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AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 20 Understanding Secularism

May 9, 2023May 8, 2023 by Mahesh

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 20th Lesson Understanding Secularism Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 20th Lesson Understanding Secularism

8th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Understanding Secularism Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
List the different types of religious practices that you find in your neighbourhood. This could be different forms of prayer, worship of different gods, sacred sites, different kinds of religious music, and singing. Does this indicate freedom of religious practice?
Answer:

Issues	Hindus	Christians	Muslims
1) Different forms of prayer	Ashtottarams, Pujas, Abhishekas, Homas	Prayers	Namaj
2) Worship of different gods	Brahma, Vishnu, Maheswara, Saraswathi, Lakshmi, Parvathi and others.	Christ and Mary Matha	Allah, Mohammad
3) Sacred sites	Varanasi, Haridwar – Madurai, Rameswaram, Allahabad etc.	Israel and Nagapatnam in India	Mecca Madina & Dargahs
4) Different kinds of religious music	Keertanalu, Tatwalu etc. Annamayya, Thyagayya	Jesudas and others	Prayers only
5) Singing	Vengamamba, ‘Bala Murali Krishna’ etc.	Melodious songs	Prayers only

These indicate freedom of religious practice.

Question 2.
Will the government intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practise infanticide? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
The government intervenes in this issue.
Reasons:

In Indian secularism the state can intervene in religious affairs.
This interference will be according to the ideals of the Constitution.

Question 3.
Find out some examples of different views within the same religion.
Answer:
Yes, there are 3 main schools of thoughts in Buddism.

Theravada
Mahayana
Vajrayana

1. Theravada: They believe in self enlightenment.
2. Mahayana: In the course of enlightenment themselves, they vow to help other to the stage of enlightenment.
3. Vajrayana: They believe that not only bring others to enlightenment but also have power to do that.
Thus there are different views in same religion.

Question 4.
The Indian State both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. This idea can be quite confusing. Discuss this once again in class using examples from the chapter as well as those that you might have come up with.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution mandates that the Indian State be secular. This is according to the ideals of our Constitution, e.g.:

The Constitution banned the ‘untouchability’.
The Indian Muslim women are eligible for maintenance even though it is against Muslim Law. (Judgement was given by the Supreme Court in Shabano case)
The government gives financial aid to religious educational institutions like Sisu Vidya Mandirs, RCM Schools and Urdu Schools etc.
Similarly to ensure that laws relating to equal inheritance rights are respected.
The government takes pearls and silk clothes to Ontimitta Ramalayam in Ekasilanagaram, Cuddapah on the celebration of Seetha Ramula Kalyanam.
In the month of Ramzan the government gives permission to the Muslim employees to do Namaj and change their work timings.
Thus our government is secular and interferes in the religious matters.

Question 5.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘What is Secularism?’ and comment on it.
Answer:

Secularism refers to the separation of religion from the State.
The Constitution of India mandates that the Indian State be Secular.
So the government stays away from the religion.
The Indian secularism works to prevent the domination of a religion through a strategy of non-interference.
When time comes, the Indian State interferes in religious matters.

8th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Understanding Secularism InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what way is Indian secularism different from that of other democratic countries? (Textbook Page No. 225)
Answer:
The governments of other democratic countries will not interfere in the religions of its people. But the Indian government interferes in the religious matters. Thus it is different from other democratic countries

Question 2.
Re-read the introduction to this chapter. Why do you think retaliation is not the proper response to this problem? What would happen if different groups followed this path?
(Textbook Page No. 223)
Answer:
I think retaliation in not the proper response to this problem because, it is not the solution. We are living in a secular country. We follow the principles of great personalities like Gandhiji, Buddha, Ambedkar etc. If this path of retaliation is followed – non-voilence would prevail everywhere and we can see unrest in the society.

Question 3.
Can there be different views within the same religion? (Textbook Page No. 224)
Answer:
There can be different views within the same religion. Many religions in the world have different views.
For e.g.:

By observing all these we can say that all the famous religions have different views.

Question 4.
Can you think of a recent incident, from any part of India, in which the secular ideals of the Constitution were violated and persons were persecuted and killed because of their religious backgrounds? (Textbook Page No. 226)
Answer:
Not in recent past, but in 2002 Gujarat violence was a series of incidents starting with the Godra train burnings and the subsequent communal violence between Hindus and Muslims in the Indian state of Gujarat.
On 27.4.2002 the Sabarmathi Express train was attacked at Godra by a Muslim mob.
58 Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya were killed in the attack. Out of them 25 were women, 15 were children. This in turn prompted retaliatory attacks against Muslims and general communal riots on a large scale across the state.
Later it was known that it was a preplanned attack.

AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 1 Reading and Analysis of Maps

May 9, 2023May 8, 2023 by Mahesh

AP State Syllabus AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions Chapter 1 Reading and Analysis of Maps.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Important Questions 1st Lesson Reading and Analysis of Maps

Question 1.
Do you think the free access to maps is a good thing?
Answer:
No, I do not think so. Any government has to maintain secrecy in access to maps. Otherwise, it helps the enemies. But at present satellite images reveal every place on the earth.

Question 2.
What is meant by the Relief feature?
Answer:
Relief feature means the high and low places on the surface of the earth.

Question 3.
Who were the Portuguese explorers?
Answer:
Magellan, Vasco-da-Gama and Bartholomeu Dias were the Portuguese explorers.

Question 4.
What do you know about Marcopolo?
Answer:
Marcopolo was an Italian explorer. He explored China and Asia.

Question 5.
Why do you think maps are useful to armies in times of war?
Answer:
Maps were also in great demand during times of war as armies and airforces needed them.
They use strategy maps to illustrate an organization’s vision, mission, overarching strategies and key goals and initiatives.

Question 6.
Why were the Greeks and the Romans greatly interested in making maps?
Answer:
The Greeks and after them the Romans were greatly interested in making maps and knowing about places near and far. They wanted to conquer the world, build colonies in far off places and trade with them. e.g.: Alexander, the Greek king.

Question 7.
What is aerial photography?
Answer:

Aerial photography is the technique of taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated position, using aircrafts, helicopters, hot air balloons etc.
Aerial photographs are not maps.

Question 8.
What are satellite imagery?
Answer:
Satellite imageries are the photographs of the earth taken by the artificial satellites launched into the space. These are used in many ways: map making, planning, meteorology, forestry, warfare etc.

Question 9.
Write the difference between maps and photographs.
Answer:
Maps:
A map is used by geographers to show features that we consider important.
(Or)
A map actually is a model of a place giving those features that the map maker considers to be of importance.
Photographs:
A photograph may not be able to show you the features of a place like a map.

Question 10.
Name the early map makers.
Answer:
The Sumerians, the Babylonians, the Greeks, the Arabs, the Chinese, the Europeans were the early map makers.

Question 11.
How can we read Thematic maps?
Answer:

A map which focuses on only one aspect is called “Thematic Map”,
e.g.: Political Maps, Physical Maps etc.
We should have the knowledge of different kinds of symbols, colours and patterns which are used on thematic maps.
e.g.: Dark Grey – Mountain Black – Boundary.
Then only we can read Thematic maps.

Question 12.
What are main relief features on the earth?
Answer:

Relief feature means the high and low places on the surface of the earth.
The main relief features are: hills, valleys, plateaus, plains, river basins, rocky and sandy places.

Question 13.
What are called Isolines?
Answer:
The lines which join the places with some common features are called Isolines or Contour lines.

Question 14.
What are the uses of contour lines?
Answer:
Contour lines give an indication of the slope of the land as well as the elevation above sea level.

Question 15.
How did Mt. Everest get its name?
Answer:
In 1802 William Lambton began one of the most important geographical surveys in the world starting from Chennai in the south and culminating in the Himalayas to determine the length of longitude and also the heights of various places. This survey was completed by Sir George Everest. It is this survey that established that Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world. It was named after George Everest.

Question 16.
What are conventional symbols?
Answer:
The symbols which are used by map makers conventionally are called conventional symbols.

Question 17.
Observe the given picture and write your comment.

Answer:
This was a model of the world according to the Bible. It is surrounded by oceans and is divided into three continents – Asia, Europe and Africa.
Of these, Asia was considered the largest and the most important as it had Jerusalem which was the birthplace of Jesus Christ. It is therefore also shown on the top.

Question 18.
Statement:
“All the important features can be shown on a map. So people make different kinds of maps”.
* Read this statement and prepare a question on it.
Answer:
“Why do people make different kinds of maps?”

Question 19.
Why were the Greeks and the Romans greatly interested in making maps?
Answer:
The Greeks and after them the Romans were greatly interested in making maps and knowing about places near and far. They wanted to conquer the world, build colonies in far off places and trade with them.
e.g.: Alexander, the Greek king.

Question 20.
Why do you think that in Idrisi’s map the top side points to the south while in the maps prepared by the Greeks it pointed to the north?
Answer:
In many issues Islamic traditions are different with the rest of the world’s, e.g.: Script.
In the similar way the top side points to the south in Idrisi’s map.
(Or)
While facing towards east, he would have given importance to the right hand side (south) and showed it on the top side of the map.

Question 21.
Appreciate the Babylonian clay tablet world map.
Answer:
The Babylonian clay tablet was dated from the Persian period. It was flat and round. The inner circle had all the places they knew about. The city of Babylon was shown in the middle. Beyond the inner circle was ‘Bitter river, or ‘Salt water ocean’ in which were seven triangular islands.
Their thought, imagination, map making ability were really appreciable.

Question 22.
Who invented the latitudes and longitudes and the grid system?
Answer:
Hipparchus (190-120 B.C.) was perhaps the greatest of the Greek astronomers. He devised a method of locating geographical positions by means of latitudes and longitudes. Ptolemy also was a Greek astronomer and mathematician. He lived and worked in Egypt. His work which employed a system of latitudes and longitudes, influenced map makers for hundreds of years. He evolved the science of map-making.

Question 23.
Write the biography of Al Idrisi. (in a few lines)
Answer:

Ash – Sharif Al Idrisi was born in 1099. He was a Muslim geographer, cartographer, Egyptologist and traveller. He lived in Sicily, at the Court of King Roger – II. He spent much of his early life travelling through North Africa and Spain.
Al Idrisi incorporated the knowledge of Africa, the Indian Ocean and the far east gathered by Islamic merchants and explorers and recorded on Islamic maps. He wrote a book ‘A Diversion for the Man Longing to Travel to Far Off Places’. The Tabula Rogeriana’ was drawn by him in 1154 for the Norman King Roger II of Sicily. He died in Sicily in 1165/1166.

Question 24.
Observe the following paragraph and answer the given questions.
Relief feature means the high and low places on the surface of the earth. The main relief features are: hills, valleys, plateaus, plains, river basins, rocky and sandy places. Since the maps are flat we cannot show the height on them. We, therefore, use a special symbol for this called contours or contour lines. Contours are lines on the map joining places of same height – measured from the sea level. In other words, all places on a contour line will have the same height from the sea level. Contour lines are also called isolines – lines joining places with some common features.
1. What is meant by Relief feature?
Answer:
Relief feature means the high and low places on the surface of the earth.

2. What are the main relief features?
Answer:
The main relief features are hills, valleys, plateaus, plains, river basins, rocky and sandy places.

3. Why can we not show the heights of the maps?
Answer:
Since the maps are flat we cannot show the height on them.

4. Special symbols are called contour lines.

5. Contours are lines on map joining places of same height measured from the sea level.

6. Contour lines are also called isolines.

7. What are isolines?
Answer:
Isolines are the lines which join the places with some common features.

Question 25.
Observe the given information and answer the following questions.

Names of Famous Explorers	Their Nationality	Their Lifespan	Their Voyage of Exploration
1) Marcopolo	Italian	1254- 1324	China and Asia
2) Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese	1480- 1521	First voyage around the world.
3) Christopher Columbus	Italian / Spanish	1451 – 1506	America, the new world.
4) Vasco-da-Gama	Portuguese	1469-1524	Ocean route from Portugal to east.
5) Bartholomeu Dias	Portuguese	1457- 1500	Voyage around the Cape of Good Hope on the southern most tip of Africa.

1. Who were the Protuguese explorers?
Answer:
Magellan, Vasco-da-Gama and Bartholomeu Dias were the Portuguese explorers.

2. What do you know about Marcopolo?
Answer:
Marcopolo was an Italian explorer. He explored China and Asia.

3. Who discovered America?
Answer:
Christopher Columbus discovered America.

4. What was the lifespan of Magellan?
Answer:
His lifespan of Magellan was 1480 – 1521. (41 years)

5. Who made his first voyage around the world?
Answer:
Ferdinand Magellan.

Question 26.
Locate the following on the given world map.

Present place of Babylonians / Sumarians
Greece
Sicily
Libya
Asia
Europe
Arabia
China
North America
South America

Answer:

Question 27.
Observe the given map.

Now answer the following questions.
1. What are the islands in the Arabian sea
Answer:
Lakshadweep.

2. This indicates
Answer:
External boundaries.

3. What is the scale of the map?
Answer:
1 cm = 200 kms.

4. Name any state on east coast.
Answer:
Odisha, Andhra Pradesh.
(you can write any one)

5. Name any state on the west coast.
Answer:
Gujarat.

Question 28.
Observe the given picture and write down your opinion on Mercator projection.

Answer:

Gerardus Mercator was a Dutch geographer and cartographer.
The Mercator projection distorts the size and the shape of large objects, as the scale increases from the equator to the poles, where it becomes infinite,
e.g.: 1) Greenland takes as much space on the map as Africa. In reality Africa’s area is 14 times greater than that of Greenland. Greenland is comparable to Algeria only.
2) Alaska – Brazil
Finland – India.

AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 19 Social and Religious Reform Movements

May 9, 2023May 8, 2023 by Mahesh

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 19th Lesson Social and Religious Reform Movements Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 19th Lesson Social and Religious Reform Movements

8th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson Social and Religious Reform Movements Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Do you agree with “Western education and Christian Missionaries influenced the Social and Religious reform movement in India”. Why?
Answer:
Yes. I can agree with this statement.
Reasons: Many Christian missionaries came to India along with the European companies to preach Christianity in India. They severely criticised the existing religious practices and beliefs and tried to persuade people to adopt Christianity. At the same time they also established many educational institutions, hospitals and charity services with the view of serving the poor and needy. This helped in spreading many new ideas among people.

Soon a lively debate ensued between the missionaries and leaders of Hinduism and Islam as each tried to defend their own religious ideas. Such debates helped people not only to understand each others ideas but also encouraged them to enquire into the original and basic tenets of their own religions. Several European scholars studied the ancient literature of India, translated them and published them as books. (Since they studied books of the eastern countries they were called ‘Orientalists’.) Now these books are available for all to study.

As the ancient Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Persian and Arabic books got translated into European languages, the rich and diverse cultural heritage of the country was recognized by all. This enabled the people with new ideas to reinterpret their own religions better.
e.g.:

Rammohan Roy condemned idol worship.
Vivekananda asked to adopt some of the positive qualities of European culture like freedom and respect for women, work ethic, technology etc.
Swami Dayananda rejected all later additions to Hindu religion.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan worked for the spread of modern education and social reforms among the Muslims.
The minimum age for marriage was raised to the 14 years.
Rammohan Roy fought against ‘Sati’.
Law was made to encourage widow remarriages.
Many established schools for girls.

Question 2.
What was the importance of printifig press in the development of reform movement?
Answer:
The Europeans introduced printing press in India. It made possible the appearance of many newspapers and magazines. Books were also published in different Indian languages. This made books accessible to a large number of people at a very low cost. People could now carry on debates and discussions through these newspapers, magazines and books and easily reach out to large number of people.

Question 3.
The main idea behind religious reform was to end complex rituals, worshipping of many gods and idol worship, purdah system. Do you think people have accepted these reforms ? Explain.
Answer:
People have accepted these reforms temporarily.
Reasons:

Now there was no existence of Brahmo Samaj. The members of it followed ‘Bhakti Path.’
Arya Samaj also accepted Vedic religion at the end.
At present, the Hindus are worshipping many Gods and their idols.
Complex rituals: People have accepted some of the rituals which are easy to follow.

Question 4.
Why do you think people like Ramabai paid special attention to the condition of widows?
Answer:
Many writings tell us about the pitiful conditions of the widows in their families. They suffered because they had no economic freedom and education. The people like Ramabai thought that “it was the biggest sin to endure the ill deeds and not oppose them.” So, they paid special attention to the condition of widows.

Question 5.
Explain the role of Raja Rammohan Roy as a social reformer in India in 19th century.
Answer:
Raja Rammohan Roy was born in Bengal in 1772. He was a great scholar of Sanskrit, Persian, English, and knew Arabic, Latin and Greek.
He also studied several religious philosophies like Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Sufism. Having studied various religious books he was convinced that there is only one God and that worshipping of idols and making sacrifices were incorrect. He was convinced that all great religions had the same common beliefs and it was incorrect to criticise the religions of others. He also believed that we should accept a religious belief only if it is rational and if it is beneficial to people.
He rejected the authority of priests and called upon people to study the original books of their religions. He published his ideas in magazines and books using the new technology of printing to reach out to maximum number of people.
In 1828 Rammohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj – an assembly of all those who believed in an universal religion based on the principle of One Supreme God. After the death of Rammohan Roy in 1833, the Brahmo movement was led by Devendranath Tagore and Keshav Chandra Sen. They popularised their ideas by lecturing all over India.

Question 6.
What was the main concern of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in promoting English creation?
Answer:

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was convinced that the bitterness between Muslims and the British must end.
In order to progress, Muslims should participate in government and get larger share in government jobs.
He thought that this was possible only through modern education.
This was the main concern of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in promoting English education.

Question 7.
Different leaders thought of different ways in which the ‘untouchable’ castes can be made the equals with all others. Make a table with the suggestions of leaders like Phule, Bhagya Reddy Varma, Narayana Guru, Ambedkar and Gandhiji.
Answer:
Phule:

He opened a special school for the Mahar and Maang castes.
He wrote many books on caste discrimination.
They set up Satya Shodhak Samaj for low caste children.
He encouraged to conduct marriage and death ceremonies without the Brahmins.

Bhagya Reddy Varma :

He called upon Dalits to call themselves ‘Adi Andhras’.
To spread awareness in dalits he started ‘Jagan Mitra Mandali’.
He opened special schools.
He opposed religious misdeeds on dalit girls.
He encouraged Buddhism.

Narayana Guru:

He preached the idea of ‘One Jathi, One God and One Religion for all’.
He called upon the Ezhava community to give up several aspects of their low caste status.
He set up temples where no caste discrimination would be practised and very simple rituals would be followed without Brahmin priests.
He even said that building schools for children was more important than building temples.

Ambedkar:

He led many agitations for dalits.
He argued that the dalits should vote separately for dalit candidates to the legislatures.
Overcoming numerous social and financial obstacles, Ambedkar became one of the first dalits to obtain college education in India.
He founded an Independent Labour Party to represent the interests of the dalits.
Ambedkar was appointed as the Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, charged by the assembly to write India’s new constitution.

Gandhiji:
Around 1932 Gandhiji started a movement against untouchability. He called the ‘untouchable’ castes as Harijans or ‘People of God’. He wanted to ensure them equal access to temples, water sources and schools. This campaign was taken up by Congress in a big way and helped to bring millions of Dalits into the national movement.

Question 8.
Why does caste remain such a controversial issue today? What do you think was the most important movement against caste in colonial times?
Answer:
In addition to that one feels one’s caste is great. So caste is an important pillar in some celebrations of families. No caste, even higher or lower, people will agree to cross these limitations.
Bringing this ‘caste’ into social issues is causing many problems, e.g.: A dispute between two persons is created as a dispute between two castes.
I think the movement led by Satya Shodhak Samaj was the most important movement against caste in colonial times.

Question 9.
What did Ambedkar want to achieve through the temple entry movement?
Answer:
Ambedkar wanted to say that ‘All are equal before God and everyone has rights on God”.

Question 10.
How in your opinion were the movements of social reform effective in ridding Indian society of social evils? What social evils do you find today ? Which reform movements should be started to combact them ?
Answer:
The movements of social reforms were effective in ridding Indian society of social evils. These movements banned Sati and child marriages. These encouraged women education, school education and widow remarriages.
We find the following social evils today:

Corruption
Religionism,
Casteism
Dowry
Regionalism etc.

Today there is a silence in our society. No politician is working against these evils. Nobody is thinking of these.
The educated should think of these evils and respond. Otherwise, no reforms are introduced. The governments also should think of these issues.

Question 11.
Create a poster that reflects girls education and its importance.
Answer:

Poster on Girls’ Education

Despite all tall claims by the government and nagging by voluntary organizations, a vast majority of the girls are yet illiterate in India. During the last four decades since independence, much is being done to emancipate women. Education of girls is one of the basic features of the plan. Many schools and colleges are founded for girls.

Education has led to their economic independence and equality with the menfolk. They have now an honoured position in society and have secured their rights from the reluctant men but all this is confined chiefly to the urban areas. In rural areas most of the peopte-are-sWtfr against girls’ education.

Every village must have a girls’ school, or if that is not possible owing to lack of funds, parents should be persuaded to admit their daughters to boys’ schools thus promoting co-education.
Furthermore, the extreme poverty of the Indian masses makes it imperative that education for girls should be free up to the matriculation standard. If facilities for female education are provided in every village, it will also be possible to make it compulsory.

Special legislation should then be enacted to deal with parents who neglect the education of their daughters. This compulsion would be essential in early stages because most villagers are still too ignorant to understand the value of education for girls.

Question 12.
What qualities of Social Reformers you liked? Why?
Answer:
Qualities of Social Reformers I liked:

The reformers took recourse to propaganda in the Indian language to reach the masses.
They also used novels, dramas, short stories, poetry, the press and the cinema to spread their views.
Indian women played an active and important role in the struggle for independence of the country.
Reason: Due to the hardwork of these reformists and other individuals many superstitious disappeared.

8th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson Social and Religious Reform Movements InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What were the similarities and differences between the views of Rammohan Roy and Swami Vivekananda and Dayananda Saraswati ? (Textbook Page No. 213)
Compare the religious views of Ram Mohan Roy, Vivekananda and Dayananda and point out the similarities and differences among them.
(OR)
Compare the religious views of Rammohan Roy, Vivekananda and Dayananda, and point out the similarities and differences among them.
Answer:
Similarities:

All the three believed the Hindu Dharmic Literature.
They told that the best things of all the religions should be followed by all.
They opted social service as their ideal hobby.

Differences:

Dayananda	Rammohan Roy	Vivekananda
1) He rejected the orthodox Hindu religion.	1) He treated all the religions equal.	1) He treated Hindu religion as best of all.
2) He set up Arya Samaj.	2) He set up Brahmo Samaj.	2) He set up Ramakrishna Mission.
3) He treated all the religions are false and gave a call to the people to return to Vedic Hindu religions.	3) He asked people to have faith in only one god.	3) He wanted to revive a reformed Hindu religion. He wanted the people to leave superstitions and to follow the Hindu religion.

Question 2.
How do you think were the early reformers influenced by European culture and Christianity? (Textbook Page No. 213)
Answer:

The early reformers were influenced by the positive qualities of European culture like freedom and respect for women, work ethic, technology etc. So they worked hard to abolish ‘Sati’ and child marriages and to encourage widow remarriages etc.
The persons who were influenced with their religion, propagated new systems like worshipping one Supreme God.
They were all educated in English. They studied many subjects for knowledge. So they encouraged English education and establishment of schools.
Thus the early reformers were influenced by European culture and Christianity.

Question 3.
Do you see any similarities between the DAV schools and the MAO college? (Textbook Page No. 214)
Answer:

DAV (Dayananda Anglo Vedic) Schools	MAO (Mohammedan Anglo Oriental) college
1) These were established by the followers of Swami Dayananda.	1) This was established by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
2) To educate children in modern subjects and at the same time keep them in touch with their religion and culture.	2) It sought to teach English and science but in an Islamic atmosphere.
3) At the end they felt that they should focus on teaching Vedic religion and not modern subjects and counter the influence of other religions.	3) It later developed into the Aligarh Muslim University.

Question 4.
Do you think these demands are necessary even today? (Textbook Page No. 219)
Answer:
I do not think so.
Reasons: The Government of India is providing the ‘low’ castes with ‘reservations’ in all the sectors like education, employment etc.
All these people are educated equally with others and doing their jobs. They are participating and are in good positions in politics also. So I think these demands are not necessary today.

Question 5.
Compare the efforts of Narayana Guru and Jyotiba Phule. What similarities and differences do you see between them? (Textbook Page No. 219)
Answer:
Similarities:

Both opposed the caste system.
Both established many schools.
Both opposed the supremacy of Brahmins.

Differences:

Narayana Guru	Jhotiba Phule
1. He was a religious leader.	1. He was a social reformist.
2. He set up temples where no caste discrimination would be practised and very simple rituals would be followed without Brahmin priests.	2. He campaigned for special schools, colleges and hostels for the children of ‘low’ castes where the teachers too would be from ‘low’ castes.
3. He actively criticized caste system and called for end to all forms of caste discriminations.	3. He called upon the low castes to conduct marriage and death ceremonies without the Brahmins.

Question 6.
Recall the teachings of Buddha with regard to the caste system. (Textbook Page No. 220)
Answer:
Buddha preached that ‘All are equal’. He opposed caste and religious discriminations. He treated all his followers equal.

Question 7.
What are the similarities and differences in the approaches of Gandhiji and Ambedkar towards dalits? (Textbook Page No. 221)
Answer:
Similarities:

Both worked for Dalits.
Both were the members of Congress Party.

Differences:

Gandhiji	Ambedkar
1) Being a person of higher caste, he fought for dalits.	1) He fought for dalits as a dalit.
2) He reserved some seats in elections to dalits.	2) He argued that the dalits should vote separately for dalit candidates to the legislatures.
3) He fought for dalits from Congress.	3) He set up Independent Labour Party for dalits.
4) He continued himself in Hindu religion and fought for dalits.	4) He lost his faith in Hinduism and converted to Buddhism at the end of his life.

Question 8.
In what way do you think printing helped in the spread of these new ideas? (Textbook Page No. 213)
Answer:
The Europeans introduced printing press in India. It made possible the appearance of many newspapers and magazines. Books were also published in different Indian languages. This made books accessible to a large number of people at a very low cost. People could now carry on debates and discussions through these newspapers, magazines and books and easily reach out to large number of people.
Thus the printing helped in the spread of these new ideas.

Question 9.
If you had to choose between a DAV school, Gurukul School and a government run school, which one would you prefer to go to and why? (Textbook Page No. 213)
Answer:
I would prefer the government school.
Reason:

Here the teaching-learning process would be in a secular way.
All the students here would be treated equally.

Question 10.
You may have noticed that all the reformers tried to reinterpret the ancient religious books in order to defend their reformist ideas. Look at the examples of all the major reformers and see how they did this. (Textbook Page No. 214)
Answer:
1) Raja Rammohan Roy:
He studied several religious philosophies like Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Sufism. Having studied various religious books he was convinced that there is only one God and that worshipping of idols and making sacrifices were incorrect. He was convinced that all great religions had the same common beliefs and it was incorrect to criticise the religions of others. He also believed that we should accept a religious belief only if it is rational and if it is beneficial to people. He rejected the authority of priests and called upon people to study the original books of their religions. He published his ideas in magazines and books using the new technology of printing to reach out to maximum number of people.

2) Swami Vivekananda:
He believed that Hindu religion was superior to all others. He emphasized the teachings of Upanishadas which were being translated and printed in large numbers.

3) Swami Dayananda Saraswathi:
He studied the Vedas and was convinced that they contained the true religion and he rejected all later additions to Hindu religion like many gods and goddesses, idol and temple worship and Brahmanic priesthood and caste system. He advocated worshipping one Supreme God through simple rituals and recitation of Vedic mantras. He rejected all other religions as false religions and wanted Hindus who had converted to other religions to return to Hinduism based on the Vedas.

Question 11.
Do you find any religious idea advocated by the above reformers which was not part of the Bhakti Movement? (Textbook Page No. 214)
Answer:
No. All the reformers advocated the religious ideas of the Bhakti Movement only.

Question 12.
Some people thought this situation (No place inside the classroom) was better than the total lack of education for untouchable people. Would you agree with this view? (Textbook Page No. 218)
Answer:
Yes. I do agree with them.
Jyothiba Phule and Ambedkar faced and ignored such situations and studied well. So they were able to pave the way to the next generations. Otherwise there will be the same situation at present.

Question 13.
Do you think dalits have equal access to temples, water sources and schools today? What problems do they still face? (Textbook Page No. 221)
Answer:
At present dalits have equal access to temples, water sources and schools. To say frankly they have equal access and reservations also. So we can say that there were no social problems to them.

Question 14.
Write a dialogue between supporters and opposers of widow remarriage. (Textbook Page No. 215)
1856 – At the time of first widow remarriage – Calcutta.

Srikanth Chattarji: Wow, this should be a golden page in the history of our nation. Here is an end to the problems of women. May God bless the women!
Mukhesh Bandopadhyaya: How dare you to talk like this Srikanth babu? This gives us several punishments in the hell. Arey – A marriage to widow.
How could this be possible? A woman will go to some other’s family to develop their family, again to some other family. How could they do this?
Oh God! Please save us and save our country.
Rajya Laxmi: Today is really a wonderful day. Child marriages and widowships etc., were curses on us. We have to work in our maternal and mother-in-law’s houses freely without any feelings. So this is a good beginning for us. We are very grateful to the God.

Question 15.
Do you think today equal importance is given to the education of girls or do girls still face discrimination? (Textbook Page No. 217)
Answer:
Equal importance is given to girls education with boys. To be frank the girl enrolment is more than boys in some schools and collges. But in some families girls face discrimination, mostly in some backward states.

Question 16.
What problems do girls face in getting educated which boys do not face? (Textbook Page No. 217)
Answer:

Girls are not encouraged for higher education.
Girls are not permitted to far off places for education.
Some courses are only meant for boys.

Question 17.
To what extent has the treatment of widows changed today? (Textbook Page No. 218)
Answer:
We can say that the attitude of the society is changed. Widows are treated equally with other women. Their elders are only arranging remarriages for them. Men are also taking a step forward to marry them. They are treated equally except in some religious traditions like marriages etc.

Question 18.
Do dalit girls and Muslim girls face special problems in education even today? (Textbook Page No. 218)
Answer:
Nowadays we seldom hear such a news from newspapers that dalit girls are facing some problems from others. They are also receiving education in classrooms along with others. Muslim girls also have separate schools. They are also studying without problems.

Question 19.
Find out about some important women leaders of the freedom struggle – Kalpana Dutt, Aruna Asaf Ali, Captain Lakshmi Sehgal, Sarojini Naidu, Kamladevi Chattopadhyaya, etc. (Textbook Page No. 220)
Answer:
1. Kalpana Dutt:
27.07.1913
08.02.1995.
She was later known as Kalpana Joshi. She was a member of prominent Republican Army in Chittagang and participated in the well known Chittagong Armoury Raid case 1930. Later she joined Communist Party of India.

2) Aruna Asaf Ali:
16.07.1908
27.09.1996
She played a leading role during the Quit India Movement. She unfurled the national flag at the Gowalia tank Maidan to signify the commencement of the Quit India Movement and became a legend for thousands of youth that rose to emulate her.
She was awarded Lenin Prize for Peace in 1975, Jawaharlal Nehru Award for Interna¬tional Understanding – 1991 and Bharata Ratna – 1998.

3) Captain Lakshmi Sehgal:
24.10.1914
23.07.2012.
In 1943 she met Netaji in Singapore. Their meeting changed her life. She started Rani of Jhansi Regiment. Then she became as Captain Lakshmi Sehgal. She was arrested by the British in May 1945.

4) Sarojini Naidu:
13.02.1879
02.03.1949.
The Nightingale of India – she was the second Indian woman to become the President of Indian National Congress. Her birthday was celebrated as Women’s Day in India.
She joined the movement in 1905 – Partition of Bengal. She came into contact with many people.

5) Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya:
03.04.1903
29.10.1988.
She was a social reformer and freedom fighter. She joined the movement in 1923 during Non-Cooperation Movement. She was the first Indian woman to be arrested.

Question 20.
Why do you think was there bitterness between the Muslims and the British after 1857? (Textbook Page No. 214)
Answer:
Mohammadans invaded India many times from 6 AD/7AD. Later they occupied and ruled India till the arrival of the Britishers. Nearly 1200 years they ruled India. Even though there were some native rulers, they were small in number. After 1857, India was under the control of the British queen’s rule. Mohammadans were also treated as Indians. So, there was bitter¬ness between the Muslims and the British after 1857.

Question 21.
Why do you think was it important to get the government to pass laws for social reform? (Textbook Page No. 215)
Answer:
Some persons might have reformistic views. Some might reject them. So the people in the society could not follow these ideas. Even though they followed, they might be rejected by the society. So it was important to get the government to pass laws for social reforms.

Question 22.
Imagine that you are one of the students sitting in the school veranda and listening to the classes. What kind of questions would be raising in your mind ? (Textbook Page No. 218)
Answer:

Why should I sit here?
Why I am not allowed to sit inside?
Did I do any mistake
Why I am an untouchable?
Is it my mistake, taking birth in this caste?
Why shouldn’t they touch me?

Question 23.
Why do you think he (Jyotiba Phule) insisted on ‘low’ caste teachers to teach such students? (Textbook Page No. 219)
Answer:
Teachers of higher castes ill-treated and hurted the low caste students. They showed discrimination in the castes. In these conditions the process of learning might not be perfect. The teachers of low castes could not hurt these students. So he insisted on low caste teachers to teach such students.

Question 24.
How would the feeling that the dalits were the orginal inhabitants of Andhra Pradesh have helped in boosting the confidence of the dalits ? (Textbook Page No. 220)
Answer:
The feeling would raise the confidence in dalits. This confidence would strengthen them in fighting against the discrimination. That led them to their success.

Question 25.
Did all women get the right to vote in independent India? (Textbook Page No. 220)
Answer:
Yes, all women get the right to vote in independent India.

Question 26.
Create a poster that reflects on social Reforms.
Answer:

Poster on Social Reforms

Sometimes society becomes full of evils and vices. It is guided by blind faith and superstition. People do not try to know the relation between cause and effect. They believe in imaginary ghosts and spirits as the prime-mover of all social actions. They believe in animal sacrifice to please the deities. They also once believed in the human sacrifice. The social vices like child wives were in existence. The widows were not allowed to marry again. The wives were compelled to be burnt with their dead husbands and so on. Untouchability disabled a big section of people. In order to eradicate all these things social reforms were necessary. Social reforms are necessary at all times in order to get the society purged off any vice that creeps into it.

Great reformers are born to reform the society and to reform the religion. Because many times religion is the basis of the social behavior. Martin Luther in Germany and John Wicliff in great Britain were the great reformers in 18th century. In India we got Raja Rammohan Roy, Ishwar Chadra Vidyasagar, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Ramakrishna, Paramhamsa, Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi as the great reformers. In ancient times we had Gautama Buddha and Mahavir as the great religious and social reformers. In Orissa Mr. Madhusudan Das, Pandit Nilakantha Das and Acharya Harihar Das made attempt to reform the society.

Social reform is necessary, time and often. So we must reform our society whenever it is necessary. Social reform should base on science and morality. Social reform cannot be made by legislation, force or imposition. It can be made only by effective public education, though the necessity of legislation cannot be altogether ruled out.

AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 18 Rights Approach to Development

May 9, 2023May 8, 2023 by Mahesh

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 18th Lesson Rights Approach to Development Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 18th Lesson Rights Approach to Development

8th Class Social Studies 18th Lesson Rights Approach to Development Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Correct the false statement:
a) Welfare functions of the government need to be monitored.
b) People need to allow the elected representatives alone to monitor the implementation of programmes.
c) Information officers can withhold the information for an indefinite period.
d) By looking at various documents one can identify if the programmes are implemented without malpractices.
Answer:
a) True b) False c) False d)True
Correct of false statements :
b) People and the elected representatives should monitor the implementation of programmes.
c) Information officers cannot withhold the information for indefinite period. It should be given in the prescribed time.

Question 2.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Need for Information to Fight Corruption’ and answer the following:
Observe any of the government programme and make a report of its implementation in your area.
Answer:
In our area the government is giving pensions to the old people and handicapped. They give Rs. 200/- to the old and Rs. 500/- to the handicapped every month. They release these funds for every 2 or 3 months once. These pensions are given to the beneficiaries through the employs of local bodies.

They select one place to hand over these pensions. Everyone should reach there in prescribed time. There may be 400 to 500 beneficiaries in that centre. They should stand in a line for hours together and sometimes two or three days also. How pity this is ! We feel so sad for this. Why don’t the government send the pensions directly to their homes or to their accounts ? In this connection we request the government and its officials to view this issue in humanitarian grounds.

Question 3.
Collect a few success stories with regarding to Right To Information Act (RTI) from the newspapers and tell them in your class.
Answer:
Story – 1:
A 70 year old lady Laxmi, lost her son Anoop Singh in Delhi road accident. He was a traffic constable there. His wife was given his pension. Later she remarried some other person. Laxmi was left as an orphan. She used this RTI Act to gain access to files regarding the pension and other benefits of her son.
Story – 2:
Kshetramai of Bhuvaneswar bought a small piece of land and got it registered. But the clerk in the Sub Registrar Office did not hand over the documents to her for 11/2 years.
She complained in the camp of RTI Act. She got her documents within hours on the same day.
Story – 3:
Aashiyana, a thirteen year old Lucknow girl, had got raped by a gang of 6 boys. They gave a compalint in a police station. The prime accused showed an evidence that he was a minor at that time and went for a trial in a Juvenile Court. Then Aashiyana father Sabruddin has filed an application at District Magistrate Office under RTI Act. He has sought information that he was a major at the time of incident. Even though it was late, it was a success.
Story – 4:
RTI brought ban on dark film in motor cars. Use of films or any other material upon the wind screen or the side windows is impermissible in law w.e.f 4.5.2012.

Question 4.
RTE is a boon to the children. Explain.
Answer:
RTE law declares that all children of the age of 6 to 14 years have the right to free education and the state has to ensure building of sufficient schools in the neighbourhood of all children, appoint properly qualified teachers and make all necessary provisions. It also declares that the education should ensure all round development of the children, learning through activities, discovery and exploration and child friendly manner. It also states that children should be taught in their mother tongue and they should be free of fear, trauma and anxiety and be able to express their views freely.

In case free neighbourhood schools are not available, in case sufficient number of teachers are not available in the schools, or sufficient teaching learning materials are not available, or if a child is beaten or terrorised, or forced to study in unfriendly manner, such children can complain to the courts against the authorities. So it is a boon to the children.

Question 5.
Do you need any more rights? Why?
Answer:
After going through this lesson, I came to understand that rights have responsibilities. My country is fulfilling my needs. So I do not need any more rights. I try to safeguard the existing rights.

Question 6.
What information would you ask your Headmaster according to Right to Information Act?
Answer:
I ask the following information:

Strength of the school
Staff particulars
Syllabus and teaching-related issues etc.

Question 7.
How can you say that the Right to Information Act helps to face the corruption?
Answer:
Right to Information laws, or “Sunshine” laws as they are commonly called grant citizens the legal right to access information held by their governments, bringing much-needed transparency in the otherwise opaque functioning of government.

The law is increasingly being used to tackle high profile corruption also. The transparency will automatically limit the abuse of discretion, and thus acts as the check on corruption in any regime. So I can say that the Right to Information Act helps to face corruption.

8th Class Social Studies 18th Lesson Rights Approach to Development InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss how the information regarding a road construction or building of houses is maintained by contractors. (Textbook Page No. 206)
Answer:
To construct a road or to build a house, the owners will call tenders from the contractors. They select and appoint the contractor who quoted least price. The contractors should follow the norms in the construction.

What kind of cement is to be used?
What is the ratio of cement and sand …?
What is the measurement of the brick? etc….

All these should be decided and should be mentioned in a book. They should record the figures of coolies, their wages etc. The owner of the construction observes these things and the construction.
If he is satisfied, he pays the amount in installments.
If it is government construction, the government engineer observes all these things.

Question 2.
a) In the example above, (Text page No: 204) do you think Pavan and his mother are able to live with dignity?
b) What would give them a life with dignity?
c) Are Pavan and his mother free to do what they want?
d) Who is to blame for this kind of a life for Pavan and his mother? Are they respon¬sible for their own condition?
e) Whose duty is it to ensure that Pavan and his mother are able to live a life of dignity
and freedom? (Textbook Page No. 204)
Answer:
a) The persons, who do not participate in illegal and immoral works are able to live with dignity.
Pavan’s mother is working hard in some others’ house. It is dignified. But I think Pavan’s begging is not correct and dignified.
b) “Work hard – Lead the life”.
This only gives them a life with dignity.
c) Any higher official or employee should bend their head before their authorities. They should follow the rules and regulations. But they are not free to do what they want. Like wise Pavan and his mother should obey the rules of their employers in work matter. In the personal life they can do as they like.
For e.g.: If Pavan’s mother does not like the work, she can leave it. She can join some – where else also.
d) The system of the society and its organization are only responsible for their own kind. In this society the rich become the richest and the poor become the poorest. This is also the same.
Some Indians have belief in ‘Karma Siddhantha’. If they are such, they should blame their fate.
e) It is the duty of the society and the government to ensure that Pavan and his mother are able to live a life of dignity and freedom.

Question 3.
With the help of your teacher make a table of the orders, reports, advices, log books etc., that he or she received from the education department during the last one year. What documents does the school maintain to report to the education department? How is the record for mid-day meal kept? (Textbook Page No. 208)
Answer:
A table of the orders, reports, advices and log books etc:

The school aged children in the related area should be in the school. For this necessary steps should be taken.
Drop-outs should be rejoined.
Textbooks, uniform with free of cost, should be supplied to the students.
Special classes should be conducted to the SSC students.
Mid day meals scheme should be implemented properly.
Eye camps should be conducted to the students and further treatment also.
De-warming tablets should be supplied to the students.
Necessary steps to be taken to improve the regularity of the students.
Monthly meetings should be conducted with parents etc.

The documents maintained by the school:

Admission Register
T.C. Book
Attendance Registers
Mid-day meals register
Salaries & Bills register
Visitors book
Mid-day meals record
Date:
Class & Sec. Roll Attendance No. of Meals taken Class Teacher’s signature
Daily Menu register
Monthly statements register etc.

Question 4.
Do you think your school confirms to these norms?
Answer:
Yes, I do think so.
e.g.:

There are learned teachers in our school.
We have all the needed facilities.
Lessons are taught in Labs and LCD room.
We enjoy freedom with responsibility.
Our teachers are the architects of our future.

Question 5.
Find out to whom you can complain about the functioning of your school when necessary. (Textbook Page No. 210)
Answer:
We should complain to the D.E.O. in district level and the Director, School Education in state level.

Question 6.
Why do you think checking this information can help in improving accountability? (Textbook Page No. 206)
Answer:
Checking the information creates a fear and compulsory morality in the supervisors or other officials. So it improves accountability.

Question 7.
Why do you think the word ‘independent’ is important in the context of State Information Commission? (Page – 208)
Answer:
If the State Information Commission has relations with the Legislature or the Executive it cannot question or control the corruption. It cannot provide the information to the people. So it should be ‘independent’. So the word is important.

Question 8.
Can you think of the questions you would want to ask information officer in the Health department? (If necessary read Chapter IX again and formulate your questions.) (Textbook Page No. 208)
Answer:

How many ambulances are there to save the lives of the patients?
What are the facilities in regional hospitals?
What steps are you following to retain the doctors in rural areas?
Are the vaccines like ‘Rabis vaccine’ available in all hospitals?
Why are the funds of ‘Arogyasri’ not diverted to the modernization of the government hospitals instead of paying them to private hospitals?

AP Board 8th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 24 Disaster Management

May 9, 2023May 8, 2023 by Mahesh

SCERT AP Board 8th Class Social Solutions 24th Lesson Disaster Management Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Solutions 24th Lesson Disaster Management

8th Class Social Studies 24th Lesson Disaster Management Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Describe any disaster that occurred in your area or that you watched on TV. What measures could have been taken to reduce its impact?
Answer:
Recently we had flooded to ‘Budameru’ due to heavy rains. Houses, fields, and roads were inundated with these floods. In our area, 8 persons were missed due to these floods. All the crops were washed out. Many animals were drowned in the water.
We should control the flood by channeling this ‘Budameru’ water to the Krishna river. The people in the danger zone should be sent to elevated areas. Donors should be encouraged to supply them with food and clothing. Drinking water should be supplied to them. Medical facilities should be arranged. Thus we can reduce its impact.

Question 2.
How can the disaster be prevented/managed?
Answer:
All the living beings except human beings are leading their lives with the nature. But the human beings are changing the nature according to their convenience. This should be avoided. The government should grow mangrove forests, relocate the villages to safe lands, practising and promoting cyclone resistant construction techniques. Thus we can manage disasters.
Village disaster management teams should be formulated and trained. A large numbers of cyclone shelters and mounds should be constructed in strategic locations so as to accommodate villagers in case another cyclone strikes the area. Thus the disaster can be prevented.

Question 3.
Discuss the elder’s experience with regard to the disasters and the management and write a note.
Answer:
Once there was an earthquake in Hyderabad. It was a summer night. All of our family members were sleeping outside in open place. My granny thought that some dog was striking her cot. In seconds we heard shouting ‘earthquake, earthquake’. All of us ran out immediately. One building at the end of the road collapsed. There were some breaches in the walls of the houses. It occurred nearly five to six times. Our colony people sat on the roads with great fear. The next day morning they entered their houses with frozen hearts.

Question 4.
Suggest the precautions to be taken by the people to face the disasters.
Answer:
Disaster precautions are important in preventing the loss of human lives and minimizing the damage to property during the occurance of a natural disaster. In todays world, there are many types of natural disasters. In some cases, we cannot be able to take any precautions. So safety measures or precautions should be pre-planned before the disaster strikes. How¬ever, some of the precautions to be taken before a natural disaster occurs are listed below:

The people should be seen that all breakables are stored safely, food stuffs and water are prepared and big items need are on the floor.
Green vegetations like trees surrounding should be pruned regularly or even cut down, if they are in state for damaging property if disturbed, for e.g. wind.
In the event that the gas or electricity becomes hazardous, everyday should also familiar-ize themselves with turning off the gas and electricity supply to their houses.
The originals or copies of valuable certificates like birth certificates, marriage certificates, passports etc.
The cracks and damage of the house should be checked including the roof, chimneys and foundation.

Question 5.
Mention the effects of a drought.
Answer:
There is a sequential impact of drought:

Scarcity of drinking water; fall in water-table
Decline in crop acreage
Fall in employment in the agricultural sector due to slowing down of agricultural activity
Fall in purchasing power of those engaged in agriculture
Scarcity of food grains
Scarcity of fodder
Loss of cattle life
Malnutrition, especially among children
III health and spread of diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery or cholera and opthalmia caused by starvation
Distress sale and mortgage of land, jewellery and personal property
Migration of people in search of employment.

Question 6.
Mention the occasions where the water is wasted and suggest preventive measures.
Answer:
Occasions where the water is wasted:

Marriage functions
Meetings
Children at home (while playing)
While carrying water in tanks
Roadside taps
While filling water tanks etc.

Preventive measures:

People should be educated regarding water scarcity.
Taps should be in good condition.
There should be alarms to the water tanks.
Children should be kept away from water while they are playing.
The outlets of water tanks should be checked in Municipalities and Corporations etc.

Question 7.
Make an album with the pictures of natural disasters.
Answer:
Natural disasters:

8th Class Social Studies 24th Lesson Disaster Management InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you know what tsunamis are? How they are formed? How they can be predicted and how you can save yourself if you are residing in any of the coastal districts of the state ? (Textbook Page No. 256)
Answer:
The term “Tsunami” has been coined from the Japanese words ‘tsu’ meaning harbour and ‘name’ meaning waves. Tsunamis are huge waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or underwater landslides which devastate coastal communities. Tsunamis caused by nearby earthquakes may reach the coast within minutes. When the waves enter shallow water, they may rise to several feet or, in rare cases, tens of feet, striking the coast with devastating force. The tsunami danger period can continue for many hours after a major earthquake. With the use of satellite technology, the Tsunamis are predictable. With the cautions given by the department, we will move to the safest places to save ourselves.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas Chapter 10 యాదృచ్ఛిక చలరాశలు, సంభావ్యత విభాజనాలు

May 6, 2023 by Mahesh

Use these Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas PDF Chapter 10 యాదృచ్ఛిక చలరాశలు, సంభావ్యత విభాజనాలు to solve questions creatively.

AP Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A యాదృచ్ఛిక చలరాశలు, సంభావ్యత విభాజనాలు Formulas

→ యాదృచ్ఛిక చలరాశి : ఒక యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగం శాంపిల్ ఆవరణం S అనుకుందాం. ఏదైనా ప్రమేయం X : S → R ను యాదృచ్ఛిక చలరాశి అంటాం.

→ సంభావ్యతా విభాజన ప్రమేయం : X ఒక యాదృచ్ఛిక చలరాశి అప్పుడు F : R → R ప్రతి X ∈ Rకు F(x) = P(X ≤ x) తో నిర్వచితమైన ప్రమేయాన్ని X కు సంభావ్యతా విభాజన ప్రమేయం అంటాం.

→ X : S → R ఒక యాదృచ్ఛిక చలరాశి. X వ్యాప్తి పరిమితం లేదా అపరిమిత గణ్యసమితి అయితే X ను విచ్ఛిన్న చలరాశి అని, అట్లా కాకపోతే అవిచ్ఛిన్న యాదృచ్ఛిక చలరాశి అని అంటాం.

→ X : S → R ఒక విచ్ఛిన్న యాదృచ్ఛిక చలరాశి. దాని వ్యాప్తి = {X₁, X₂, ….} అయిన \(\sum_{r=1}^n P\left(X_r\right)\) = 1, P(X_r) ≥ 0.

→ X ఒక విచ్ఛిన్న యాదృచ్ఛిక చలరాశి. దాని వ్యాప్తి {X₁, X₂, ……} అనుకుందాం. ప్రతి n కు P(X = x_n) తెలిసి, Σx_n P(X = x_n) అనే మొత్తం పరిమితమైతే, ఆ మొత్తాన్ని X కు మధ్యమం (లేదా సగటు) అంటాం. దీన్ని µ తో సూచిస్తాం. (i.e.,) µ = Σx_n P(X = x_n)
Σ(x_n – µ)² P(X = x_n) అనేది ఒక పరిమిత సంఖ్య అయితే ఆ మొత్తాన్ని X కు విస్తృతి అంటాం.

→ X విస్తృతిని σ² తో సూచిస్తే, σ ను X కు క్రమ విచలనం అంటారు.
∴ μ = Σx_n P(X = x_n); σ² = Σ(x_n – μ)² P(X = x_n) = \(\Sigma x_n^2 P\left(X=x_n\right)\) – μ²

→ ద్విపద విభాజనం: n ఒక ధన పూర్ణాంకం. p వాస్తవ సంఖ్య మరియు 0 ≤ p ≤ 1. యాదృచ్ఛిక చలరాశి వ్యాప్తి {0, 1, 2, 3, …. n}. X ద్విపద చలరాశి లేదా ద్విపద విభాజనాన్ని పాటిస్తూ, n, p లు పరామితులుగా గల్గి వుంటే, P(X = r) = ⁿC_r . p^r q^n-r; r = 0, 1, 2, ….. n మరియు q = 1 – p అవుతుంది.

→ ద్విపద విభాజనాన్ని X ~ B(n, p) గా లేదా P(X = r) = ⁿC_r p^r q^n-r . p^r, r = 0, 1, 2, 3, …. n లేదా (q + p)ⁿతో సూచిస్తాం.

→ ద్విపద విభాజనం యొక్క మధ్యమం = np. ద్విపద విభాజనం యొక్క విస్తృతి = npq, క్రమవిచలనం = \(\sqrt{n p q}\).

→ పాయిజాన్ విభాజనం : λ > 0 ఒక స్థిరరాశి. యాదృచ్ఛిక చలరాశి X యొక్క వ్యాప్తి {0, 1, 2, ….}
P(X = k) = \(\frac{\lambda^k}{k !} e^{-\lambda}\), (k = 0, 1, 2, …….) అనుకుంటే, λ పరామితిగా, X పాయిజాన్ విభాజనాన్ని అనుసరిస్తుందని అంటాం. X ను పాయిజాన్ యాదృచ్ఛిక చలరాశి అంటాం. పాయిజాన్ విభాజనానికి మధ్యమము = λ, విస్తృతి = λ, క్రమ విచలనం = √λ

→ ఈ క్రింది షరతులకు లోబడి పాయిజాన్ విభాజనాన్ని, ద్విపద విభాజనపు సమతాస్థితి (limiting case) గా ఉజ్జాయింపు చేయవచ్చు.

యత్నాల సంఖ్య n అనిశ్చితమైనంత పెద్దది, అంటే n → ∞
ప్రతి యత్నంలో గెలుపు సంభావ్యత (స్థిరం) అతిస్వల్పం, అంటే p → 0

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas Chapter 9 సంభావ్యత

May 6, 2023 by Mahesh

Use these Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas PDF Chapter 9 సంభావ్యత to solve questions creatively.

AP Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A సంభావ్యత Formulas

→ యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగం : ఒక ప్రయోగంలో ఏ ఫలితం వస్తుందో ముందే చెప్పలేనిదై, ఆ ప్రయోగ ఫలితాల జాబితా ముందే తెలిసి ఉండి, ఒకే విధమైన పరిస్థితుల్లో ఆ ప్రయోగాన్ని ఎన్నిసార్లైనా చేయడానికి వీలుంటే ఆ ప్రయోగాన్ని యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగం అంటాం.

→ లఘుఘటన, ఘటన ఒక యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగంలోని ఫలితాన్ని లఘుఘటన అంటాం. కొన్ని లఘు ఘటనల సమూహాన్ని ఘటన అంటాం.

→ పరస్పర వివర్జిత ఘటనలు: రెండు లేదా అంతకంటే ఎక్కువ ఘటనల్లో ఏదైనా ఒక ఘటన సంభవించడం, మిగతా ఘటనల సంభవాన్ని నిరోధించేటట్టుంటే, అటువంటి ఘటనలను పరస్పర వివర్జిత ఘటనలు అంటారు.

→ సమ సంభవ ఘటనలు: రెండు లేదా అంతకంటే ఎక్కువ ఘటనల్లో ఏ ఘటన అయినా మిగతా ఘటనల కంటే ఎక్కువగా సంభవిస్తుందనడానికి కారణమేమి లేకపోతే, అటువంటి ఘటనలను సమసంభవ ఘటనలు అంటారు.

→ పూర్ణ ఘటనలు : ఒక యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగంలోని రెండు లేదా అంతకంటే ఎక్కువ ఘటనల్లో ఆ ప్రయోగం ఫలితం వాటిలో ఒక్కదానికైనా చెందేటట్లుంటే, అటువంటి ఘటనలను పూర్ణ ఘటనలు అంటాం.

→ సంభావ్యత సాంప్రదాయిక (లేదా గణితాత్మక) నిర్వచనం : ఒక యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగంలో n పూర్ణ, పరస్పర వివర్జిత, సమసంభవ ఘటనలుండి వాటిలో ఏదైనా ఘటన E జరగడానికి m అనుకూల ఫలితాలుంటే, ఆ ఘటన సంభావ్యతను P(E) తో సూచిస్తూ, P(E) = \(\frac{m}{n}\) గా నిర్వచిస్తాం. 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1

→ శాంపిల్ ఆవరణ : ఒక యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగపు ఫలితాన్ని లఘుఘటన అంటాం. ఒక యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగంలోని ఫలితాలన్నింటితో కూడిన సమితిని ఆ యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగానికి సంబంధించి శాంపిల్ ఆవరణ అంటాం. దీనిని S తో సూచిస్తాం. S లోని మూలకాలను శాంపిల్ బిందువులు అంటాం. S లో ప్రతిమూలకం, యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగం యొక్క ఒక ఫలితం S. ఒక ఉపసమితిని ఘటన అంటాం. అంటే, ఒక లఘుఘటనల సమితినే ఘటన అంటాం.

→ S శాంపిల్ ఆవరణ E ⊂ S.E లో ఒకే ఒక మూలకం ఉంటే E ని లఘుఘటన అంటాం. ఒక ప్రయోగ ఫలితం ఘటన E సంభవించింది లేదా జరిగింది అంటాం. అలాకాకపోతే ఘటన E సంభవించలేదు అంటాం.

→ Φ, S లు S కి ఉపసమితులు. వాటిని వరసగా అసంభవ ఘటన, నిశ్చిత ఘటన అంటాం.

→ ఘటన E కి పూరక ఘటనను E^C తో సూచిస్తాం. E^C = S – E శాంపిల్ ఆవరణ S కు E₁, E₂ లు రెండు ఘటనలు. అంటే E₁ ⊆ S, E₂ ⊆ S మరియు E₁ ∩ E₂ = Φ అయితే E₁, E₂ లను పరస్పర వివర్జిత ఘటనలు అంటాం.

→ ఘటనలు E₁, E₂, ……., E_n లు i ≠ j లకు 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n లకు E_i ∩ E_j = Φ అయ్యేటట్లుంటే, వాటిని పరస్పర వివర్జిత ఘటనలు అంటాం.

→ ఘటనలు E₁, E₂, …… E_k లు E₁ ∪ E₂ ∪ E₃ ∪ E_k = S అయితే వాటిని పూర్ణ ఘటనలు అంటాం. శాంపిల్ ఆవరణ S లో E₁, E₂లు రెండు ఘటనలు పూరక ఘటనలైన E₁ ∪ E₂ = S, E₁ ∩ E₂ = Φ.

→ ఒక యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగంకి శాంపిల్ ఆవరణ S. ఈ ప్రయోగపు అన్ని ఘటనల సమితి P(S) తో సూచిస్తాం. ఇచ్చట P(S), Sకు ఘాత సమితి.

→ సంభావ్యతా స్వీకృత నిర్వచనం: ఒక యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగపు శాంపిల్ ఆవరణ S. ప్రమేయం P : P(S) → R

→ క్రింది స్వీకృతాలను ధ్రువపరిస్తే Pని సంభావ్యతా ప్రమేయం అంటాం.

P(E) ≥ 0 ∀ E ∈ P(S) (ధన స్వీకృతం)
P(S) = 1 (పూరణ స్వీకృతం)
E₁, E₂ ∈ P(S), E₁ ∩ E₂ = Φ అయితే P(E₁ ∪ E₂) = P(E₁) + P(E₂) (సమ్మేళును స్వీకృతం)
ప్రతి E ∈ P(S) కు P(E) ను ఘటన E సంభావ్యత అంటాం.

→ శాంపిల్ ఆవరణ Sలో E ఒక ఘటన అయితే 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1. శాంపిల్ ఆవరణ Sలో E ఒక ఘటన అయితే

P(E) : P(\(\bar{S}\)) ను E కు అనుకూలత అని
P(E) : P(E) ను E కు ప్రతికూలత అంటాం.

→ సంభావ్యతపై సంకలన సిద్ధాంతం: ఒక యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగంలో E₁, E₂ లు రెండు ఘటనలైతే P(E₁ ∪ E₂) = P(E₁) + P(E₂) – P(E₁ ∩ E₂)

→ శాంపిల్ ఆవరణ Sకు E₁, E₂ లు రెండు ఘటనలు.
P(E₂ – E₁) = P(E₂) – P(E₁ ∩ E₂) మరియు P(E₁ – E₂) = P(E₁) – P(E₁ ∩ E₂)

→ E₁, E₂, E₃ లు శాంపిల్ ఆవరణ Sలో మూడు ఘటనలు అయిన P(E₁ ∪ E₂ ∪ E₃) = P(E₁) + P(E₂) + P(E₃) – P(E₁ ∩ E₂) – P(E₂ ∩ E₃) – P(E₃ ∩ E₁) + P(E₁ ∩ E₂ ∩ E₃)

→ ఒక యాదృచ్ఛిక ప్రయోగపు ఘటనలు A, Bలు అనుకుందాం. అప్పుడు “A జరిగిన తరువాత B జరగడం” అనే ఘటనను నియత ఘటన అంటాం. దీనిని \(\frac{B}{A}\) తో సూచిస్తాం. ఇట్లే \(\frac{A}{B}\) అనే ఘటన “B జరిగిన తరువాత A జరగడం” అనే ఘటనను సూచిస్తుంది.

→ నియత సంభావ్యత : ఘటన A జరిగిందని ఇస్తే, ఘటన B జరిగే సంభావ్యతను P(B/A) తో సూచిస్తాం. P(B/A) ని నియత సంఖ్య అంటాం.
దీనిని P(B/A) = \(\frac{P(B \cap A)}{P(A)}\), P(A) > 0 గా నిర్వచిస్తాం. ఇట్లే P(A/B) = \(\frac{P(B \cap A)}{P(B)}\), P(B) > 0.
సూచన : P(A/B) = \(\frac{n(A \cap B)}{n(B)}\); P(B/A) = \(\frac{n(B \cap A)}{n(A)}\)

→ నియత సంభావ్యతకు గణన సిద్ధాంతం ఒక శాంపిల్ ఆవరణం S లోని ఘటనలు A, Bలు ; P(A) > 0, P(B) > 0, అయితే P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P(B/A) = P(B) . P(A/B).

→ స్వతంత్ర ఘటనలు : రెండు ఘటనలు A, Bలు P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P(B) అయితే వాటిని స్వతంత్ర ఘటనలు అంటాం. అలాకాకపోతే A, B లను అస్వతంత్ర ఘటనలు అంటాం.

→ బేయీ సిద్ధాంతం: ఒక ప్రయోగంలో E₁, E₂, ……., E_n లు పరస్పర వివర్జిత, పూర్ణ ఘటనలవుతూ, P(E_i) > 0, i = 1, 2, …. n అయినప్పుడు k = 1, 2, 3, ….. n లకు
\(P\left(\frac{E_k}{A}\right)=\frac{P\left(E_k\right) \cdot P\left(\frac{A}{E_k}\right)}{\sum_{i=1}^n P\left(E_i\right) \cdot P\left(\frac{A}{E_i}\right)}\)

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas Chapter 8 విస్తరణ కొలతలు

May 6, 2023 by Mahesh

Use these Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas PDF Chapter 8 విస్తరణ కొలతలు to solve questions creatively.

AP Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A విస్తరణ కొలతలు Formulas

→ అవర్గీకృత దత్తాంశానికి మధ్యమం = \(\frac{విచలనాల మొత్తం}{పరిశీలనల సంఖ్య}\) = \(\frac{\Sigma x_i}{n}\)

→ అవర్గీకృత దత్తాంశానికి మధ్యగతం: ముందుగా దత్త n పరిశీలనలను పరిమాణపరంగా అవరోహణ లేదా ఆరోహణ క్రమంలో వ్రాయవలెను.

→ n బేసి సంఖ్య అయితే \(\frac{n+1}{2}\) వ పరిశీలనల అవర్గీకృత దత్తాంశం యొక్క మధ్యగతం అగును.

→ n సరి సంఖ్య అయితే \(\frac{n}{2}\) మరియు \(\frac{n+2}{2}\) వ పరిశీలనల సరాసరిను అవర్గీకృత దత్తాంశం యొక్క మధ్యగతం అగును.

→ వర్గీకృత మరియు అవర్గీకృత దత్తాంశానికి వ్యాప్తి, మధ్యమ విచలనం, విస్తృతి మరియు ప్రామాణిక విచలనం కొన్ని విస్తరణ కొలతలు

→ వ్యాప్తిని దత్తాంశ గరిష్ట విలువకు, కనిష్ఠ విలువకు మధ్యగల భేదంగా నిర్వచిస్తారు.

→ అవర్గీకృత విభాజనానికి మధ్యమ విచలనం

మధ్యమం నుంచి మధ్యమ విచలనం = \(\frac{\sum\left|x_i-\bar{x}\right|}{n}, \bar{x}\) మధ్యమం
మధ్యగతం నుంచి మధ్యమ విచలనం = \(\frac{\sum \mid x_i-\text { మధ్యగతం } \mid}{n}\)

→ వర్గీకృత దత్తాంశానికి మధ్యమ విచలనం

మధ్యమం నుంచి మధ్యమ విచలనం = \(\frac{1}{N} \sum f_i\left|x-\bar{x}_i\right|\); N = Σf_i, మరియు \(\bar{x}\) మధ్యమం
మధ్యగతం నుంచి మధ్యమ విచలనం = \(\frac{1}{N} \sum f_i \mid x_i\) – మధ్యగతం|, N = Σf_i

→ అవర్గీకృత దత్తాంశానికి విస్తృతి, σ² = \(\frac{1}{n}\) = \(\sum\left(x_i-\bar{x}\right)^2\), ప్రామాణిక విచలనం σ = \(\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum\left(x_1-\bar{x}\right)^2}\)

→ విచ్ఛిన్న పౌనఃపున్య విభాజనానికి విస్తృతి, σ² = \(\frac{1}{N}\) = \(\sum f_i\left(x_i-\bar{x}\right)^2\), \(\bar{x}\) మధ్యమం

→ ప్రామాణిక విచలనం σ = \(\sqrt{\frac{1}{N} \sum f_i\left(x_i-\bar{x}\right)^2}\)

→ అవిచ్ఛిన్న పౌనఃపున్య విభాజనానికి ప్రామాణిక విచలనం σ = \(\frac{1}{N} \sqrt{N \sum f_i x_i^2-\left(\sum f_i x_i\right)^2}\) (లేదా) σ = \(\frac{h}{N} \sqrt{N \Sigma f_i y_i^2-\left(\Sigma f_i y_i\right)^2}, y_i=\frac{x_i-A}{h}\)

→ విచలనాంకం = \(\frac{\sigma}{x} \times 100(\bar{x} \neq 0)\)

→ దత్తాంశంలోని ప్రతి పరిశీలనను ఒక స్థిరరాశి K చే గుణించినపుడు ఫలితంగా వచ్చే పరిశీలనల విస్తృతి, తొలిపరిశీలనల విస్తృతికి K² రెట్లు ఉంటుంది.

→ పరిశీలనలు x₁, x₂, …….., x_n లలో ప్రతిదానిని K కి పెంచితే లేదా కలిపితే (K ఒక ధనాత్మక లేదా ఋణాత్మక సంఖ్య), వచ్చే పరిశీలనల విస్తృతి మారదు.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas Chapter 7 పాక్షిక భిన్నాలు

May 6, 2023 by Mahesh

Use these Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas PDF Chapter 7 పాక్షిక భిన్నాలు to solve questions creatively.

AP Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A పాక్షిక భిన్నాలు Formulas

→ f(x), Φ(x) లు రెండు బహుపదులు. Φ(x) ఒక శూన్యేతర బహుపది (i.e.,) Φ(x) ≠ 0 అయితే \(\frac{f(x)}{\phi(x)}\) ను అకరణీయ భిన్నం అంటాం.

→ f(x) తరగతి Φ(x) తరగతి కంటే తక్కువ అయితే \(\frac{f(x)}{\phi(x)}\) ను క్రమభిన్నమని అంటారు.

→ f(x) తరగతి ≥ Φ(x) తరగతి అయిన \(\frac{f(x)}{\phi(x)}\) ను అపక్రమ భిన్నమని అంటారు.

→ \(\frac{f(x)}{\phi(x)}\) క్రమభిన్నం

→ Φ(x) కు పునరావృతం కాని ఏకఘాత కారణాంకాలున్నప్పుడు Φ(x) లో (ax + b) రూపంలో ఉండే ప్రతి కారణాంకానికి సంబంధించి \(\frac{A}{a x+b}\) అనే పాక్షిక భిన్నం ఉంటుంది A వాస్తవ సంఖ్య.

→ Φ(x) కు పునరావృతం అయ్యేవి, కానివి ఏకఘాత కారణాంకాలున్నప్పుడు, Φ(x) కు (ax + b)ⁿ, n ∈ N రూపంలో వుండే ప్రతి పునరావృత కారణాంకానికి సంబంధించి \(\frac{A_1}{a x+b}+\frac{A_2}{(a x+b)^2}\) + …… + \(\frac{A_n}{(a x+b)^n}\) అనే n పాక్షిక భిన్నాలుంటాయి. ఇక్కడ A₁, A₂, ……., A_n లు వాస్తవ స్థిరాంకాలు.

→ Φ(x) కు ax² + bx + c రూపంలో పునరావృతం కాని అవిభాజ్య కారణాంకం ఉన్నప్పుడు Φ(x) కు ax² + bx + c రూపంలో ఉన్న ప్రతి కారణాంకానికి సంబంధించి \(\frac{A x+B}{a x^2+b x+c}\); A, B లు వాస్తవ స్థిరరాసులు, రూపంలో ఒక పాక్షిక భిన్నం ఉంటుంది.

→ Φ(x) కు ax² + bx + c రూపంలో పునరావృతం కాని అవిభాజ్య కారణాంకం ఉన్నప్పుడు Φ(x) కు (ax² + bx + c)ⁿ రూపంలో ఉన్న ప్రతి కారణాంకానికి సంబంధించి n పాక్షిక భిన్నాలు \(\frac{A_1 x+B_1}{a x^2+b x+c}+\frac{A_2 x+B_2}{\left(a x^2+b x+c\right)^2}+\ldots . .+\frac{A_n x+B_n}{\left(a x^2+b x+c\right)^n}\), n ధన పూర్ణాంకం, A₁, A₂, ……, A_n, B₁, B₂, ………, B_n లు స్థిరరాసుల రూపంలో వుంటాయి.

→ Φ(x) కు ax² + bx + c రూపంలో పునరావృతం అయ్యేవి. కానివి అవిభాజ్య కారణాంకాలున్నప్పుడు, థ(x) కు (ax² + bx + c)ⁿ రూపంలో ఉన్న ప్రతి కారణాంకానికి సంబంధించి n పాక్షిక భిన్నాలు.

→ \(\frac{f(x)}{\phi(x)}\) అపక్రమ భిన్నమైతే \(\frac{f(x)}{\phi(x)}=q(x)+\frac{R(x)}{\phi(x)}\) అని వ్రాయవచ్చు. ఇచ్చట q(x) అనేది f(x) ను Φ(x) చే భాగించగా వచ్చే భాగఫలం, R(x) శేషం, R(x) తరగతి Φ(x), తరగతి కన్నా తక్కువ \(\frac{R(x)}{\phi(x)}\) ను పాక్షిక భిన్నాల మొత్తంగా వ్రాయటానికి పై పద్ధతులను ఉపయోగిస్తారు.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas Chapter 6 ద్విపద సిద్ధాంతం

May 6, 2023 by Mahesh

Use these Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas PDF Chapter 6 ద్విపద సిద్ధాంతం to solve questions creatively.

AP Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A ద్విపద సిద్ధాంతం Formulas

→ n ఒక ధన పూర్ణాంకం, x, a లు వాస్తవ సంఖ్యలు అయితే
(x + a)ⁿ = ⁿC₀ . xⁿ . a⁰ + ⁿC₁ . x^n-1 . a¹ + ⁿC₂ . x^n-2 . aⁿ + …… + ⁿC_r . x^n-r a^r +……. + ⁿC_n . x⁰ . aⁿ = \(\sum_{r=0}^n{ }^n C_r \cdot x^{n-r} \cdot a^r\)

→ (x + a)ⁿ విస్తరణలో (n + 1) పదాలున్నాయి.

→ (x + a)ⁿ విస్తరణలోని rవ పదాన్ని T_r తో సూచిస్తే T_r = ⁿC_(r-1) x^n-r+1 a^r-1, 1 ≤ r ≤ n+1

→ (x + a)ⁿ విస్తరణలో (r + 1)వ పదాన్ని ‘సాధారణ పదం’ (General Term) అంటాం.
i.e., T_r+1 = ⁿC_r . x^n-r. a^r ; r = 0, 1, 2, ….., n.

→ (a + b + c)ⁿ విస్తరణలో పదాల సంఖ్య = \(\frac{(n+1)(n+2)}{2}\)

→ n సరిసంఖ్య (ధన పూర్ణాంకం) అయితే (x + a)ⁿ విస్తరణలో మధ్య పదం = \(T_{\left(\frac{n}{2}+1\right)}\)

→ n బేసిసంఖ్య (ధన పూర్ణాంకం) అయితే (x + a)ⁿ విస్తరణలో రెండు మధ్య పదాలుంటాయి. అవి \(T_{\left(\frac{n+1}{2}\right)}\), \(T_{\left(\frac{n+3}{2}\right)}\)

→ \(\frac{(n+1)|x|}{|x|+1}\) = p, ధన పూర్ణాంకమైన, (1 + x)ⁿ విస్తరణలో pవ, (p + 1)వ పదాలు సంఖ్యాత్మకంగా గరిష్ఠ పదాలు అవుతాయి. మరియు |T_p| = |T_p+1|

→ \(\frac{(n+1)|x|}{|x|+1}\) = p + F; p ధన పూర్ణాంకం, 0 < F < 1 అయిన (1 + x)ⁿ విస్తరణలో (p + 1)వ పదం సంఖ్యాత్మకంగా గరిష్ఠ పదం అవుతుంది.

→ C₀, C₁, C₂, …….., C_n లు ద్విపద గుణకాలు అంటాం. ఇచ్చట C_r = ⁿC_r, r = 0, 1, 2, ….. n

C₀ + C₁ + C₂ + …… + C_n = \(\sum_{r=0}^n c_r\) = 2ⁿ
C₀ – C₁ + C₂ – C₃ + ……. (-1)ⁿ C_n = 0
C₀ + C₂ + C₄ + …… = C₁ + C₃ + C₅ + …….. = 2^n-1
\(\sum_{r=0}^n r \cdot{ }^n C_r\) = n . 2^n-1
\(\sum_{r=2}^n(r)(r-1) \cdot{ }^n C_r\) = (n) (n – 1) . 2^n-2
\(\sum_{r=1}^n r^2 \cdot{ }^n C_r\) = (n) (n + 1) . 2^n-2
a . C₀ + (a + d) . C₁ + (a + 2d) . C₂ + ……. + (a + nd) . C_n = (2a + nd) 2^n-1
C₀C_r + C₁C_r+1 + C₂C_r+2 + C_n-rC_n = ⁽²ⁿ⁾C_(n-r) = ⁽²ⁿ⁾C_(n+r) = \(\frac{(2 n) !}{(n+r) !(n-r) !}\)

→ f(x) = a₀ + a₁x + a₂x² + ….. + a_nxⁿ అయిన

గుణకాల మొత్తం = f(1)
x యొక్క సరి ఘాతాల గుణకాల మొత్తం = \(\frac{f(1)+f(-1)}{2}\)
x యొక్క బేసి ఘాతాల గుణకాల మొత్తం = \(\frac{f(1)-f(-1)}{2}\)

→ m అకరణీయ సంఖ్య, x ఒక వాస్తవ సంఖ్య, |x| < 1 అయితే
(1 + x)^m = \(1+\frac{m}{1} x+\frac{(m)(m-1)}{1.2} x^2+\frac{(m)(m-1) \ldots .(m-r+1)}{1.2 .3 \ldots . .(r)} \cdot x^r+\ldots \ldots\)
= \(1+\sum_{r=1}^{\infty} \frac{(m n)(m-1) \ldots .(m-r+1)}{1.2 \cdot 3 \ldots . . r^{\prime}} x^r\)

→ (1 – x)^-n = \(1+n x+\frac{(n)(n+1)}{1.2} x^2+\ldots+\frac{(n)(n+1) \ldots(n+r-1)}{1: 2.3 \ldots \ldots(r)} x^r+\ldots\)

→ |x| < 1, p, q ∈ N అయిన
\((1-x)^{-p / q}=1+\frac{p}{1}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)+\frac{(p)(p+q)}{1.2}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^2+\ldots .+\frac{(p)(p+q) \ldots .[p+(r-1) q]}{1.2 .3 \ldots . . r}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^r+\ldots .\)

→ \((1+x)^{-p / q}=1-p\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)+\frac{(p)(p+q)}{1.2}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^2+\ldots \ldots\) \(+(-1)^r \frac{(p)(p+q) \ldots(p+(\overline{r-1}) q)}{1.2 \cdot 3.4 \ldots .(r)} \cdot\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^r+\ldots .\)

→ \((1+x)^{p / q}=1+\frac{p}{1 !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)+\frac{(p)(p-q)}{1.2}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^2+\ldots\) \(+\frac{(p)(p-q)(p-2 q) \ldots \ldots(p-(\overline{r-1}) q)}{r !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^r+\ldots .\)

→ \((1-x)^{p / q}\) లో Tr+1 = \((-1)^r \frac{(p)(p-q)(p-2 q) \ldots \ldots(p-(\overline{r-p}) q)}{r !}\left(\frac{x}{q}\right)^r\)

→ n ధన పూర్ణాంకం, x ఒక వాస్తవ సంఖ్య ; |x| < 1 అయితే

(1 + x)^-n = \(1-\frac{n}{1 !} x+\frac{(n)(n+1)}{2 !} x^2+\ldots . .+\ldots .+(-1)^r \frac{(n)(n+1) \ldots .(n+r-1)}{r !} x^r\) \(+\ldots \infty=\sum_{r=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{r(n+r-1)} C_r \cdot x^r\)
(1 – x)^-n = \(1+\frac{n}{1 !} x+\frac{(n)(n+1)}{2 !} x^2+\ldots .+\ldots .+\frac{(n)(n+1)(n+2) \ldots \ldots(n+r-1)}{r !} x^r\) \(+\ldots \infty=\sum_{r=0}^{\infty}{ }^{(n+r-1)} C_r \cdot x^r\)

→ x², ఆపై x ఘాతాలు ఉపేక్షించేంతగా, |x| చిన్నదయితే (1 + x)ⁿ = 1 + nx

→ x³, ఆపై x ఘాతాలు ఉపేక్షించేంతగా, |x| చిన్నదయితే, (1 + x)ⁿ = 1 + nx + \(\frac{(n)(n-1)}{1.2} x^2\)

→ x⁴, ఆపై x ఘాతాలు ఉపేక్షించేంతగా, |x| చిన్నదయితే, (1 + x)ⁿ = 1 + nx + \(\frac{(n)(n-1)}{2 !} x^2+\frac{(n)(n-1)(n-2)}{3 !} x^3\)

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination

May 5, 2023 by Mahesh

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions 5th Lesson Coordination

10th Class Biology 5th Lesson Coordination 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“Plants respond to stimuli.” During a project work on it, from which plants do you collect information and record it?
Answer:
a) Mimosa Pudica (Touch me not plant) b) Sunflower c) Cucumber d) Bittergourd

Question 2.
Write two points about insulin from the information you collected from internet. (OR)
Write two sentences about insulin hormone using the data collected from your school library.
Answer:

Insulin is secreted by islets of longerhans of pancreas gland.
Deficiency of insulin results in diabetis mellitus.

Question 3.
You have performed the activity of Seed Germination in a glass jar in your school lab. You might have observed the growth of shoot and root. What information did you record regarding the shoot growth after a week if the glass jar is tilted and plant kept horizontally.
Answer:

More auxins collects on light falling side of the stem.
Cells on that side grow faster and make the stem bends towards light due to phototropism.

Question 4.
Write the functions of Spinal-cord from the information collected from your school library and from internet.
Answer:

Carries the information to the brain from the lower parts of the body.
It carries the information from brain to body parts.
It plays a key role in the reflex actions.
It acts as relay centre.

Question 5.
Where do we find Cerebro-spinal fluid? Mention one of its functions.
Answer:
The space between the inner layers of brain is filled with fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It serves as a shock-absorbing medium and protects the brain against shocks, jerks along with the meninges and cranium.

Question 6.
Mention at least one activity done at school to show involuntary reflexes.
Answer:
Knee-jerk.

Question 7.
Write the name of the nerve given in the following diagram and write its function.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 1 Answer:
The given diagram is the sensory Neuron. They are also called Afferent nerves.
Function: They carry messages towards central nervous system (Brain or spinal cord) from nerve endings on the muscles of different sense organs, that sense the change in surroundings.

Question 8.
Identify the given part in the diagram and write its use.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 2 Answer:
i) Synapse.
ii) It is a functional region of contact between two neurons where infromation from one neuron is transmitted to another neuron.

Question 9.
Name the part of the brain that maintains the equilibrium.
Answer:
The part of the brain that maintains the equilibrium is cerebellum.

Question 10.
Who discovered the first plant hormone auxin?
Answer:
The first plant hormone auxin was discovered by F.W. Went.

Question 11.
What was the belief of Greeks?
Answer:
The Greeks believed that all functions of the body were controlled by the brain, since damage to that organ produced remarkable changes in behaviour.

Question 12.
How many types of nerves are present in human body? What are they?
Answer:
Nerves are classified mainly into three types.

Afferent neurons
Efferent neurons
Association neurons.

Question 13.
What are Afferent neurons?
Answer:
Afferent neurons: Nerves which carry messages towards the central nervous system (Spinal cord or brain) from sense organs are called afferent neurons. These are also called sensory nerves.

Question 14.
What are efferent neurons or nerves?
Answer:
Efferent neurons: Nerves which carry messages from the central nervous system to parts that shall carry out the response are called efferent neurons. They are also called as motor nerves.

Question 15.
What are association nerves?
Answer:
The nerves, which link together the afferent and efferent nerves are called association nerves.

Question 16.
What is stimulus?
Answer:
Stimulus is a thing or event that causes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue.

Question 17.
What is response?
Answer:
Response is a effect of a change in the environment of the organism or signals of change or stimuli.

Question 18.
What does rapidity of response indicate?
Answer:
Rapidity of response indicates an efficient communication system linking those parts that pick up stimuli to those that trigger a response.

Question 19.
How are responses bring about?
Answer:
Responses are brought about by rapid changes in some muscle.

Question 20.
According to Galen a Greek physiologist how many kinds of nerves are present in body?
Answer:
According to Galen, nerves are of two kinds. They are 1) for sensation and 2) for action.

Question 21.
What are the major parts of neuron?
Answer:
The major parts of neuron are cell body or cyton, dendrites and axon.

Question 22.
What are the two types of projections that extend from cell body?
Answer:
The two types of projections that extend from cell body are dendrites and axon.

Question 23.
What is synapse?
Answer:
Synapse is the functional region of contact between two neurons.

Question 24.
Synapses are mainly found in?
Answer:
Synapses are mainly found in the brain, spinal cord and around the spinal cord.

Question 25.
What are reflexes?
Answer:
The responses to a stimulus on which we do not have control are called reflexes or reflex action.

Question 26.
What is the importance of reflex action?
Answer:
Reflex action save us from painful or dangerous stimuli.

Question 27.
How many types does the nervous system is divided?
Answer:
Nervous system is divided into two types. They are central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

Question 28.
What are the parts of central nervous system?
Answer:
The parts of the central nervous system are brain and spinal cord.

Question 29.
What are the three major divisions in brain?
Answer:

Forebrain
Mid brain and
Hind brain.

Question 30.
What are the parts present in fore brain?
Answer:
The parts present in fore brain are cerebrum and diencephalon.

Question 31.
What are cranial nerves? How many cranial nerves are present?
Answer:
Nerves originate from brain are called cranial nerves. 12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from brain.

Question 32.
How many pairs of spinal nerves are present?
Answer:
31 pairs of spinal nerves are present.

Question 33.
Which is called peripheral nervous system?
Answer:
Peripheral nervous system consists of nerves arising from the brain and spinal cord. 12 pairs of cranial nerves from brain and 31 pairs of spiral nerves from spinal card together called peripheral nervous system.

Question 34.
What is autonomous nervous system?
Answer:
The peripheral nervous system that controls the involuntary actions of the body is called autonomous nervous system.

Question 35.
What are the systems involved in control and coordination in animals?
Answer:
The systems involved in control and coordination in animals are nervous system and endocrine system.

Question 36.
The hormone insulin is secreted by?
Answer:
The hormone insulin is secreted by Islets of Langerhans of pancreas gland.

Question 37.
Give examples for endocrine glands.
Answer:
The examples for endocrine glands are pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid, adrenal, hypothalamus, pancreas, thymus, testes and ovaries.

Question 38.
The nervous system that regulates heart beat, breathing, etc., is?
Answer:
The nervous system that regulates heart beat, breathing etc., is autonomous nervous system.

Question 39.
What is thigmotropism?
Answer:
The directional growth movement of a plant part in response to the touch of an object is called thigmotropism.

Question 40.
Name the receptors of taste and smell.
Answer:
The receptor of taste is gustatory receptor and that of smell is olfactory receptor.

Question 41.
What is reflex action? Give examples.
Answer:
Reflex action is a quick involuntary response to a stimulus by an effector.
e.g: Withdrawing our hand from hot object, blinking of eyelids when a moving object approaches eye.

Question 42.
What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
Answer:
Reflex action is an involuntary action whereas walking is a voluntary action.

Question 43.
Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body?
Answer:
The part of the brain that maintains posture and equilibrium of the body is cerebellum.

Question 44.
How do we detect the smell of agarbathi or incense stick?
Answer:
We detect the smell of agarbathi or incense stick when the olfactory receptors in the nose detect smell by sending nerve impulses to the olfactory centre of the brain.

Question 45.
What is target tissue?
Answer:
Tissues or organs on which hormones act are called target tissues or organs.

Question 46.
What are the main cells of the nervous system?
Answer:
The main cells of the nervous system are the neurons. Besides the neurons the nervous system also consists of glial cells.

Question 47.
What is phototropism?
Answer:
The movement of a plant part in response to light is called phototropism.

Question 48.
What is geotropism?
Answer:
The movement of a plant part in response to gravity is called geotropism.

Question 49.
What is chemotropism?
Answer:
The movement of a plant part in response to chemical stimulus is called chemotropism.

Question 50.
What is hydrotropism?
Answer:
The movement of a plant part in response to water is called hydrotropism.

Question 51.
How many nerve cells does human nervous system consist of?
Answer:
Human nervous system consists of about 100 billion cells.

Question 52.
What is reflex arc?
Answer:
The structural and functional unit that carries reflex action is called reflex arc.

Question 53.
The three layers covering the brain are called?
Answer:
The three layers covering the brain are meninges.

Question 54.
What are the functions carried out by cerebrum?
Answer:
Cerebrum is a seat of mental abilities, controls thinking, memory, reasoning, perception, emotions and speech.

Question 55.
What are the functions of cerebellum?
Answer:
Cerebellum maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone.

Question 56.
Which parts are present in hind brain?
Answer:
Cerebellum and medulla oblongata are the parts present in hind brain.

Question 57.
What is the function of feedback mechanism?
Answer:
The function of feed back mechanism is to regulate the production and release of hormones in the body.

Question 58.
Thyroxine hormone controls the body’s function like?
Answer:
Thyroxine hormone controls body’s function like general growth rate and a metabolic activity.

Question 59.
What are voluntary actions? Give examples.
Answer:
The movements under the control of the conscious mind are called voluntary actions. Example : Kicking foot ball, lifting bucket of water, reading book, running, walking, playing, eating, etc.

Question 60.
What are involuntary actions? Give examples.
Answer:
The movements which are not under the control of the conscious mind are called involuntary actions. Example : Respiration, circulation, digestion.

Question 61.
What is nerve impulse?
Answer:
The information passing through a neuron in the form of electrical and chemical signals is called nerve impulse.

Question 62.
What are phytohormones?
Answer:
The hormones present in the plants are called phytohormones.

Question 63.
The phytohormone Abscisic acid is responsible for?
Answer:
Closing of stomata and seed dormancy are caused by the phytohormone Abscisicacid.

Question 64.
What are the functions of auxins?
Answer:
Auxins are responsible for cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots.

Question 65.
What is the speed of nerve transmission?
Answer:
Nerve transmission from stimulus to a response can occur at a maximum speed of about 100 meters per second.

Question 66.
What is vasomotor?
Answer:
Vasomotor refers to actions upon a blood vessel which alter its diameter.

Question 67.
What are dorsal and ventral root ganglion?
Answer:
The dorsal root and ventral root ganglions are the regions very close to the spinal cord in which the nerve cell bodies lie. Dorsal root ganglion is present on the dorsal side of spinal cord and ventral root ganglion is present on the ventral side of the spinalcord.

Question 68.
What is the function of dorsal root ganglion?
Answer:
The dorsal root ganglion carries messages of sensation toward brain or spinal cord.

Question 69.
What is the function of ventral root ganglion?
Answer:
The ventral root ganglion carry the instructions from the brain or spinal card to muscles.

10th Class Biology 5th Lesson Coordination 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What questions will you ask a doctor to know about endocrine glands?
Answer:

Which glands are known as endocrine glands?
Where can we find endocrine glands in our body?
What do you call chemical substances secreted by Endocrine glands?
Which endocrine gland is attached to the brain?
What are the functions of endrocrine glands?
What will happen if endocrine glands are absent?

Question 2.
How do you feel when you realize that plants respond to the stimuli of their surroundings?
Answer:

It is very interesting and amazing to observe trophic and nastic movements of plants in our surroundings.
For example, the bending of shoots of creepers towards light kept near the window.
The plant roots always grow downwards.
The creepers like cucumber and bittergourds develops tendrils in response to contact or touch.
Butterflies fluttering around the flowers for nectar.

Question 3.
What will happen if a plant is placed near the window of your classroom? What is this process called?
Answer:

The plant bends towards the sun light and grow.
This process is called phototropism.

Question 4.
How do you appreciate the role of Spinal-cord in reflex actions?
Answer:

Spinal cord responds very fast and immediate.
The nerve impulses are transmitted very fast at the speed of 100 m/min.
So that we are protected from many dangerous situations.
So I really appreciate and amazing reflex actions of the spinal cord.

Question 5.
Read the following table:

Name of the Gland	Location	Hormone secreted	Function
Thyroid	Neck	Thyroxine	General growth rate and Metabolic activity
Ovary	Abdomen	Estrogen	Growth of uterus and Control of menstrual cycle
Testis	Scrotal sac	Testosterone	Growth of beard, mustache and development of male sex organs.
Adrenal	Kidney	Adrenalin	Increase in heart beat, rise in blood sugar.

Answer the following questions:
i) Which hormone is released at the time of emotions?
Answer:
Adrenaline

ii) Name the hormone responsible for the development of Secondary sexual characters.
Answer:
Estrogen, Testosteron.

Question 6.
Ram met with an accident. After that he lost the capacity to walk in straight manner and cannot smell anything. Which part of the brain got damaged in the above cases?
Answer:

The forebrain and hind brain of Ram might have been damaged.
The olfactory lobes of the forebrain are concerned with sense of smell. Here, Ram lost the sense of smell anything. Hence the olfactory lobes of forebrain got damaged.
The cerebellum of hind brain maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone.
After accident, Ram lost the capacity to walk in a straight manner and hence, I predict that cerebellum of Ram also got damaged.

Question 7.
What questions will you ask a doctor to know about pancreatic gland?
Answer:

Where is pancreas located?
Why is it called a mixed gland?
What is the role of pancreas as an endocrine gland?
Name the disorders occur to pancreas.

Question 8.
What is the role of Adrenalin in controlling emotions?
Answer:
Adrenalin increases rate of heart beat, causes rise in blood sugar, dilation of coronary artery and dilation of pupil of the eye.

Question 9.
What is the significance of the adrenal gland in the human body?
Answer:
Adrenal gland secrets adrenaline. It helps in

Increase heart beat rate
Rise in blood sugar
Dilation of the coronary artery
Dilation of pupil of the eye.

Question 10.
Write the difference between hormone and enzyme.
Answer:

Hormone	Enzyme
1. These are secreted by ductless glands.	1. These are secreted by duct glands.
2. These are travel through blood.	2. These are travel through the ducts.
3. Less in quantity.	3. More in quantity.
4. Reaction is slow.	4. Reaction is fast.
5. Involved in metabolic activities	5. Involve in digestion.
6. Ex: Insulin	6. Ex: Lipase

Question 11.
Observe the following table and answer the questions.

Hormones	Uses
Thyroxine	Normal growth rate, effect on metabolism
Auxins	Cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots

i) Name the phytohormone in the table.
ii) Name the hormone which influences growth rate in humans.
Answer:
i) Auxin
ii) Thyroxine.

Question 12.
What questions you will ask a neurologist on function of brain?
Answer:

How does alcohol cosumption affect the brain?
Which part of brain is responsible for creativity?
How do we get fits ? 4) How do we get paralysis?
What kind of food should we take to increase?

Question 13.
Label a, b, c, d in the diagram given below and write their functions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 3 Answer:
a) Sensory Neuron/-Afferent Neuron: These carry messages towards the central nervous system.
b) Motor Neuron /- Efferent Neuron: These carry messages from central nervous system to body parts
c) White Matter
d) Effector Muscles: Respond to stimuli.

Question 14.
Prepare a table showing tropic movements in plants in response to stimuli.
Answer:

SI. No.	Tropic movement	Response to stimuli
1.	Phototropism	Movement towards light.
2.	Geotropism	Respond positively for gravitational force.
3.	Hydrotropism	Roots grow towards presence of water in the soil.
4.	Thigmotropism	Tendrils and climbing plants grow towards support.

Question 15.
Explain two tropic movements with suitable examples.
Answer:

Phototropism: Response of plant to light cite example is called phototropism.
Ex: sunflower
Geotropism: Response of a plant to gravitational force Ex: root growth of plant
Hydrotropism: Response of root to water availability in the soil.
Ex : Plants which are growing very close to rocks and walls.
Thigmotropism: Response to make contact or touch is called Thigmotropism.
Chemotropism: Response to chemical is called chemotropism (Stigma secretes sugary substances)

Question 16.
Write two voluntary functions and two involuntary functions you have observed in your body.
Answer:
a) Examples for voluntary functions:

Cleaning the table
Playing on the keyboard.

b) Examples for involuntary functions :

Salivating when food is kept in the mouth
Closing of eyes when bright light is focussed.

Question 17.
Plants show tropic movements in different situations. Give examples.
Answer:

Movement of individual parts of plants is possible when they are subjected to external stimuli. This type of response is called tropism or tropic movement.
The response of a plant to light is called phototropism. Respond of plants for gravity is called geotropism. Movement of plant towards water is called hydrotropism. The type of response by plants to make contact or touch is called thigmotropism. The response of plants to chemicals is called chemotropism.
Pollen grains respond to this stimulus as pollen tubes grow to reach the ovule for fertilization.

Question 18.
Divide the following into groups. Walking, blinking of eye lids, heart beat, laughing, digestion of food and reading. How do you divide them into groups?
Answer:
These can be divided into voluntary actions, involuntary actions and reflex actions.
Voluntary actions: Walking, laughing, reading
Involuntary actions: Digestion of food, heart beat
Reflex actions: Blinking of eye lids

Question 19.
What are ganglia?
Answer:

Ganglia or neural ganglia are the structures located in the peripheral nervous system (for example beside the spinal column or near viscera) made of concentration of neuron bodies.
Examples of neural ganglia are the ganglia that concentrate cell bodies of sensory neurons in the dorsal roots of the spinal cord and the ganglia of the myenteric plexus responsible for the peristaltic movements of the digestive tube.

Question 20.
Write a brief note on the functioning of sympathetic nervous system.
Answer:

This part of the autonomous nervous system increase the activity of an organ as per the need.
For example, during running there is an increased demand for oxygen by the body.
This is fulfilled by an increased breathing rate and increased heart rate.
The sympathetic nervous system works to increase the breathing rate and the heart rate.

Question 21.
Explain briefly about the action of parasympathetic nervous system.
Answer:

This part of the autonomous nervous system decrease the activity of an organ and it has calming effect.
During sleep, the breathing rate and also the heart rate slows down.
This is facilitated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
It can be said that the parasympathetic nervous system helps in conservation of energy.

Question 22.
Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?
Answer:

Insulin is produced by Islets of Langerhans of pancreas.
Insulin regulates the level of glucose in the blood.
Deficiency of insulin results in disease called ‘diabetes’.
Such diabetic patients are given injections of insulin so that the sugar or glucose level in the blood can be controlled.
Insulin is now produced in large quantities for the treatment of human sufferers from ‘sugar diabetes’.

Question 23.
What is chemotropism? Explain it with suitable example.
Answer:

Response of a plant towards chemicals is known as chemotropism.
If we taste the carpel of a flower, it is sweet.
Butterflies flutter on flowers for nectar.
Ripen stigma secretes sugary substance.
This chemical substance stimulates the pollen grain which falls on the stigma.
Pollen grains respond to this stimulus as pollen tubes grow to reach the ovule for fertilization.

Question 24.
What are plant growth substances? Give examples.
Answer:

Plant growth substances are the chemical (organic) substances which are produced in plants and act at minute concentration on growth and other phisiological functions of plants.
There are five major types of plant growth substances. They are auxins, Gibberellins, cytokinins, Ethylene and Abscisic Acid.

Question 25.
What is ethylene? Explain its action.
Answer:

Ethylene is a gaseous growth inhibiting substance.
Ethylene causes ripening of the fruits.
It modifies the growth of the plant by inhibiting stem elongation.
It accelerates abscission of leaves, flowers and fruits.

Question 26.
What is Apical dominance?
Answer:

In some plants main stem grows by the activity of terminal bud without giving any branches.
It means the activity of lateral buds is suppressed and this phenomenon of suppression of the growth of lateral buds by terminal bud is called Apical dominance.

Question 27.
What happens at the synapse between two neurons?
Answer:
At synapse, in between the end of one axon and end of another dendrite electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals (neurotransmitter). These chemicals cross the gap or synapse and reach to dendrites of the next neuron and start electrical impulse there.

10th Class Biology 5th Lesson Coordination 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 4 i) This diagram belongs to which system of the body?
Answer:
Human nervous system

ii) Name the parts A and B.
Answer:
A. Cerebellum
B. Medulla oblongata

iii) The part ‘C is endocrinal gland. This is called master gland. What is the name of this gland?
Answer:
Pituitary gland

iv) Which part in this diagram is useful to solve problems and puzzles?
Answer:
Cerebrum

Question 2.
Name the important parts of the brain and write the functions of fore-brain.
(OR)
Write in a tabular form the different parts of human brain and their functions.
Answer:

Brain has the following divisions.
1. Fore brain – Cerebrum, diencephalon
2. Mid brain – Optic lobes.
3. Hind brain – Cerebellum, medulla.

Functions of the various parts of the brain.

Parts of the brain	Functions
Cerebrum	i) Seat of mental abilities, controls thinking memory, reasoning, perception, emotions and speech. ii) Interprets sensations and responds to cold, heat, pain and pressure.
Diencephalon	i) Relay centre for sensory impulses, such as pain, temperature and light. ii) Reflex centre for muscular activities. iii) Centre for certain emotions such as anger. iv) Centre for water balance, blood pressure, body temperature, sleep and hunger. v) The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which functions as the master gland.
Mid brain	i) It relays motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord and relays sensory impulses from the spinal cord to thalamus, reflexes for light and hearing.
Cerebellum	i) Maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone. ii) Coordinates voluntary movements initiated by cerebrum.
Medulla oblongata	i) Contains centre for cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor activities. ii) Coordinate reflexes like swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting.

Question 3.
Observe the following diagram. What does it represent? Explain the process in a flow-chart.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 6 Answer:

Question 4.
Read the following table:

Part of the Brain	Functions
a) Olfactory lobes	Sense of smell
b) Cerebrum	Mental abilities, memory, reasoning, perception, emotion and speech, respond to cold, heat, pain and pressure
c) Diencephalon	Controlling emotions, center for water balance, blood pressure, sensory impulses such as pain, temperature and light, sleep and hunger.
d) Cerebellum	Maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone, coordinates voluntary movements initiated by cerebrum.

Now, identify the part of the brain which participate in the below situations.

a) Ravi is an intelligent boy. He can remember the things for a long time.
Answer:
Cerebrum

b) The drunken man does not walk properly.
Answer:
Cerebellum

c) Identifies the food items without seeing which are being prepared in the kitchen
Answer:
Olfactory Lobes

d) Naveen lost his money purse while coming to the school. But he is not crying.
Answer:
Diencephalon

e) It is time for lunch.
Answer:
Cerebrum

f) I cannot tolerate this type of heat in the summer.
Answer:
Cerebrum

g) Catching the ball perfectly.
Answer:
Cerebellum

h) There may be a drainage behind the house.
Answer:
Olfactory Lobes

Question 5.
Look at the picture and answer the questions:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 7 a) To which system does the diagram belong ?
Answer:
The diagram belongs to T.S. of Spinal cord (peripheral).

b) What is the name of A, B parts ?
Answer:
A – Dorsal Root,
B – Ventral Root

c) What is ‘C’ ? What is its function ?
Answer:
C – Association neuron
It analyse the information – and send the order (function) through motor neuron to muscle.

d) Through which horn the sensory nerve enters ?
Answer:
Sensory nerve enters through dorsal horn.

Question 6.
Fill the following table related to Endocrine glands.

1.	Name of the endocrine gland	Location	Hormone secreted	Response of body to that hormone
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer:

S.No.	Name of endocrine the gland	Location	Hormone secreted	Response of body to that hormone
1.	Pituitary	Floor of brain	Somatotropin	Growth of bone.
1.	Pituitary	Floor of brain	Gonadotropin	Activity of ovary and testis.
2.	Thyroid	Neck	Thyroxine	General growth rate and metabolic activity.
3.	Ovary	Lower abdomen	Estrogen	Growth of the uterus and skeleton of the pelvis.
4.	Testis	Scrotal sac	Testosterone	Growth of male secondary sexual characters.

Question 7.
Observe the following table and answer the questions.

Division -1	Division – II
Auxins	Adrenalin
Gibberellins	Testosterone
Ethylene	Estrogen
Abscisic Acid	Thyroxin
Cytokinins	Growth Hormone

a) On what basis the above classification done?
Answer:
Hormones in animals and hormones in plants.

b) From which gland is Adrenalin released?
Answer:
Adrenal gland.

c) Which hormone is responsible for closing of stomata?
Answer:
Abscisic Acid (ABA)

d) What are the functions of Auxins?
Answer:
Cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots.

Question 8.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 7
A) What does the given picture represent?
B) Name the parts A, B and C.
C) What carries the nerve impulse to the spinal cord?
D) Wrhat is the function of association neuron?
Answer:
A) The given picture represents
T.S. of Spinal cord (peripheral).
B) A – Dorsal root B – Ventral root C – Association neuron
C) Through dorsal root the nerve impulse reaches the spinal cord.
D) Association neuron analyses the information and sends the order through motor neuron to muscle.

Question 9.
The following table is about parts of brain and their functions. Read it and fill the blanks.

Part of the brain	Functions
Cerebrum
	Centre for certain emotions such as anger
Midbrain	It relays motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord and relays sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus, reflexes for sight and hearing.
	Maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone.
Medulla oblongata

Answer:

Cerebrum	i) Site of mental abilities, controls thinking, memory, reasoning, perception, emotions and speech. ii) Interprets sensations and responds to cold, heat, pain and pressure.
Diencephalon	Centre for certain emotions such as anger.
Midbrain	It relays motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord and relays sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus, reflexes for sight and hearing.
Cerebellum	Maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone.
Medulla oblongata	i) Contains centre for cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor activities. ii) Coordinates reflexes like swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting.

Question 10.
Ramya ran away shouting loudly after seeing a snake on the way to school. Arrange the events involved in this situation in the correct order and rewrite it.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 8 i) Brain receives the information, analyses and produces the reponse.
ii) Sensory nerves carry the information from sense organs to brain,
iii) Effector muscles exhibit the response.
iv) Sense organs receive the information from the environment.
v) Motor nerves carry the response from the brain to effector muscles.
Answer:
1-d, 2-b, 3 -a, 4-e, 5-c
d) Sense organs receive the information from the environment.
b) Sensory nerves carry the information from sense organs to brain,
a) brain receives the information analyse and produces the response.
e) Motor nerves carry the response from the brain to effector muscles.
c) Effector muscles exhibit the response.

Question 11.
Observe the following information and answer the following questions.

S.No.	Hormones	Uses
1.	Auxins	Cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots.
2.	Abscisic acid	Closing of stomata, seed dormancy
3.	Ethylene	Ripening of fruit
4.	Cytokinins	Promote cell division, promote sprouting of lateral buds, delay ageing of fruits.

i) What do we call the hormones that are present in plants?
Answer:
We call phyto hormones which are present in plants.

ii) Name the hormones which are helpful in the growth of the plants.
Answer:
Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins are helpful in the growth of the plants.

iii) Farmers keep carbide powder in between raw mangoes. What might be the reason? What will be the end result after 3 to 4 days?
Answer:
Carbide release Ethylene, which promotes the fruit ripening. After 3 or 4 days fruits will ripen.

iv) Plants also respond like animals. Do you agree with this statement? Support your answer.
Answer:
Yes, plants also respond like animals. They shut off leaves in summer, germinate in rainy season, blooms according to seasons.

Question 12.
Read the following table and answer the questions given below.

S.No.	Name of the gland	Location	Hormone secreted	Response of the body to hormone
1.	Pituitary	Floor of brain	Somatotropin	Growth of bone.
1.	Pituitary	Floor of brain	Gonadotropin	Activity of ovary and testis.
2.	Thyroid	Neck	Thyroxine	General growth rate and metabolic activity.
3.	Ovary	Lower abdomen	Estrogen	Growth of the uterus and skeleton of the pelvis.
4.	Testis	Scrotal sac	Testosterone	Growth of male secondary sexual characters.

i) Write the importance of glands and hormones.
Answer:
Glands and hormones controls and coordinates various functions of the body with nervous system.

ii) Which hormone is responsible for growth of bone?
Somatotropin is responsible for growth of bone.

iii) What happens if testosterone is not secreted?
Secondary sexual characters in male are not developed if testosterone is absent.

iv) Where does the gland that secretes thyroxine is located?
Thyroid gland which secretes thyroxine is located near the neck.

v) Which glands are common in male and female?
Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, parathyroid and pancreas are common in male and female.

Question 13.
Explain the different types of adaptations in plants with suitable examples.
Answer:

Most plants can aerate their roots bj’ taking in the oxygen through the lenticels or through the surface of their root hairs.
But plants which have their roots in very wet places, such as ponds or marshes, are unable to obtain oxygen.
They are adapted to these water-logged conditions by having much larger air spaces which connect the stems with the roots, making diffusion from the upper parts much more efficient.
The most usual adaptation is to have a hollow stem.
The problem of air transport is more difficult for trees.
An exception is the mangrove tree of the tropics which have aerial roots above the soil surface and takes in oxygen through these roots.

Question 14.
Karthik is suffering from excess sugar in urine and Varun is suffering from repeated dilute urination. What are the reasons for these diseases ? Explain.
Answer:

Excess sugar in urine condition is known as diabetes milletus. (sugar diabetes)
Repeated dilute urination is known as diabetes insipidus, (diuretic condition)
Deficiency of insulin causes high level sugar in the blood and urine. It leads to diabetes milletus (Sugar diabetes).
Vasopressin maintains osmotic concentration of body fluids. Deficiency of vasopressin causes excessive repeated dilute urination it is called as diabetes insipidus.

Question 15.
Analyse the following information and answer the questions.

S.No	Organ	List-1 Effect of Nervous system	List-2 Effect of Nervous system
1.	Eye	Dialates pupil	Constricts pupil.
2.	Mouth	Inhibits salivation	Stimulates salivation
3.	Lungs	Relaxes bronchi	Constrict bronchi.
4.	Heart	Accelerates heart beat	Heart beat to normally.
5.	Blood vessels	Increase blood pressure	Decrease blood pressure.
6.	Pancreas	Inhibits Pancreas activity	Stimulates Pancreas activity.

i) Write two functions of Sympathetic Nervous System.
ii) Name two organs that are influenced by Parasympathetic Nervous System.
iii) Name the Nervous system mentioned in the table that increases the blood pressure.
iv) What systems constitute Autonomous Nervous System?
Answer:
i) Dilates pupil, inhibits salivation, relaxes branchi, accelerates heart beat, etc.
ii) Eye, heart, pancreas, etc.
iii) Sympathetic nervous system
iv) Sympathetic and para sympathetic nervous system.

Question 16.
Explain the Phytohormones which control growth in plants.
Answer:
Major plant hormones and their action:

Hormones	Uses
Auxins	Cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots.
Cytokinins	Promote cell division, promotion of sprouting of lateral buds, delaying the ageing in leaves, opening of stomata.
Gibberellins	Germination of seeds and sprouting of buds; elongation of stems; stimulation of flowering; development of seedless fruits, breaking the dormancy in seeds and buds.
Abscisic acid	Closing of stomata; seed dormancy, promoting aging of leaves.
Ethylene	Ripening of fruit.

Question 17.
Analyse the table and answer the following questions.

Sl.No.	Part of Brain	Functions
1.	Cerebrum	Mental abilities, memory, speech.
2.	Diencephalon	Sensory impulses, emotional impulses, muscular activities.
3.	Midbrain	Reflexes of sight and hearing.
4.	Cerebellum	Equilibrium.
5.	Medulla oblongata	Respiratory, cardiac centres, blood pressure.

i) Which part of the brain recollects the childhood incidents?
Answer:
Cerebrum.

ii) Write two parts of hind brain.
Answer:
Cerebellum, medulla oblongata.

iii) Name the part of the brain that will not function in drunken person.
Answer:
Cerebellum.

iv) Name the part of the brain that controls involuntary actions.
Answer:
Medulla oblongata.

Question 18.
Write contrasts and comparisons of the style of response in plants and animals to the stimuli.
Answer:

Both plants and animals react to various stimuli around them. But the method of responding to stimuli is not similar in plants and animals. .
Higher animals respond to stimuli because they have a nervous system and an endocrine system.
Plant do not have a well defined nervous or endocrine system. They do have some mechanism of control by means of some chemicals or hormones.
Plants can sense the presence of stimuli like light, heat, water, touch, pressure, chemicals, gravity, etc.
The hormones present in the plants called phytohormones control response towards the stimuli. Phytohormones coordinate the activities of the plant usually by controlling one or the other aspect of the growth of the plant.

Question 19.
Read the below paragraph and write answers.

There is systematic method in showing response to stimuli. There is different stages in it. First stage starts with the response recognising the changes in outside or inside of the body atmosphere with recognising the stimuli. Transmitting the received information is second stage, analysing that information is third stage and showing correct response to that stimuli is the last stage.

a) What does this information shows?
b) Convert the above information into flow chart.
c) Write about the mechanism that conducts this action.
Answer:
a) It shows the systematic method in showing response to stimuli.

b)
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 9

c) Nervous system can sense the changes inside and outside the body through specialised cells called Receptors. This information in the form of small electrical currents is sent to brain and analysed and responses are generated in the nervous system. These responses once again in the form of small electrical currents are conveyed to the appropriate organs such as muscles and glands at a greater speed. Nervous system may store this information for future use.

Question 20.
See the below action. What does it indicate? Explain with an example.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 9 Answer:

It indicates the stimulus – response action. This stimulus response can be explained with an example.
Suppose a mosquito is biting you on your arm. Mosquito bite is stimulus.
The receptor in the skin responds and send the information in the form of electrical impulses through sensory nerve to spinal cord or brain.
Brain or spinal cord analyses the information that the mosquito bite is causing pains.
The brain or spinal cord sends the message through motor nerve to the effector organ i.e., hand to kill the mosquito.
As per the message our hand immediately hits the mosquito and kills it.

Question 21.
Rangaiah is not feeling well. The following table is the results of tests. Analyse the table.

Tests	Present Status	Normal Range
Blood Test
1. Blood Pressure	160/90	120/80
2. Glucose (Fasting)	120	60-100
3. Glucose (Post Lunch)	220	160-180
4. Bilirubin	1.0	0.1 – 0.8
Urine Test
1. 24 hours protein	150 mg	100 mg
2. Sodium	140	125-250

Write answers for the following questions.
i) How can you state that Rangaiah is diabetic?
Answer:
After blood test it was found that level of glucose (Fasting) is 120 whereas the normal range is 60 -100. After lunch the level of glucose in blood of Rangaiah further raised to 220, the normal being between 160 – 180. This shows that Rangaiah is diabetic.

ii) What are the tests to know about Bilirubin?
Answer:
We can know about bilirubin by blood test.

iii) What do you understand from the above report?
Answer:
It shows that Rangaiah is diabetic and his systolic pressure is slightly high. The levels of bilirubin in blood also slightly high, almost normal range. Urine test shows sodium levels are at normal range but 24 hours protein is much higher than normal levels.

iv) What questions do you ask the doctor on the above report?
Answer:

What are symptoms shown by Rangaiah as diabetic patient?
What are the ways to control sugar in the blood?
Which hormone is responsible for raise of glucose in the blood?
How sodium maintains blood pressure at normal levels?
What is the role of bilirubin in digestion?

Question 22.
What is reflex arc? Write the components of reflex arc and their functions.
Answer:

The structural and functional unit that carries out reflex action is called a reflex arc.
It consists of five components.

They are receptor, a sensory nerve, a association neuron, a motor nerve and an effector organ.

SI. No.	Component of reflex arc	Functions
1.	Receptor	Receives information and generates impulses.
2.	Sensory neuron (Afferent)	Carries information from the receptor to the interneurons in the spinal cord.
3.	Interneuron (Association neuron)	Processes the information and generates responses
4.	Motor neuron (Efferent)	Carries the information from the spinal cord to the effector organ.
5.	Effector organ	Receives the information from the efferent neuron and shows the appropriate responses.

Question 23.
What are endocrine glands ? What are their functions?
Answer:
Endocrine glands:

Endocrine glands are the ductless glands.
They secret complex organic substances called hormones directly into the blood.
Hormones are transported through blood to different tissues.
Their secretions act as biochemical messengers in the body.

Functions:

The hormones secreted by these glands play an important role in co-ordinating various organ systems.
Hormones can increase or decrease the metabolism and synthesis of substances like proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.
Irregular functioning of these glands may lead to serious diseases.
The quantity of hormone required is very minimum (1/10,00,000 gram).
A slight increase or decrease may brings out large changes in the target tissue.

Question 24.
How does a nerve impulse travel through the body?
Answer:

The information acquired at the dendritic tip of a nerve cell sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse.
This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body and then along the axon to its end.
At the end of the axon the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals.
These chemicals cross the gap or synapse and start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron.
A similar synapse finally allows the delivery of such impulse from neurons to other cells such as muscles or glands.

Question 25.
How is the brain anatomically divided?
Answer:

The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres, the right and left.
Each hemisphere is made of four cerebral lobes. Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipetal lobe.
Each cerebral lobe contains the gray matter and the white matter.
The gray matter is the outer portion and is made of neuron bodies, the gray matter is also known as the cerebral cortex.
The white matter is the inner portion and it is white because it is in the region where axons of the cortical neuron pass.

Question 26.
What are the divisions of the autonomous nervous system?
Answer:

Ganglia near the vertebral column are connected to the spinal cord by nerves.
The two divisions of autonomic nervous system are sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
The sympathetic nervous system is formed by the chain of ganglia on either sides of the vertebral column and the associated nerves.
The parasympathetic nervous system is formed by the nerves arising from the ganglia of the brain and the posterior part of the spinal cord.
These together constitute the autonomous nervous system which is the part of the peripheral nervous system consisting of twelve pairs of cranial nerves and thirty one pairs of spinal nerves.

Question 27.
What is autonomous nervous system? Explain how it controls voluntary functions with an example.
Answer:

The peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary functions of the body is known as Autonomous nervous system.
It has voluntary control of muscles of some areas of skin and the skeletal muscle.
For example when we enter a dark room we can not see anything immediately. Slowly we are able to see the things around us in the room.
This is because of increase in diameter of pupil, which allows more light in.
When we come out of the dark room into broad day light the diameter of the pupil decreases allowing less light to enter into the eyes.
Both these functions occur under the influence of the autonomous nervous system.

Question 28.
What is the master gland in the human body? What are the functions of the hormones it secretes? (OR)
Why is pituitary gland known as master gland? How does it control all the other glands in the body?
Answer:

Pituitary gland is known as the master gland of the body as it controls the functions of all the other endocrine glands.
It serves as a link between nervous system and endocrine system.
The hormones secreted by pituitary gland and their functions are as follows.

Hormone	Response of the body to hormone
a) Somatotrophin	Growth of bones
b) Thyrotrophin	Activity of thyroid gland
c) Gonadotrophin	Activity of ovary and testis
d) Andrenocortico trophic	Stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
e) Luteinising hormone	In males – secretion of testosterone; In females – Ovulation, development of Corpus Luteum and secretion of progesterone.

Question 29.
What are the differences between the manner in which movement takes place in a sensitive plant and the movement of our legs?
Answer:

The stimulus of touch causes the response in a sensitive plant Mimosa pudica.
Droping of the leaves takes place due to change in osmotic pressure at the base of the leaf.
When the stimulus is over, the osmotic pressure increases causing the leaf to become normal.
This is not a growth related movement.
It is not connected with the direction of the stimulus.
Nerve messages in the form of electrical impulse reaches the leg muscles from the brain.
On reaching the leg muscles, the muscles contract causing the movement of the leg.

Question 30.
What is the need for a system of control and coordination of organisms? (OR)
How is control and coordination brought in organisms?
Answer:

The various physiological processes in an organism are closely linked and depen¬dent on each other.
The linking together of body activities in time and space is called coordination.
Without coordination, the activities of the body would be disturbed a lot.
For example when eating food at meal, the position of food is recorded by the eyes and as a result of this information the arms are moved to the right place to pick it up with precision and accuracy.
As the food is raised to the mouth, the latter opens to receive it. Chewing movements commence and saliva is secreted.
At the moment of swallowing, epiglottis closes trachea.

Question 31.
What is the experiment conducted by Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin? What is their conclusion?
Answer:

Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin performed some experiments on phototropism.
They covered the terminal portion of the tip of stem (coleoptile) with a cylinder of metal foil.
Exposed the plant to light coming from the side.
The characteristic bending of the seedling did not occur.
If light was permitted to penetrate the cylinder, bending occurred normally.
They concluded that when seedlings are freely exposed to a lateral light some influence is transmitted from upper to the lower part causing the material to bend.

Question 32.
What are the different types of tropisms found in plants?
Answer:

The different types of tropisms found in plants are phototropism, geotropism, chemotropism, hydrotropism and thigmotropism.
Different stimulus and type of tropism.
Stimulus Type of tropism
Light – Phototropism
Gravity – Geotropism
Chemical substance – Chemotropism
Water – Hydrotropism
Touch – Thigmotropism

Question 33.
Describe the story of invention of insulin. (OR)
Collect the information about insulin from internet and other sources and report on it.
Answer:

In Latin “insula” means an Island.
In 1868 Paul Langerhans of Germany working on the structure of Pancreas found Islets of Langerhans specialised cells richly supplied with blood vessel.
But the function of pancreas remained unknown.
Many others interested in the function of pancreas found that its removal from the body of an experimental animal would lead to the development of disease called ‘sugar diabetes’ (or) diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes is a condition in which the amount of free sugar in the blood and in the urine is abnormally high.
Later scientists found that when they tied the pancreatic duct that emerge from the duodenum caused the degeneration of pancreas but not Islets of Langerhans.
Moreover the animal would not develop diabetes. This was really a strong evidence that the level of blood sugar is linked with the Islet cells.
By 1912 workers were convinced that the Islets produced a secretion which directly liberated into the blood.
Ten years later in Toronto, Banting, Best and Macleod finally succeeded in extracting insulin from degenerate animal pancreas whose ducts to the intestine had been tied.
Insulin is now produced in large quantities for the treatment of human sufferers diabetes, to whom it is administered by injection into the skin.

Question 34.
Compare and contrast the nervous and hormonal mechanism for control and coor-dination in animals.
Answer:

Nervous system	Hormonal system
1) Nervous system has a network of nerves.	1) Hormone system does not have such a network in the body.
2) Nervous impulses pass from the receptors to the central nervous system and then to the effectors, through nerve fibers.	2) Hormone system does not have such a network in the body. Hormones pass from the endocrine glands through blood.
3) Nerve impulses reach only the cells required to respond.	3) Hormones reach all the cells but special cells on the target organs using special molecules on their surfaces recognize the information and act.
4) There is no feedback mechanism in generating electrical impulses.	4) The timing and amount of hormones released are dependent on feedback mechanism.

Question 35.
Write brief notes on Ivan Pavlov’s experiment on dog to demonstrate conditioned reflexes.
Answer:

Conditioned reflexes are not inherited.
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist did experiments on conditioned reflexes. His experiments on dogs have become very famous.
When the dog sees food, it secretes salvia. He rang a bell whenever the dog was given food.
After doing this for few days he noticed that the dog secretes salvia when it hears the bell even if the food is not given.
In otherwords dog associated the sound of the bell with the food and assumes that whenever the bell rings food is given.
In expectation of food, saliva start flowing from its mouth. Human beings are no exception to this.
For example, standing in attention when you hear National Anthem.

Question 36.
Collect information about the major plant hormones from library or internet?
Answer:
Some major plant hormones and their action are given in the following table.
Major plant hormones and their action.

Hormones	Uses
Abscisic acid	Closing of stomata; seed dormancy.
Auxins	Cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots.
Cytokinins	Promote cell division, promotion of sprouting of lateral buds, delaying the ageing in leaves, opening of stomata.
Ethylene	Ripening of fruit.
Gibberellins	Germination of seeds and sprouting of buds; elongation of stems; stimulation of flowering; development of fruit, breaking the dormancy in seeds and buds.

Question 37.
What are auxins? How do they affect plant growth?
Answer:

Auxins are phytohormones which promote longitudinal growth in plants.
The term auxin usually refers to a chemical compound called Jndole Acetic Acid (IAA) which is the principal nature auxine.
IAA promotes growth and elongation of stems, roots and enlargement of many fruits.
Auxins are known to loosen the cellulose frame work of cell wall which helps in cell enlargement.
Auxins promotes cell division in vascular cambium and also root initiation.
Auxins are also responsible for bending of plants in response to light (phototropism) and also to the gravity stimulus (Geotropism).
Auxin is responsible for Apical dominance.
A large number of auxins are synthesized by artificial methods in chemical laboratories.
Substances like Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) are used for inducing roots in cuttings.
Auxin spray can prevent premature fruit drop .
Auxin is also known to inhibit the abscission of leaves and fruits.

Question 38.
What is the role of Gibberellins in plant growth and development?
Answer:

Gibberellins has a significant effect on stem elongation.
It also increases the leaf lamina area. This is due to stimulation of cell division and cell elongation to both leaves and stem.
It leads to the formation of seedless fruits.
Gibberellins along with auxins promote cell elongation and leaf expansion.
Parthenocarpy is induced in fruits like apple and pear with spray of Gibberellins.
These substances are also known to induce enzymes like amylase, protease, lipase, etc. at the on set of seed germination and break the seed dormancy.
These substances are used for fruit setting and also for growing seed less fruits.
In beverages industry gibberellin is used to stimulate amylase activity in barley seeds. This is known to enhance the malting of barley grains.

Question 39.
What are the functions of cytokinins?
Answer:

Cytokinins are capable of stimulating cell division along with auxins.
They promote cell elongation.
They have ability to delay the pocess of ageing in leaves.
Cytokinins can prolong the life of fresh leaf crops like cabbage, spinach.
They are also used for keeping the flowers fresh.
Cytokinins are most effective in breaking dormancy of buds and seeds.
The levels of cytokinins decrease in senescing leaves.

Question 40.
What is ABA? Explain its function in the plant.
Answer:

ABA means Abscisic acid. It is the plant growth inhibiting substance.
It induces dormancy in buds, tubers and many seeds.
ABA is responsible for the formation of separation layer or abscission layer between main plant and the leaf or between plant and flower or fruit. It results in the falling of leaves, fruits and flowers.
It prevents the water loss during drought conditions by closing the stomata.

Question 41.
Draw a diagram of Reflex area and describe the functions of different parts of Reflex arc.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 10 Functions of different parts of Reflex arc : Reflex arc consists of a receptor, a sensory nerve (afferent) an association neuron or inter neuron, motor nerve (effferent) and a effector organ.

S.No.	Component of the Reflex arc	Function
1.	Receptor	Receives information and generates impulses.
2.	Sensory (Afferent) nerve	Carries information from the receptor to the inter neurons in the spinal cord.
3.	Inter neurons	Processes the information and generates responses
4.	Motor (efferent) nerve	Carries the information from the spinal cord to the effector organ.
5.	Effector organ	Receives the information from the efferent neuron and shows the appropriate response.

Question 42.
Write a brief account on peripheral nervous system.
Answer:

The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that arise from the brain and
spinal cord; and a vast system of dorsat and ventral root nerve cell heads.
The peripheral nervous system has 43 pairs of nerves.
Of these 12 pairs are called cranial nerves and the rest of 31 pairs are called spinal nerves.
Nerves attached to the spinal cord have two types of connections or roots – One to the back or the dorsal side and other to front or the ventral side of cord.
The peripheral nervous system can either involuntarily control several functions of regions like our internal organs, blood vessels, smooth and cardiac muscles. So it is called autonomous nervous system.

Question 43.
Write briefly about the spinal cord. (OR)
Describe the transverse section of spinal cord with the help of a diagram.
Answer:

Spinal cord is a long and cylindrical structure.
It passess through vertebral column extending all along the dorsal surface of trunk.
In other words, vertebrae of the vertebral column protect the spinal cord from injuries.
In a cross section of the spinal cord, the grey matter appears like butterfly or in the shape of letter ‘H’.
Each segment of the ‘H’ shaped grey matter is called a horn.
The upper horns are called dorsal horns, and the lower horns are called ventral horns.
In the middle of the grey matter is a canal called spinal canal.
It runs all along the length of spinal cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
From the sides of spinal cord, 31 pairs of nerves take their origin and supply branches to various parts of the body.

Question 44.
Describe an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism. (OR)
The roots of a plant move or grow towards water in the soil. How do you prove this with the help of an experiment ?
Answer:
Aim: To prove that roots grow towards water.
Apparatus or materials: Two glass troughs, soil, two similar plants, clay pot, water.

Procedure:

Take two glass troughs A and B,
Fill each one of them with two thirds of soil,
Plant a tiny seedling in trough A.
In trough B, plant a similar seedling and place a small clay pot inside the soil.
Water the soil in the trough A daily and uniformly.
Do not water the soil in trough B, but put some water in the clay placed in the soil.
Leave both the troughs for a few days.

Observation: On examining the roots later, it will be found that the root in the trough B has bent towards the source of water. Roots in trough A grew normally straight. Result: The growth of roots towards water is known as hydrotropism. In this experiment roots bent towards water. By this experiment it was proved that roots always grow towards water.

Question 45.
Observe the diagram and answer the following questions.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 14 i) To which organs of the body do the nerves go from the ganglions near the vertebral column ?
Answer:
Eyes, salivary glands, heart, lungs, liver, stomach, gall bladder, intestine, adrenal gland, sex organs are the body parts, the nerves go from the ganglions near the vertebral column.

ii) Which are the organs that receives nerves starting from the brain ?
Answer:
Nose, eye, tongue, ear, head, neck and shoulder receive nerves from the brain.

iii) Which are the organs whose activities are influenced by the sympathetic nervous system?
Answer:
Eyes, lungs, kidneys, gastro intestinal tract, heart, stomach, sweat glands, sex organs, adrenal gland, salivary glands.

iv) Which tire the organs whose activities are influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system ?
Answer:
Eye, lungs, kidneys, gastro intestinal tract, heart, stomach, sweat glands, sex organs, adrenal gland, salivary glands.

v) What do you understand about the functions of parasympathetic nervous system ?
Answer:

The major functions of parasympathetic nervous system is to keep the body in its normal state and it is called as rest and digestive system or feed or breed system.
The function of parasympathetic nervous system is to restore the body to its nor¬mal functioning after all the stress is gone.
The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body to do simple things such as breathing regularly, excreting hormones, eating and digesting food.
It also keeps a person alive when sleeping.

vi) What do you understand about the functions of sympathetic nervous system ?
Answer:

The major functions of the sympathetic nervous system is to activate the response of the body during stressful situation including the fight or flight mechanism of the body.
Sympathetic nervous system is essentially responsible for helping the body to get ready for action or feeling.
It dilates the pupil so one can see better especially in the dark, it increases heart rate so that to increase supply of oxygen to the muscles, decreases digestion so that the energy be better utilized for fighting and so on.

Question 46.
Describe the structure of brain with the help of a neat diagram.
Answer:

Proportionate to the body size, the human brain is the largest of all animals.
The brain is present in the hard bony box like structure called cranium.
It is covered by three layers called the meninges. The meninges are continued and cover the spinal cord as well.
The space between the inner layers is filled with fluid called cerebro – spinal fluid.
It serves as a shock – absorbing medium and protects the brain against shocks / jerks along with meninges and cranium.
The nerve cell bodies together with capillaries form a mass called grey matter while the myelinated axons form white matter.
The grey matter is in the outer layers while the white matter is present towards inner layers.

Question 47.
Describe the structure of cerebrum.
Answer:

Fore brain is the largest part of the brain. It is also called CEREBRUM.
A deep groove in the middle of the cerebrum divides into two equal halves.
Each calf is called as a cerebral hemisphere.
Right and left cerebral hemispheres are connected each other by a bundle of axon.
The outer portion of the cerebral hemisphere is gray in colour and is called CEREBRAL CORTEX.
There are several ridges called GYRI and the grooves are called SULCI.
They increase the surface area of the cortex in order to accumulate more number of neurons.
In the cerebral cortex, there are centres to receive and analyse various informations like visual (sight), auditory (hearing), olfactory (smell), etc.
Three very deep grooves present across each cerebral hemisphere divides it into four lobes. FRONTAL, PARIETAL, TEMPORAL, and OCCIPITAL LOBES.

Question 48.
Write a brief account of Adrenal glands.
Answer:
There are two adrenal glands one on the top of each kidney. Adrenal gland has 2 parts.

Cortex – outer part
Medulla – Inner part

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 5 Coordination 17

i) Adrenal cortex: Adrenal cortex secretes two hormones i) cortisol and ii) Aldosterone
a) Cortisol regulates the protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism.
b) Aldosterone increases the re-absorption of water and sodium in the kidney. It regulates the sodium levels in the body.

ii) Adrenal medulla: It secretes a hormone called Adrenaline at times of physical and mental stress. It is secreted in conditions like:

fall in blood sugar levels
When the person is injured.
When exposed to cold conditions
Suffering from pain

The hormone helps in facing such as situation. Therefore it is called the hormone of FIGHT or FLIGHT.

Question 49.
What is feedback mechanism? Illustrate with an example.
Answer:

It is necessary that the hormones are secreted by the endocrine glands in our body in precise quantities which are required for the normal functioning of the body.
This means there should be some mechanism to regulate the production and release of hormones in the body.
For example, anger is always short lived factor and adrenalin is the hormone responsible for anger.
When the levels of adrenalin in the blood came down slowly, we come to normal state.
When we are afraid the rate of heart-beat increases, the breathe rate will be faster, blood pressure increases.
After sometime we come to normal state only when we reach a safe spot.
The timings and amount of hormones released by endocrine gland is controlled by the feed back mechanism, which is in build in our body.

Question 50.
Write short note on simple goitre. (OR)
What happens if we do not take sufficient amounts of iodine in food? (OR)
Why are people advised to take iodised salt in the food they eat?
Answer:

Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroxine in the body.
If there is a reduced intake of iodine in food, it hinders the formation of thyroxine and results in increase the size of the thyroid gland.
This results in the enlargement of neck. This condition is called simple goitre.

AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes

May 5, 2023 by Mahesh

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions 7th Lesson Coordination in Life Processes

10th Class Biology 7th Lesson Coordination in Life Processes 1 Mark Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete the following table.
Answer:

Question 2.
What is the apparatus used in your class, while performing the demonstration of peristaltic movement in Oesophagus?
Answer:
a) A piece of waste cycle tube.
b) Oil for lubrication.
c) Potatoes.

Question 3.
You have conducted an experiment to prove that HC1 secreted in our stomach, does not harm walls of the stomach. Write the apparatus used in that experiment.
Answer:
Apparatus: Green leaves, petroleum jelly, weak acid.

Question 4.
What will happen, if there is no diaphragm in the human body?
Answer:

Diaphragm flattens during inhalation, thus increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
If the diaphragm is absent the inhalation and exhalation become very difficult in human beings.

Question 5.
What happens if the direction of peristalsis is not reversed in animal like cow?
Answer:
If the direction of peristalsis is not reversed (rumination is not done) in animal like cow, the food will not be masticated in the mouth and fermentation of the food with the micro-organisms in the stomach will not be taken place.

Question 6.
What happens if there is no mucus in the Oesophagus?
Answer:

The walls of the food pipe secrete a slippery substance called mucus.
Mucus lubricates and protects the oesophageal walls from damage.
This helps the food bolus to slide down easily in the tube.
If there is no mucus, lubrication will not occur for the food bolus to slide and walls get damage.

Question 7.
Which part of small intestine absorbs digested food?
Answer:
Microvilli/villi.

Question 8.
Name the chemical which is used to test the action of saliva on flour (ata).
Answer:
Iodine Solution.

Question 9.
What happens, if there is no peristaltic movement in Oesophagus?
Answer:

The food won’t slidedown in the oesophagus.
The digestion of food won’t takes place in the stomach and small intestine.

Question 10.
Number of Neurons present in enteric Nervous System?
Answer:
Number of neurons present in enteric nervous system are 100 millions.

Question 11.
Why do every life process is dependent on other life process?
Answer:
Every life process is dependent on other life process to keep the body in good condition.

Question 12.
Which life process generally maintain the level of different substances in the blood?
Answer:
The life process that maintain the level of different substances in the blood is digestive system.

Question 13.
When do we feel hunger pangs in stomach?
Answer:
When the level of glucose in the blood falls we feel hunger pangs in stomach.

Question 14.
Which hormone is responsible for hunger pangs in stomach?
Answer:
Ghrelin hormone is responsible for hunger pangs in stomach.

Question 15.
The hormone ghrelin is secreted by?
Answer:
The hormone ghrelin is secreted by certain cells in the wall of the stomach.

Question 16.
Which one plays an important role in carrying hunger signals to brain?
Answer:
The diencephalon in fore brain and vagus nerve which is 10th cranial nerve plays an important role in carrying hunger pangs.

Question 17.
How much time does the hunger pangs continue?
Answer:
The hunger pangs continue up to 30 to 45 minutes.

Question 18.
Increase in ghrelin levels results in?
Answer:
Increase in ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger and motivation to consume food.

Question 19.
Which hormone suppresses hunger?
Answer:
Hormone leptin suppresses hunger.

Question 20.
Which senses enhance our perceptions of the food we eat?
Answer:
Interactions between the senses of taste and smell enhance our perceptions of the food we eat.

Question 21.
What are the different types of papillae present on the tongue?
Answer:
The different types of papillae present on the tongue are filiform papillae, fungiform papillae, foliate papillae and circumvallate papillae.

Question 22.
When do you identify the taste easily?
Answer:
Taste can be identified easily by me when the tongue is pressed against the pallate.

Question 23.
Who conducted experiments on conditioned reflexes?
Answer:
Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov has conducted experiments on conditioned reflexes and found that even the thought of food will water our mouth.

Question 24.
Name the different sets of teeth present in your mouth.
Answer:
The different sets of teeth present in human beings is incisors, canines, premolars and molars.

Question 25.
Write the number of different sets of teeth in human Beings.
Answer:
The number of different sets of teeth in human beings are incisors – 8, canines – 4, premolars – 8, molars -12.

Question 26.
What is mastication?
Answer:
Grinding, chewing and shredding of food in the mouth by teeth is called mastication.

Question 27.
Which cranial nerve controls the movement of a muscle in the jaw?
Answer:
The fifth cranial nerve (Trigeminal nerve) controls the movement of muscles in the jaw.

Question 28.
What is bolus?
Answer:
Food that is formed due to the mastication in the mouth is called bolus.

Question 29.
What is the function of salivary amylase?
Answer:
The enzyme salivary amylase in the saliva breaks down the large starch molecules into smaller subunits usually into sugars.

Question 30.
The controlling center for swallowing food is present in?
Answer:
The controlling center for swallowing food is present somewhere in the brain stem „ (medulla oblongata and others).

Question 31.
Which medium aids in action of enzyme, salivary amylase?
Answer:
Alkaline medium aids in action of enzyme, salivary amylase.

Question 32.
The pH value of alkaline medium is?
Answer:
The pH value of alkaline medium is above 7.

Question 33.
The pH value of acidic medium is?
Answer:
The pH value of acidic medium is below 7.

Question 34.
What are nocturnal animals? Give some examples.
Answer:
The animals which are active during nights are called Nocturnal animals.
Ex: Cockroach, rodents, bats etc.

Question 35.
The amount of saliva secreted by human beings per day is?
Answer:
The amount of saliva secreted by human beings per day is 1 to 1.5 liters.

Question 36.
What kind of tube is oesophagus?
Answer:
Oesophagus is muscular and elastic tube.

Question 37.
How does mucus help in passage of food?
Answer:
Mucus lubricates, protects the walls from damage and helps bolus slide down easily to stomach.

Question 38.
What are the two kinds of smooth muscles present in oesophagus?
Answer:
The two kinds of smooth muscles present in oesophagus are the inner layer consists of circular muscles and the outer layer of longitudinal muscles.

Question 39.
What is peristalsis?
Answer:
The involuntary contraction and relaxation of the muscles of oesophagus, stomach and intestine bring in a wave like motion called peristalsis.

Question 40.
APiich nervous system controls the peristalsis?
Answer:
The involuntary movements peristalsis is under the control of autonomous nervous system.

Question 41.
Which juice is secreted by the wall of stomach?
Answer:
The juice secreted by the wall of stomach is gastric juice which contains hydrochloric acid, mucus and enzyme pepsin.

Question 42.
What is chyme?
Answer:
The digestive juices turns the food into a smooth substance known as chyme. It is the partially digested food in the stomach.

Question 43.
Rumination in cow is the result of?
Answer:
Rumination in cow is the result of reverse peristalsis.

Question 44.
What is the use of reverse peristalsis in human beings?
Answer:
The use of reverse peristalsis in human beings helps in vomiting, (expelling unwanted substances from the food canal.)

Question 45.
How much time does it takes to emptying the food from stomach?
Answer:
Emptying of food from stomach takes nearly 4 to 5 hours.

Question 46.
What causes the stomach to churn and mix the food?
Answer:
Peristalsis causes the stomach to churn and mix the food.

Question 47.
What issthe location of pyloric sphincter? What is its function?
Answer:
Pyloric sphincter present at the opening of stomach and the first part of the small intestine. It releases small quantity of food into the duodenum.

Question 48.
Why should only a small quantity of food be passed from stomach to duodenum?
Answer:
For the complete digestion of the food only a small quantity of food be passed from stomach to duodenum.

Question 49.
What is the nature of the chyme?
Answer:
The nature of the chyme is acidic.

Question 50.
Which hormones in small intestine produced due to the Acidic nature of chyme?
Answer:
Acidic nature of chyme initiates the production of hormones like secretin and cholecystokinin in small intestine.

Question 51.
Secretin and cholecystokinin stimulates the production of?
Answer:
Secretin and cholecystokinin stimulates the production of pancreatic juice, bile juice and succus entericus from pancreas, liver and walls of intestine respectively.

Question 52.
Which process is involved in absorption of nutrients from food?
Answer:
Selective absorption is involved in absorbing nutrients from food.

Question 53.
Which absorb nutrients from the food in small intestine?
Answer:
Finger-like projections called villi absorb nutrients from the food in small intestine.

Question 54.
Anyone with severe cough and cold cannot make out the difference in tastes of certain food items, when the sense of smell is impaired. Why?
Answer:

The flavour of food is produced with the combination of taste and smell.
The taste or food odour is not individually detected.
The interactions between the senses of taste and smell enhance our perceptions of the food.

Question 55.
Seventy percent of our immune system is aimed at?
Answer:
Seventy percent of our immune system is aimed at the gut (elementary canal) to expel and kill foreign invaders.

Question 56.
What is the second brain?
Answer:
The entric nervous system present below the gut or alimentary canal which controls digestion is called second brain.

Question 57.
What is the other name for second brain?
Answer:
The other name for second brain is enteric nervous system.

Question 58.
What is the length of gut or alimentary canal?
Answer:
The length of gut or alimentary canal in man measures about nine meters.

Question 59.
Which part or muscle controls the exit of stool from the body?
Answer:
Anal sphincter controls the exit of stool from the body.

Question 60.
What happens during inhalation?
Answer:
During inhalation oxygen moves across the walls of the alveoli and enters the blood.

Question 61.
What happens during exhalation?
Answer:
During exhalation, carbon dioxide from the blood moves into the alveoli of the lungs and breathed out.

Question 62.
What would be the path of salt removal from gut to the outside of our body?
Answer:
Salt is removed via blood through the kidneys, skin from our body.

Question 63.
Respiration in human beings is controlled by?
Answer:
Respiration in human beings is controlled by medulla oblongata of the autonomous nervous system.

Question 64.
For oxidation of food and transport of substance which processes are to be coordinated?
Answer:
Respiration and blood circulations are to be coordinated for oxidation of food and transport of substances.

10th Class Biology 7th Lesson Coordination in Life Processes 2 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The mere smell or sight of food stimulates hunger. Describe the process in a flow chart.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 1

Question 2.
What happens if salivary ducts are closed?
Answer:

Salivary glands secrete saliva. Saliva contains mucin and ptyalin or salivary amylase.
Mucin gives lubrication to the bolus so that we can easily swallow the food.
Ptyalin or salivary amylase digest the complex carbohydrates into simple sugars.
If salivary ducts are closed the above processess don’t occur. So that food is not digested properly.

Question 3.
“It is believed that the Diencephalon in fore-brain and vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) plays an important role in carrying hunger signals to the brain. Hunger pangs continue upto 30-45 minutes. Increase in ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger and motivation to consume minutes. Increase in ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger and motivation to consume food.
Read above content and prepare any two questions.
Answer:

What are the nerves involved in carrying hunger signals?
How long hunger pangs continue?
Which part of the brain is the centre for hunger pangs?
Which chemical substance is responsible for motivating to consume food?
What are the hormones related to hunger?

Question 4.
What will happen, if the small intestine is not like a long coiled tube?
Answer:

If size and shape of small intestine is like oesophagus the height of the person should be more than 22 feet as the length of the small intestine is about 22 feet. So it will not fit in the human body.
Food will not be digested completely.
Digested food will not be absorbed effectively.
The food taken into the body is expelled out only after completing partial digestion in stomach.
The body suffers from starvation of nutrients.

Question 5.
What did you observe in acid and leaf experiment ? What did you have understand regarding human digestive system from this? (OR)
Take two similar green leaves. Apply grease on one leaf and leave the other free. Add 1 or 2 drops of acid on each leaf. What kind of change do you observe from this?
Answer:

The leaf to which grease is applied is not effected with the acid.
The leaf to which grease is not applied is effected.
From the above activity we can conclude that mucus secreted by the walls of stomach protect it from the harmful effects of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

Question 6.
Identify the diagram and write two functions of it.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 2 Answer:
This diagram is Liver.
Liver – Functions:

Breakdown of larger fats into small globules/emulsification of fats.
It excretes Bile salts, cholesterol steroid, hormones, extra drugs, vitamins and alkaline salts through urine.

Question 7.
What will happen if Islets of langerhans fail to function?
Answer:

Insulin may not be produced.
Human may suffer from sugar/diabetes.
Sugar level increases in blood.

Question 8.
What may happen if villi are absent in small intestine?
Answer:

Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine for absorption when food passes through it. If villi are absent, food will not be digested completely.
Digested food will not be absorbed effectively.
The food taken into the body is expelled out only after completing partial absorption in the small intestine.
The body will suffer from starvation of nutrients.

Question 9.
Draw the diagram showing peristaltic movement. Write the names of the parts responsible for it.
Answer:
a) Mucus lubricates and protects the walls of oesophagus.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 3 b) Circular muscles and longitudinal muscles of oesophagus help in the movement of food ‘bolus’.
c) Peristalsis is under the control of Autonomous nervous system.

Question 10.
How do we know the taste of the food material? (OR)
What helps us in tasting food material?
Answer:

On the tongue different types of papillae are present to sense different tastes.
If we want to taste the food material, the food should be dissolved in saliva.
We can taste the food that is in the form of liquid only.
Only after the dissolved food enters into the cup like taste buds (papillae), the sense of taste is carried to the brain for analysis.
Then only we will know the taste of the food material.

Question 11.
Write a short note on digestion of food in mouth.
(OR)
How food is digested in the mouth?
Answer:

Saliva is secreted by the action of autonomous nervous system in the mouth.
Saliva moistens the food to make chewing and swallowing easier.
Due to the mastication of food in the mouth it forms a slurry mass called bolus.
The enzyme salivary amylase in the saliva breaks down the large starch molecules into smaller subunits usually into sugars of maltose and dextrose.
It is easier and convenient to swallow food after mastication in the mouth.

Question 12.
Why do we salivate during a nap of daytime?
Answer:

We are diurnal animals, we are active during daytime and take rest at night.
Ail the systems of our body are active in function during the daytime of our activity. Hence, man is a diurnal animal.
Our digestive system is also active and ready to receive the food for digestion.
If we sleep during daytime saliva oozes out of our mouth and wets the pillows.
This will not happen during night time.

Question 13.
Write a brief account on travel of food through oesophagus.
(OR)
How food travels in the oesophagus?
Answer:

Oesophagus is a tube like structure.
the wall of the oesophagus is made up of two kinds of smooth muscles.
The inner layer consisting of circular muscles and the outer layer with longitudinal muscles.
Contraction of the circular muscles results in narrowing of the oesophagus just behind the bolus. So the food is squeezed downwards.
Contraction of the longitudinal muscles in front of the bolus widen the tube, this results in shortening of that particular part of the oesophagus.
Contraction and relaxation of these muscles bring in a wave like motion that propels the food bolus into the stomach by ‘peristalsis’.

Question 14.
The digestive tract is unique among internal organs. Write few lines by supporting this statement.
Answer:

The digestive tract is unique among internal organs because it is exposed to a large variety of physio chemical stimuli from the external world in the form of ingested food.
As a consequence, the intestine has developed a rich store of coordinated movements of its muscular apparatus along with neural apparatus to ensure the appropriate mixing and propulsion of contents during digestion, absorption and excretion.
The neural apparatus of our digestive tract comprises of such a vast and complicated network of neurons that it has been nicknamed by scientists as the second brain.

Question 15.
How taste is identified by us? (OR) How can we identify taste?
Answer:

Any food substance when placed on the tongue gets dissolved in the saliva secreted by salivary glands in the mouth.
When the tongue is pressed against the palate the food substance is pressed against the opening of the taste bud letting it to reach the taste cells and triggering taste signals.
Finally the taste is recognized in the brain.

10th Class Biology 7th Lesson Coordination in Life Processes 4 Marks Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give reasons:
A) Hunger generating signals reach the brain when stomach gets empty.
Answer:
Ghrelin is secreted from walls of the stomach.
B) When your stomach is filled with full of food, you feel you don’t need food any more.
Answer:
Leptin Hormone is secreted which suppresses hunger.
C) In severe cold and cough, one cannot feel the taste of the food.
Answer:
During cold olfactory receptors are blocked.
D) We cannot identify the taste of a grape fruit, when it is placed on the tongue.
Answer:
We cannot taste the grapes because it is not in the liquid state.

Question 2.
A) What is the function of peristalsis in these parts of Human digestive system?
a) Oesophagus
b) Stomach
c) Small intestine
d) Large intestine
Answer:
a) Oesophagus: Bolus moves towards the stomach.
b) Stomach : Peristalsis helps in storing food, breaking down food, mixing the food with gastric juice.
c) Small intestine : Peristalsis helps in mixing the chyme with digestive juices.
d) Large intestine: Peristalsis helps to propel undigested material into rectum.

Question 3.
Observe the following schematic diagram and answer the following questions:
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 6
i) What do you call the wave like movements shown by the muscles of Oesophagus?
Answer:
Peristalsis.

ii) What is the structure of Oesophagus?
Answer:
Long tube like structure.

iii) How does mucus help in passage of food?
Answer:
Mucus helps the food to slide down easily.

iv) Which parts of alimentary canal are connected by the Oesophagus?
Answer:
Pharynx and stomach.

Question 4.
What is peristaltic movement? Compare the similarity of bolus movement in oesophagus with cycle tube and potato experiment which you have conducted in school.
Answer:
Peristalsis: Contraction and relaxation of circular and longitudinal muscles bring in a wave – like motion that propels the food bolus into the stomach from oesophagus by the action called as peristalsis.
Experiment:
Aim: Making a model of oesophagus to observe how bolus moves forward.
Material required: Potatoes, cycle tube lubricate oil.
AP SSC 10th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 7 Coordination in Life Processes 5 Procedure:

Take a piece of waste cycle tube and insert one or two potatoes into it.
Lubricate the inner side of the tube with oil.
In the same way smear oil over potatoes.
Insert oil coated potatoes in the tube. Potatoes in cycle tube
Now try to push the potatoes by squeezing the tube from behind the potato.

Observation: Oil acted as lubricant to push the potato easily in the forward direction. Conclusion: The muscles in the wall of the oesophagus have bring in a wave like movement due to contraction and relaxation, that propels the food bolus into the stomach.
This action is called as peristalsis.

Question 5.
Write the procedure involved in the acid and leaf experiment to understand the concept “how the stomach gets protected from its own acid secretions”. Compare the observations with the changes that takes place in human digestive system.
Answer:

Take two similar green leaves.
Grease one leaf with petroleum jelly, leave the other free.
Add 1 or 2 drops of some weak acids on both the leaves.
Observe them after half-an-hour or so and write your observations.
The leaf to which petroleum jelly was not applied effected by the acid.
We observe the colour of the leaf changes.
The other leaf was not affected by the acid because of petroleum jelly.
From the above activity we can conclude that mucus secreted by the walls of stomach protects the stomach it from the harmful effects of hydrochloric acid.

Question 6.
Vasu is doing experiment, lab activities in his classroom. He is tired due to hungry. How hungry feeling occurs? How will one know?
Answer:

Levels of different substances are generally maintained in the blood mainly by our digestive system.
One of the major substance is glucose.
When its levels in the blood fall, we get hunger pangs in stomach.
Ghrelin is secreted from the certain cells in the wall of the stomach.
Hunger contractions (hunger pangs) start to occur in the stomach due to the secretion of Ghrelin hormone.
Increase in ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger and motivation to consume

Question 7.
What is peristaltic movement? Explain the food movement in alimentary canal comparing with the experiment of moving potatoes in cycle tube.
Answer:
Peristaltic movement is the contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the digestive system. The movement of food through food pipe is known as peristaltic movement.
Food movement in alimentary canal:

The walls of the food pipe secrete a slippery substance called mucus. Mucus lubricates and protects the oesophageal walls from damage.
This helps the food bolus to slide down easily just as the oiled potatoes that move in the tube. Oil acts as lubricant and push the potatoes easily in the forward direction.
The wall of the oesophagus is made up of two kinds of smooth muscles. The inner layer consists of circular muscles and the outer layer of longitudinal muscles.
Contraction of the circular muscles results in narrowing of the oesophagus just behind the bolus.
So the food is squeezed downwards.
Contraction of the longitudinal muscles in front of the bolus widen the tube, this results in shortening of that particular part of the oesophagus.
Contraction and relaxation of these muscles bring in wave like motion that propels the food bolus into the stomach by the action called as peristalsis.
This is involuntary and under the control of autonomous nervous system.

Question 8.
Write briefly about the functional and structural aspects of oesophagus in human beings.
Answer:

Oesophagus is a long muscular and elastic tube-like part of the digestive system which lies between pharynx and stomach.
The wall of the oesophagus is made up of two kinds of smooth muscles.
The inner layer consists of circular muscles and the outer layer of longitudinal muscles.
The walls of the oesophagus secrete mucus, a slimy substance which helps in the easy movement of food into the stomach.
Walls of oesophagus carry on wave-like movement by contraction and relaxation. These movements are known as peristalsis.
Due to the peristalsis movements food passes from oesophagus into stomach.

Question 9.
Explain briefly about the structure of stomach. (OR)
What is the role of stomach in digestion of food ?
Answer:

Our stomach is not a bag with specific volume. It is a like a pouch which is elastic in nature.
The size of the stomach increases based on the food we intake.
Digestive juices are produced depending on the quantity of food material.
The walls of the stomach secrete juice containing hydrochloric acid.
Mucus secreted by some cells in the walls of the stomach form a thin lining on the walls of the stomach. This counters the action of acid.
The food is thoroughly mixed with the digestive juices by peristaltic movements of muscles in stomach.
The digestive juices of the stomach turns food into a smooth liquid mass called chyme.

Question 10.
Draw peristaltic movement of food in stomach. Describe movement of food in stomach.
Answer:

The stomach acts like a washing machine, churning the food around to break it into even smaller pieces.
Mechanical mixing of food in stomach occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall.
The contractions of the stomach muscles squeeze and mix the food with the acids and juices of the stomach.
The digestive juices turns the food into smooth paste like substance called chyme.
As the process of digestion in the stomach nears completion, the contractions of the stomach decrease.

Question 11.
Describe with diagram how villi are helpful in absorption of digested food in small intestine.
(OR)
How digested food is absorbed in small intestine?
Answer:

The small intestine is the main region for the absorption of digested food.
The inner surface of the small intestine contains thousands of finger like projections called Villi.
These villi increase the surface area;so that the food retained in the folds can remain longer thereby enhancing absorption.
Blood vessels and lymph vessels are present in the form of a network in the villi.
Products of digestion are absorbed first into the villi and from there into the blood vessels and lymph vessels.

Question 12.
Write about the experiment conducted by Ivan Pavlov on conditioned reflex.
Answer:

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian scientist conducted experiments on conditioned reflexes.
He discovered that dogs produced extra saliva when they were offered food.
Pavlov noticed, that they also did the same when the person who fed them came into the room, even if the person had not brought any food.
Pavlov went on to ring a bell at the start of feeding time, and eventually the dogs produced extra saliva when they heard the bell, before any food was brought.
A dog salivating when it hears a bell is not a natural response.
They would not do this without being conditioned to do so.
The behaviour has been learned. It is called a conditioned response.

Question 13.
Explain the process of exit of waste materials from large intestine.
Answer:

When the unwanted waste material reach the large intestine, the peristaltic waves move the stool into the rectum.
Water gets reabsorbed and the remaining waste usually hard mass that gets stored in the last part of the large intestine i.e., rectum.
There are two muscular layers helping the exit of stools.
One that is under involuntary control and the other is under voluntary control.
The muscular structures helps in opening and closing of the aperture of a canal is called sphincter.
Anal sphincter controls the process of exit of waste materials from large intestine.

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