Srinivas

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 12 The Kakatiyas – Emergence of the Regional Kingdom to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 12 The Kakatiyas – Emergence of the Regional Kingdom

→ Srimad-Andhra”Mahabharatam is the first poetic work in Telugu which was composed by Kavitrayamu, the Trinity of Poets – Nannaya, Tikkanen, and Erra Pragada between 1000 and 1400 AD.

→ Vaidyanathan wrote PrathaparUdra Yashobhushanam during the Kakatiya rule.

→ Kakatiya inscriptions are in Telugu and they called themselves ‘Andhra Rajas’.

→ During Rudradeva’s rule, the capital was shifted from Anmakonda to Orugallu.

→ Rudradeva built a big fort, a tank, and a temple called Thousand Pillared Temple in Anaconda.

→ The city buildings and palaces were within this stone wall.

→ The city itself was divided into several quarters or Vadas.

→ Rudramadevi ruled from Orugallu and belonged to the famous Kakatiya family. She ruled from 1262 AD to 1289 AD for nearly 27 years.

→ Marco Polo visited Rudramadevi’s kingdom.

→ The Kakatiyas brought large tracts of land under cultivation by building tanks and digging wells.

→ The Kakatiyas also extensively patronized temples by donating to them.

→ Sometime around 1190 AD, a new kingdom was established in Delhi. The new kings were called Sultans and they originally came from Turkistan.

→ Sultan Mohammad binTugluq was able to defeat Kakatiya Prataparudra in 1323 AD.

→ Palani Virula Katha written by Srinatha.

→ Warriors: Brave or experienced soldiers or fighters

→ Nayantara System: Nayakaras (the authority of several villages) depended upon the queen or the king and remained loyal to them. They were also probably used to subdue the rebellious chiefs. This arrangement was called the Nayankara system.

→ Samantha: The landlord or warrior chief of seventh century A.D.

→ Artisans: Skilled workers who make things by hand.

→ Turkistan: A kingdom in Europe.

→ Abhaya Sasana: A pillar inscription issued by the Kakatiya king.

→ Marco Polo: An Italian traveler.

→ Fort: A building constructed to defend a place against attack

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 15 Establishment of the British Empire in India to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 15 Establishment of the British Empire in India

→ In 1600 AD, the East India Company acquired the grant from Queen Elizabeth-1 to trade with the East.

→ By the time the English reached India, the Portuguese, the Dutch and the French had already established their trading centers in India.

→ European traders formed their own East India Companies to trade in India.

→ Trade was carried on with arms and trading posts were protected through fortification.

→ This effort to fortify their settlements and carry on profitable trade also led to intense conflict with local rulers.

→ The English East India Company and the French East India Company fought against each other for many years to capture the trade in India.

→ After the Mughal empire had broken up into small kingdoms, the companies found their chance to assert their power.

→ When two Indian rulers were fighting, the European Companies interfered took sides, lent their army to one side, and helped them defeat their rivals.

→ In return, the companies were gifted many trade concessions and large amounts of money by the rulers.

→ The companies also began to acquire small parts of kingdoms as gifts from the rulers.

→ Slowly the English began emerging victorious over the French Company in the struggle for dominance in India.

→ Some Indian rulers exempted the company from paying taxes on many of the goods. However, the company, its officials, and the people took advantage of these concessions.

→ Thus there was much looting and swindling took place in the kingdoms by the company, its officials, and the people.

→ The English gradually began to feel that they could make fuller and freer use of India for trade if they themselves ruled the country.

→ So they began removing the Nawabs and Rajas and started ruling themselves.

→ With the policies of Robert dove, Warren Hastings, Lord Wellesley, and Lord Dalhousie, a large area of India came under British rule.

→ There was discontentment against British rule in all spheres of Indian life. The royal families, the farmers and landowners, tribal people, Hindus and Muslims, and finally the Indian Sipahis under British service resisted the British.

→ On top of this, the Sipahis suspected that the cartridges for their guns were being coated with cow and pig fat to keep them dry. They felt that their religious faith was being violated.

→ All these causes led to a revolt in 1857. The revolt that started at Meerut and Barrackpur spread like wildfire to all parts of India.

→ A wave of people and policemen joined the Sipahis. The bungalows and offices of English were set afire and many English people were killed.

→ The spahis reached Delhi and declared the Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar their Badshah.

→ Many royal families such as Nawab of Avadh, the Peshwa Nana Sahib, Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, and Tantia Tope joined the revolt.

→ Despite the widespread success of the revolt, the English slowly gained control over the situation.

→ Lack of combined and well-planned effort from the rebels and the shortage of modern arms caused the failure of the revolt.

→ The English brutally punished the rebels and suppressed the revolt.

→ In 1858, Queen Victoria of England made a declaration saying that they would not dethrone the Indian kings and the British government would not interfere in religious matters of Indians.

→ Royal Charter: Written or printed statement of rights, permission to do something, especially from a ruler or government.

→ Subedar: A Mughal Governor.

→ Sole right: Right belongs to one person or company.

→ Demand: Desire or ability to buy or obtain (goods etc).

→ Jagir: It was a type of feudal land grant in South Asia at the foundation of its Jagirdar system.

→ Cantonment: A permanent military station.

→ Colonies: A colony is a group of people who settle in a new place but keep ties to their homeland.

→ Maulvies: An expert in, or teacher of Islamic law. (Or) Islamic scholar.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 4 Land Forms – Andhra Pradesh to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 4 Land Forms – Andhra Pradesh

→ Jana Gana Mana’ is the national anthem of our country, it describes the glory of our country. It Was written by Rabindranath Tagore.

→ ‘Ma Telugu Thalliki malle Poodanda… is our state song. “It describes the rivers and the rich heritage of our state. The shapes of the surface of the earth are called landforms. The lifestyle, food habits, and dressing patterns are different according to the region”

→ Landforms may vary from high elevated to plain land even valleys. Landforms can be mainly categorized into Plains, Plateaus, and Mountains or HiUs.These main landforms may contain several micro landforms. The height of the landforms is measured from Mean Sea Level (MSL).

→ A mountain is a natural higher elevated feature of the earth’s surface. Some mountains are even higher than the clouds. As we go higher and higher altitudes of mountains, the climate becomes cold. India has several huge mountain ranges like the Himalayas. In Andhra Pradesh state majority of high landforms are hills.

→ A plateau is an elevated flat land. It is a flab-topped table land standing above the surrounding area. A plateau may have one or more sides. The Deccan plateau in India is the oldest plateau and it is of volcanic origin. The larger part of Rayalaseema comes under the Deccan plateau region.

→ Plateaus are rich in mineral deposits. Many of the mining areas are located in the plateaus. The Deccan plateau is a lava plateau. The lava plateaus are rich in black soil that are fertile and good for the cultivation of cotton. Many plateaus have scenic spots and are great tourist attractions.

→ Plains are level lands with flat surfaces which have a maximum height of 200 meters above sea level.

→ Andhra Pradesh is located in the east coastal line of India. It is the seventh-largest state in India in the area and the tenth most populous state. The length of the coastal line of Andhra Pradesh is 972 km.

→ Andhra Pradesh comprises – Coastal Andhra Pradesh and Rayalaseema. Coastal Andhra Pradesh has 9 districts along the coast. This region has the fertile soils of Godavari, Krishna, and Penna Delta and the density of population is very high. Rayalaseema has 4 districts in the southern region of the state and is rich in minerals and horticulture crops. This has become a horticulture hub.

→ In Andhra Pradesh, most of the high’ elevated areas are in the form of hill ranges. In our state YSR Kadapa, East and West Godavari districts, Visakhapatnam, Chittoor, Kurnool, and Vizianagaram districts have stretches of hilly terrain.

→ Arma Konda (Zindagada) in Araku valley is the highest peak in our state with 1690 meters. Borra caves of Visakhapatnam district and Papikondalu of East and West Godavari districts are the famous tourist places in these landforms.

→ Lammasingi / Lambasingi, the interior tribal hamlet in Chintapalli Mandal of Visakhapatnam agency, has recorded single-digit temperatures in the winter. It is also known as ‘Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh’.

→ In hilly areas, the soils are uneven and sloped. These soils are red and rocky. Due to their high elevation and the natural downward movement of water, the soils are mostly well-drained and suitable for the plantation of beverage crops like Coffee and Tea.

→ Product is an ancient tribal agricultural practice in the hilly regions. It is also called Shifting or Jfiuming cultivation.

→ The plateau area of Andhra Pradesh belongs to the eastern Deccan Plateau and Rayalaseema region comes under this landform. Here low and uncertain rainfall and many times rain failure is a common feature. So. this area is a drought-prone region. The saline soils of plateau areas also contain more lime and salt which are unsuitable for cultivation.

→ In Andhra Pradesh, the plains are situated in coastal districts. These are stretching from Srikakulam district in the North to SPSR Nellore district in the South. These are known as coastal plains. In Andhra Pradesh, two main rivers Godavari and Krishna form a very big plain in the form of a delta.

→ The delta plains are treasure houses for food grains and are called rice granary of South India. The entire plain area in Andhra Pradesh is a gift to agriculture and farmers. Here the main occupation is agriculture and more than one crop can be cultivated in major parts of the plain, regions.

→ Landform: Is a natural feature on the Earth’s surface

→ Terrain: A stretch of land, especially with regard to its physical features

→ Agent: A person who acts on behalf of another person or group

→ Spring: A spring is a point at which water flows from an aquifer to the Earth’s surface

→ Drought: Prolonged shortage of water due to less rainfall

→ Drought prone area: The areas which are often hit up by droughts

→ Alluvial Soils: The soils formed with silt brought by rivers, very fertile lands

→ Orchards: Fruit gardens

→ Uplands: A little bit of high land in plain areas

→ Tenancy: The period of time for which a person has the right to use a piece of land

→ Juga: It is a tree grown in hilly areas. Caryota (the scientific name of Telugu) is a genus of palm trees.

→ Drought-hit: The area affected by drought

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 8 Industrial Revolution to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 8 Industrial Revolution

→ From 1500 AD to 1800 AD trade between countries in America, Europe, Africa, and Asia increased manifold.

→ In about 1750, machines and steam power began to be increasingly used to produce goods, to move goods and people from one place to another.

→ This was the beginning of the ‘machine age’ in Britain.

→ James Watt was an English craftsman who invented machines.

→ During 1750-1850, a new system called the ‘factory system’ emerged.

→ Production was now carried on in a place called ‘factory’.

→ All facilities for production were owned and managed by individuals called capitalists.

→ In the 19th century, the industrial workers of Europe had to face several hardships.

→ Major changes swept industries with the coming of machines.

→ Energy is needed to run machines in a factory. Energy is available from coal, electricity, petroleum, and so on.

→ The invention of the steam engine boosted the shipping industry. It also reduced the cost of transportation by one-third of the cost of road transport.

→ George Stephenson’s locomotive pulled heavy loads along a 64-kilometer track from Liverpool to Manchester at a speed of 46 kilometers per hour.

→ In the 1840s, John Loudon McAdam devised a method of laying roads using broken stones.

→ In the early 20th Century, aircraft was developed by Wright Brothers and today, air transport is a major means of transport.

→ The industrial revolution led to a gradual shift of people from villages to towns.

→ Slums became a common scenario in towns and cities, especially near the factories and mines. ,

→ Slowly people fought for civil rights and the conditions of the worker’s quarters also improved.

→ Revolution: It is an attempt, by a large ñumber of people, to change the government f a country, especially by violent action. Eg: A socialist Revolution, Industrial revolution

→ Production:: The quantity óf goods that are produced. Machines became important in place of minor tools and handlooms. They produced goods on a large scales

→ Factory: During 1750 – 1800, a new system called the ‘factory system’ emerged In the p1ace of simple tools and manual power, new machines and steam power came to be increasingly used Production was now carried on in a place called factory.

→ Organization: A group of people who work together in a structured way for a shared purpose.

→ Nuclear Energy: A powerful form of energy produced by converting matter into energy splitting the nuclei (centra) parts) of atoms, It Is used to produce electricity.

→ Urbanization: Expartson of town and cities.

→ Child worker: A working child aged below 14 years

→ Slums: A rundown re of a city or town inhabited by very poor people

→ Capitalists: All facilities for production were owned and managed by Individuals calledcapita1ists

→ Colonies: Colonies are those countries whose resources are used for the benefit of another country.

→ Manufactories: The traders brought together the craftspersons under one roof so that they did not have to go to each one’s home or explain their requirements to each person They set up small workshops called manufactories

→ ProtoindustrlaIjsago; The craftsmen brought their own tools and worked with raw materials given by the trader The trader then took the product and sold ¡tin the market. In this way slowly the control of the trader over the craftspersons increased. This phase is called ‘Proto- industrialization’

→ Machines: Major changes swept industries with the coming of machines. Machines could be worked by even unskilled persons. Thus skilled artisans were no longer required In their place a large number of women and children were employed and made to work for meager wages.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 1 Our Earth in the Solar System to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 1 Our Earth in the Solar System

→ The Sun, the Moon, and all those objects shining in the night sky are called celestial bodies.

→ The celestial bodies which have their own heat and light are called Stars.

→ The Sun is a star.

→ The celestial bodies which do not have their own heat or light and or lit by the light of the other stars are called Planets.

→ The Sun, eight planets.

→ Satellites and some other celestial bodies known as asteroids and meteoroids form the Solar system.

→ The Sun is in the center of the Solar system. it provides the pulling force that binds the Solar system.

→ There are eight planets in our Solar system. They are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars; Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

→ Jupiter is the biggest and Mercury is the smallest planet.

→ Our home planet Earth is the third nearest planet to the Sun.

→ The shape of the Earth is described as Geoid. Geoid means an Earth-like shape.

→ Earth is called a Blue planet because two-thirds of its surface is covered by water.

→ The Earth is the most suitable planet to support life.

→ There are four spheres of Earth. Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, and Biosphere.

→ A Satellite is a celestial body that moves around the Planets in the same way as the Planets move around the Sun

→ Our Earth has only one natural satellite, that is, the Moon.

→ A man-made Satellite is an artificial body. It is designed by scientists to gather information about the universe, Earth, or for communication purposes.

→ Irregularly shaped rocks between Mars and Jupiter are called Asteroids. ,

→ Meteoroids are small rocky or metallic bodies in outer space,

→ A Comet is a celestial object made up of a head and a tail.

→ A cluster of millions of stars is called a Galaxy.

→ Some millions of Galaxies make the Universe.

→ Galaxy: The cluster of stars

→ Asteroids: Irregularly shaped rocks between Mars and Jupiter

→ Meteoroids: Small rocky or metallic bodies in outer space.

→ Satellites: Celestial bodies that move around the planets.

→ Orbit: The path in which the planets move around the sun

→ Geoid: Earth-like shape

→ Atmosphere: Solid outer layer of the earth

→ Hydrosphere: Waterbodies

→ Atmosphere: Layer of air

→ Biosphere: Plants and animal life on the earth.

→ Constellation: Patterns of Stars

→ Celestial bodies: An astronomical object

→ Comets: A comet is a celestial object made up of a head and a tail.

→ Planet: A celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 11 New Kings and Kingdoms to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 11 New Kings and Kingdoms

→ Many new dynasties emerged after the seventh century.

→ By the seventh century, there were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the subcontinent.

→ Initially, Rashtrakutas were subordinate to the Chalukyas of Karnataka.

→ Danti Durga was the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.

→ The invocation part of an inscription is Prashasti.

→ Prashastis contains details about the ruling family such as their predecessors and the period to which they belonged.

→ Kings often rewarded brahmins by grants of land.

→ Kalhana’s Rajatarangini was about KashmirJ<ings.

→ Many of the new kings adopted high-sounding titles such as Maharajaadhiraja Tribhuvan- Chakravarti.

→ Revenue was also collected from traders.

→ As there were three “parties” in this long-drawn conflict, historians often describe it as the “tripartite struggle”,

→ One of the rulers, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, ruled from 997 AD to 1030 AD.

→ Arabic work, known as the Kitab al-Hind, is an important source for historians.

→ Chahamanas, later known as the Chauhans, ruled over the region around Delhi and Ajmer.

→ The best-known Chahamana ruler was Prithviraj III (1168 AD-1192 AD), who defeated an Afghan ruler named Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191 AD, but lost to him the very next year, in 1192 AD.

→ The founder of the Chola dynasty was Vijayalaya Chola.

→ Cholas were subordinates to the Pallava kings of Kanchipuram,

→ Rajaraja’s son Rajendra I continued his policies and even raided the Ganga valley.

→ The big temples of Thanjavur and Gangaikonda-Cholapuram, built by Raja raja and Rajendra, are architectural and sculptural marvels.

→ Temples were centers of craft production.

→ The empire was divided into mandalas or provinces, further sub-divided into Valanadus and Nadus.

→ The sabha had separate committees to look after irrigation works, gardens, temples, etc.

→ Samantha The landlord or warrior chief of seventh century A.D

→ Temple: A place of worship for Hindus

→ Nadu: A group of villages formed a larger unit called ‘Nadu’ in the Chola Kingdom.

→ Sabha: Assembly.

→ Kingdom: A land ruled by a king

→ Sultan: The rulers of Afghanistan

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 7 Handicrafts and Handlooms to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 7 Handicrafts and Handlooms

→ Polish is a basket maker from Shankavaram village in Kanigiri Mandal, Prakasam District. He belongs to Yerukala, a tribal community.

→ Polish uses the spines of wild date palm (Eatha Chettu) leaves.

→ Shankavaram is about 80 km from Ongole’

→ Basket making is craftwork that involves the use of wild date palm leaves, cane, and bamboo, which are found in forests.

→ Forests due to their extensive exploitation for big industries.

→ Polish live in a slum, which does not have proper drainage, so it emits a foul smell and breeds mosquitoes and flies.

→ People of the Yerukula tribe are usually involved in basket making and live in different parts of Andhra Pradesh.

→ Dharmavaram is located in Anantapur district in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

→ Recently Dharmavaram sarees received the patent right.

→ Farmers grow silkworms to produce cocoons on mulberry leaves from which silk yarn is made. & This silk yarn is locally called “Katcha Pattu”.

→ Weavers own the wooden loom which is the main tool for weaving.

→ Weaving saree is a hereditary occupation for Venkatesu’s family.

→ Andhra Pradesh has the second largest number of handlooms in the country, next only to West Bengal.

→ The buyers are spread all over the world and weavers do not have any direct contact with them.

→ The cooperative societies are meant to help the weavers in buying raw materials at a low price and to arrange for marketing of their cloth.

→ A large amount of handloom cloth materials in Andhra Pradesh are produced and marketed by master weavers and merchants.

→ Along with Dharmavaram, there are many amazing weavers in Andhra Pradesh at Uppada (East Godavari), Mangalagiri (Guntur), Ponduru (Srikakulam), Venkatagiri (Nellore), Chirala (Prakasam), and Srikalahasti (Chittoor).

→ 1. Raw materials: The substance used to make things is called raw material. The raw materials for basket making are wild date palm tree leaves

→ Jacquard Cards: A card that is used for designing sarees.

→ Sapporo: The process by which the raw silk is made convenient for warp and waft.

→ Katcha Pattu: Silk yarn which is obtained from the cocoon in reeling centers is locally called Katcha Pattu.

→ Patent: An official right to be the only person to make, use or sell a product. or an invention.

→ Warp – Weft: Warp is the yarn that goes from top to bottom and wefts are the yarns that go from left to right. We can notice that cloth has threads passing from top to down and sideways something like this #.

→ Tie & Dye: Foy dyeing, the silk yarn is taken off, but when dry, it is again stretched, partly opened, and tied again for dyeing, this process is repeated several times. For making sarees in different colors and shades, different methods of dyeing are followed.

→ Co-operative Societies: Some persons of one particular group (farmers, teachers, etc.,) form, like society to get financial benefits.

→ Yerukula: People of the Yerukula tribe are usuallý involved in basket making and live in different parts of Andhra Pradesh. They are called ‘Yerukula’ after their women’s traditional profession of fortune-telling Eruka Chepputa (Sodhi)

→ Sapporo: Making the raw silk convenient for warp (vertical threads) and weft (horizontal threads) is known as support

→ Eruka Chepputa: Eruka is called Sodi’ Which means ‘predicting future with the help of ‘Souls’ ‘Eruka Chepputa’ is the word of ‘Erukala Sanaa

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 19 Livelihood and Struggles of Urban Workers to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 19 Livelihood and Struggles of Urban Workers

→ Right to productive and safe employment; Right to Leisure and Rest; Right to Employment Security; Income Security; Work Security; Skill improvement; Collective Voice are some of the rights of the workers.

→ In most countries, the governments have agreed that these basic needs of the workers, and made laws that ensure these rights to the workers.

→ The laborer departments have the responsibility to ensure that these laws are followed. & Many registered factories in our country gave these rights only to regular workers but not to casual or contract workers.

→ There are three kinds of workers employed in a factory. They are

(a) permanent workers
(b) casual workers (Badli workers) and
(c) daily workers.

→ Trade unions help the workers to get their wages fixed to get facilities such as employees’ state insurance and Provident Fund.

→ The trade unions have secured other benefits to workers such as health check-ups in case of sickness, safety wear in the workplace, educational allowance for workers’ children, etc.

→ Most of these benefits are available only to the permanent workers but not for the casual workers and contract workers.

→ While the permanent workers enjoy higher salaries, ESI, medical Insurance, and provident fund, the casual workers get very little salary and very few benefits like Provident Fund and Health Insurance.

→ The lot of the workers in a brick kiln is very miserable. They are paid very low wages and are forced to work for 14 to 16 hours per day.

→ The owners of brick kilns gave an advance payment and forced them to work as bonded laborers until their advance is repaid.

→ The sector, in which the workers are not registered as employees, there is no agreement and no protection of law or rules and regulations are called the Informal Sector.

→ In the Informal sector, the workers do not get any regular employment and so they end up as casual workers.

→ In Informal Sector the employment is both irregular and very low-paying.

→ People are forced to do many kinds of works in a day. In most cases, all the members of their families including their children have to work.

→ Their children remain uneducated. They don’t have good food or medicines. Their life is in a vulnerable position.

→ Almost all the workers in the informal sector are heavily in debt and often have to work for them.

→ Not only because of urbanization but also of the closing down of large factories and mills, the number of casual workers is increasing day by day.

→ Compensation: Something, typically money, awarded to someone in the ignition of loses suffering, or injury.

→ Provident Fund: An amount, saved from the earning of an employee with an added contribution from the employer.

→ BadliWorker: Temporary or contract workers

→ Wages: Monetary paid by an employer to an employee in exchange for work done.

→ Workers on contract basis: People who are appointed in a company/organization, who are not permanent employees, but for fulfilling the temporary or seasonal requirement.

→ ESI: Employees’ State Insurance Permanent

→ Workers: Regular employees. They are selected directly and paid directly by the employer

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 10 Importance of Transport System to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 10 Importance of Transport System

→ In our daily life, we use various vehicles to go from one place to another.

→ In India, most roads are built and maintained by the government.

→ National Highways are built across different states in the country.

→ One-fifth of travellers in India use trains.

→ Railways are mainly used to transport goods like coal, iron ore, fertilizers, cement, food grains etc.

→ There are six domestic airports in Andhra Pradesh – Visakhapatnam, Tirupathi (Renigunt), Rajamundry, Vijayawada (Gannavaram), Puttaparthi and Kadapa.

→ Almost all goods traded by Indian traders are transported to other countries through ports. Port cities or towns are thus major trading centres. Andhra Pradesh has 15 ports out of which Visakhapatnam is the largest one.

→ Most people in Andhra Pradesh depend on roads for travel.

→ Nearly one crore vehicles are running on Andhra Pradesh roads and about three fourth of them are two-wheelers.

→ If the cost of travel is high, people may not be able to move from one place to another.

→ Most cities In our country are now experiencing congestion and traffic blocks.

→ Motorcycles and cars are used in a big way. This has led to the use of more petrol and diesel, which increase air pollution.

→ To reduce pollution we should consume less of these petroleum products. Public transport can help in this aspect as they carry more people with minimum cost.

→ Road travel nowadays has become riskier.

→ The first week of every year, the Road transport departments all over the country celebrate Road Safety Week.

→ Government-run companies such as the Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation conduct awareness campaigns among drivers and give them the training to drive safely.

→ Every person using transport system – roads, railways or airways and those working in them are required to follow specific safety rules.

→ Safety travelling: Travelling without worries or accidents.

→ Roadways: Connecting the people in remote areas with the main cities.

→ Airways: Transporting through the air by using aeroplanes, helicopters, etc. It is costlIest transport.

→ Waterways: Transporting through canals, rivers, oceans, etc., through ports. Cheapest transportation.

→ Railways: Railways are mainly used to transport goods like coal, iron ore, fertilizers, cement, etc., One fifth of the travellers in India use trains.

→ National Highway: Roads built across different stat€s in the country.

→ State Highway: Roads connecting small towns and districts within the state.

→ Village / Rural roads: Roads connecting small villages and are maintained by panchayats.

→ Urban roads: Roads connecting töwnandcities and are maintained by Corporations and Municipalities.

→ Border roads: Roads laid along the international boundaries are called border roads.

→ APSRTC: Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation is a government-owned transport service That employs about 1,20,000 people to run about 20,000 buses.

→ Congestion: Overcrowding with too much traffic.

→ Registration: The action of registering

→ Driving licence: Grant a permit to drive

→ Transport: Carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft or ship.

→ Traffic: Vehicles moving on Public Roads.

→ Signal: A gesture, action or sound giving information or instruction.

→ Pavement: A raised path for pedestrians at the side of a road.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 14 Mughal Empire to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 14 Mughal Empire

→ Babur founded the Mughal Empire in India in 1526 AD. He established control over Agra and Delhi.

→ Humayun was defeated by Sher Khan. He recaptured Delhi with the help of Safavid Shah- in 1555.

→ Akbar became the emperor at the early age of 13. He rapidly conquered Bengal, Central India Rajasthan, and Gujarat. He was the greatest of all the Mughal emperors.

→ Jahangir continued the conquests started by Akbar.

→ Shah Jahan continued campaigns in the Deccan. He faced many revolts by nobles and chiefs. Shah Jahan was imprisoned by Aurangazeb.

→ Aurangazeb faced a large number of revolts all over his kingdom. Shivaji and his own son Akbar revolted against him.

→ Mughal rulers campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their authority.

→ The Mughals married princesses of many of the local rulers as a mark of friendship.

→ The Mughals recruited diverse kinds of people, who included Iranians, Indian Muslims, Afghans, Rajputs, Marathas, and other groups.

→ The Mughals developed the Mansabdari system in which Mansabdars should not act independently, but they should act as per the wishes of their emperor.

→ Akbar’s revenue minister Todar Mai carried out a careful survey of crop yields, prices, and areas for ten years. On the basis of this data, the tax was fixed on each crop in cash.

→ Today Mai started a revenue system known as Zabt, in which each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue rates for individual crops.

→ The broad features of administration were laid down by Akbar.

→ Akbar wanted to bring together people of all faiths. During the 1570s he started discussions on religious matters with Muslim scholars, Brahmins, Jesuits, and Zoroastrians.

→ Akbar, with the help of Abut Fazl, framed the vision of governance, i.e., the emperor would work for the welfare of all subjects irrespective of their religion or social status.

→ The administrative and military efficiency of the Mughal Empire led to great economic

→ Mansabdar: A-Rank holder, who had joined the Mughals.

→ Jagirdar: One who looked after the Jagirs,

→ Jager: It was a type of feudal land grant in South Asia at the foundation of its Jagirdat system.

→ Zabt: Revenue collected on the basis of the schedule of revenue rates for individual crops is known as Zabt.

→ Elite: Headman or local chieftains.
(OR)
The enormous wealth and resources were commanded by the Mughal nobility.

Students can go through AP State Board 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 3 Maps to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 3 Maps

→ We use maps when we want to study the Earth horizontally as a part, such as a country, state, district, town, village, and world as a whole.

→ A rough drawing drawn without scale and directions mainly based on memory and spot observation and not to scale is called a sketch.

→ A map is a representation of the whole Earth or a part of it, on a flat surface according to ^proportionate scale. –

→ A map must have certain components like direction, scale, symbols, etc.

→ Main components of a map. 1.Directions 2. Scale 3. Symbols 4.Colours.

→ North, South, East, and West are called Cardinal directions. Among these four direc¬tions North is treated as principal direction. So all the maps contain a North arrow with the letter N at the top right-hand corner.

→ intermediate directions are North-East (NE), South-East (SE), South-West (SW), and North-West (NW). We can locate any place more accurately with the help of these intermediate directions.

→ Scale is another component of a map. The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the actual ground. A scale can be used to figure out the distance between two locations on a map.

→ With the use of these symbols, maps can be drawn easily. With the symbols, maps are simple to read. Symbols give a lot of information in a limited space. Even if we don’t know the language of an area we can know the information from maps with the help of symbols.

→ The colors used in the maps represent different physical features.

→ Maps can be classified into three types. They are :

1. Political Maps
2. Physical Maps
3. Thematic Maps

→ Political maps show villages, cities, towns, districts, states, and countries with their boundaries.

→ Large landmasses on the World map are called Continents. Large water bodies on the World maps are called Oceans.

→ Physical maps show the physical features such as Mountains, Plateaus, Plains, Oceans and Rivers, Deserts, etc.

→ Thematic maps show the distribution of specific features such as land use, temperature, rainfall, population, soils, natural vegetation, crops, minerals, industries, railways, roads, waterways, etc.

→ There are two types of maps based on scale.

1. Large-scale maps
2. Small-scale maps

→ Large-scale maps: These maps represent small areas. They can be divided into Cadastral maps and Topographical maps. Cadastral maps show the individual property. Topographical maps show detailed surface features.

→ Small-scale maps: They represent large areas – World, Continents or Countries. They are of two types:

1. Wall maps and
2. Atlas maps.

→ Map: Diagrammatic representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features, cities, roads, etc.

→ Sketch: Drawing based on memory and spot observation and not to scale.

→ Plan: Drawing a small area on a Large scale.

→ Scale: Ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map with the help of scale.

→ Cardinal directions: Directions of North, East, South, and West, denoted by N, E, S, W.

→ Intermediate directions: Direction between to cardinal directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest)

→ Compass: Drawing circles and arcs and measuring distances between points.

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Production in a Factory – A Paper Mill to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 9 Production in a Factory – A Paper Mill

→ Factories produce goods on a large scale, with the help of machines and a large number of workers.

→ There are two paper mills in Andhra Pradesh – Rajahmundry and Kurnool.

→ Paper mills generally use wood from bamboo, eucalyptus, and sublabel trees.

→ Besides wood, a number of chemicals like common salt and caustic soda are also used in different stages of paper-making.

→ Paper mills need electricity for operating their machines.

→ Besides electricity, the mill requires a large quantity of clean water throughout the year. Paper mills engage contractors to supply bamboo and other raw materials.

→ Paper is actually made in five stages. They are:

1. Chipping,
2. Making of wood pulp,
3. Spreading the pulp,
4. Pressing, drying, and rolling,
5. Cutting.

→ Papermill runs all 24 hours a day.

→ Papermill has marketing depots in different cities.

→ Developed railways and roadways make it is easy to transport wood and paper to and from the mill.

→ A factory also employs people on different terms and conditions.

→ Some are regular ‘permanent’ workers of the factory, while some others may be employed as casual workers when the need arises.

→ A regular employee, he gets a number of benefits like Provident Fund (paid when he retires from service), medical insurance, etc.

→ Platform: It is a space meant for something.

→ Conveyor belt: A continuous moving belt used for transporting objects within a building

→ Fibre line: This is a section in paper mills. There the wood chips are turned into thin fibers.

→ Label: A small piece of card, fabric, or other material attached to an object and giving information about it

→ Allowance: The amount of something allowed or a sum of money paid regularly to a person

→ Bonus: A sum of money added to a person’s wages for good performance

→ Pollution: The presence in the air, soil, or water of a substance with harmful or unpleasant effects.

→ Working hours .: Any organization has some prescribed working hours.

→ Raw materi&: The material which ¡s used to make something.
e.g: Cotton → doth.

→ Accountant: A person who keeps or Inspects financial accounts.