the Thar Desert.
Answer:
Sheep, goats and camels.

4) Where do the shepherds usually travel to ?
Answer:
The shepherds usually travel across many states (Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarath) with their herds.

5) What do they sell ?
Answer:
They make a living by selling goats and wool of the sheep.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
Can you list the differences between Student Suman and Vegetable Suman ?
Answer:

Question 2.
Vegetable Suman did not go to school. Why do you think he was not able to go to school ?
Answer:
Vegetable Suman did not have the opportunity to attend school. Perhaps you’ve noticed that there are several people in the area where you live who are poor and who don’t have enough to eat or wear and sometimes not even a place to live. This difference is not the same as the one we have seen earlier. Here, we’re talking not of difference but of inequality. Inequality comes about when a person does not have the resources and opportunities that are available to other persons. Some people are denied opportunities like education and good health because of poverty.

Question 3.
Name the different religions settled down in Thar desert region.
Answer:
Over centuries people of many religions like Bohra Muslims, Sunni Muslims, Shia Muslims, Jains, Shaivas, Vaishnavas and Sikhs settled down in the towns and cities of Thar desert region.

Question 4.
What are the agricultural products in Sikkim ?
Answer:
People grow crops like maize, paddy, wheat, cardamom, ginger, etc. on stepped terraces cut on hill slopes. They also have tea and orange gardens. People also rear sheep and an animal called yak which gives meat, fur and milk.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
“As many as eleven languages are spoken by the people of Sikkim !” Find the reason.
Answer:
Sikkim is on the boundary between India, Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet (China). That is why people from all these areas have settled down here. Some are Nepalese, some are Tibetans and Bhutanese. As many as eleven languages are spoken by the people of Sikkim ! They have close relation with Tibetans, Lamas who brought Buddhism to this areAnswer: They established many beautiful monasteries in Sikkim.

TS 6th Class Social 15th Lesson Notes – Diversity in Our Society

• Diversity : A range of many people oi things that are very different from each other. Not only do they look different but they might also belong to different regional, cultural or religious backgrounds.
• Colonial Ruie : Connected i ule with or belonging to a country that controls another country.
• Culture : The customs and beliefs, arts, way of life and social organisation of a particular country or group
• Lama : A Buddhist monk from Tibet or Mongolia
• Patriotic : A person who loves his country and who is ready to defend it against an enemy.
• Desert : A large area of land that has very little water and very few plants growing on it Many deserts are covered by sand. Thar desert Is situated on the border of India and Pakistan.
• Drought : A long period of time when there is little or no rain
• Tax : Money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services, people pay tax according to their income and business and according to their profits

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Guide Pdf 14th Lesson Local Self-Government in Urban Areas Textbook Questions and Answers.

Local Self-Government in Urban Areas – TS 6th Class Social 14th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
How is garbage collected in your locality ? What happens to it ?
Answer:
I live in Prakashnagar. Khammam. Daily here people had thrown their waste outside the dustbins. In many places people had left the waste in the open. Juice shop owners, coconut traders, grocery shop owners keep the waste in the open. Sweepers gather at 5 am in different areas. Contractor takes the attendance daily and send them in different areas.

After piling up the waste, they have to load them into the work. They often handpick the plastic bags, bottles, milk pouches, etc, from kitchen waste, vegetable peels, bones, and other biodegrading material. Truck drivers and other helpers are also employed by the contractor help the disposal of garbage.

Question 2.
What are the public amenities provided by a municipality but not by a Panchayat?
Answer:

1. Towns and cities are places where large num her of people live. Roads in many parts of the cities are wider and busier.
2. There are more shops, vehicles and industries in cities.
3. They require a lot more planning and amenities than in rural areas.
4. Moreover, every year more and more people are shifting to towns in search of employment and livelihood.
5. So the size of the cities is growing day by day and new colonies are coming up constantly.
6. Many of these colonies are in the form of slums in which a large number of poor people live and work.
7. All these people have to be assured water and electricity supply, transport, schools, hospitals, etc.
8. A major problem in cities is the disposal of waste materials or garbage and drainage.
9. Thus providing public amenities in towns and cities is a very complex job and it needs a large organisation.
10. This organisation is called Municipality. There are three kinds of municipal bodies depending upon the size of the population.

Question 3.
If you live in a town, prepare a list of work done by the municipality in your ward during the last two years ?
Answer:
I live in the Nagara Panchayat of VemulawadAnswer: I observed the works done by the municipality in our ward during the last two years.

1. Arranging electric lights on roads and open places.
2. Supply of protected drinking water. (Akasha Ganga)
3. Construction and maintenance and cleaning of drainages, public latrines etc.
4. Construction and maintenance of roads, buildings, parks, etc.

Question 4.
Pochamma says that her street tap gives water only for half an hour and several people queue up to fill their buckets. What would you advise her to do to solve this problem ?
Answer:

1. Pochamma says that her street tap gives water only for half an hour and several people queue up to fill their buckets.
2. Pochamma should gather some people who are suffering for water, like her. and take the issue to the ward councillor.
3. Then along with the councillor they should go to the Municipal Commissioners Office.
4. They should complain in the concerned wing which looks after water supply.
5. With the action of the water supply wing the problem will be solved.
6. They will get water for longer time.

Question 5.
Xavier repairs street lights. He is employed by an electricity contractor who is engaged by the municipality. Xavier was injured due to electric shock. He could not work for two months. He did not get any wages for this period and was dismissed by his contractor. What would you advise him to do ?
Answer:

1. Xavier employed by a contractor, who was engaged with municipality.
2. Due to electric shock, he was not able to work for 2 months and dismissed by contractor.
3. He was not paid any money for that.
4. I wouid advice Xavier to complain with the labour wing of Municipality.
5. The labour officer usually looks after these types of situations.
6. He would make justice to Xavier.

Question 6.
What are the services of muncipality in helping the poor ?
Answer: The Municipal Corporation discharges various functions in helping the poor. Some are compulsory and some others are discretionary.
a) Discretionary functions:

1. Establishment of libraries, museums, art galleries
2. Establishment and maintenance of women and child.
3. Registration of marriages.

b) Essential functions:

1. Lay roads and maintain them.
2. Lighting the roads and open places.
3. Construction and maintenance of drainages.
4. Supply of drinking water.
5. Public health, sanitation of the city and eradication of epidemics and contagious diseases.
6. Registration of births and deaths.
7. Establishment and maintenance of schools.
8. Disposal of garbage into a profitable proportion for the municipality.

Question 7.
How do you differentiate the village from the city?
Answer:

Question 8.
What do you like most in the cities and villages ?
Answer:
I like parks, theatres, museums and busy streets in cities the most whereas green fields, pastures and lakes in villages.

Question 9.
Locate the different Municipalities in your district map. ,
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

Question 8.
What do you like most in the cities and villages ?
Answer:
I like parks, theatres, museums and busy streets in cities the most whereas green fields, pastures and lakes in villages.

Question 9.
Locate the different Municipalities in your district map. ,
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

Question 10.
Frame a few questions to ask the local Corporator/Councillor to know the details of work done by the Municipality.
Answer:

1. Why the roads are not laid ?
2. What are the expenses of roads repairs ?
3. When are you going to start the underground sanitation project ?
4. Why the broken street lights are not replaced ?
5. What are your comments on raising the house taxes ?

Question 11.
Read the last para of page 64 (124) (‘Apart from sweepers …………. allotted places’) read and comment on it.
Apart from sweepers, there are also truck drivers and other helpers who are employed by the Contractor. All the waste from different parts of the city is dumped at the allotted places.
Answer:
The waste of the city is collected from all the places by the contract workers. Then it is dumped at allotted places. For all this contractor not only employs sweepers but also truck drivers and helpers on contract. All these make the all colonies of the city/ town clean and inhabitable.

Question 12.
Some people expecting that the Municipality has to provide all the public amenities at lower cost. While other think that the Municipalities should also provide dignified working conditions for those who work for it. Write your arguments.
Answer:

1. Some people think that the job of municipality is to provide public amenities.
2. Others think that it should also provide dignified working conditions for those who work for it.
3. All are correct. Municipality should take up both the responsibilities.
4. Instead of engaging many works on contract it should employ regular employees.
5. The contractors are only aiming at profits do not consider the apathetic work conditions of contract workers and they don’t even are paid handsome wages.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
Write down the formation of municipalities.
Answer:

1. Like the village panchayats the municipalities too are formed through elections.
2. Urban areas are also divided into wards and people elected as representatives.
3. These representatives are called councillors in municipal towns and corporators in corporation cities.
4. Apart from the ward councillors, there are also Mayors, or Chairpersons who head the institution like Sarpanches in the Panchayats.
   • Nagar Panchayats : 20,000 to 40.000 people
   • Municipal council : 40,000 to 3,00.000 people
   • Municipal corporation : More than 3,00,000 people

Question 2.
What is the work of the councillors ?
Answer:
Actually the councillors keep in touch with the people of the ward to understand their needs and problems and discuss them in the municipality meetings. In order to ensure that so many kinds of work properly thought about, the municipality has a number of committees and the councillors are assigned to these committees. The work of these committees is to review the functioning of the municipality department and plan new works to be undertaken.

They prepare proposals which are discussed in the municipality meetings and passed. These decisions are implemented by the officers and employees of the municipality. The ward councillors ensure that the needs of their wards are placed before the council when decisions are taken. Also they keep in touch with the people of the ward who may take their problems to them.

Question 3.
Define Sub-contracting.
Answer:
Sub-contracting : In order to serve better, several municipalities across the country are hiring contractors to collect and process garbage. This is called Sub-contracting. This means that the work that was earlier being done by municipality workers is now being done by a private company. Collecting garbage is also quite a dangerous job and the authorities have to see that contract workers have access to safety measures like gloves and masks while working.

Question 4.
What are the sources of income of the Municipal Coiporation ?
Answer:

1. The sources of income of the Municipal Corporation are of four types. They are
   • Taxes,
   • Loans,
   • Grants and Income derived from markets and assets.
2. Taxes levied by the corporation are tax on houses and open places , tax on water and drainage, property transfer tax, entertainment tax, octroi tax, tax on animals, etc.
3. Corporation also gets income through donations from individuals, institutions and voluntary agencies.
4.  It also gets income by way of fines imposed on illegal activities.

Question 5.
Describe the composition of a municipal council.
Answer:

1. Members of the municipal council are called councillors. They are directly elected through secret ballot by voters in the municipality.
2. The term of office is 5 years.
3. Councillors elect a Chairman and Vice-Chairman and members to the standing committees.
4. Members of Legislative Assembly and Parliament in the city are the ex- officio members of the municipal council.
5. Reservation is provided for S.T.. S.C, B.C and women.

Question 6.
Comment on the functioning of a local body in your areAnswer:
Answer:
Our local body is village panchayat. In our village it works verywell. They repair roads, supply us cleansed drinking water, provide us street lights etc. They collect house taxes and others for village maintenance.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

1. Read the para and comment on it.

Question 1.
How does the Municipality work?
The municipality has a lot of tasks to perform like water supply, street lighting, maintaining and building roads, drainage and garbage disposal, running schools, ration shops, hospitals among others besides taking up new developmental works. Now all this cannot be done by a few people or by the Corporators or Councillors alone. Hence the municipalities employ a large number of workers, officers and clerks and accountants. Each municipality has a number of departments, each headed by an officer who -is responsible for the proper working of that department.
Answer:
Municipalities usually have the authority over all the areas of responsibility regarding the particular areAnswer: In performing their duties, they take the help of several departments. Each depeartment is headed by an officer. The officer is responsible for the proper work of the related staff.

Question 2.
How do the departments help in the work of the municipalities ?
Answer:
Municipalities have a lot of tasks to perform. So they employ a large number of workers, officers and clerks and accountants. Each municipality has a number of departments, each headed by an officer who is responsible for the proper work of the staff related to that department. For example, there will be water supply department, electricity department, education department, garbage disposal department etc.

Question 3.
What should ward councillors do to ensure that all amenities are working properly in their wards ?
Answer:
The ward councillors ensure that the needs of their wards are placed before the council when decisions are taken. Also they keep in touch with the people of the ward who may take their problems to them. Let us look at an example of how people of a ward can solve their problems by approaching their ward councillor.

Yasmin KhalAnswer: Gangabai gathered a small group of women and went to w’ard councillor’s house. He came out and asked them what was wrong. Gangabai described the situation of the locality to him. He asked Gangabai to get a petition signed by all the adults in the locality saying that garbage was not being collected. The next morning trie ward councillor and a large group of women went to the Municipal Corporation office. He promised that he would lake care of it immediately. Yes that day onwards sanitation service in this locality became regular.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Question

Question 1.
If you find garbage piled up in front of your house, what would you do ?
Answer:
If I find garbage piled up in front of my house 1 shall inform ward councillor. He always keeps in touch with the people of the ward. He informs municipal workers.They clean the surroundings of my house. Otherwise I shall write a petition taking signs of my neighbours and hand it over to the commissioner.

Question 2.
Why do municipalities prefer to give out work on Sub-contract ?
Answer:
Towns and cities are places where large number of people live. Roads in many parts of the cities are wider and busier. There are more shops, vehicles, and industries in cities. They require a lot more planning’and amenities than in rural areas. Every year more and more people are shifting to towns in search of employment and livelihood.

So the size of the cities is growing day by day and new colonies are coming up constantly. In order to serve better, several municipalities across the country are hiring contractors to collect and process garbage. This is called sub-contracting. This means that the work that was earlier being done by municipality workers is now being done by a private company.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
Write few words about Vemulawada Nagara Panchayat.
Answer:
Vemulawada is a Nagara Panchayat in Rajanna District. Until 2011 it was a major gram panchayat having 20 wards. Here Raja Rajeshwara Swami temple is a well known pilgrim centre. Here drinking water is something unique. It is called Akasha GangAnswer: It began in the year 2003. There are overhead pipes. Under the Swajaladhara scheme, these pipelines connect 10-15 households. Nearly Five thousand houses were connected in this manner and water is supplied to the houses on every alternate days. The city also makes sure that garbage is collected every day.

Special facilities like wheel-carts, gloves, masks and uniforms etc, are provided to the workers. They also use hydraulic dumper bins, trolly auto rickshaws, tractors etc, to collect the garbage and dump it in the year. They separate plastic from other waste and the waste is to be used for power generation. Many households have been provided with personal latrines. With the help of rion-governmental organisations and government funds. The city ensures the safety of the people.

Project:

Question 1.
Visit any amenity provided by the nearby municipality like bus stand, hospital, school, market, public toilets, etc. and prepare a report on their condition. Prepare a poster on them.
Answer:
Student’s Self Activity.

Question 2.
Interview two municipal workers and prepare a poster on their daily schedule and the problems they face.
Answer:
Student’s Self Activity.

Question 3.
Collect news clippings from newspapers on the working of municipalities for a week and prepare a summary of the reports.
Answer:
Student’s Self Activity.

TS 6th Class Social 14th Lesson Notes – Local Self-Government in Urban Areas

• Self-Government : Deligating powers to the local organisations which have elected members is called local self government.
• Municipal Council : Each municipality has a municipal council. Its members are called ‘councillors’. They are directly elected by the voters through secret ballot. The term of office is 5 years.
• Municipal Corporation : Municipal corporation consisted of three organs of administration, Municipal Corporation, Standing Committees and Municipal Commissioner. Its members are called Corporators. Mayor is the head of the corporation.
• Sub-contracting : In order to serve better, several municipalities across the country are hiring contractors to collect process garbage This is called Sub-contracting.
• Bio-degradable material : A substance or chemical that is bio-degradable can be changed to a harmless natural state by the action of bacteria will therefore not damage the environment. Eg : kitchen waste, vegetable peels, bones and other biodegradable material.
• Garbage : Household left overs, wrappers from the shopkeepers, cloth pieces from tailoring shops, plastic bags, bottles, milk pouches etc., vegetable peels, bones and other biodegraded material is called garbage.

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Guide Pdf 13th Lesson -Village Panchayats Textbook Questions and Answers.

Village Panchayats – TS 6th Class Social 13th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
Suppose you are a representative in your local government body, what issues would you raise ?
Answer:
If I am a representative in our locality or village. I shall keep in view the following issues :

1. Schools, hospitals, sanitation and library facilities.
2. Cleaning and lighting of streets.
3. Supply of drinking water
4. Supply of electricity
5. Garbage collection and disposal
6. Making and maintenance of gardens and parks
7. Eradication of malaria, dengue and taking care in preventing the outbreak of diseases.
8. I can raise the above issues in Grama Sabha in making the Gram Panchayat to w’ork responsibly.

Question 2.
Do you think common people are able to participate in the process of decision making in your panchayat or municipality ? Give some examples to illustrate your answer.
Answer:

1. People don’t get proper information about the meetings and very few people come for them in our village also.
2. Those who come take little interest in decision making. Because the rich people or those who got power dominate in decision making.
3. There is no discussion about the previous report: it becomes optional / common.
4. In lists of B.P.L also Grama Sabha recommends the people who belongs to their party or who are favourable to them in all matters.

Question 3.
Why do you think only a few people attend the Gram Sabha meeting ?
Answer:
This is probably an example of the Gram Sabhas taking place today. People do not get proper information about the meetings and very few people come for them. Those who come take little interest in the proceedings. However, democracy requires active participation of all the villagers in the Gram Sabhas.

All people should discuss the report of the previous year’s work and say whether the work was actually done and was satisfactory. They also need to discuss the proposed work for the next year and say if any other works need to he done, or what is the best way to do it. But in practice, the Gram Sabha does not meet or only a very few people participate who don’t take active interest in the proceedings.

Question 4.
Why are BPL lists read out in the Gram Sabha meetings ?
Answer:
Gram Sabha can prevent the panchayat from doing what it likes. All the works of the panchayat are to be got approved by Gram SabhAnswer: It would not approve wrong works done by the panchayat. There was a problem with B.P.L list that the Gram Sabha was finalising. When the lists of B.P.L. people are read out nil people have to ensure that only genuine poor get the benefit of the schemes.

Kanakamma participated in Gram Sabha and asked that her name be included in the list of BPL read by Sarpanch. She had no land or other employment or resources. The Sarpanch promised to look into this. Kanakamma felt happy that she had participated in the Gram SabhAnswer:

Question 5.
Find out about the problems being faced by dalit panchayat members and Sarpanches in your area and write a short essay about it.
Answer:
There is every chance that dalit panchayat members and Sarpanches are forced to face problems. Most of them are illiterate and in every village rich and influential people enjoy the original power. They make dalit members and Sarpanches dance to their tunes. They have been in the politics for years and have much control over the vote bank. This did not allow dalit Sarpanches to act on their own right.

Question 6.
Do you think Panchayats should raise more tax from the village to carry out development works or depend upon government funds ?
Answer:
Generally, gram panchayats have the power to levy some minor taxes in the villages like house tax, land cess, etc. They get about one third of their income from these sources. But they mainly depend upon grants from the state and central governments, meant for the implementation of specific programmes.

Some funds are made available under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA). From the experiences of the Gram Panchayats it emerges that these funds are far from sufficient for any substantial development of the villages. Panchayats have very little funds for the work they themselves plan and decide upon. If it is necessary, Panchayat should raise more tax in the villages as per the resolution of Gram Panchayats.

Question 7.
What challenges do dedicated Sarpanches face ?
Answer:
Normally elections to Gram Panchayats take place once in every five years. During there elections evey voter casts two votes-one to elect the ward member and another to elect the Sarpanch. The person who gets maximum votes is declared elected.

1. The Sarpanch is the head of the Gram Panchayat and has responsibility of implementing all the decisions of the Panchayat and looking after the day to day working of Panchayat.
2. He is also responsible for the income and expenditure of the Panchayat.
3. As such the Sarpanch has a lot of responsibility.
4. In many villages we see some active Sarpanches who have changed the fate of their villages.
5. For example, Hazipally’s Sarpanch Jangamma led the Panchayat to build several concrete roads, latrines, water storage tanks, etc.

Question 8.
Collect and tabulate the particulars of Ward Members, Deputy Sarpanch, Sarpanch, and Village Secretary of your gram panchayat.
Answer:

Question 9.
Read the para In page 52 (118) under the title ‘Gangadevipalli Panchayat’ of this chapter and write your comment.

Gangadevipalli Panchayat

Through the Gram Sabhas, eighteen different committees were formed in Gangadevipalli village like Drinking Water Committee, Sanitation Committee, Health Committee, Communications Committee etc.These committees are providing good services to the villagers.This village has attained:

• 100% enrolment in schools.
• 100% literacy.
• Supply of protected drinking water to all families.
• Observance of family planning by all eligible couples.
• Vaccination of all children.
• 100% families enrolled in bank saving schemes.
• Total sanitation in the village.
• Complete ban on the consumption of liquor.
Answer:
Gangadevipalli Panchayat is an ideal Panchayat. Formation of committees tells us about the distribution of powers. Which is a backbone of democracy. 100% participation of public leads to success. Every village Panchayat should follow the activities of Gangadevipalli Panchayat.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
What is the difference between a Gram Sabha and a Gram Panchayat?
Answer:

Question 2.
What does a Panchayat do ?
Answer:
1. The village panchavats are responsible for provision of public amenities like
a) maintenance of village roads,
b) construction and maintenance of drains,
c) supply of drinking water,
d) street lighting,
e) cleaning streets,
f) running ration shops, etc.

2. They are responsible for overseeing the functioning of schools, anganwadis. women and child welfare programmes, etc.

3. The Panchavats have to plan and execute development work in the village such as minor irrigation, watershed management, land reform measures.

Question 3.
What is the role of secretary and executive officers ?
Answer:
Every year, before the month of April, proposals from different wards are discussed and budget for them is prepared. The sarpaueh and the executive officer check if funds are available for these proposals.

Secretary and Executive Officers : Each Panchayat also lias a Secretary, who is a Government employee. His/her job is to maintain accounts and minutes of the meetings. Major i’mich.y .ns which have high income also have an executive officer appointed by the government.

Question 4.
What is fecial about the roads and drainages of Hazipally ?
Answer:
Hazipally is a small village in RangaReddy District. Jangamma, the Sarpanch led the panchayat to build several concrete roads and underground drains. She persuaded all the villagers to build latrines in their houses schools, anganwadi and gram panchayat. The panchayat under her leadership built water storage tanks to provide drinking water to the entire village.

Apart from this, the village like city has an underground drainage system like the city. The panchayat has also ensured all the eligible benefits from the schemes intended for them. In recognition of these efforts, Hazipally received the ‘SHUBRAM’ award in November 2008 from the state government and Nirmala Grama Puraskar in December 2008 from Mrs. Prathibha Patil the President of India

Question 5.
What is Gram Sabha ? How it is important ?
Answer:
The Gram Sabha is a meeting of all adults who live in the area covered by a panchayat. This could be only one village or a few villages. It is important in making the Gram Panchayat to work responsibly. It can modify the plans. It supervises the work of Gram Panchayat.

Question 6.
What is a Gram Panchayat ?
Answer:
Gram Panchayat: The Gram Panchayat is an elected body for five years. It consists of ward members and the Sarpanch who are elected by the Gram SabhAnswer: A government employee called secretary is also a part of Gram Panchayat.

Question 7.
What is the link between a Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat?

1. Gram Sabha is over several Gram Panchayats.
2. Gram Panchayats are members of Gram SabhAnswer:
3. Gram Sabha controls and approves the spending of money received from the government.

Question 8.
What are public amenities ? Who will provide these amenities ?
Answer:
Whether it is roads, handpumps or street lights they belong to people in the village as a whole. They are called public amenities. They are provided by panchayats in the rural areas and municipalities in urban areas.

All the public amenities can be provided by the government departments. But they follow orders from higher-ups and eventually from the authorities in the state capital. More important than all this is enabling ordinary people of the villages to participate in public affairs. That is why we have elected village panchayats and municipalities to provide basic amenities at the local level.

Question 9.
Panchayat members and Sarpanches are not paid any salary by government. Do you think they should be paid salaries ? Give reasons.
Answer:

1. Panchayat members and sarpanches are not paid salaries by the government.
2. I think the government should pay them salaries.
3. They are taking part in day to day administration of villages.
4. They are serving the needs of the villages.
5. They are also on par with government servants. So, they should.be paid salaries.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
Where do the Gram Panchayats get funds from, for carrying out their programmes?
Answer:
Gram Panchayats have the power to levy some minor taxes in the villages like house tax, land cess, etc. They get about one third of their income from these sources. But they mainly depend upon grants from the state and central governments, meant for the implementation of specific programmes.

Some funds are made available under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA). From the experiences of the gram panchayats it emerges that these funds are far from sufficient for any substantial development of the villages. Panchayats have very little funds for the work they themselves plan and decide upon.

Question 2.
Are there any villages which conduct Gram Sabhas successfully ?
Answer:
There are many villages which have succeeded in involving the people in participatory development programmes through the Gram Sabha. In Telangana, Gangadevipalli of Warangal Rural District, Ramachandhrapuram of Karimnagar District, Ankapur of Nizamabad District are some of the success stories. Similarly Hiware Bazar of Ahmadnagaf district in Maharashtra is a good example.

Question 3.
How are decisions made ?
Answer:
The majority party puts the proposal about an issue. The issue is discussed in the house. If the majority of representatives supports the issue or bill, it is adopted and the decision is deemed as made.

III. Information Skills

1. Read the passage.

Gangadevipalli Panchayat

Through the Gram Sabhas, eighteen different committees were formed in Gangadevipalli village like Drinking Water Committee, Sanitation Committee, Health Committee, Communications Committee, etc. These committees are providing good- services to the villagers.This village has attained :

100% enrolment in schools,
100% literacy, ,
Supply of protected drinking water to all families.
Observance of family planning by all eligible couples.
Vaccination of all children.
100% families enrolled in bank saving schemes.
Total sanitation in the village.
Complete ban on the consumption of liquor.

Every villager would definitely find a role on at least one of the 18 committees. Any issue of development of the village has to be necessarily discussed in the Gram SabhAnswer: All are bound by the resolution of the Gram SabhAnswer:

Answer the following questions:

1) In which district is Gangadevipalli ?
Answer:
Gangadevipalli is in Warangal Rural district.

2) How many committees were formed in Gangadevipalli ?
Answer:
18 Committees

3) What is your opinion about Gangadevipalli panchayat ?
Answer:
It is a successful panchayat.

4) Why did Gangadevipalli panchayat turn to be successful ?
Answer:
Gangadevipalli panchayat involved the people in participatory development programmes through the Gram Sabha and so it turned to be successful.

5) How do you compare your Gram panchayat with that of Gangadevipalli ?
Answer:
In our village common people are not able to participate in the process of decision making.

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1
“All members of the panchayat participate in the planning” Explain the reason.
Answer:
It is often seen that in many panchayats the Sarpanches prepare plans on their own and get them approved without much discussion. Then the funds allocated for the work are misappropriated as.

very few people know about the plan, budget and actual work done. For this reason it is necessary tha” all members of the panchayat participate in the planning and also oversee the’implementation of programmes.

Project:

Question 1.
Invite the Sarpanch or President of the Mandal Parishad to the school to discuss the functioning of the panchayat system. Prepare some questions to ask them about the functioning of the panchayats.
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

Question 2.
Interact with your ward member/ saipanch to understand their work. Prepare a poster on some important works of the panchayat and display it in the school.
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

Question 3.
How do you feel when you find Litter in the surroundings of your school ? Divide info groups for the school’s cleanliness and plantation of trees and conduct the programme ‘Clean and Green’ by each group a day.
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

TS 6th Class Social 13th Lesson Notes – Village Panchayats

• Gram Sabha : Gram Sabha is a meeting where people directly participate and seek answers from their elected representatives.
• Public Amenities : Whether it is roads, hand pumps or street lights they belong to people in the village as a whole. They are called public amenities.
• Election : Normally elections to Gram Panchayats take place once in every five years. During these elections every voter casts two votes – one to elect the ward member and another to elect the Sarpanch.
• Local Self-Government : There are three levels of panchayats
  1. Gram Panchayat
  2. Mandal Parishad
  3. Zilla Parishad The Government can’t solve the all the issues so it deligates the powers to local self government.
•  Gram Panchayat : Gram sabha elects the Gram Panchayat, the executive, which actually looks after the administration of the village.
• Sarpanch : Panchayat president is the Sarpanch elected by the representatives of the Panchayat.
• Mandal Parishad : About 20 gram panchayats come under a Mandal Parishad.
• Zilla Parishad : Panchayat at district level is termed as Zilla Parishad. All the Mandal parishads in the district come under Zilla Parishad.

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Guide Pdf 12th Lesson Democratic Government Textbook Questions and Answers.

Democratic Government – TS 6th Class Social 12th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
Discuss the similarities and differences between the government in a Gond tribe and a modern democracy.
Answer:
Similarities:

1) Gond Panch : In tribal societies there are no sharp differences like rich and poor as everyone has a share in the common reserves of the tribe. The village headmen derive their authority from the village ‘Panch’ or the council of adult male householders. This council has the last word in matters concerning the village as a whole and the headman is no more than its chairman. The village panch in a sense represents the Gond society as a whole.

2) Democracy : One of the ways to accommodate the views of all kinds of people living in the society and prevent oppressive and unjust forces from controlling the government is the democratic government.

It became possible because of the struggles of people all over the world against monarchies to develop a form of government which was more in accordance with people’s wishes. There are millions of people living in our country. The participation by all citizens in taking decisions may lead to countless number of opinions. In representative democracies people choose their representatives through an election process.

Differences:

a) In Tribal Gond Panch :

1. If the society had people of different cultures, it would not work properly.
2. They wouldn’t be able to arrive at a common solution to which all can agree.
3. Here the decisions are made quickly.

b) In Democratic Government:

1. In democratic countries these elected representatives meet and make decisions on behalf of the entire population.
2. The most decisions of the elected representatives are also formulated based on the same principle of majority. If a decision is supported by more than half the members it will be implemented.
3. Many people believe that by this system of ignoring the views of the minority our democratic system can still become oppressive for them.

Question 2.
Is it possible to include the opinions of the minority in taking decision ? Discuss with some examples.
Answer:
In a democracy, the authority of the people who get elected is also regulated by certain principles which are stated in the constitution of the country. If they go against these principles or procedures the court can disallow their decisions.

Those who agree with the elected representatives can freely express their views and criticise their actions. This can be done through meetings, TV, newspapers, etc. Eg: If the government ignores the hiking of prices by traders, the people will protest this my mass demonstration against price rice.

Question 3.
Imagine how your school would be if it was run by all the students and teachers together ? Would you want that everyone to participate in taking decisions or would you like to elect representatives ? Give reasons.
Answer:
If the school was run by all the students and teachers together, definitely it will be democratic government. In democratic government there are two principles (1) Representative Democracy and (2) Rule of the majority. I would like to elect representatives of each class (Teachers and Students).

These elected representatives meet and make decisions on behalf of entire population. These representatives are expected to adhere to the view points expressed by them and the promises made by them and also to consult the students and teachers from time to time to know about their views, points and problems.

Question 4.
Do you think the decision making in your house is democratic ? Does everyone have a say in it ?
Answer:
Yes. In our house the decision making is democratic. Yes everyone participates in making decisions. Finally we get solution which one or decision is correct and follow it. If there are different opinions, we shall postpone the decision. Later we meet again to get conclusion. We follow the democratic method, Rule of majority.

Question 5.
Gopal’s father consulted all the members of the family on setting up a shop but everyone had a different opinion. Finally, he decided to set up the shop. Do you think he was democratic ?
Answer:

1. I think he was democratic.
2. We can either set up a shop or not.
3. There were no more alternatives for that.
4. Father consulted all the family members with a hope of reaching to correct decision.
5. But unfortunately that could not happen so, as everyone i.s of different opinion.
6. Based on these situations what he did was democratic.

Question 6.
Mary’s mother asked her children where they wanted to go on Sunday. Two children wanted to watch a film and three wanted to go to the park. If you were in Mary’s mother’s place, what decision would you take ? Give reasons.
Answer:

1. If I were in Mary’s mother’s place, 1 would take children to the park.
2. As majority of the children are interested in going to the park, 1 would take them to there.
3. Majority play a key role in democratic decision making system.
4. Based on democratic principles I would have made the choice.
5. I would plan to take them to film the other time.

Question 7.
Classify the following as per the levels of government (Central, State, Local) : M.P, M.L.A, Sarpanch, Mayor, CM and PM.
Answer:
Levels of government – Central, State, Local.
MP – Central level
MLA – State level
Sarpanch – Local level
Mayor – Local level
Chief Minister – State level
Prime Minister – Central Level

Question 8.
Collect news regarding activities of your local M.P., M.L.Answer:, and ministers from newspapers.
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

Question 9.
Draw the outline map of India, observing the map given in this chapter in page no. 34 (109).
Answer:

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
What does a government do ?
Answer:

1. The government takes action on many social issues.
2. It does other important things such as running postal and railway services.
3. The government also has the job of protecting the boundaries of the country and maintaining peaceful relations with other countries.
4. It is responsible for ensuring that all its citizens have enough to eat and have good facilities.
5. When there are natural disasters like the tsunami or an earthquake it is the government that mainly organises aid and assistance for the people.
6. Courts are also part of the government.
7. When human beings live and work together there needs to be some amount of organisation so that decisions can be made.
8. Governments do this on behalf of their people by exercising leadership, taking decisions and implementing these among all the people living in their territory.

Question 2.
What will happen if representatives are elected for ever ?
Answer:
The representatives are elected for a fixed period usually upto five years. After that there will be fresh elections and people will discuss and elect representatives once again. Otherwise if lhey are elected for ever the people can’t regulate them. So they ignore the interests of the people.

The people in a democracy give the powers to the government. They do this through elections, in which they vote for particular persons and elect them. Once they are elected they form government. If the representatives ignore the people’s interests, after five years they may be thrown out and new representatives could be elected.

Question 3.
Is it possible for the representatives to go against the wishes and interests of the people who elected them ?
Answer:
Most decisions of the elected representatives are formulated based on the principle of majority. If a decision is supported by more than half the members it will be implemented. Thus modern democracies do not try to get a complete agreement of everyone on any issue but go by the decision of the majority.
Many people believe that by this system of ignoring the views of the minority our democratic system can still become oppressive for them.

In a democracy, the authority of the people, who get elected is also regulated by certain principles which are stated in the constitution of the country. If they go against these principles or procedures the courts can disallow their decisions. Those who disagree with the elected representatives can freely express their views and criticise their actions. This can be done through meetings, TV, newspapers, etc.

Question 4.
What do you understand by “inequality”? Illustrate with examples.
Answer:

1. Democracy requires that all people – men and women, illiterate and educated, rich and poor, beggars and officers, everyone take time off to understand public matters and make up their own minds.
2. It also requires that they have access to all the required information so that they can take proper decisions.
3. It further requires that they can exercise their vote with freedom and without any interference.
4. Many people, especially women and the poor just don’t have the time to take part in these public matters.
5. They are too busy earning their livelihoods or working for their families.
6. Still in many cases powerful or rich people try to influence the voting by forcing the people or by giving them small benefits before the elections.
7. Sometimes people are persuaded not to decide for themselves but vote according to their caste or religion.

Question 5.
List out various levels of the government.
Answer:
Government works at various levels :

1. At Central level : Covers entire country.
2. At State level : Covers entire state.
3. At District level : Covers the entire district.
4. At Local level : Covers village, town or city.

Question 6.
What does Democratic Government mean to all of us ?
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln of America once defined ‘democracy’ as a government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Question 7.
What are the various ways in which people participate in the process of government?
Answer:
There are different ways in which people participate in the process of government. They are :

1. By participating in voting once in every term.
2. By criticizing the government’s performance.
3. Expressing their views by conducting Dharnas, Rallies etc.
4. Organising social movements which challenge the government functioning.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
Why do you think it is important for people to know the views of the different candidates in elections ?
Answer:

1. Democratic governments in our times are usually referred to as representative democracies.
2. In representative democracies people choose their representatives through an election process.
3. Different persons or parties advocating different points of view openly discuss their views.
4. This will enable the voters to decide which point of view they agree with and which candidate they would like to represent them in taking those decisions.
5. The representatives are expected to adhere to the view points expressed by them.
6. They are also expected to consult the people from time to time to know about their view points and problems.
   In this way the representatives take decisions and make laws, needs and aspirations of the people in mind and act accordingly.

Question 2.
How do rich and powerful people in the villages try to influence the voters ?
Answer:
Still in many cases powerful or rich people try to influence the voting by forcing the people or by giving them small benefits before the elections. Sometimes people are persuaded not to decide for themselves but vote according to their caste or religion. All these factors prevent people from using their democratic right of voting after giving due consideration to the issues and candidates.

Question 3.
What do you understand “representative democracy” and rules of majority ?
Answer:

1. Democratic governments in our times are usually referred to as representative democracies. In representative democracies people choose their representatives through an election process.
2. Most decisions of the elected representatives are also formulated based on the same principle of majority. If a decision is supported by more than half the members it will be implemented.

III. Information Skills

1. Read the passage and answer the following questions.

One of the ways to accommodate the views of all kinds of people living in the society and prevent oppressive arid unjust forces from controlling the government is the democratic government. It was made possible because of the struggles of people all over the world against monarchies and their firm reolve to develop a form of government which will be in harmony with people’s wishes.

Today, India is a democratic country. Should our government functions according to the wishes of the people have such divergent cultures and interests ?
There are millions of people living in our country. The participation by all citizens in taking decisions may lead to countless number of opinions. These processes may consume more time without arriving at any consensus. Moreover, not all citizens are in a position to spend time, money and energy for participating in public affairs. How can we solve this problem ? Abraham Lincoln of America once defined ‘democracy’ as‘a government of the people, by the people and for the people’.

1) How does our government function ?
Answer:
Our government functions according to the wishes of the people.

2) How could people prevent oppressive and unjust forces?
Answer:
It became possible because of the struggle of people all over the world against monarchies.

3) Is India a monarchy ?
Answer:
No, India is a democratic country.

4) Who was Abraham Lincoln?
Answer:
He was former President of AmericAnswer:

5) How did he define “Democracy”?
Answer:
He defined Democracy as “a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
What do you think are the main hindrances faced by people in choosing the right candidate ?
Answer:

1. Democracy requires that all people – men and women, illiterate and educated, rich and poor, beggars and officers, everyone take time off to understand public matters and make up their own minds.
2. It also requires that they have access to all the required information so that they can take proper decisions.
3. It further requires that they can exercise their vote with freedom and without any interference.
4. Unfortunately, these are not always fully possible in most of the countries.
5. For example, many people do not have even the minimum education needed to read newspapers etc.
6. Most of the people are not effectively using the Right to Information Act to check the functioning of different systems.
7. Many people, especially women and poor just don’t have the time or facility to take part in these public matters.
8. They are too busy earning their livelihoods or working for their family.

So powerful or rich people try to influence the voting by forcing the people or by giving them small benefits before the elections.

V. Mapping Skills

Question 1.
Locate the following on the given map.
1) Punjab 2) New Delhi 3) Madhya Pradesh 4) Telangana 5) Goa 6) Assom 7) Sikkim 8) West Bengal 9) Kerala 10) Arunachal Pradesh

2) Map Reading:
Observe the following map and write down the names of the newly formed districts in TelanganAnswer:
Answer:
Newly formed districts in Telangana

V. Appreciation and Sensitivity

Question 1.
Explain the factors that prevent people from using their democractic right of voting.
Answer:
All the factors, mentioned below, prevent people from using their democratic right of voting.

1. Many people especially women and the poor just don’t have the time or facility to take part in the public matters.
2. They are too busy earning their livelihoods or working for their families.
3. Still in many cases powerful or rich people try to influence the vot ing by forcing the people.
4. By giving them small benefits before the elections.
5. Sometimes people are persuaded not to decide for themselves but vote according to their caste or religion.

Project:

Question 1.
Look at the newspapers of the last seven days and collect about the activities of the government. Stick them on a large sheet or notebook. .Make a list of activities of the government you find in these clippings. Discuss this list in the class to get an idea of all the things done by the government.
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

Question 2.
Consult any 10 people of your village who have right to vote and collect the ir,jformation of the particulars they consider while electing a candidate in Elections. Write a report and discuss on it in the classroom.
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

TS 6th Class Social 12th Lesson Notes – Democratic Government

• Democracy : Democracy is defined as the government of the people, for the people and by the people.
• Monarchy : Monarchy is the form of the government in which king or queen or the monarch takes decisions and implements.
• Constitution : A constitution is a document containing the fundamental principles according to which a state is governed.
• Elections : Public choice of a person for office by the votes of a constituent body.
• Decision Making : In democratic government the elected representatives meet and make decisions on behalf of the entire population.
• Representative : In representative democracies people choose their representatives through an election process. The person who gets the largest number of votes becomes the representative of the entire group. The representatives are elected for a fixed period, usually up to five years.

Mind Mapping:

Telangana SCERT TS 6th Class Social Guide Pdf 11th Lesson – First Empires Textbook Questions and Answers.

First Empires – The Earliest People – TS 6th Class Social 11th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana

Question 1.
What did the Ikshvaka rulers do to get acceptance from the various clan headmen ?
Answer:

1. Sometime after the end of the Satavahana kingdom a family who called themselves kshvakas assumed royal titles and established a kingdom with its capital Vijayapuri.
2. These Ikshvaka rulers got acceptance from the varies clan headmen by inter¬marrying with their families.

Question 2.
Why do you think Ashoka was a unique ruler ?
Answer:

1. The most famous Mauryan ruler was AshokAnswer:
2. He was the first ruler who tried to take his message to the people through inscriptions.
3. Most of his inscriptions were in Prakrit and were written in the Brahmin script.
4. Ka’linga is the ancient name of Coastal OdishAnswer: Ashoka fought a war to conquer KalingAnswer:
5. However he was so horrified when he saw the violence and bloodshed that he decided not to fight any more wars.
6. He is the only king in the history of the world who gave up conquest after winning a war.

Question 3.
What enabled the establishment of kingdoms in the Deccan 2000 years ago ?
Answer:

1. Around the time the Mauryans conquered the Deccan large parts of the region had developed village settlements.
2. In some areas they also mined gold and made ornaments.
3. Probably each of these areas was inhabited mainly by a group of people closely related to each other through birth and marriage.
4. Such interrupted groups are also called clans.
5. They gradually grew wealthy and powerful and ruled the clan areAnswer:
6. Soon after the Mauryan empire ended, many headmen of such clans emerged as small kings.
7. Among them were the Satavahanas or the Andhras who managed to build a large kingdom which extended from the banks of the Narmada river to the Krishna- Godavari deltAnswer:
8. The most important Satavahana kings were Gautamiputra Satakarni, Vashishtiputra Pulumavi and Yagnasri Satakarni. They ruled about 2000 years ago for about 200 years.

Question 4.
Identify three rivers and two territorial capitals in map 1. Answer:

Question 5.
After the war of Kalinga, King Ashoka decided not to fight any more wars. Do you think these types of decisions promote world peace ? How ?
Answer:
Ashoka’s decision to abandon the policy of war made possible for some states in the south to maintain their independence. He hence force, pursued a policy of friendship to all nations of the known world. So I think these types of decisions promote world peace. .

Question 6.
Locate the following in the world map.
a) Syria
b) Egypt
c) Greece
d) Sri Lanka
e) India

Question 7.
Hereditary ruling was prevelant at the time of King AshokAnswer: How is present ruling different from that time ?
Answer:
At present the ruling is in the hands of elected members. No. Heriditary ruling is pre¬vailed.

Question 8.
Read the para under the title ‘Ashoka’s message to his subjects’ in page no. 10 (97) and comment on it.
Answer:
“People perform a variety of rituals when they fall ill, when their children get married, when children are born, or when they go on a journey. These rituals are not useful. If instead, people observe other practices, this would be more fruitful. What are these other practices ?

“They are: being gentle with slaves and servants; respecting one’s elders; treating all creatures with compassion; giving gifts to brahmins and monks. “It is wrong to praise one’s own religion or to criticize other’s religion. Each one should respect the other’s reiligion. “If one praises one’s own religion while criticising others, one is actually doing greater harm to one’s own religion. “Therefore, one should try to understand the main ideas of other’s religion, and respect it.”
Answer:
His messages make us clear that all the legends about his wise and human rule are more than justified and quality him to be ranked as on of the greatest rulers. He spoke of what might be called state morality, and individual morality. Both the moralities were inbued with the Buddhist values of compassion, moderation, tolerance and respect for own life. He encouraged the practice of religions.

Question 9.
Discuss what were the social policies during the Gupta period ?
Answer:

1. Gupta dynasty was with great rulers like Samudra Gupta, Chandra Gupta – II, etc. and spread from Gujarat to Bengal and Delhi to Madhya Pradesh.
2. When they conquered a new kingdom, they allowed old king to rule if they follow Gupta kings orders.
3. They give Brahmins villages with administrative rights i.e. no need to pay taxes, obey the provincial officers, etc.
4. Brahmins performed Yagnas and taught Vedas to young Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas.
5. The Gupta Kings were also great patrons of Vedic religious practices.
6. They practised Puranic traditions and constructed many temples.
7. Their period is remembered as ‘Golden Age’ in Indian History.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
From what sources do we learn about Mouryan Empire ?
Answer:
We come to know about this empire from several books written around this time. One important book is

1. Arthasastra written by a minister of Chandragupta called KautilyAnswer:
2. Another was written by Magasthenese, an ambassador of a Greek King in the court of Chandragupta
3. We also Learn a lot about these times froth inscriptions engraved on the orders of Ashoka in various parts of his empire.
4. It is said that Chanakya or Kautilya who was the minister of Chandragupta wrote Arthasastra on how to conquer and rule kingdoms.
5. This book advises kings on how to protect themselves from conspiracies, how to tax different kinds of professions, and what kinds of resources were available in different parts of Indian subcontinent etc.

Question 2.
What is the difference between the Mahajanapadas and the Empires ?
Answer:

Question 3.
What methods were used by the Emperor to control the area under his direct control ?
Answer:
The Mauryans ruled different parts of the empire differently. The area around Pataliputra was under the direct control of the emperor.

1. He appointed officials to collect taxes from the people and punished those who disobeyed royal orders.
2. The emperor issued orders which were carried by messengers to the officials.
3. The emperor supervised them with the help of ministers and members of the royal family.
4. There were also spies who collected information on what was going on and how the officers were working and reported to the emperor.
5. There were other areas or provinces which were ruled from provincial capitals like Takshashila, Ujjain or Suvarnagiri.
6. These were ruled by royal princes who were sent as governors. They could take decisions about their provinces and probably had their own officials and army to help them.
7. The governors also took the help of important families of the region who knew the customs and rules followed in the province.
8. The Mouryans probably made special arrangements to control them.

Question 4.
What do you think the farmers, craftsmen, traders, forest dwellers and herders got in return for the taxes they paid ?
Answer:

1. The Mauryan emperors were able to get taxes from all these people.
2. These people got all the facilities they needed in return for the taxes they paid.

Question 5.
What was Ashoka’s Dhamma ?
Answer:
Ashoka’s dhamma did not involve worship of a god, or performance of sacrifice. He felt that just as a father tries to teach his children, he had a duty to instruct his subjects. He was also inspired by the teachings of the BuddhAnswer: There were a number of problems that troubled him. People in the empire followed different religions and this sometimes led to conflict. Animals were sacrificed. Slaves and servants were ill treated.

Besides, there were quarrels in families and amongst neighbours. Ashoka felt it was his duty to solve these problems. So, he appointed officials, known as the “dhamma mahamatra” who went from place to place teaching people about dhammAnswer: Besides, Ashoka got his messages inscribed on rocks and pillars, instructing his officials to read them to those who were illiterate.

Question 6.
What did Ashoka promote in the place of rituals ?
Answer:
Ashoka gave a message to his subjects. He quoted that people perform a variety of rituals when they fall ill, when their children get married, when children are born or when they go on a journey. They are not useful. He suggested some practices which would be more fruitful.

These are :

1. Being gentle with slaves and servants
2. Respecting one’s elders
3. Treating all creatures with compassion.
4. Giving gifts to brahmins and monks,
5. Each one should respect other religion and one should try to understand the main ideas of other religion and respect it.

Question 7.
In what way do you think donations to Buddhist Monasteries helped the Satavahana and Ikshvaka kings ?
Answer:
Many of these headmen, women of their families, traders, etc., contributed to the Buddhist Monasteries and Stupas built in Amaravati, Bhattiprolu, Vaddlamanu etc. During this time trade with distant places like Bengal and even Rome became very important. We find a large number of coins including Roman coins and also pots made in Roman style.

Merchandise was probably transported in boats along the sea coast and over the Krishna River to the interior towns like Amaravati. Very interestingly the women of the Ikshavaka family were devoted to Buddhist Saints and made large donations to the famous stupa and monasteries of Nagarjuna KondAnswer: A very large monastery and stupa was built at this place.

Question 8.
Do you think the performance of expensive yagnas and claiming to be the descendents of Rama would have helped the Ikshvakas to establish their claim to rule all the clans ?
Answer:

1. Shantamula and Virapurushadatta are important kings of Ikshvaka dynasty.
2. They tried to unite various headmen and chiefs by marrying people from other tribes.
3. To show their distinctiveness conducted expensive yagnas and claimed to be descendents of RamAnswer:
4. Interestingly, the women of Ikshvaka family were devoted to Buddhism.
5. In the light of above things, I don’t think the above have helped them to establish their claim to rule all the clans.

II. Reading the Text (given), Understanding and Interpretation

Question 1.
Why do you think the emperor needed spies within the empire ?
Answer:

1. To rule and administrate such vast’ empires the emperor needed spies.
2. Otherwise he had to take many internal disturbances.
3. These spies collected information on what was going on and how the officers were working and reported to the emperor.

Question 2.
Why do you think the Mauryan emperors need such diverse resources from various regions ?
Answer:

1. Some of the areas like the Ganges Valley, the Krishna river valley, Malwa, Gujarat and Punjab were very fertile and had densely settled villages and towns.
2. Some other areas were important for the trade and crafts.
3. Some regions were important for the mining of precious metals like gold and gem stones.
4. The Mauryan emperors were able to get resources and taxes from all these different kinds of places and peoples.
5. They collected taxes and tributes from these areas also probably in the form of hides, wild animals, precious stones, gold, etc.
6. The emperors appoint officials to collect taxes from the people and punish those who disobey the royal orders.
7. They need resources to rule the vast empire.

Question 3.
In what way do you think cities like Takshashila, Suvarnagiri were important for the Mauryans ?
Answer:
The provincial capitals like Takshashila, Ujjain or Suvarnagiri were ruled by royal princes who were sent as governors. Between these provinces there were vast areas which were forested or did not have many villages or cities. But these were important as they had the roads on which traders, armies and messengers had to travel. The Mauryans probably made special arrangements to control them.

Through these roads the Mauryans reached areas like Suvarnagiri in which were situated gold mines, or Takshashila from where they could get goods from other countries. They collected taxes and tributes from these areas also probably in the form of hides, wild animals, precious stones, gold. etc. Probably, the forest tribes were allowed to live without much interference. The above regions were important for the mining of precious metals like gold and gem stones. They were good resources for the Mauryan empires.

Question 4.
What were the problems that Ashoka wanted to solve by introducing Dhamma ?
Answer:
There were number of problems that troubled him.

1. People in the empire followed different religions and this sometimes lend to conflict.
2. Animals were sacrificed. Slaves and servants were ill treated.
3. Besides, there were quarrels in families and amongst neighbours.
4. Some people followed rituals as usual.
5. Ashoka felt it was his duty to solve these problems.
6. So he appointed officials, known as the “dhamma mahamatra” who went from place to place teaching people about dhamma

Question 5.
How did the Kalinga war influence the emperor Ashoka ?
Answer:
Ashoka fought a war to conquer KalingAnswer: He won the war. The effects of the war were:

1. In the battle field more than a lakh of people were killed. The people were captured as prisoners of the war.
2. Ashoka was horrified when he saw the violence and bloodshed.
3. He immediately took a vow and decided not to make war in future.
4. He decided to rule the empire following a policy of Dhamma with peace and non-violence.
5. Ashoka also became a follower of Buddhism.
6. He also taught Dharma or the mortal principles through the inscriptions installed at different parts of his empire. Thus the Kalinga war influenced the Emperor Ashoka

III. Attinformation Skills

Read the following passage.

Sometime after the end of the Satavahana kingdom, Ikshvakas assumed royal titles and established a kingdom with its capital in Vijayapuri which was probably located near Nagarjunakonda on the banks of the Krishna River. The important kings of this dynasty are Shantamula and VirapurushadattAnswer: These kings tried to bring together the various headmen and small chiefs by marrying people from other tribes. At the same time, they sought to show their distinctiveness by performing vagnas like AshvamedhAnswer: VajapeyAnswer: etc., and made large donations to Brahmins.

1) Where is Vijayapuri ?
Answer:
It is located near Nagarjunakonda on the bank of Krishna River.

2) Who established a kingdom after Satavahanas ?
Answer:
After the end of the Satavahana kingdom a family who called themselves Ikshavakas establised a kingdom.

3) Who are the important kings of this dynasty ?
Answer:
The important kings of this dynasty are Shantamula and VirapurushadattAnswer:

4) What are the expensive yagnas ?
Answer:
Ashvamedha and Vajapeya, etc.

5) What did these kings try to do ?
Answer:
These kings tried to bring together the various headmen and small chiefs by intermarrying with their families.

IV. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning

Question 1.
Write the details about Mauryan empire.
Answer:

• Capital : Pataliputra (Modern day Patna)
• Language (s) : Eg : Magadhi, Prakrit, other Prakrits, Sanskrit.
• Religion : Historical era Established Disestablised
• Government : Absolute Monarchy as described in the ArthashastrAnswer:
• Samraat (Emperor) : 320 – 298 BCE Chandragupta Maurya / 187 – 180 BCE Brhadrata
• Historical era : Antiquity
• Established : 322 BC
• Disestablised : 185 BC
• Area : 50,00,000 km² (1,930,511 sq miles)
• Currency : Panas
• Today part of : India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

V. Mapping Skills

Mapping the Following on the given map.
l)Takshasila
2) Pataliputra
3) Tosali
4) Ujjayini
5) Kalinga
6) Suvarnagiri
Answer:

Map Reading :

1. Observe the following map.

Answer the following questions :

1) Write some important cities in Gupta Empire.
Answer:
1) Mathura,
2) Prayaga,
3) Pataliputra,
4) Nalanda,
5) Ujjain,
6)Kanuj,etc.

2) Mention the cities that belong to present Gujarat state.
Answer:
Vallabhi and Bharuch

3) Pataliputra is now called
Answer:
Patna

4) What are coastal cities mentioned in the map ?
Answer:
Madurai, Poompuhar, Arikamedu, Mahabalipuram, etc.

5) Which state does Ujjain belong to ?
Answer:
Madhya Pradesh

VI. Appreciation and Sensitivity

1. “The Mauryans probably made special arrangements to control them.” Explain.
Answer:
Between the provinces there were vast areas which were forested or did not have many villages or cities. But these were important as they had the roads on which traders, armies and messengers had to travel. The Mauryans probably made special arrangements to control them. Through these roads the Mauryans reached areas like Suvarnagiri in which were situated gold mines, or Takshashila from where they could get goods from other countries.

Project:

1. If you find any old inscription in your neighbourhood, get some more information about it.
Answer:
Student’s self exercise.

TS 6th Class Social 11th Lesson Notes – First Empires

• Empire : The largest kingdoms are called empires and their kings are called emporers.
• Arthasastra : It was written by Chanakya or Koutilya who was the minister of Chandraguptha. It advises kings on how to protect themselves from conspiracies, how to tax different kinds of professions.
• Dharmamahamatras : The officials during Ashoka region. Who observed the people whether they followed the Dharma or not.
• Dhamma : Dhamma is a Prakrit word which means religion.
• Spies (Spy-spies) : A person employed by a govt., to obtain secret information.
• Yagnas : The gods were worshipped by means of sacrifice and prayers.Prayers were offered in the open air by chanting of hymns and performance of Yagnas and homas. The Gods were given an important place in the religion of the early Vedic period.
• Monastery : A Monastery is popularly known as Vihara. It is a permanent place where monks and nuns of Buddhism and Jainism lived.
• Subcontinent : A large land mass that forms part of a continent; especially the part of Asia that includes India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
• Ikshvakas : Some time after the end of the Satavahana kingdom, a family who called themselves Ikshvakas assumed royal titles and established a kingdom with its capital in Vijayapuri which was located near Nagarjuna Konda on the bank of Krishna river.
• Mourya : Some years after Mahapadma Nanda a young man called Chandraguptha Mourya became the king of Magadha. He started the Maurya dynasty (a family whose members become the rulers are after the other is called dynasty)
• Satavahanas : Satavahanas or Andhras who managed to build a large kingdom which extended from the banks of the Narmada river to the Krishna-Godavari delta.
• Kalinga : It is the ancient name of Coastal Odisha.

Mind Mapping: