AP State Board Notes

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 1 Our Earth in the Solar System to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 1 Our Earth in the Solar System

→ The Sun, the Moon, and all those objects shining in the night sky are called celestial bodies.

→ The celestial bodies which have their own heat and light are called Stars.

→ The Sun is a star.

→ The celestial bodies which do not have their own heat or light and or lit by the light of the other stars are called Planets.

→ The Sun, eight planets.

→ Satellites and some other celestial bodies known as asteroids and meteoroids form the Solar system.

→ The Sun is in the center of the Solar system. it provides the pulling force that binds the Solar system.

→ There are eight planets in our Solar system. They are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars; Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

→ Jupiter is the biggest and Mercury is the smallest planet.

→ Our home planet Earth is the third nearest planet to the Sun.

→ The shape of the Earth is described as Geoid. Geoid means an Earth-like shape.

→ Earth is called a Blue planet because two-thirds of its surface is covered by water.

→ The Earth is the most suitable planet to support life.

→ There are four spheres of Earth. Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, and Biosphere.

→ A Satellite is a celestial body that moves around the Planets in the same way as the Planets move around the Sun

→ Our Earth has only one natural satellite, that is, the Moon.

→ A man-made Satellite is an artificial body. It is designed by scientists to gather information about the universe, Earth, or for communication purposes.

→ Irregularly shaped rocks between Mars and Jupiter are called Asteroids. ,

→ Meteoroids are small rocky or metallic bodies in outer space,

→ A Comet is a celestial object made up of a head and a tail.

→ A cluster of millions of stars is called a Galaxy.

→ Some millions of Galaxies make the Universe.

→ Galaxy: The cluster of stars

→ Asteroids: Irregularly shaped rocks between Mars and Jupiter

→ Meteoroids: Small rocky or metallic bodies in outer space.

→ Satellites: Celestial bodies that move around the planets.

→ Orbit: The path in which the planets move around the sun

→ Geoid: Earth-like shape

→ Atmosphere: Solid outer layer of the earth

→ Hydrosphere: Waterbodies

→ Atmosphere: Layer of air

→ Biosphere: Plants and animal life on the earth.

→ Constellation: Patterns of Stars

→ Celestial bodies: An astronomical object

→ Comets: A comet is a celestial object made up of a head and a tail.

→ Planet: A celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 11 New Kings and Kingdoms to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 11 New Kings and Kingdoms

→ Many new dynasties emerged after the seventh century.

→ By the seventh century, there were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the subcontinent.

→ Initially, Rashtrakutas were subordinate to the Chalukyas of Karnataka.

→ Danti Durga was the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.

→ The invocation part of an inscription is Prashasti.

→ Prashastis contains details about the ruling family such as their predecessors and the period to which they belonged.

→ Kings often rewarded brahmins by grants of land.

→ Kalhana’s Rajatarangini was about KashmirJ<ings.

→ Many of the new kings adopted high-sounding titles such as Maharajaadhiraja Tribhuvan- Chakravarti.

→ Revenue was also collected from traders.

→ As there were three “parties” in this long-drawn conflict, historians often describe it as the “tripartite struggle”,

→ One of the rulers, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, ruled from 997 AD to 1030 AD.

→ Arabic work, known as the Kitab al-Hind, is an important source for historians.

→ Chahamanas, later known as the Chauhans, ruled over the region around Delhi and Ajmer.

→ The best-known Chahamana ruler was Prithviraj III (1168 AD-1192 AD), who defeated an Afghan ruler named Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191 AD, but lost to him the very next year, in 1192 AD.

→ The founder of the Chola dynasty was Vijayalaya Chola.

→ Cholas were subordinates to the Pallava kings of Kanchipuram,

→ Rajaraja’s son Rajendra I continued his policies and even raided the Ganga valley.

→ The big temples of Thanjavur and Gangaikonda-Cholapuram, built by Raja raja and Rajendra, are architectural and sculptural marvels.

→ Temples were centers of craft production.

→ The empire was divided into mandalas or provinces, further sub-divided into Valanadus and Nadus.

→ The sabha had separate committees to look after irrigation works, gardens, temples, etc.

→ Samantha The landlord or warrior chief of seventh century A.D

→ Temple: A place of worship for Hindus

→ Nadu: A group of villages formed a larger unit called ‘Nadu’ in the Chola Kingdom.

→ Sabha: Assembly.

→ Kingdom: A land ruled by a king

→ Sultan: The rulers of Afghanistan

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 7 Handicrafts and Handlooms to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 7 Handicrafts and Handlooms

→ Polish is a basket maker from Shankavaram village in Kanigiri Mandal, Prakasam District. He belongs to Yerukala, a tribal community.

→ Polish uses the spines of wild date palm (Eatha Chettu) leaves.

→ Shankavaram is about 80 km from Ongole’

→ Basket making is craftwork that involves the use of wild date palm leaves, cane, and bamboo, which are found in forests.

→ Forests due to their extensive exploitation for big industries.

→ Polish live in a slum, which does not have proper drainage, so it emits a foul smell and breeds mosquitoes and flies.

→ People of the Yerukula tribe are usually involved in basket making and live in different parts of Andhra Pradesh.

→ Dharmavaram is located in Anantapur district in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

→ Recently Dharmavaram sarees received the patent right.

→ Farmers grow silkworms to produce cocoons on mulberry leaves from which silk yarn is made. & This silk yarn is locally called “Katcha Pattu”.

→ Weavers own the wooden loom which is the main tool for weaving.

→ Weaving saree is a hereditary occupation for Venkatesu’s family.

→ Andhra Pradesh has the second largest number of handlooms in the country, next only to West Bengal.

→ The buyers are spread all over the world and weavers do not have any direct contact with them.

→ The cooperative societies are meant to help the weavers in buying raw materials at a low price and to arrange for marketing of their cloth.

→ A large amount of handloom cloth materials in Andhra Pradesh are produced and marketed by master weavers and merchants.

→ Along with Dharmavaram, there are many amazing weavers in Andhra Pradesh at Uppada (East Godavari), Mangalagiri (Guntur), Ponduru (Srikakulam), Venkatagiri (Nellore), Chirala (Prakasam), and Srikalahasti (Chittoor).

→ 1. Raw materials: The substance used to make things is called raw material. The raw materials for basket making are wild date palm tree leaves

→ Jacquard Cards: A card that is used for designing sarees.

→ Sapporo: The process by which the raw silk is made convenient for warp and waft.

→ Katcha Pattu: Silk yarn which is obtained from the cocoon in reeling centers is locally called Katcha Pattu.

→ Patent: An official right to be the only person to make, use or sell a product. or an invention.

→ Warp – Weft: Warp is the yarn that goes from top to bottom and wefts are the yarns that go from left to right. We can notice that cloth has threads passing from top to down and sideways something like this #.

→ Tie & Dye: Foy dyeing, the silk yarn is taken off, but when dry, it is again stretched, partly opened, and tied again for dyeing, this process is repeated several times. For making sarees in different colors and shades, different methods of dyeing are followed.

→ Co-operative Societies: Some persons of one particular group (farmers, teachers, etc.,) form, like society to get financial benefits.

→ Yerukula: People of the Yerukula tribe are usuallý involved in basket making and live in different parts of Andhra Pradesh. They are called ‘Yerukula’ after their women’s traditional profession of fortune-telling Eruka Chepputa (Sodhi)

→ Sapporo: Making the raw silk convenient for warp (vertical threads) and weft (horizontal threads) is known as support

→ Eruka Chepputa: Eruka is called Sodi’ Which means ‘predicting future with the help of ‘Souls’ ‘Eruka Chepputa’ is the word of ‘Erukala Sanaa

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 19 Livelihood and Struggles of Urban Workers to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 19 Livelihood and Struggles of Urban Workers

→ Right to productive and safe employment; Right to Leisure and Rest; Right to Employment Security; Income Security; Work Security; Skill improvement; Collective Voice are some of the rights of the workers.

→ In most countries, the governments have agreed that these basic needs of the workers, and made laws that ensure these rights to the workers.

→ The laborer departments have the responsibility to ensure that these laws are followed. & Many registered factories in our country gave these rights only to regular workers but not to casual or contract workers.

→ There are three kinds of workers employed in a factory. They are

(a) permanent workers
(b) casual workers (Badli workers) and
(c) daily workers.

→ Trade unions help the workers to get their wages fixed to get facilities such as employees’ state insurance and Provident Fund.

→ The trade unions have secured other benefits to workers such as health check-ups in case of sickness, safety wear in the workplace, educational allowance for workers’ children, etc.

→ Most of these benefits are available only to the permanent workers but not for the casual workers and contract workers.

→ While the permanent workers enjoy higher salaries, ESI, medical Insurance, and provident fund, the casual workers get very little salary and very few benefits like Provident Fund and Health Insurance.

→ The lot of the workers in a brick kiln is very miserable. They are paid very low wages and are forced to work for 14 to 16 hours per day.

→ The owners of brick kilns gave an advance payment and forced them to work as bonded laborers until their advance is repaid.

→ The sector, in which the workers are not registered as employees, there is no agreement and no protection of law or rules and regulations are called the Informal Sector.

→ In the Informal sector, the workers do not get any regular employment and so they end up as casual workers.

→ In Informal Sector the employment is both irregular and very low-paying.

→ People are forced to do many kinds of works in a day. In most cases, all the members of their families including their children have to work.

→ Their children remain uneducated. They don’t have good food or medicines. Their life is in a vulnerable position.

→ Almost all the workers in the informal sector are heavily in debt and often have to work for them.

→ Not only because of urbanization but also of the closing down of large factories and mills, the number of casual workers is increasing day by day.

→ Compensation: Something, typically money, awarded to someone in the ignition of loses suffering, or injury.

→ Provident Fund: An amount, saved from the earning of an employee with an added contribution from the employer.

→ BadliWorker: Temporary or contract workers

→ Wages: Monetary paid by an employer to an employee in exchange for work done.

→ Workers on contract basis: People who are appointed in a company/organization, who are not permanent employees, but for fulfilling the temporary or seasonal requirement.

→ ESI: Employees’ State Insurance Permanent

→ Workers: Regular employees. They are selected directly and paid directly by the employer

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 10 Importance of Transport System to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 10 Importance of Transport System

→ In our daily life, we use various vehicles to go from one place to another.

→ In India, most roads are built and maintained by the government.

→ National Highways are built across different states in the country.

→ One-fifth of travellers in India use trains.

→ Railways are mainly used to transport goods like coal, iron ore, fertilizers, cement, food grains etc.

→ There are six domestic airports in Andhra Pradesh – Visakhapatnam, Tirupathi (Renigunt), Rajamundry, Vijayawada (Gannavaram), Puttaparthi and Kadapa.

→ Almost all goods traded by Indian traders are transported to other countries through ports. Port cities or towns are thus major trading centres. Andhra Pradesh has 15 ports out of which Visakhapatnam is the largest one.

→ Most people in Andhra Pradesh depend on roads for travel.

→ Nearly one crore vehicles are running on Andhra Pradesh roads and about three fourth of them are two-wheelers.

→ If the cost of travel is high, people may not be able to move from one place to another.

→ Most cities In our country are now experiencing congestion and traffic blocks.

→ Motorcycles and cars are used in a big way. This has led to the use of more petrol and diesel, which increase air pollution.

→ To reduce pollution we should consume less of these petroleum products. Public transport can help in this aspect as they carry more people with minimum cost.

→ Road travel nowadays has become riskier.

→ The first week of every year, the Road transport departments all over the country celebrate Road Safety Week.

→ Government-run companies such as the Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation conduct awareness campaigns among drivers and give them the training to drive safely.

→ Every person using transport system – roads, railways or airways and those working in them are required to follow specific safety rules.

→ Safety travelling: Travelling without worries or accidents.

→ Roadways: Connecting the people in remote areas with the main cities.

→ Airways: Transporting through the air by using aeroplanes, helicopters, etc. It is costlIest transport.

→ Waterways: Transporting through canals, rivers, oceans, etc., through ports. Cheapest transportation.

→ Railways: Railways are mainly used to transport goods like coal, iron ore, fertilizers, cement, etc., One fifth of the travellers in India use trains.

→ National Highway: Roads built across different stat€s in the country.

→ State Highway: Roads connecting small towns and districts within the state.

→ Village / Rural roads: Roads connecting small villages and are maintained by panchayats.

→ Urban roads: Roads connecting töwnandcities and are maintained by Corporations and Municipalities.

→ Border roads: Roads laid along the international boundaries are called border roads.

→ APSRTC: Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation is a government-owned transport service That employs about 1,20,000 people to run about 20,000 buses.

→ Congestion: Overcrowding with too much traffic.

→ Registration: The action of registering

→ Driving licence: Grant a permit to drive

→ Transport: Carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft or ship.

→ Traffic: Vehicles moving on Public Roads.

→ Signal: A gesture, action or sound giving information or instruction.

→ Pavement: A raised path for pedestrians at the side of a road.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 14 Mughal Empire to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 14 Mughal Empire

→ Babur founded the Mughal Empire in India in 1526 AD. He established control over Agra and Delhi.

→ Humayun was defeated by Sher Khan. He recaptured Delhi with the help of Safavid Shah- in 1555.

→ Akbar became the emperor at the early age of 13. He rapidly conquered Bengal, Central India Rajasthan, and Gujarat. He was the greatest of all the Mughal emperors.

→ Jahangir continued the conquests started by Akbar.

→ Shah Jahan continued campaigns in the Deccan. He faced many revolts by nobles and chiefs. Shah Jahan was imprisoned by Aurangazeb.

→ Aurangazeb faced a large number of revolts all over his kingdom. Shivaji and his own son Akbar revolted against him.

→ Mughal rulers campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their authority.

→ The Mughals married princesses of many of the local rulers as a mark of friendship.

→ The Mughals recruited diverse kinds of people, who included Iranians, Indian Muslims, Afghans, Rajputs, Marathas, and other groups.

→ The Mughals developed the Mansabdari system in which Mansabdars should not act independently, but they should act as per the wishes of their emperor.

→ Akbar’s revenue minister Todar Mai carried out a careful survey of crop yields, prices, and areas for ten years. On the basis of this data, the tax was fixed on each crop in cash.

→ Today Mai started a revenue system known as Zabt, in which each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue rates for individual crops.

→ The broad features of administration were laid down by Akbar.

→ Akbar wanted to bring together people of all faiths. During the 1570s he started discussions on religious matters with Muslim scholars, Brahmins, Jesuits, and Zoroastrians.

→ Akbar, with the help of Abut Fazl, framed the vision of governance, i.e., the emperor would work for the welfare of all subjects irrespective of their religion or social status.

→ The administrative and military efficiency of the Mughal Empire led to great economic

→ Mansabdar: A-Rank holder, who had joined the Mughals.

→ Jagirdar: One who looked after the Jagirs,

→ Jager: It was a type of feudal land grant in South Asia at the foundation of its Jagirdat system.

→ Zabt: Revenue collected on the basis of the schedule of revenue rates for individual crops is known as Zabt.

→ Elite: Headman or local chieftains.
(OR)
The enormous wealth and resources were commanded by the Mughal nobility.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 3 Maps to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 3 Maps

→ We use maps when we want to study the Earth horizontally as a part, such as a country, state, district, town, village, and world as a whole.

→ A rough drawing drawn without scale and directions mainly based on memory and spot observation and not to scale is called a sketch.

→ A map is a representation of the whole Earth or a part of it, on a flat surface according to ^proportionate scale. –

→ A map must have certain components like direction, scale, symbols, etc.

→ Main components of a map. 1.Directions 2. Scale 3. Symbols 4.Colours.

→ North, South, East, and West are called Cardinal directions. Among these four direc¬tions North is treated as principal direction. So all the maps contain a North arrow with the letter N at the top right-hand corner.

→ intermediate directions are North-East (NE), South-East (SE), South-West (SW), and North-West (NW). We can locate any place more accurately with the help of these intermediate directions.

→ Scale is another component of a map. The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the actual ground. A scale can be used to figure out the distance between two locations on a map.

→ With the use of these symbols, maps can be drawn easily. With the symbols, maps are simple to read. Symbols give a lot of information in a limited space. Even if we don’t know the language of an area we can know the information from maps with the help of symbols.

→ The colors used in the maps represent different physical features.

→ Maps can be classified into three types. They are :

1. Political Maps
2. Physical Maps
3. Thematic Maps

→ Political maps show villages, cities, towns, districts, states, and countries with their boundaries.

→ Large landmasses on the World map are called Continents. Large water bodies on the World maps are called Oceans.

→ Physical maps show the physical features such as Mountains, Plateaus, Plains, Oceans and Rivers, Deserts, etc.

→ Thematic maps show the distribution of specific features such as land use, temperature, rainfall, population, soils, natural vegetation, crops, minerals, industries, railways, roads, waterways, etc.

→ There are two types of maps based on scale.

1. Large-scale maps
2. Small-scale maps

→ Large-scale maps: These maps represent small areas. They can be divided into Cadastral maps and Topographical maps. Cadastral maps show the individual property. Topographical maps show detailed surface features.

→ Small-scale maps: They represent large areas – World, Continents or Countries. They are of two types:

1. Wall maps and
2. Atlas maps.

→ Map: Diagrammatic representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features, cities, roads, etc.

→ Sketch: Drawing based on memory and spot observation and not to scale.

→ Plan: Drawing a small area on a Large scale.

→ Scale: Ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map with the help of scale.

→ Cardinal directions: Directions of North, East, South, and West, denoted by N, E, S, W.

→ Intermediate directions: Direction between to cardinal directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest)

→ Compass: Drawing circles and arcs and measuring distances between points.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Production in a Factory – A Paper Mill to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Production in a Factory – A Paper Mill

→ Factories produce goods on a large scale, with the help of machines and a large number of workers.

→ There are two paper mills in Andhra Pradesh – Rajahmundry and Kurnool.

→ Paper mills generally use wood from bamboo, eucalyptus, and sublabel trees.

→ Besides wood, a number of chemicals like common salt and caustic soda are also used in different stages of paper-making.

→ Paper mills need electricity for operating their machines.

→ Besides electricity, the mill requires a large quantity of clean water throughout the year. Paper mills engage contractors to supply bamboo and other raw materials.

→ Paper is actually made in five stages. They are:

1. Chipping,
2. Making of wood pulp,
3. Spreading the pulp,
4. Pressing, drying, and rolling,
5. Cutting.

→ Papermill runs all 24 hours a day.

→ Papermill has marketing depots in different cities.

→ Developed railways and roadways make it is easy to transport wood and paper to and from the mill.

→ A factory also employs people on different terms and conditions.

→ Some are regular ‘permanent’ workers of the factory, while some others may be employed as casual workers when the need arises.

→ A regular employee, he gets a number of benefits like Provident Fund (paid when he retires from service), medical insurance, etc.

→ Platform: It is a space meant for something.

→ Conveyor belt: A continuous moving belt used for transporting objects within a building

→ Fibre line: This is a section in paper mills. There the wood chips are turned into thin fibers.

→ Label: A small piece of card, fabric, or other material attached to an object and giving information about it

→ Allowance: The amount of something allowed or a sum of money paid regularly to a person

→ Bonus: A sum of money added to a person’s wages for good performance

→ Pollution: The presence in the air, soil, or water of a substance with harmful or unpleasant effects.

→ Working hours .: Any organization has some prescribed working hours.

→ Raw materi&: The material which ¡s used to make something.
e.g: Cotton → doth.

→ Accountant: A person who keeps or Inspects financial accounts.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 18 Caste Discrimination and the Struggle for Equality to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 18 Caste Discrimination and the Struggle for Equality

→ A group of people, who follow some common rules and Customs, worship the common duties, follow the same profession of work, and are bonded together are said to be one caste.

→ The caste system gave rise to great inequalities and discrimination in our society.

→ People who take up dignified professions are considered as higher caste people and those who take up undignified professions are called people of low caste and are treated as untouchables.

→ People of lower caste are not allowed to enter temples, not allowed to enter the houses of upper caste people, their children are not allowed to sit with the children of higher castes, and they are not allowed to take water from the wells. Thus the discrimination went on for ages in our country.

→ Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee of Indian Constitution who belonged to the Mahar caste, was treated as untouchable.

→ Omprakash Valmiki, a famous Dalit writer, had to sit away from the others in the classroom and that too on the floor, he had to sweep all the school and playground, while other children were listening to lessons in the classrooms because of his caste.

→ The caste system, with the four major caste groups, Brahmana, Kshatriya > Vysya, and Sudra emerged in the times of the Vedas.

→ Later new aspects like untouchability, restrictions on marriage and eating together, etc., emerged.

→ Thinkers like Buddha, Mahavira, Ramanuja, Basava, Kabir, Vemana, etc., criticized the discrimination based on birth.

→ The struggle for freedom from British rule was also included within the struggle against social evils and discrimination.

→ In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, several reformers fought to create a new social system based on freedom/equality, brotherhood, human dignity, and economic justice.

→ Jyotirao Govindarao Phule and his wife Savitri Bai Phule were pioneers of education for women and the lower castes as well as the masses.

→ Periyar, a rationalist and the lower caste movement in South India taught, it is the birthright of everyone to enjoy liberty and equality.

→ Sri Narayana Guru of Kerala preached brotherhood for all and fought against the ill effects of the caste system.

→ When India became a free nation, our constitution ensured that all the people of India are considered equal. Everyone has equal rights and opportunities.

→ Untouchability is seen as a crime and abolished by law.

→ Through laws and through government programs and schemes to help disadvantaged communities, the government tried to implement equality.

→ Still, there is discrimination in our schools against Dalit children. Where their dignity is not respected people are treated unequally on the basis of their caste, religion, disability, economic status, and gender.

→ It is only when people begin to believe that every person deserved to be treated with dignity, that the discrimination against the lower caste people ends and social equality prevails.

→ Untouchability: Show the discrimination on the basis of their caste.

→ Scheme: Apian or a system for doing or organizing something.

→ Constitution: A set of rules and regulations which are followed by people and government

→ Autobiography: The story of a person’s life, written by that person.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 13 The Kings of Vijayanagara to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 13 The Kings of Vijayanagara

→ Vijayanagara kingdom was founded by Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya in 1336 AD with the blessings of the sage – Vidyaranya.

→ It was ruled by four dynasties – Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Aravali.

→ On the north of Tungabhadra, the Bahmani kingdom was established with its capital in Gulbarga.

→ Later, between 1489 and 1520 it broke up into five small kingdoms.

→ Of these five kingdoms, Bijapur and Golkonda achieved prominence.

→ We know much about the Vijayanagara kingdom from inscriptions, books, buildings and detailed accounts of foreign travellers.

→ The capital city of Vijayanagara was built on the bank of the river Tungabhadra with seven rings of fortifications.

→ The city had four separate divisions – the first one devoted to temples, the second one for crops, the third one for the royal centre and the fourth one for ordinary town’s folk.

→ By importing a large number of horses from Arabia, by recruiting a large army, by building many strong forts and by introducing guns and cannons in their forces, the Vijayanagara rulers attained great military power.

→ The entire kingdom was actually controlled ^nd administered by the commanders of the army – Islayaka/ Amara Nayak as

→ The Nayakas held Amara – revenue assignments whose revenue they could collect and use for maintaining the troops kept in their possession. They also had judicial powers.

→ Many powerful Nayak controlled vast areas and at times they could even challenge the Vijayanagara Kings. By building tanks and irrigation canals, the Nayakas helped to bring the large areas of the kingdom under cultivation.

→ Because of their efforts, there was a tremendous increase in agricultural production. This in turn provided the impetus to trade.

→ Trade-in agricultural produce, as well as craft, produce like cloth increased manifold in the Vijayanagara period.

→ Trade centres were established on both of India’s extensive coasts.

→ The strategic goods the Vijayanagara kingdom imported were horses, guns and cannons.

→ Indian exports remained the same as in earlier periods as textiles and other craft items.

→ Krishnadeva Raya ruled from 1509 to 1529 AD.

→ He was a great general. He defeated the Sultans of Bahmani and the Gajapathis of Odisha.

→ Krishnadeva Raya patronised temples which include Tirupathi, Srisailam and Ahobilam. He also built several beautiful temples.

→ Krishnadeva Raya was also a patron of Telugu literature. He himself wrote the book – Amuktamalyada.

→ His court was adorned with eight poets known popularly as Ashtadiggajas.

→ In 1565 AD all five Bahmani kingdoms joined together and Aliya Rama Raya of Vijayanagara kingdom in Rakkasi Tangadi (Tallikota) war.

→ They looted and destroyed the Vijayanagara city.

→ Their capital was’ shifted to Chandragiri.

→ The succeeding emperors could not regain the glory of Vijayanagara.

→ Amaranayaka: The captains who held Amara revenue assignments i.e., they were given some villages and cities whose revenue they could collect and use.

→ Iqta: Revenue assignments of Delhi sultanate.
(OR)
Nobles or amirs were given similar revenue assignments called Iqtas.

→ Archaeologists: A person who studies human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artefacts and other physical remains.
(OR)
Scientists who excavate and study the historical remains.

→ Amirs: Nobles

→ Raya gopuram: Towering temple gateways.

→ Bahmani Kingdoms: A Muslim state of the Deccan in South India and one of the major medieval Indian kingdoms. Bah manid Sultanate was the first independent Islamic kingdom in South India.

→ Portuguese: A native or inhabitant of Portugal or a person of Portuguese descent.
(OR)
An ethnic group indigenous to the country of Portugal. Their language is Portugal.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 2 Globe – Model of the Earth to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 2 Globe – Model of the Earth

→ Globe is a model of the Earth.

→ Latitudes are the imaginary lines that are drawn horizontally on the globe.

→ Longitudes are the imaginary lines that are drawn vertically on the globe.

→ Longitudes are also known as Meridians.

→ Axis is an imaginary straight line that runs through the North and South Pole.

→ 23 1/2 degrees north latitude is called a Tropic of cancer.

→ 23 1/2 degrees south latitude is called as Tropic of Capricorn.

→ 66 1/2 degrees north latitude is called Arctic Circle.

→ 66 1/2 degrees south latitude is called as Antarctic Circle.

→ 90 degrees north latitude is called the North Pole.

→ 90 degrees south latitude is called the South Pole.

→ 0 degrees longitude is known as Greenwich longitude.

→ 180 degrees east and west longitude are known as International Date Line.

→ The half of the Earth that lies north of the equator is called as Northern Hemisphere. The half of the Earth that lies south of the equator is called as Southern Hemisphere.

→ The half of the Earth that lies east of the prime longitude is called as Eastern Hemisphere.

→ The half of the Earth that lies west of the prime longitude is called as Western Hemisphere.

→ There are two types of Earth movements. They are Earth Rotation, Earth Revolution.

→ The main result of the Earth Rotation is the occurrence of day and night.

→ The main result of the Earth Revolution is the occurrence of seasons.

→ Seasons are the divisions of the year, defined by changes in weather.

→ Solar Eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth on one line.

→ Lunar Eclipse occurs when the Earth moves between Sun and Moon on one line.

→ Axis: An imaginary line about which a body rotates.

→ Equator: 0° latitude.

→ Tropic of Cancer: 23 1/2 Northern Latitude

→ Tropic of Capricorn: 23 1/2 Southern Latitude

→ Arctic Circle: 66 1/2 Northern Latitude

→ Antarctic Circle: 66 1/2 Southern Latitude

→ North Pole: 90° Northernmost part of the Earth.

→ South Pole: 90° Southernmost part of the Earth.

→ Meridians: Longitudes connecting North and South poles and shows mid-day

→ Greenwich/Prime meridian : 0° longitude.

→ International Dateline: 1800 east and west longitudes

→ Latitudes: Imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator.

→ Longitudes: Imaginary lines that run between the North pole and South pole.

→ Northern Hemisphere: The half of the earth that lies north of the equator.

→ Southern Hemisphere: The half of the earth that lies south of the equator.

→ Eastern Hemisphere: Half of the earth that lies east of the Prime Meridian.

→ Western Hemisphere: Half of the earth that lies west of the Prime Meridian.

→ Seasons: Seasons are divisions of the year, defined by changes in weather.

→ Solar Eclipse: Occurs when the Mòon passes between the Sun and Earth on one line.

→ Lunar Eclipse: Occurs when Earth moves between Sun and Moon on one line.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 17 Implementation of Laws in the District to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 17 Implementation of Laws in the District

→ Various departments of the government do various kinds of activities.

→ The ministers who control the departments and the officials of those departments carry out the orders of the government.

→ These officials of the department work at different levels: secretariat (capital) level, district level, and the Mandal level.

→ The District Collector or the District Magistrate coordinates the work of all departments in the district.

→ The District Collector conducts the meetings with the heads of all the departments.

→ He attends to the problems of the people from all the mandates and helps them to solve them.

→ The Collector would instruct the heads of various departments to attend to the problems of the people.

→ In case of emergency, he will act briskly, personally monitors the situation, and announce compensation to the affected people.

→ He would act strictly if anyone encroached the public places, sidewalks, and roads.,

→ The district is divided into different manuals and mandates are formed of many villages.

→ Mandal Revenue Office keeps the records of land.

→ Using these land records and maps the Mandal Revenue Office settles the disputes between the individuals.

→ If anyone encroaches on the forest land or the land belonged to the government, Mandal officials evict them.

→ The Village Revenue Officer and Mandal Revenue Officer have the responsibility of up¬dating and issuing ration cards.

→ To protect the resources such as forests, rivers, and groundwater for the benefit of the next generations, the Government of Andhra Pradesh enacted the Andhra Pradesh Water, Land, and Trees Protection Act in 2002.

→ After the Law was passed, the Water, Land, and Trees Protection Authority or WALTA was formed to implement this Act.

→ in a democratic country like ours, the elected representatives and appointed government officials play different roles.

→ We should work towards achieving to drive away marginalization, disparities, and discrimination.

→ Magistrate: A civil officer with powers to try miner cases and hold a preliminary hearing.

→ Loan waiver: An act of giving up of loans

→ V.R.O: Village Revenue officer

→ Ginning: Separate seeds from cotton.

→ WALTA: Water Land and Trees Protection ACT (2002)

→ Tahsildar(MRO): An officer who maintains the records of land. (Mandai Revenue officer)