AP State Important Questions

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Important Questions 15th Lesson Establishment of the British Empire in India

Question 1.
Study the following information and answer the questions given below.

Place: The military cantonment at Meerut	– Indian soldiers began firing their guns on English officers.
Date: Sunday, May 10, 1857	– They were not getting salaries on time and they were not treated with respect.
	– They are not ready to use new rifles because they suspected that the cartridges for these guns were coated with cow and pig fat.
Place: Meerut town Date: Sunday night. Monday, May 10, 11,1857	– Revolt spread in Meerut – Police too joined the mobs
Place: Delhi, the Lai Quila Date: Monday, May 11, 1857	– Soldiers entered the Lai Quila – Declared Bahadur Shah Zafar their Badshah – Gave the clear call “Drive out the English and bring back the Mughal rule”

a) Where and when did the 1857 Revolt start?
Answer:
The 1857 Revolt started on 10th May 1857 at Meerut.

b) What was the immediate cause of the Revolt?
Answer:
The use of guns was coated with cow & pig fat.

c) Who was the last Mughal Emperor?
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar.

d) What was the call of rebels?
Answer:
“Drive out the English and bring back the Mughal rule”.

Question 2.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Tie royal charter, however, could not prevent other European powers from entering the Eastern markets. By the time the first English ships sailed down the west coast of Africa, round the Cape of Good Hope, and crossed the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese had already established their presence in the western coast of India and had their base in Goa. It was Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, who had discovered this sea route to India in1498. By the early seventeenth century, the Dutch (Holland) too were exploring the possibilities of trade in the Indian Ocean. Soon the French traders arrived on the scene.
a. What do you think was the sea route to India?
Answer:
Starting from Portugal, they had to sail down the west coast of Africa, round the Cape of Good Hope, across the Indian ocean, and then reach the western coast of India.

b. Who discovered the sea route to India?
Answer:
Vasco da Gama

c. Which European country first established its trade center in India?
Answer:
Portugal

d. Which European country was the last one to establish their trade relationship with India?
Answer:
England

e. Write the order of the European countries that established trade relationships with India?
Answer:
Portugal, Dutch (Holland); France, and England.

Question 3.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
The English East India Company also forced the Nizam of Hyderabad to hand over the coastal Andhra Pradesh districts (Krishna, East Godavari, West Godavari, Srikakulam, Vijayanagaram, Prakasam, Visakhapatnam, and Guntur) between 1765-1768. These were known as the ‘Northern Sarkars’ of the Madras province of the company. In return, the English agreed to maintain an army contingent for the use of the Nizam. In fact, this army was used more to control the Nizam rather than to help him.
a. What did the English East India company force Nizam of Hyderabad to do?
Answer:
To hand over the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh to them.

b. Which districts were called the ‘Northern Sarkars’?
Answer:
Guntur, Krishna, Prakasam, West Godavari, East Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Srikakulam, and Vijayanagaram are called the Northern Sarkars.

c. Which province did Northern Sarkars belong to?
Answer:
Northern Sarkars belonged to the Madras province of the company.

d. In return how did the English agree to help Nizam?
Answer:
The English agreed to maintain an army contingent for the use of the Nizam.

e. How was the army contingent, supposed to maintain for Nizam used to actually?
Answer:
The army contingent supposed to maintain for Nizam was actually used to control the Nizam.

Question 4.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
The royal families resisted them because the English would anoint or remove rulers as and when it suited their purposes.
Farmers and landowners resisted them because the English imposed very high taxes on them and collected the taxes very strictly. So they lived in constant fear of failing to pay the taxes and losing their lands as a result.
Tribal people also offered resistance, because of the new rules and laws the English began implementing in their areas. As a result, many tribal people lost their rights over jungles and land.
Many Hindus and Muslims feared that the English would destroy their religions and convert them to Christianity.
a. Why did the royal families resist the English?
Answer:
Because the English anointed or removed rulers as and when it suited their purposes.

b. Why did the landowners and farmers oppose the English?
Answer:
Because the English imposed very high taxes on them and collected the taxes very strictly.

c. Why did the tribal people offer resistance to British rule?
Answer:
Because of the new rules and laws of the English, they began implementing them in their areas.

d. What did the Hindus and the Muslims fear?
Answer:
Many Hindus and Muslims feared that the English would destroy their religions and convert them to Christianity.

e. Why did the farmers and landowners live in constant fear?
Answer:
The farmers and landowners lived in constant fear of failing to pay the taxes and losing their lands as a result.

Question 5.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Place: Delhi, the Lai Quila Date: Monday, May 11, 1857
By daybreak, the sipahis of Meerut had crossed the Yamuna and reached Delhi. They entered the Lai Quila where Badshah Bahadur Shah Zafar of the Mughal dynasty was imprisoned by the English. They declared him their Badshah and persuaded hint to reject the sovereignty of the British. ‘Drive out the English and bring back Mughal rule was the clarion call of the rebels.
a. Why did the Sipahis go to Delhi?
Answer:
To declare Bahadur Shah Zafar as their Badshah.

b. Who was Bahadur Shah Zafar?
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last emperor of the Mughal empire.

c. Who did Sipahis declare as their Badshah?
Answer:
The Sipahis declared Bahadur Shah as their Badshah.

d. What did the Sipahis ask Bahadur Shah to do?
Answer:
The Sipahis persuaded Bahadur Shah to reject the sovereignty of the British.

e. What was the clarion call of the rebels?
Answer:
‘Drive out the English and bring back Mughal rule’ was the clarion call of the Sipahis.

Question 6.
Picture Reading:

Study the following picture:

1. The soldier was supposed to tear open the paper case with his teeth.
2. He would pour the gun powder into the rifle.
3. He would then ram the bullet wrapped in paper into the rifle.

Now answer the following questions:
a. What does the picture show?
Answer:
How to use the greased cartridges.

b. What does picture no. 1 show?
Answer:
The soldier was supposed to tear open the paper case with his teeth.

c. What does picture no. 2 show?
Answer:
The soldier should pour the gun powder into the rifle.

d. What does picture no. 3 show?
Answer:
The soldier should then ram the bullet wrapped in paper into the rifle.

e. What is the significance of the picture?
Answer:
The use of these greased cartridges was opposed by the Indian soldiers and caused the outbreak of the 1857 revolt.

Question 7.
Study the following table.

Sections of society	Why they resisted the English in the 1857 revolt?	How Queen victoria addressed their complaints in 1858?
The royal families and Indian kings	The English anointed or removed the rulers as and when it suited their purposes.	The Indian kings should rule their own kingdoms without anxiety because the English would not try to dethrone them.
Farmers and landowners (common people)	The English imposed very high taxes on them and collected the taxes very strictly.	The Indians would be included in the government.
Zamindars	Because the English confiscated their properties when they were not able to collect the stipulated amount of revenue.	Zamindars were given many con­cessions and were assured that their property would be protected.
Hindus and Muslims	Feared that the English would destroy their religions and convert them to Christianity.	The pundits and maulvis were assured that the British government would not interfere in matters relating to Indian religions and would let the old traditions continue.

Write a short note on the need for unity to avert foreign invasion.
Now answer the following questions:
a. Why did the royal families revolt against the English in 1857? And how did the Queen address their complaints in 1858?
Answer:
The royal families and the local kings resisted the English in 1857 because they anointed or removed the rulers when it suited their purposes. So In 1858, the queen assured the Indian kings should rule their own kingdom without anxiety because the English would not try to dethrone them.

b. Why did the farmers and landowners (common people) resist the English in 1857? And how did the Queen address their complaints in 1858?
Answer:
The farmers and the landowners (the common people) resisted the English because the English imposed very high taxes on them and collected the taxes strictly Queen Victoria assured the Indians they would be included in government.

c. Why did the Zamindars fight against the British in 1857? And how did the Queen address their complaint in 1858?
Answer:
Zamindars resisted the English because the English used to confiscate their proper¬: ties when they Were not able to collect the stipulated amount of revenue. But Queen Victoria assured Zamindars were given many concessions and were assured their prop¬erty would be protected.

d. Why did the Hindus and the Muslims fight against the English in 1857? And how did the Queen address their complaint in 1855?
Answer:
The Hindus and Muslims resisted the English because they feared that the English would destroy their religions and convert them to Christianity. But Queen Victoria assured the pundits and maulvis that they would not interfere in matters relating to Indian religions and would let the old traditions continue.

Question 8.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
In 1757 AD, the English defeated Sirajuddaula, the Nawab of Bengal, at a place called Plassey and established their rule over Bengal. The Battle of Plassey is an important event in Indian history. After that, the English started conquering many of the kingdoms of India, big and small.
a. When did the battle of Plassey take place?
Answer:
In 1757 AD.

b. Who did the English defeat in the battle of Plassey?
Answer:
Sirajuddaula.

c. Which battle led to the establishment of British rule in India?
Answer:
Battle of Plassey.

d. Why do you think, ‘the battle of Plassey’ is an important event in the history of India?
Answer:
Because of this battle, the English established their rule in India.

e. Who was Sirajuddaula?
Answer:
The Nawab of Bengal.

Question 9.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Place: The military cantonment at Meerut, where the British army had camped
Date: Sunday, May 10, 1857
The sun was about to set when the Indian soldiers began firing their guns on their English officers. These Were the same soldiers who had helped the English to conquer the kingdoms of India. They were now fed up with the behavior of the English. They were not getting their salaries on time and they were not treated with respect in the British army. On top of this, the sipahis suspected that the cartridges for their new guns (rifles) were being coated with cow and pig fat to keep them dry. They felt that their religious faith was being violated. Based on this suspicion, a similar uprising had occurred at Barrackpur, near Kolkata in March 1857.

a. Which event was described in the passage?
Answer:
The revolt of 1857.

b. Where did the incident take place?
Answer:
In Meerut.

c. When did the incident take place?
Answer:
On May 10.

d. How were the soldiers fed up with the behavior of the English?
Answer:

1. They were not paid their salaries on time.
2. They were treated as slaves.
3. They felt their religious faiths were being violated when they were asked to use the greased cartridges.

e. Why did the soldiers feel that their faith was being violated?
Answer:
They were asked to use the greased cartridges which were coated with the fat of cows and pigs. So they felt their religious faiths were being violated.

f. What do you think was the immediate cause of the revolt?
Answer:
Use of greased cartridges.

g. Where did the similar uprising as Meerut took place?
Answer:
At Barrackpur, near Calcutta.

Question 10.
What were the causes that led to the 1857 revolution? (OR)
Explain the causes for the 1857 revolt in detail.
Answer:
There was discontent almost in all spheres of Indian society against the British.

1. By waging wars, concluding subsidiary alliances and annexations on the pretext of maladministration, and with the doctrine of lapse of Dalhousie the British annexed Indian kingdoms one after the other. So many royal families such as the Nawab of Avadh, the Maratha Peshwa Nana Sahib, Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, and Tantia Tope joined the revolt.
2. The increased land tax due to frequent changes in the revenue policies affected farmers badly. Due to the economic policies of the British, the people had no employment to earn their livelihood. So the common people and even the landowners took part in the revolt.
3. The Hindus and the Muslims of India feared that the English would destroy their religions and convert them into Christianity. The British’s interference into the Indian’s religious matters led to unrest and discontent among the masses and so joined the revolt.
4. Indian Sipahis were racially discriminated against. They were paid low salaries and allowances. They were humiliated. Their religious beliefs were violated. So there was a lot of discontent and unrest among the Indian Sipahis.
5. On top of that, the Sipahis suspected that the cartridges for their new guns were being coated with the fat of the pig and cow. They felt that their religious faith was being violated. Based on this, uprisings took place at Barrackpur, Meerut and the revolt spread like wildfire.

Question 11.
What are the causes for the failure of the revolt?
Answer:
There were many reasons which caused the failure of the revolt of 1857.

1. There were two major weaknesses among the rebels. In every town or religion, different groups of rebels fought separately against the English. They did not fight together. So the English were able to tackle the rebels one by one in each area.
2. There was no combined and well-planned effort. So the English were able to tackle the rebels one by one in each area.
3. The rebels also faced a shortage of arms. The rebels had to fight with old guns, arrows, spears, and swords.

Question 12.
Discuss why the idea of the Mughal empire brought the rebelling Indian people together.
Answer:
Hoping that the English would be driven away and the Mughal rule and the earlier political order would be restored, armies of rebels, Sipahis, and rulers from different corners of the country marched-towards Delhi. Though the Mughals were originally foreigners they did not treat the Indians as slaves or second-rated people as the British did. Moreover, they tried to attain harmony between the Hindus and the Muslims. So Mughal emperors continued to be symbolically important. When a rebellion against the British rule broke out in 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Mughal emperor at that time was seen as the natural leader, when we oppose something you need an alterna¬tive in its place. So when the rebels opposed the British, the immediate alternative that came to their mind was the earlier successful political order i.e., Mughal rule.

Question 13.
While carrying on trade with India why did the English East India company start thinking of establishing its rule over the country?
Answer:
In the areas, the company had acquired the company tried to squeeze revenue from the peasants beyond reasonable limits. When the rulers protested against such practices the English fought against them. They even went to the extent of dethroning kings and anointing successors who would be only too willing to remove any obstacles in the way of their trade. The English gradually began to feel that they could make fuller and freer use of India for trade if they themselves ruled the country. So they began removing the Nawabs and Rajas and started ruling themselves.

Question 14.
In 1857, which soldiers felt their religious faith was being violated, and why?
Answer:
The Sipahis suspected that the cartridges for their new guns were being coated with cow and pig fat to keep them dry. The soldiers were supposed to tear open the paper case with his teeth. The Hindu and Muslim soldiers felt that their religious faiths were. being violated because the cow is a sacred animal for the Hindus and pig is hated by the Muslims. Based on this suspicion the Sipahis revolted against the British.

A) Map Reading:

Question 15.
Study the given map.

Now answer the following questions:
a. What does the above map show?
Answer:
The map shows the areas which were under British rule and which were not under British rule.

b. In the above map which shows the areas under British rule?
Answer:
The unshaded part in the above map shows the areas under British rule.

c. According to the above map, which areas were under British rule?
Answer:
A part of Kerala and Madras and a part of Tamilnadu, Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Calcutta, and Bihar were under British rule.

d. According to the above map, which was the main trade centers under the British?
Answer:
Calcutta, Machilipatnam, and Madras.

e. Some part of the present-day Andhra Pradesh was under British rule then. What was that part called in those days?
Answer:
Northern Sarkars.

f. Which part of the western coast was under British control?
Answer:
A part of Kerala.

Question 16.
Study the given map:

Now answer the following questions:
a. What does the adjacent map show?
Answer:
The adjacent map shows the areas under British rule in 1830 AD.

b. What does the shaded part show?
Answer:
The shaded part of the map shows the areas which were not under British rule in 1830 AD.

c. What does the unshaded part show?
Answer:
The unshaded part of the map shows the areas which were under British rule in 1830 AD.

d. Which southern kingdoms were still enjoy¬ing independence?
Answer:
Mysore, Hyderabad, and a part of Kerala were, still enjoying the Independence.

e. What Were the main seaports under British control?
Answer:
Calcutta, Machilipatnam, Madras, and Bombay.

f. What do you think was the capital of British Indian territories then?
Answer:
Calcutta.

Question 17.
Study the given map:

Now answer the following questions:
a. Make a comment about British India in 1857 AD.
Answer:
All the fertile plains, all the productive areas of India almost all the coastal area was under the British rule.

b. What does the above map show?
Answer:
The map shows the area Under British control in 1857.

c. Which seaport was not under British rule?
Answer:
Goa.

d. Which seaport on the west coast was under British rule?
Answer:
Bombay.

e. Which parts of Northern India were not under British control?
Answer:
Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Gujarat were not under British control.

B) Map Pointing:

Question 18.
Locate the following places on the map given below.

1. Madras
2. Bombay
3. Calcutta
4. Surat
5. Machilipatnam
6. Goa
7. Delhi
8. Meerut

Answer:

Question 19.
Locate the following places on the map given below:

1. Hyderabad
2. Mysore
3. Poona
4. Lahore
5. Lucknow
6. Benaras
7. North Sarcars
8. Kathmandu

Answer:

Question 20.
Study the following map.

Now answer the following questions :
a. Which states of present-day India were under British rule then?
Answer:
Bihar, Bengal, Coastal Andhra, parts of Tamilnadu, and Kerala.

b. A part of Andhra Pradesh was under British rule then what was that place called?
Answer:
Northern Sarkars

c. On seeing the above map, in which parts of India the British preferred first to establish their rule?
Answer:
The British first referred to establish their rule in coastal areas.

d. What does the unshaded part of the map show?
Answer:
The unshaded part shows the areas under British rule.

e. What does the shaded part of the map show?
Answer:
The shaded part shows the areas under the rule of the Indian kingdom.

Question 21.
Study the following map:

Now answer the following questions:
a. What does the shaded part show?
Answer:
The area was not under British rule.

b. What does the unshaded part show?
Answer:
The area was under British rule.

c. Which port city was not under British rule?
Answer:
Goa.

d. What does the map show?
Answer:
The area was under British rule.

e. What do you think was the capital of British India?
Answer:
Calcutta.

Question 22.
Imagine that you are a villager living at that time when the Mughal Empire lias been declining and the English are beginning to establish their rule (sometime around 1800). Write a first-person account telling your opinions about the Mughals and about the English?
Answer:
I am a common man. I live in a village. My grandfather was an officer in the Mughal court. Our family then was flourished. My grandfather was removed from the service when the British took our area under their control. My father worked as a peasant on our small farm. But now we lost it for we could not pay the tax to the Zamindar. He confiscated our land. With their policy of economic exploitation of India, they destroyed the native cottage industries and handicrafts. They compelled the farmers to sell their agricultural products to them such as cotton at very low rates. Common people and even the landowners who were put to less by their economic policies. We don’t have any employment to earn our livelihood. In one word the English are ruling us as aliens. But the Mughals settled in India. They considered India their own country and took care of all the subjects. They developed agriculture and handicrafts. We used to have a lot of work to do. We were flourished in those days we cannot call the English rulers. Because they don’t have any commitment to the welfare of the people. They are alien businessmen who plundered all our wealth. They tortured every section of Indian society. They interfered in our religion also. They are Christians. They tried to convert us into Christianity.

AP 7th Class Social Important Questions

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Important Questions 14th Lesson Mughal Empire

Question 1.
Observe the following table and answer the following questions.

S.No	Rulers	Ruling period	Specialties
1.	Babur	1526 – 1530 A.D.	He introduced cannons and guns in Indian warfare
2.	Humayun	1530 – 1556 A.D.	Recaptured Delhi in 1555 A.D
3.	Akbar	1556 – 1605 A.D.	He became emperor when he was 13 years old.
4.	Jahangir	1605 – 1627 A.D.	The military campaigns started by Akbar continued.
5.	Shah Jahan	1627 – 1658 A.D.	He built Tajmahal
6.	Aurangazeb	1658- 1707 A.D.	He occupied Bijapur in 1685 A.D.

Questions:
a. Who was the founder of the Mughal dynasty?
Answer:
Babur was the founder of the Mughal dynasty.

b. Who built Tajmahal?
Answer:
Shahjahan built the Tajmahal.

c. Who had become the Moghul emperor an early age?
Answer:
Akbar became the emperor of the Mughal empire at an early age.

d. Which Mughal Emperor ruled the longest period?
Answer:
Aurangzeb and Akbar both are ruled nearly the longest period.

Question 2.
Study the following table and answer the questions given below.

Sl.No.	Name of the Emperor	Ruling Period	Important Features
1	Babur	1526 -1530AD	Founder of Mughal Dynasty. Won the first battle of Panipat.
2	Humayun	1530 -1556 AD	Son of Babur, he was defeated by Sher Khan.
3	Akbar	1556 -1605 AD	Won the second battle of Panipat. Proposed the idea of “Sulh-i-kul” or “universal peace”. Abul Fazal was a close friend and member of Akbar’s Court.
4	Jahangir	1605 -1627 AD	Son of Akbar. He followed the idea of “Sulh-i-kul” or “universal peace”.
5	Shah Jahan	1627 -1658 AD	Taj Mahal and Red Fort were built by Shah Jahan.
6	Aurangzeb	1658 -1707 AD	Son of Shah Jahan. He conquered Bijapur and Golkonda.

a. Name the first Mughal ruler who practiced the idea of “universal peace”.
Answer:
Akbar.

b. Who built the Red Fort from where the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on Independence day?
Answer:
Shahjahan.

c. Who was the first Mughal emperor defeated by other kings?
Answer:
Humayun.

d. Name the emperor who ruled the Mughal dynasty for the longest duration?
Answer:
Akbar and Aurangzeb.

Question 3.
Describe the religious policy of Akbar.
Answer:
Akbar was interested in the religion and social customs of different people. He wanted to bring together people of diverse faiths. He started discussions on religion with scholars of all religions. This eventually led Akbar to the idea of sulh-i-kul or “universal peace”. His idea of tolerance did not discriminate among people of different reli¬gions in his realm. With the help of Abut Fazl Akbar framed a vision of governance,
i.e., the emperor would work for the welfare of all subjects irrespective of their religion or social status and not for the welfare of just one community. Akbar believed that by having friendly relations with the native kings of all religions and with the co-operation from the people of all religions Mughal kingdom could last long. So this policy of Sulh-i-kul helped him a lot.

Question 4.
Describe the mansabdari system, (or) Describe the role of mansabdars in the Mughal administration.
Answer:
Mansabdar was a military, administrative and revenue officer of the Mughal empire. Mansabdars were directly under the control of the emperor. He could be allocated any work by the emperor – like guarding his palace, governing a province, conquering a new kingdom, or suppressing a rebellion. The mansabdars should maintain a number of cavalrymen. Mansabdarship was not hereditary. Mansabdars received, their sal a¬ries as revenue assignments called jagirs. Mansabdars would not act independently but follow the order of the emperor. The Mughal emperors transferred mansabdars from one place to another every two or three years so that the mansabdars could not become powerful and independent.

Question 5.
What were the differences between a mansabdar and a zamindar?
Answer:
The officials who were recruited to do any work allotted to them by the emperor were called mansabdars. The zamindars were the rural elites, i.e., the headmen or the local chieftain. The zamindars were not appointed by the emperor. The office of mansabdar was not hereditary whereas the office of a zamindar was hereditary. But like the mansabdars, who had the responsibility of maintaining a specified number of cavalry, the zamindars too had contingents of armed followers. While the office of a zamindar was permanent and static, the office of mansabdar was transferable and the mansabdars were expected to serve in some parts of the country. While mansabdars were expected to work under the direct control of the emperor, the zamindars acted as the representatives of the local people in dealing with the Mughal officials.

Question 6.
Compare the position of a nayaka and a mansabdar.
Answer:
The mansabdars of the Mughal empire should not act independently, but they should act as per the wishes of the emperor. Nayakas in the Vijayanagara empire could become inde¬pendent and powerful enough to challenge the authority of the king. Mughals pre¬vented this by constantly transferring the mansabdars from one place to another ev¬ery two or three years. Thus a mansabdar could not become settled and powerful in any one place. Both the nayakas and mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments. But unlike the nayakas most mansabdars did not actually reside in or administer their jagirs. They served in some other parts of the country.

Question 7.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Mughal rulers campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their authority. But as the Mughals became powerful many other rulers also joined them voluntarily. The Rajputs are a good example of this. Many of them married their daughters into Mughal families and received high positions. But many resisted as well. The Sisodiya Rajputs of Chittor refused to accept Mughal authority for a long time. Once defeated, however, they were given their lands back as assignments. The careful balance between defeating but not removing their opponents enabled the Mughals to extend their influence over many kings’ arid chieftains. The Mughals married princesses of many of the local rulers as a mark of friendship.
a. Who did the Mughals campaign against constantly?
Answer:
Mughal rulers campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their au¬thority.

b. Which native rulers joined the Mughals voluntarily?
Answer:
The Rajputs joined the Mughals voluntarily.

c. Which Rajput kingdom resisted the Mughals?
Answer:
The Sisodiya Rajputs of Chittor refused to accept Mughal authority for a long time.

d. How did the Rajputs maintain a relationship with the Mughals?
Answer:
The Mughals married princesses of many of the local rulers as a mark of friendship.

e. How did the Mughals treat the native kings who had been defeated by them?
Answer:
The defeated kings were treated honorably and their lands were given back to them as assignments.

f. How could the Mughals extend their influence over many kings and chieftains?
Answer:
By carefully balancing between defeating but not removing their opponents the Mughals could extend their influence over many kingdoms.

Question 8.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs which were somewhat like Vijayanagara Nayankaras. But unlike the Nayakas, most mansabdars did not actually reside in or administer their jagirs. They could only collect the revenue due from their jagir villages and send it to the emperor. This was collected for them by their servants while the mansabdars themselves served in some other part of the country. The jagir was administered by other officials directly under the emperor. These officials tried to ensure that the jagirdars agents did not collect more from the farmers than permitted. The jagirs too were constantly transferred every two or three years.
a. How did mansabdars receive their salaries?
Answer:
Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs.

b. What were jagirs?
Answer:
Revenue assignments are given to mansabdars as salaries are called jagirs. Jagirs are rev¬enue units.

c. How were jagirs called in the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Answer:
In the Vijayanagara kingdom, the jagirs were called Nayankaras.

d. Who were the equivalent officers of mansabdars in the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Answer:
In the Vijayanagara kingdom, the equivalent officers of mansabdars were called nayakas.

e. What was the main difference between nayakas and mansabdars?
Answer:
Nayakas exercised their authority so freely that they could become powerful. But mansabdars could not act independently They had to act as per the wishes of the emperor.

f. Who collected revenue in the jagirs?
Answer:
Revenue’ was collected, by the servants not by the mansabdars.

g. How did the Mughals check the jagirdars?
Answer:
The jagir was administered by the officials directly under the emperor. These officials tried to ensure that jagirdars’ agents did not collect more from the farmers than per-mitted,.

h. What was the duty of mansabdars
Answer:
Mansabdars’ main duty was to collect the revenue. But it was done by the other servants. Mansabdars had to do any work allocated to them by the emperor like guarding the palace, governing a province, conquering a new kingdom, or suppressing a rebel¬lion.

Question 9.
Read the following para and answer the questions.
In most places, peasants paid taxes through the rural elites, i.e., the headman or the local chieftain. The Mughals used one term – zamindars – to describe all intermediaries, whether they were local headmen of villages or powerful chieftains. The zamindars were not appointed by the Mughal Emperors but existed on a hereditary basis, that is, sons succeeded when the fathers died. They too had contingents of armed followers.
They received from the jagirdars a share of the revenue collected from the area and also some dues from the farmers and others. They often acted as representatives of the local people in dealing with the Mughal officials.
a. Who were zamindars?
Answer:
Zamindars were the revenue officials.

b. Who could be the zamindars?
Answer:
The zamindars were the headmen of villages or the local chieftains.

c. How did zamindars get their office?
Answer:
The office of a zamindar was hereditary.

d. What were the responsibilities of zamindars?
Answer:
They should maintain the contingent of the army and they should collect revenue from the jagirs.

e. What was the position of zamindars in the administration of Mughals?
Answer:
They often acted as representatives of local people in dealing with the Mughal officials.

Question 10.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Akbar was interested in the religion and social customs of different people. Akbar wanted to bring together people of diverse faiths. This eventually led Akbar to the idea of Sulh-i-kul or “universal peace”. This idea of tolerance did not discriminate among people of different religions in his kingdom. Instead, it focused on a system of ethics – honesty, justice, peace – that was universally applicable. Abul Fazl helped Akbar in framing a vision of governance around this idea of Sulh-i-kul. The Emperor would work for the welfare of all subjects irrespective of their religion or social status. This principle of governance was followed by Jahangir and Shah Johan as well.
a. What was it that led Akbar to the idea of Sulh-i-kul?
Answer:
His interest in religion and his desire to bring together the people of diverse faiths led Akbar to the idea of Sulh-i-kul.

b. What does Sulh-i-kul mean?
Answer:
‘Sulh-i-kul’ means universal peace.

c. What is the idea of Sulh-i-kul?
Answer:
Sulh-i-kul is the idea of tolerance. It should not discriminate among people of different religions in his realm.

d. What were universally applicable ethics?
Answer:
Honesty, justice, and peace were universally applicable ethics.

e. Who helped Akbar in framing the vision of governance?
Answer:
Abul Fazl helped Akbar in framing the vision of governance.

f. What was Akbar’s vision of governance?
Answer:
The emperor would work for the welfare of all subjects irrespective of their religion or social status.

g. Who followed the principle of governance?
Answer:
Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan followed the principle of governance.

h. What was the basis for the principle of governance?
Answer:
‘Sulh-i-kul’ (universal peace) is the basis for the principle of governance.

Question 11.
Study the following table.

S.No.	Name of the officer	Responsibilities
1.	Mansabdars	Mansabdar was a military, administrative and revenue officer of the Mughal empire. They were directly under the control of the Mughal emperor. He had the responsibilities of guarding his palace, governing his province, conquering a new kingdom, or suppressing rebellions. Their servants could collect the revenue due from jagir villages and send them to the emperor. The office of Mansabdar was not hereditary.
2.	Zamindars	Zamindars were rural elites i.e the headman or the local chieftain, to whom the peasants paid taxes. Zamindars were not appointed by the Mughal Emperors but existed on a hereditary basis. They had contingents of armed followers. They received from the jagirdars a share of the revenue collected from the area and also received dues of taxes from the farmers. They acted as the representations of the local people in dealing with the Mughal officials.

a. Write about the responsibilities of Mansabdars.
Answer:
Mansabdar was a revenue, military, and administrative officer of the Mughal empire.
He had the responsibilities of guarding the emperor’s palace, conquering a new kingdom, or suppressing a rebellion. Their servants could collect revenue from the jagirs.

b. Write about the responsibilities of Zamindars.
Answer:
Zamindars were rural elites i.e., the headman or the local chieftain, to whom the peasants paid taxes. They had contingents of armed followers. They received from the jagirdars a share of revenue collected from the area and also received dues of taxes from the farmers. They acted as the representatives of local people while dealing with the Mughal officials.

c. What were the differences between the position and authority of Mansabdar and Zamindar?
Answer:
The mansabdars were directly under the control of the Mughal emperor. The office of the mansabdar was not a hereditary one. But zamindars should not be directly under the control of the emperor. Their office was hereditary. Unlike the mansabdars, the zamindars were not appointed by the emperor. Zamindars acted as representatives of the people while dealing with the Mughal officials.

Question 12.
Study the following table.

Name of the officer	Information about their position, authority, and responsibilities
Nayakas in Vijayanagar kingdom	Nayakas of the Vijayanagara empire were the military, revenue, and administrative officers. The nayakas in the Vijayanagara empire could become independent and powerful enough to challenge the authority of the emperor. The nayaka received the nayankaras or land assignments as salaries. They had to maintain a stipulated army. They had the responsibility of collecting revenue and administering land assignments.
Mansabdars	Mansabdars of the Mughal empire were the revenue and military officers. They were directly under the control of the emperor. They had the responsibilities of guarding the palace, governing a province, conquering a new kingdom, or suppressing a rebellion. The mansabdars should not act independently but they should act as per the wishes of the king. The mansabdars were transferred from one place to another every two or three years so that they could not become powerful.

a. Write about the nayakas in the Vijayanagara kingdom.
Answer:
Nayakas in the Vijayanagara empire were the military, revenue, and administrative officers. They were independent and could become powerful enough to challenge the authority of the emperor. The nayakas received nayankaras – the land assignment as salaries. They had to maintain a stipulated army. They had the responsibility of collecting revenue and administering land assignments.

b. Write about the position and responsibilities of mansabdars.
Answer:
Mansabdars of the Mughal empire was the revenue and military officers. They were directly under the control of the emperor. They had the responsibilities of guarding the palace, governing a province, conquering a new kingdom, or suppressing a rebellion. The mansabdars should not act independently but they should act as per the wishes of the emperor. The mansabdars were transferred from one place to another every two or three years so that they could not become powerful.

c. What differences do you find between the positions of nayakas and mansabdars?
Answer:
The nayakas of the Vijayanagara kingdom didn’t have any direct control over themselves.
They could exercise their authority freely. They were free enough to become powerful and could challenge the authority of the emperor. The nayakas had the responsibilities of collecting revenue, maintaining a stipulated amount of army, and administering the land assignments. On the other hand, mansabdars were directly under the control of the emperor. They should act as per the wishes of the emperor. They would be asked to guard the emperor’s palace, govern a province, conquer a new kingdom, or suppress a rebellion. Mansabdars could not exercise their authority freely. They were checked at every stage by the emperor.

Question 13.
Read the following table.

Name of the Emperor	Ruled from
Babur	1526-1530 A.D.
Humayun	1530-1556 A.D.
Akbar	1556-1605 A.D.
Jahangir	1605-1627 A.D.
Shah Jahan	1627-1658 A.D.
Aurangazeb	1658-1707 A.D.

Now answer the following questions:
a. Who was the founder of the Mughal kingdom?
Answer:
Babur

b. Who ruled for the least period?
Answer:
Babur

c. Who was the father of Akbar?
Answer:
Humayun

d. Who ruled for the most years?
Answer:
Akbar and Aurangazeb

e. Who was the father of Aurangazeb?
Answer:
Shah Jahan

f. When was the Mughal empire founded?
Answer:
In 1526 A.D.

Question 14.
Study the following table.

Name of the emperor	Significance of their rule
Babur	1.   Founded the Mughal empire 2.    Introduced guns and cannons into Indian warfare
Humayun	1.   Defeated by Sher than 2.    Spent most of his rule in exile
Akbar	1.   Consolidated the Mughal empire 2.    Formulated the principle of Sulh-i-kul and the vision of governance.
Jahangir	Continued military campaigns started by Akbar
Shah Jahan	1.   A war of succession occurred during his reign. 2.    He was kept in prison by Aurangazeb.
Aurangazeb	1.   He was victorious in the war of succession. 2.    He deviated from the principles of governance. 3.    He favoured Sunnis.

Now answer the following questions:
a. Who, do you think, was the greatest ruler of the Mughal dynasty?
Answer:
Akbar

b. Who, do you think, were the fundamentalist and the cruel of all the Mughal emperors?
Answer:
Aurangazeb

c. Who introduced guns and cannons into Indian warfare?
Answer:
Babur

d. Who consolidated the Mughal empire?
Answer:
Akbar

e. During, whose reign the war of succession took place?
Answer:
During Shah Jahan’s reign

f. Who started the principle of Sulh-i-kul?
Answer:
Akbar

g. Which Mughal emperor spent most of his life in exile?
Answer:
Humayun

h. Who formulated the vision of governance?
Answer:
Akbar

Question 15.
How do you think the Mughals were able to build a system where the emperor’s wife was supreme?
Answer:
We have seen that the nayakas in the Vijayanagara empire could become independent and powerful enough to challenge the emperor. The Mughals prevented this by constantly transferring the mansahdars from one place to another every two or three years. Thus a mansabdar could not become settled and powerful in any one place. The Mughals developed a political system in which the mansabdars would not act independently but-only as per the wishes of the emperor.
Mansabcjarship was not hereditary. The emperor should decide whether or not to appoint a son as a mansabdar. The mansabdar brought his cavalrymen for review, got them registered, their horses branded, and then received money to pay them as salary.

A. Map Reading:

Question 16.
Study the following map:

Now answer the following questions.

a. Whose empire does this map show?
Answer:
The map shows the empire of Akbar.

b. What were the places that were annexed by Akbar in the northwest region?
Answer:
Qandahar and Kabul.

c. Identify the important battle place which has its own significance in the history of the Mughals.
Answer:
Panipat.

d. Name the kingdom annexed by Akbar in south India.
Answer:
Ahmednagar.

e. Name the kingdoms of the South that were annexed by Aurangazeb.
Answer:
Golkonda and Bijapur.

f. Where did Akbar conduct his religious discussions?
Answer:
Fatehpur Sikri.

g. What was the capital city of the Mughals?
Answer:
Delhi.

Question 17.
Study the following map:

Now answer the following questions.
a. What were the capital cities of the Mughals?
Answer:
Delhi, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri.

b. Where did the war take place between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi?
Answer:
Panipat.

c. What were the southern kingdoms annexed by Aurangazeb?
Answer:
Golkonda and Bijapur.

d. The only southern kingdom captured by Akbar was ……..
Answer:
Ahmednagar.

e. Name the Rajput kingdom that resisted the authority of Mughals.
Answer:
Chittor.

f. Name the kingdoms in the northwest of India captured by Akbar.
Answer:
Kabul and Qandahar.

B. Map Pointing:
Question 18.
Locate the following on the map of India.
1. Delhi
2. Agra
3. Panipat
4. Fatehpur Sikri
5. Ahmednagar
6. Ajmer
7. Chittor
8. Kashmir
Answer:

Question 19.
Locate the following on the map given below.
1. Kabul
2. Qandahar
3. Multan
4. Bijapur
5. Golkonda
6. Bengal
7. Berar
8. Amber
Answer:

Question 20.
How is Akbar’s policy of universal peace or Sulh-i-kul relevant to the condition of present-day Indian society?
Answer:
India is a poly religious, poly linguistic, and poly cultural society. In India, we have all kinds of religions and faiths. We should all live in harmony and without discrimination. All the subjects are equal before the law. So the constitution made India a secular state. Still, communal feelings are very high in India. Religious fundamentalist groups of Pakistan and India are causing insurgency in the country. Thus communalism has become a threat to the national integration of our country.

So Akbar’s Sulh-i-kul or universal peace or the idea of tolerance is very much relevant to present today’s Indian society. Akbar’s idea of tolerance did not discriminate among people of different religions in his realm. It is based on the universally acceptable principles – honesty, justice, and peace. Akbar’s vision of government says that the emperor would work for the welfare of all the subjects irrespective of their religion or social status and not just for the welfare of one community.

AP 7th Class Social Important Questions

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Important Questions 13th Lesson The Kings of Vijayanagara

Question 1.
How do you appreciate the services of Sri Krishna Devaraya for the Telugu language?
Answer:

1. Sri Krishna Devaraya the only king and Non-Telugu king to praise the language by the following words. “Telugu is the best language among the nations various regional languages which can be seen in the book written by himself named Amuktamalyada.”
2. During his rule, Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached their heyday.
3. In his court, eight Telugu poets were regarded as the eight pillars of the literary assembly.
4. At this peak of Telugu literature, the most famous writer in the Prabhandha style was “Manucharitamu.”

Question 2.
Some important Kings of Vijayanagara:
Harihararaya (1336-1357 AD)
Bukkaraya I (1357-1377 AD)
Harihararaya II (1377-1404 AD)
Devaraya II (1426-1446 AD)
Saluva Narasimharaya (1486-1491 AD)
Sri Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529 AD)
Achyutaraya (1529-1542 AD)
Aliya Raima Raya (1543-1565 AD)
Venkatapati Raya (1585-1614 AD)
Q: Based on the information given above, answer the following questions.
a) Who were the founders of Vijayanagara Kingdom?
Answer:
Harihara Raya and Bukkaraya were the founders of the Vijayanagara kingdom.

b) Who ruled for less time?
Answer:
Saluva Narasimharaya ruled very less time.

c) When Abdul Razzac from Persia visited Vijayanagara in 1443 A.D, who was the ruler?
Answer:
Devaraya – II was the ruler during the Abdul Razzac visited Vijayanagar.

d) Who was most famous among all the kings of Vijayanagara?
Answer:
Sri Krishna Devaraya was famous among all kings.

Question 3.
This king has a million fighting troops, in which are included 35,000 cavalries (horse riders) ready to be dispatched to any quarter whenever necessary…… He is the most feared king in these parts ……..
The captains of these troops are the nobles of his kingdom and they hold the city, the towns and the villages of the kingdom. There are captains among them who have a revenue of about a million gold coins, others two hundred, three hundred or five hundred thousand coins. The king fixes for each according to his revenue the number of troops which he must maintain, on foot, on horse, and elephants. These troops are always ready for duty, whenever and wherever they may have to go. Besides maintaining these troops, each captain has to make his annual payment to the king.
Besides the troops supplied by the captains, the king has his own troops whom he pays”.
Q: Is it correct to collect high taxes from people for the army expenditure? Write your comment.
Answer:
I am not agreeing with the above statement.
Why because for the army expenditure purpose kings impose the taxes on people is correct but imposing heavy taxes on people is not correct.
Sometimes, some kings have a desire of doing more wars during that time more army is needed along with that expenditure is also increasing. During that time kings tried to impose more taxes, but people are not able to pay more taxes. And they suffered very highly. So the kings reduce the expenditure of the army of not to wage more wars.

Question 4.
Who founded the kingdom of Vijayanagara Kingdom? And when?
Answer:
Vijayanagara was located on the banks of the Tungabhadra River In Karnataka. It was founded by two brothers named Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya with the blessings of the sage Sri Vidyaranya in 1336 AD.

Question 5.
Name the dynasties that ruled the Vijayanagara Kingdom?
Answer:
The dynasties that ruled the Vijayanagara kingdom in chronological order were Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Araviti dynasties.

Question 6.
What do you know about the Bahmani Kingdom?
Answer:
North of the Tungabhadra river arose the Bahmani kingdom. Initially, it was a large kingdom with its capital at Gulbarga. Later on, between 1489 and 1520 AD it broke up into five smaller kingdoms. Of these five kingdoms, Bijapur and Golkonda ruled over large parts of present-day Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. These kingdoms were ruled by Sultans and warriors many of who came from Iran and Arabia.

Question 7.
How do we know about Vijayanagara Empire? (or)
What are the sources for building the history of the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Answer:
We know much about Vijayanagara Empire from inscriptions, books and buildings of that period. The detailed accounts were left by travellers from several countries – Nicolo Conti, from Italy who visited Vijayanagara in 1420 AD, Abdul Razzak the Persian trader who visited it in 1443 AD, the Portuguese travellers and Peas who visited it in 1520 AD and Nuniz who wrote in 1537 AD. From these sources, we get insights into the daily life, the administration and the social organisation of the kingdom.

Question 8.
Write about the construction of the city of Vijayanagara.
Answer:
The rulers of Vijayanagara built a strong city fortified with walls and towers, The walls were made of strong masonry. Inside the city, there were beautiful rows of buildings with flat roofs.

The city had four separate divisions- the first one developed into temples, situated on rocky hills, the second one on the valley where crops were raised, the third a royal centre in which royal palaces and residences of important nayakas were located and fourthly the residences of ordinary townsfolk.
Each area was separated from the others as shown in the map.

Question 9.
How can you say that Vijayanagara state was highly militarized?
Answer:
Vijayanagara rulers invested a lot of money for their military power. They imported a large number of horses from Arabia and Iran. They built a large army and built many strong forts. They recruited Muslim fighters to train his soldiers in the new modes of warfare. The Vijayanagara kings adopted guns and cannons in their forces. The combination of firearms and cavalry (horse-riders) made them one of the most powerful armies in India.

Question 10.
Describe the role of the Amaranayakas – the captains of the troops in the administration of the Vijayanagara Kingdom?
Answer:

1. The entire kingdom was actually controlled and administered by the commanders of these armies.
2. The captains of these troops are the nobles of his kingdom and they hold the city, the towns and the villages of the kingdom.
3. The king fixes for each according to his revenue the number of troops which he must maintain on foot, on horse and on elephants.
4. Besides maintaining these troops, each captain has to make his annual payments to the king.
5. The captains – the nayakas held Amara revenue assignments-that is they were given assignments that is they were given some villages and cities whose revenue they could collect and use.
6. They had an obligation to collect revenue, to maintain a certain number of troops, to administer the areas under their control, to have judicial powers too.
7. Most of the amaranayakas were Telugu warriors.
8. The nayakas recruited their own soldiers from among their own villages and trained
   them.
9. Many powerful nayakas controlled vast areas and at times could even challenge the Vijayanagara kings.

Question 11.
What was the role played by Amaranayakas in the development of agriculture?
Answer:

1. The Nayakas – the peasant soldiers brought land under cultivation.
2. All over the empire tanks/reservoirs for capturing rainwater and other drainage water, were constructed by the kings, chiefs, nayakas and traders.

Question 12.
What were the steps taken for the enhancement of agricultural production in the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Answer:

1. The Nayakas settled down in various parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu, especially in regions with black cotton soils.
2. All over the empire, tanks/reservoirs for capturing rainwater and other drainage water were constructed.
3. They built irrigation tanks and canals.
4. Even temples invested their own endowments in irrigation and were sharing the enhanced production with those who worked their lands.
5. All these efforts resulted in the expansion of agriculture into hew areas and a tremendous increase in agricultural production.

Question 13.
Write about the development of trade and commerce in the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer:

1. Trade-in agricultural produce, as well as craft, produce like cloth increased manifold in the Vijayanagara period.
2. Trade centres were established on both of India’s extensive coasts.
3. They were under the administration of local merchants and the representatives of trader communities of foreign countries such as Arabs, Jews, Armenians and others.
4. Through the ports, war horses from Arabia could be imported by chiefs and kings in the Indian peninsula.
5. Guns were another strategic good obtained through the ports.
6. Indian exports remained the same as in the earlier periods as textiles and spices and other craft items.

Question 14.
Describe the foreign relations of Krishnadeva Raya and Vijayanagara emperors.
Answer:
During the period of Sri Krishnadevaraya, the Portuguese had established their power over some ports of the western coast, Goa.
Krishnadeva Raya established friendly relations with them in order to get an exclusive supply of horses and firearms from them.
He also employed Portuguese troops in his wars.
Vijayanagara rulers imported a large number of horses also from Arabia and Iran. Vijayanagara rulers started recruiting Muslim fighters to serve and to train their soldiers in the new modes of warfare.

Question 15.
Write about Krishnadeva Raya’s patronisation of temples.
Answer:
Krishnadeva Raya paid special attention to the temples of his kingdom. He personally visited many of them like Tirupathi, Srisailam and Ahobilam and also made big dona¬tions to a large number of temples. Krishnadeva Raya’s inscriptions announce that he had distributed the great treasure gained in his successful wars to all the major temples of southern India.
Towering temple gateways called ‘Raya Gopuram’ were built in many of these temples in his honour.
He also built some beautiful temples in Vijayanagara city. This munificence assured that his name would be remembered for long among the people of South India.

Question 16.
Write about Krishnadeva Raya’s patronisation of Telugu literature.
Answer:

1. Krishnadeva Raya was also a patron of Telugu literature.
2. He himself composed the poetic work “Amuktamalyada” on the life of Andal the Tamil Bhakta poetess.
3. His court was adorned with eight poets known popularly as “Ashtadiggajas.”
4. They are Allasani Peddana, Mukku Timmana, Dhurjati, Ramaraja Bhushana, Tenali Rama Krishna, Pingali Surana, Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu and Madayagari Mallana.

Question 17.
Read the following para and answer the questions:
Vijayanagara means the ‘City of Victory’. It was located on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in Karnataka. According to tradition, it was founded by two brothers named Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya around 1336 AD with the blessings of a sage named Vidyaranya. The kings of Vijayanagara worshipped Sri Virupaksha (Shiva) and greatly enlarged the temple. The Vijayanagara empire lasted for about 250 years – but it was not ruled by kings of the same family. After the family of Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya of Sangam, Saluva, Tuluva and Araviti families ruled the empire one after the other.
a. Where was Vijayanagara located?
Answer:
Vijayanagara was located on the banks of the Tungabhadra river in Karnataka.

b. Who founded the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Answer:
Two brothers named Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya founded the Vijayanagara em¬pire.

c. When was the Vijayanagara kingdom founded?
Answer:
The Vijayanagara kingdom was founded in 1336 AD.

d. Who did the kings of Vijayanagara worship?
Answer:
The kings of Vijayanagara worshipped Virupaksha.

e. How many dynasties ruled the Vijayanagara kingdom? Who are they?
Answer:
Four dynasties ruled the Vijayanagara kingdom. They are Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Araviti.

f. What is the correct chronological order of the Vijayanagara dynasties?
Answer:
The correct chronological order of the dynasties that ruled the Vijayanagara kingdom is Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Arivati.

g. Which dynasty did Harihara Raya and Bukkaraya belong to?
Answer:
Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya belonged to Sangama dynasty.

Question 18.
Read the following para and answer the questions :
On the North of the Tungabhadra river too arose some new kingdoms called the Bahmani kingdoms. Initially, it was one large kingdom with its capital in Gulbarga, later on, between 1489 and 1520 AD, it broke up into five smaller kingdoms. Of these five kingdoms, Bijapur and Golkonda ruled over large parts of present-day Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
a. Where was the Bahmani kingdom located?
Answer:
The Bahmani kingdom was located on the north of the Tungabhadra river.

b. What was the capital of the Bahmani kingdom?
Answer:
The capital of the Bahmani kingdom was Gulbarga.

c. Into how many smaller kingdoms did the Bahmani kingdom break up?
Answer:
Bahmani kingdom broke up into five kingdoms.

d. Which Bahmani kingdoms ruled Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
Golkonda and Bijapur.

e. Which rulers of South India were the contemporaries of the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Answer:
Rulers of Bahmani were the contemporaries of the Vijayanagara empire.

f. What was the original native home of the Bahmani Sultans?
Answer:
Iran and Arabia.

Question 19.
Read the following para and answer the questions :
Vijayanagara rulers invested a lot of money in building their military power. They imported a large number of horses from Arabia and Iran, which came in ships to their ports on the west coast. They recruited a large army and built many strong forts. One of the important rulers, Devaraya – II of Vijayanagara started recruiting Muslim fighters to serve him and to train his soldiers in the new modes of warfare. He also permitted the
construction of mosques in the capital city where the Muslim soldiers were garrisoned.
In those days, guns and cannons had been newly introduced. The Vijayanagara kings adopted guns and cannons in their forces. The combination of firearms and cavalry (horse-riders) made them one of the most powerful armies in India.
a. With which country did the rulers of Vijayanagara have trade relations?
Answer:
The Vijayanagara rulers had trade relations with Arabia and Iran.

b. What steps were taken by the rulers of Vijayanagara to make them powerful?
Answer:
a) Vijayanagara rulers invested in building their military power.
b) They imported a large number of horses from Arabia and Iran.
c) They recruited a large army and built many strong forts.
d) They recruited Muslim fighters to train their soldiers in the new modes of warfare.
e) The Vijayanagara kings adopted guns and cannons in their forces.
f) The combination of firearms and cavalry made them one of the most powerful armies in India.

c. Which Vijayanagara ruler recruited Muslims to train his soldiers?
Answer:
Devaraya -II of Vijayanagara recruited the Muslims to train his soldiers.

d. What kinds of arms and weapons did the rulers of Vijayanagara use?
Answer:
Guns and cannons were used by the Vijayanagara rulers.

e. What made the Vijayanagara armies one of the most powerful armies in India?
Answer:
The large and powerful army fully equipped with guns and cannons and supported by powerful cavalry made the Vijayanagara armies one of the most powerful armies in India.

f. For what did the rulers of Vijayanagara rulers maintain commercial relations With Arabia and Iran?
Answer:
It is evident that the rulers of Vijayanagara had trade relations with Arabia and Iran for horses and for the trainers of cavalry.

g. After reading the above passage what do you think about the religious policy of Devaraya -II?
Answer:
Devaraya followed the principle of religious tolerance. He recruited the Muslim fighters to train his soldiers in the new modes of warfare. He also permitted the construction of mosques in the capital city where the Muslim soldiers were garrisoned.

Question 20.
Read the following para and answer the questions:
The ‘captains’ mentioned here were the Nayakas. These nayakas held amara revenue assignments – that is they were given some villages and cities whose revenue they could collect and use. They had an obligation to maintain a certain number of troops for keeping the revenue of such assignments. They also administered the areas under their control. They had judicial powers too. (the power to judge criminals and give punishments). This was quite similar to the system of the Delhi Sultanate, whose nobles or amirs were given similar revenue assignments called Iqtas.
a. What were nayakas?
Answer:
The nayakas were the military captains who were assigned amaras – the revenue assignments.

b. What were the nayakas assigned to?
Answer:
The nayakas were assigned to amaras – the revenue assignments.

c. What obligations did the nayakas have?
Answer:
The nayakas had to maintain army troops. The nayakas held amara revenue assignments – that is they were given some villages and cities whose revenue they could collect and use for maintaining these troops. They were also given judicial powers.

d. What does ‘amara’ mean?
Answer:
Amara means the revenue assignments.

e. What was the land assignment given to amirs in the Delhi Sultanate called?
Answer:
The land assignments given to amirs in the Delhi Sultanate were called Iqtas.

f. What were the Delhi sultanate counterparts for ‘nayakas’ in the Vijayanagara kingdom called?
Answer:
Amirs of the Delhi Sultanate were counterparts of the Vijayanagara’s nayakas.

g. What were ‘Iqtas’?
Answer:
Iqtas were the revenue assignments of the Delhi sultanate.

h. Who were “amirs’?
Answer:
Amirs were the officers of Iqtas in the Delhi sultanate.

i. What were ‘amaras’?
Answer:
Amaras were revenue assignments in the Delhi Sultanate.

j. Which administrative department and its authorities of the Vijayanagara kingdom and the Delhi sultanate were compared to in the above passage?
Answer:
The revenue department and its authorities of the Delhi Sultanate and the Vijayanagara kingdom were compared in the above passage.

Question 21.
Read the following para and answer the questions:
During this period the Portuguese had established their power over some ports of the western coast like Goa. Krishnadevaraya established friendly relations with them in order to get an exclusive supply of horses and firearms from them. He also employed Portuguese troops in his wars.
a. Which European country established its power in India during Sri Krishnadevaraya’s period?
Answer:
Portugal was the European country that established its power in India during the Krishnadevaraya period.

b. In India where did the Portuguese establish their power?
Answer:
In the early part of the 16th century, the Portuguese established their power in India.

c. Why did Krishnadevaraya maintain a friendly relationship with the Portuguese?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya maintained a friendly relationship with the Portuguese in order to get an exclusive supply of horses and firearms from them.

d. Which Indian ruler employed Portuguese troops in the wars?
Answer:
Sri Krishnadeva Raya was the Indian ruler to employ the Portuguese troops in the war.

e. Why was it so necessary for Krishnadevaraya to maintain friendly relationships with the Portuguese?
Answer:
It was very much necessary for Krishnadevaraya to maintain friendly relationships with the Portuguese. Krishnadevaraya was a great general. He had to lead the Vijayanagara armies successfully against the Bahmani Sultans and also against Gajapathis of Odisha. For facing such powerful armies, Krishnadevaraya needed to strengthen his military power by purchasing horses, firearms and ammunition from the Portuguese. It was the reason behind Krishnadevaraya for maintaining friendly relationships with the Portuguese.

Question 22.
Read the following para and answer the questions ;
The power of the Vijayanagara kings grew further during the time of Krishnadevaraya’s successors Achyutadevaraya and Aliya Rama Raya. As the Bahmani rulers were unable to fight the Vijayanagara individually, by 1565 AD, all the five Bahmani kingdoms joined together and defeated Rama Raya in Rakkasi Tangadi war also known as Tallikota war, looted and destroyed the city of Vijayanagara. The emperors who succeeded him shifted their capital to Chandragiri near Tirupati, but never regained the glory of earlier times. While part of the .empire came under the control of the Sultans, the chiefs and Nayakas became independent in other parts.
a. During whose reign did the power of the Vijayanagara kings grow after Sri Krishnadeva Raya?
Answer:
During the reign of Achyutadevaraya and Aliya Rama Raya the power of the Vijayanagara kings grew further.

b. When did the battle of Rakkasi tangadi take place?
Answer:
The battle of Rakkasi tangadi took place in the year 1565 AD.

c. What was the battle of Rakkasi tangadi called ?
Answer:
The battle of Rakkasi tangadi was also called as battle of Tallikota.

d. What was the reason for the Rakkasi tangadi war?
Answer:
Achyutadevaraya and Aliya Rama Raya set one Bahmani king against the other. Worried by the constant interference of Vijayanagara kings in their affairs, all the five Bahmani kingdoms joined and defeated Rama Raya at Tallikota in 1565 AD.

e. Who was the Vijayanagara king at the time of Rakkasi tangadi war ?
Answer:
Aliya Rama Raya was the ruler of Vijayanagara at the time of Rakkasi tangadi war.

f. Who did Aliya Rama Raya fight with in the war of Rakkasi tangadi ?
Answer:
in the war of Rakkasi Tangadi, Aliya Rama Raya fought with the combined forces of the five Bahmani kingdoms.

g. Where was the capital of Vijayanagara shifted to?
Answer:
The capital of Vijayanagara was shifted to Chandragiri near Tirupathi.

h. How did the Vijayanagara kingdom fall down?
Answer:
Aliya Rama. Raya was defeated by the combined forces of Bahmani kingdoms. They looted and destroyed the city of Vijayanagara. While the part of the empire came under the control of the Sultans, the chiefs and Nayakas became independent in other parts.

Question 23.
Observe the following picture and answer the questions.

a. What does the picture show?
Answer:
The picture is a relief on the Hazara Rama temple.

b. Where can you find this picture?
Answer:
We can find this picture on the walls of Hazara Rama temple.

c. Can you write a story based on this picture?
Answer:
Yes, I can. Panels of the entire life of Rama and episodes from the Ramayana are delicately sculptured on the exterior of the temple.

Question 24.
Read the following passage. Fill the blanks.
Particular values are the detailed accounts left by travellers from several countries Nicolo Conti from Italy who visited Vijayanagara in 1420AD, Abdul Razzak the Persian trader who visited in 1443AD, Portuguese travellers and Paes, who visited it in 1520 AD and Nuniz who wrote in 1537 AD.
a. The Italian traveller who visited the Vijayanagara kingdom was …………………
Answer:
Nicolo Conti

b. The Persian traveller who visited the Vijayanagara kingdom in 1443 AD was ……………
Answer:
Abdul Razzak.

c. The Portuguese traveller who visited Vijayanagara kingdom in 1520 AD was …………….
Answer:
Domingo Paes
d. The …………. traveller Nuniz visited the Vijayanagara kingdom in 1537AD.
Answer:
Portuguese

Question 25.
Read the following table and answer the questions.
Some Important Kings of Vijayanagara
Harihararaya (1336 – 1357 AD)
Bukkaraya I (1357 – 1377 AD)
Harihararaya II (1377 – 1404 AD)
Devaraya II (1426 – 1446 AD)
Saluva Narasimharaya(1486 – 1491 AD)
Krishnadevaraya (1509 -1529 AD)
Achyutaraya (1529 – 1542 AD)
Aliya Rama Raya (1543 – 1565 AD)
Venkatapati Raya (1585 – 1614 AD)
a. When was the Vijayanagara kingdom founded?
Answer:
In 1336 AD.

b. Who founded the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Answer:
Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya.

c. How long had the Vijayanagara kingdom in existence?
Answer:
278 years.

d. Who was the last Vijayanagara ruler?
Answer:
Venkatapathi Raya.

e. How long did Krishnadevaraya rule?
Answer:
For 20 years.

f. Who was the ruler of Vijayanagara at the time of Rakkasi tangadi war?
Answer:
Aliya Rama Raya.

g. Name the rulers who belonged to Sangama dynasty.
Answer:
Harihara Raya, Bukka Raya and Harihara Raya II.

h. Name the rulers who belonged to Saluva dynasty.
Answer:
Devaraya II and Saluva Narasimharaya.

i. Name the rulers who belonged to Tuluva dynasty.
Answer:
Krishnadeva Raya.

j. Name the rulers who belonged to Araviti dynasty.
Answer:
Achyuta Raya, Aliya Rama Raya and Venkatapathi Raya.

Question 26.
Observe the following table carefully and answer the questions given below.

Revenue System of Delhi Sultanate and Vijayanagara Kings
	Delhi Sultanate	Vijayanagara Kingdom
Name of the land assignments	The name of the land assignments in the Sultanate were called Iqtas.	The name of the land assignments in the Vijayanagara kingdom were called amaras.
Officer of the land assignments	The officers of the Iqtas were called Muktis (or) Amirs.	The officers of the Amaras were called nayakas.
Main responsibilities	Their main responsibility was to collect revenue from their assign­ments and to maintain army based on his income	Their main responsibility was to collect revenue from their landholdings and to maintain an army based on their income.
Other responsibilities	They also administered the areas under their control.	They also administered the areas under their control. They also had judicial powers.

a. Write about the revenue and military administration under the Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
In the Delhi Sultanate, the nobles or muktis or amirs were given land assignments called Iqtas. These Muktis were military officials. They had to collect revenue, maintain an army, and administer the areas under him. He had to maintain an army based on his
income.

b. Write about the revenue and military administration under the Vijayanagara kingdom.
Answer:
The nayakas – the captains of the military, was given the land assignments known as amaras. They had to collect revenue from their holdings, maintain an army according to their income, administer the areas under his control. They also had judicial powers.

c. What were the comparisons do you find in the revenue Systems of the Delhi Sultanate and the Vijayanagara kingdoms?
Answer:
The revenue system of the Vijayanagara kingdom was similar to that of the Delhi Sultanate.
While the land holdings in the Delhi Sultanate were called Iqtas, the land holdings in the Vijayanagara kingdom were called Amaras.
While the officers of Iqtas were called Muktis or Amirs, the officers of Amaras were called the ‘nayakas’ under the Vijayanagara kingdom.
In both the reigns, these officials had similar responsibilities such as maintaining the army, collect revenue and administering the areas under them.

Question 27.
Observe the following table carefully and answer the questions hereunder.

Achievements of Krishnadevaraya

Field	Achievements
Political achievements	Krishnadevaraya was a great general. He led the Vijayanagara armies successfully against the Bahmani Sultans and also against the Gajapathis of Odisha. He also subdued several chiefs who had revolted in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. This gave him control over the entire region south of river Krishna and over the ports of the eastern coast.
Foreign relations	Krishnadevaraya maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese in order to get an exclusive supply of horses and firearms from them. He also employed Portuguese troops in his army. The Portuguese traveller Paes visited his court in 1520 AD.
Patronisation of temples	Krishnadevaraya paid special attention to the temples of his kingdom. He personally visited many of them like Tirupathi, Srisailam and Ahobilam and also made big donations to a large number of temples. Krishnadevaraya distributed the great treasure he gained in his successful wars to all the major temples of southern India. He also built some beautiful temples in Vijayanagara city. Towering gateways of temples – Raya gopurams were built in many of these temples in his honour.
Literature	Krishnadevaraya was a great patron of Telugu literature. He himself composed the poetic work ‘Amuktamalyada’ on the life of Andal. His court was adorned with eight poets, known as ‘Ashtadiggajas’. They are Allasani Peddana, Mukku Timmana; Dhurjati, RamaRaja Bhushana, Tenali Rama krishna, Pingali Surana, Ayyalaraju Rama bhadrudu and Madayagari Mallana.

a. What were the political achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya was a great general. He led the Vijayanagara armies successfully against the Bahmani Sultans, and also against the Gajapathis of Odisha. He also subdued the revolts made by several chiefs. This gave him control over the entire region south of river Krishna and over the parts of the eastern coast.

b. Write about Krishnadevaraya’s relations with the Portuguese.
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese in order to get an exclusive supply of horses and firearms from them. He also employed Portuguese troops in wars.

c. Write about Krishnadevaraya’s patronisation of Telugu literature.
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya was a patron of Telugu literature. He himself composed the poetic work Amuktamalyada on the life of Andal His court was adorned with eight poets known popularly as ‘Ashtadiggajas’. They are Allasani Peddana, Mukku Timmana, Dhurjati, Ramaraja Bhushana, Tenali Ramakrishna; Pingali Surana; Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu and Madayagari Mallana.

d. Write about Krishnadevaraya’s Patronisation of temples.
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya paid special attention to the temples of his kingdom. He personally visited many of them like Tirupathi, Srisailam, and Ahobilam. He also made large donations to a large number of temples. He distributed the great treasure he gained in his successful wars to all the major temples of southern India. Towering temple gateways – Raya gopurams were built in his honour. He also built some temples in Vijayanagaram city.

Question 28.
Why was Krishnadevaraya the most feared king for others?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya had a million fighting troops in which are included 35,000 cavalry ready to be dispatched to any quarter wherever necessary.
The soldiers of Vijayanagara were well trained in the new modes of warfare.
Krishnadevaraya adopted guns and cannons in their forces.
The combination of firearms and cavalry made them one of the most powerful armies in India.
Krishnadevaraya maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese and got a supply of horses and firearms from them. He also employed Portuguese troops in his wars.
His powerful cavalry and armies fully equipped with guns and firearms and well-trained soldiers in the use of modern warfare made Krishnadevaraya the most feared king for others.

Question 29.
Can you compare the administration of villages in Cholai kingdom with that of the Vijayanagara system and point out the differences.
Answer:
The basic unit of administration under cholas is known as ‘Ur’ – a village. Groups of such villages formed larger units called Nadu. The village council and the Nadu performed several administrative functions including dispensing justice and collecting taxes. Rich peasants of the Vellala caste exercised considerable control over the affairs of the Nadu.
But things had begun to change in the Vijayanagara empire as the power of the armies and nayakas increased. The control over the villages and towns was given to the nayakas. The nayakas had the responsibility of administering the villages or towns under his control in addition to maintain the armies given to him.
Thus there are a lot of differences in the administration of villages between the Cholas and Vijayanagara kings.

Question 30.
In what ways would nayakas have benefited from an increase in agricultural income?
Answer:
The tremendous increase in agricultural production, in turn, provided the impetus to trade. These incomes from agriculture and trade must have made the amara nayakas wealthy and powerful. They had already been vested with lots of militaries, political and administrative powers. Their financial and military strength must have made them so powerful that at times they could even challenge the Vijayanagara kings. In fact, some of them became so powerful that when a king died they took power in their own hands and themselves became kings.

Question 31.
Observe the following map and answer the questions that follow.

a. What does the map show?
Answer:
The map shows a picture of Vijayanagara city.

b. Write your comment on the picture.
Answer:
The map shows a picture of Vijayanagara city. It is a very strong city fortified with walls and towers. These walls were made of strong masonry. Inside there were beautiful rows of buildings with flat roofs. The city had four separate divisions – the first one devoted to temples, situated on rocky hills, the second one on the valley where crops were raised, third – a royal centre in which royal palaces and residences of important nayakas were located and fourthly the residences of the ordinary townsfolk. Each area was separated from the others.

c. How many separate divisions do you find in the picture?
Answer:
There are four separate divisions.

d. What is the name of the gate mentioned on the map?
Answer:
Tower gate

e. Name the temple shown in the picture.
Answer:
Pattabhi Rama temple.

Question 32.
Observe the given map and answer the following questions.

a. What are the northern borders of the Vijayanagara empire?
Answer:
Bijapur, Bidar and Golkonda.

b. What is the important city in Andhra Pradesh during the Vijayanagara empire?
Answer:
Udayagiri.

c. Which is the capital city of the Vijayanagara empire?
Answer:
Vijayanagara.

d. Mention the contemporary kingdoms of Vijayanagara in South India.
Answer:
Bijapur, Bidar, Golkonda. Ahmadnagar, Berar sultans (i.e) Bahmanis.

Question 33.
Observe the given map and answer the questions given.

a. What are the oceans surrounding South India?
Answer:

1. Arabian Sea
2. Bay of Bengal
3. Indian Ocean

b. What are the neighbouring kingdoms of Bidar?
Answer:

1. Golkonda
2. Bijapur
3. Ahmadnagar
4. Berar

c. What are the southern frontier kingdoms of Khandesh?
Answer:

1. Ahmadnagar
2. Berar

d. What are the northern frontier kingdoms of the Vijayanagara?
Answer:

1. Bijapur
2. Bidar
3. Golkonda

Question 34.
Describe how did the Vijayanagara rulers treat the Muslims.
Answer:
Though they were at loggerheads with the Bahmani rulers, they followed the policy of tolerance towards the Muslim people. They recruited Muslim fighters to train their soldiers in the new modes of warfare. They also permitted the construction of mosques in the capital city where the Muslim soldiers were garrisoned.

Question 35.
“The kingdom of Vijayanagara was famous for its wealth. It was known as one of the richest kingdoms in India” – How can you say?
(Or)
Describe the economic conditions of the Vijayanagara kingdom.
Answer:
All over the empire tanks/reservoirs for capturing rainwater and other drainage water, were constructed by the kings, nayakas and chiefs. Even temples invested their endowments in irrigation. All these efforts resulted in the enhancement of agriculture into new areas and a tremendous increase in agricultural production. This in turn provided the impetus to trade. Trade-in agricultural produce, as well as craft, produce like cloth increased manifold in the Vijayanagara period. Trade centres were established on both of India’s extensive coasts and these were under the administration of local merchants. In the city, there were broad and beautiful streets full of houses – which belongs to the merchants, and they’re all sorts of rubies, diamonds emeralds and pearls were sold. Clothes of every sort on the earth were available there. In the evening they held fairs to sell horses, vegetables, fruits and wood etc.
Thus we can say that the Vijayanagara kingdom was famous for its wealth.

Question 36.
How can you say that Krishnadevaraya was a versatile personality?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya was a versatile personality. He was a great general who led his armies successfully against the Bahmani Sultans and also against the Gajapathis of Odisha. He controlled over the entire region south of river Krishna and especially and over the ports of the eastern coast. He patronized many temples like Tirupathi, Srisailam, and Ahobilam and also made big donations to a large number of temples. He also built some beautiful temples in Vijayanagara city. Krishnadevaraya was also a great patron of Telugu literature. He himself was a poet who wrote Amukta Malyada on the life of Andal. His court was adorned with poets known popularly as Ashtadiggajas. Thus we can say Krishnadevaraya was a versatile personality.

Question 37.
Describe the downfall of the Vijayanagara kingdom.
Answer:

1. The power of the Vijayanagara kings grew further during the time of Krishnadevaraya’s successors – Achyuthadevaraya and Aliya Rama Raya.
2. As the Bahmani rulers were unable to fight the Vijayanagara individually, by 1565 AD all the five Bahmani kingdoms joined together and defeated Rama Raya in the Rakkasi Tangadi war also known as the Tallikota war.
3. They located and destroyed the city of Vijayanagara.
4. The emperors who succeeded Rama Raya shifted their capital to Chandragiri near Tirupati.
5. But the Vijayanagara kingdom never regained the glory of earlier times.

AP 7th Class Social Important Questions

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Important Questions 12th Lesson The Kakatiyas – Emergence of the Regional Kingdom

Question 1.
Which incidents given in your textbook make you feel that Rudrama Devi was a brave and adventurous lady?
Answer:

1. She was one of the female monarchies who had to promote a male image in order to rule her empire.
2. She defeated the Yadava king and chased him away into his own territory and forced him to make peace with her.
3. This was one of the bravest things she has done.

Question 2.
Write any two sentences appreciating Rudrama Devi rule.
Answer:

1. Rudrama Devi was a powerful and successful ruler who impressed one and all with her abilities.
2. Rudrama Devi ruled the Kakatiya dynasty and took the name Rudrdeva Maharaja.
3. She was a brave soldier and cared about the oppressed granting them land rights.
4. She started to collect land revenues against this.

Question 3.
Explain the services rendered by the Kakatiyas in the development of Agriculture. (Or)
Kings and chiefs built irrigation tanks to improve agriculture in the Kakatiyan times. Write a short note on appreciating the uses of those.
Answer:

1. The Kings and Chiefs of Kakatiyas brought large tracks of land under cultivation by building tanks and digging wells.
2. Apart from members of the royal family and other feudal families the rich sections the society like merchants and artisans participated in expanding agriculture through the construction of tanks.
3. This enabled the extension of cultivation in the difficult terrains of Telangana and Rayalaseema.

Question 4.
Describe the greatness of Rani Rudramadevi.
Answer:

1. Rani Rudrama Devi became the ruler of the Kakatiya empire after the death of her father Ganapathi Deva.
2. Rudrama Devi was coronated as the Queen of the Kakatiya Dynasty and assumed the male name “Rudra Deva”.
3. Her reign was marked by the uprising of her feudatories who did not like the succession of a woman to the throne.
4. Rani Rudrarria overcome all the difficulties and maintained the integrity of the empire.
5. The Yadava King Mahadeva invaded the Kakatiya empire. It was a mere raid and did not result in any loss of territory to the Kakatiyas.
6. She was able to suppress the Eastern Ganga dynasty who challenged her authority and also defeated Yadavas.

Question 5.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question.
The leading character in Palanaativeerula Katha Balachandrudu has a small war band of devoted companions from diverse backgrounds. One is a brahmin while the others – a blacksmith, a goldsmith, a washerman, a potter and a barber – are drawn from the service and artisan communities. Balachandrudu and his cohorts are so committed to each other that they are called sodarulu (brothers). Just before they set out for battle, Balachandrudu’s mother prepares a meal for all the “brothers” with her own hands. But she serves this food to each one on a different kind of plate (earthen, bronze, leaf, etc.)and is rebuked for making such distinction by her son, who says that caste must be set aside when one goes to war.
Comment on caste discrimination.
Answer:
According to the story even though his mother served in different plates, but they eat from each other’s plates in defiance of the convention but in recognition of their joint fate.

Question 6.
Observe the given below table and answer the following questions.

Rulers	Riding period	Specialities
Prola II	1116-1157 A.D	first Kakatiyan Emperor
Rudra Deva	1158-1195 A.D	changed capital from Anmakonda to Orugallu
Ganapati Deva	1199-1262 A.D.	long time rule
Rudrama Devi	1262-1289 A.D.	courageous women ruler
Pratapa Rudra	1289-1323 A.D.	Grandson of Rudrama Devi

Questions:
1. Who is the brave women ruler in Kakatiya Dynasty?
Answer:
Rani Rudrama Devi.

2. What is the present name of Orugallu?
Answer:
The present name of Orugallu is in Warangal.

3. Who ruled the longest period in Kakatiyas.
Answer:
Ganapathi Deva ruled the longest period in Kakatiyas.

4. Who is the last king in the Kakatiya dynasty?
Answer:
Pratapa Rudra was the last king in Kakatiya Dynasty.

Question 7.
Observe the inscription and find out its language. If you know the language try to identify any ten tetters and write them.

Answer:
It is mostly in the Telugu language (Old Telugu) Some letters from the inscription:

Question 8.
Observe the picture and answer the questions.

a. What is the name of this construction?
Answer:
Kirti Torana entrance of Svayambhu Siva Temple.

b. What is this?
Answer:
This is the relic of the Kirti Torana entrance.

c. Who built this?
Answer:
Kakatiya kings built this.

d. Where did they build this?
Answer:
They built this in Qrugallu (Warangal).

e. Have you ever seen this in any film?
Answer:
Yes, I have seen this in the film ‘Sainikudu’.

Question 9.
Read the following para and answer the questions.
The coins… bear the royal insignia Varaha facing right in the centre, with sun and moon on the legend incused at either end of the flan facing each other, the left one containing three letters, reading Kesari, whereas on the right is 5 letters, in two rows ahi on the top and tagaja in the second. Some of the coins hear Varaha in the centre surrounded by four lions on four cardinal points.

a. What did the coins bear?
Answer:
The coins … bear the royal insignia Varaha facing right in the centre.

b. What celestial bodies were present on the coin?
Answer:
The sun and the moon.

c. What were the three letters?
Answer:
The three letters were Ke-sa-ri.

d. How were some of the coins?
Answer:
Some of the coins bear Varaha in the centre.

e. What were the animals on the coin?
Four, lions

Question 10.
Read the following para and answer the questions.
The Kakatiya inscriptions generally contain the titles Daya/Raya/Raja/Gaja Kesari and Ari Gaja Kesari. The title Ari Gaja Kesari is ascribed to Prola I and Prola II,… but no coin with this title has so far been reported. There is a title Raya gajendra kesari in the Bidar inscription. An inscription from Bekkallu ascribes to Rudradeva the titles Daya Gaja Kesari, Tripura Maheswara, and Parakrama kesaro Kesari. The title Ahita gaja Kesari means that a gaja or elephant frightens at the mere sight of Kesari (lion). Similarly, here the king was just like Kesari (lion) to his (elephant) like enemies.
a. What did the Kakatiya inscription contain?
Answer:
The Kakatiya inscriptions generally contain the titles Daya/Raya/Raja/Gaja kesari and Ari Gaja Kesari.

b. What were the titles ascribed to Prola I and Prola II?
Answer:
The title Ari Gaja Kesari is ascribed to Prola I and Prola II.

c. What was the title in the Bedar inscription?
Answer:
There is a title Raya gajendra kesari in the Bidar inscription.

d. Write about Bekkallu
Answer:
An inscription from Bekkallu ascribes to Rudradeva the titles Daya Gaja Kesari, Tripura Maheswara and Parakrama kesaro Kesari.

e. What is meant by ‘Ahitagaja Kesari’?
Answer:
The title Ahita Gaja Kesari means that a Gaja or elephant frightens at the mere sight of Kesari (lion).

Question 11.
Read the following information and answer the questions.

a. Who was the last important ruler?
Answer:
Prataparudra

b. Who was the queen among them?
Answer:
Rudramadevi

c. When did Rudradeva rule Kakatiya kingdom?
Answer:
1158- 1195 AD

Question 12.
Read the following para and answer the questions.
Warriors, chiefs and Kings derived much of their income by taxing traders, especially those who engaged in overseas trade from the ports. Read a portion of an inscription issued by Kakatiya king Ganapatideva in a place called Motupatli:
“This Abhaya Shasana has been granted by Ganapatideva to sea traders going back and forth to all continents, countries and towns. In the past, kings forcibly seized all the cargo such as gold, elephants, horses, jewels, etc., when seagoing vessels were caught in storms, wrecked and cast on shore. But we for the sake of our reputation and Punya and out of pity for those who have incurred the grave risk of a sea voyage, give up all but the customary tax.”
a. How did the kings derive much of their income?
Answer:
Warriors, chiefs and Kings derived much of their income by taxing traders, especially those who engaged in overseas trade from the ports.

b. Who was Ganapatideva?
Answer:
He was a Kakatiya king.

c. What was the name of the inscription?
Answer:
Motupalli inscription.

Question 13.
Read the following para and answer the questions.
During Rudradeva’s rule (1158-1195 AD) the capital was shifted from Anmakonda to Orugallu (Warangal): The new city was laid out with a plan to accommodate the grow¬ing city population and to address the needs of an imperial capital. Rudradeva built a big fort, a tank and a temple called Thousand Pillared Temple in Anmakonda.
a. What was the time of Rudradeva Rule?
Answer:
1158-1195 AD.

b. When was the capital shifted?
Answer:
During Rudradeva’s rule (1158-1195 AD) the capital was shifted from Anmakonda to Orugallu (Warangal).

c. How was the new city?
Answer:
The new city was laid out with a plan to accommodate the increase in city population and to address the needs of an imperial capital.

d. What did he build?
Answer:
He built a big fort, a tank and a temple.

e. What is the temple in Hanmakonda?
Answer:
The temple is Thousand Pillared Temple.

Question 14.
Observe the map of Orugallu and answer the following questions.

1. Use the scale shown on the map to find out the breadth of the outer wall front from East to West.
Answer:
13.6 km.

2. Also find out the breadth of the city within the inner stone wall from North to South.
Answer:
1.25 km

Question 15.
If you have ever been to Warangal city, describe it to your classmates.
Answer:
Once I have been to the city Warangal. It is a historical place in Telangana. I saw Ramappa temple and reins of Svayambhu Siva temple there. The old city Orugallu was constructed inside the fort. In the centre of the fort, there was Svayambhu Siva temple. In the beginning, the ‘Kakatiyas’ tried to shift the Linga to some other place for their convenience. But they failed to carry the ‘Svayambhu Linga’. So they constructed the palaces and buildings around the temple. And I also saw the Regional Engineering College in Warangal.

AP 7th Class Social Important Questions

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Important Questions 11th Lesson New Kings and Kingdoms

Question 1.
What are Associations of traders called in Chola’s time?
Answer:
In Chola time Association of traders was known as Nagarams.

Question 2.
How Cholas worked for the development of agriculture?
Answer:
The following systems were followed by Cholas for the development of agriculture.

1. Forests had to be cleared in some regions.
2. The land had to be leveled in other areas.
3. In the delta, region embankments had to be built to prevent flooding and canals had to be constructed to carry water to the fields.
4. In some areas, wells were dug.
5. In some places, huge tanks were constructed to collect rainwater.

Question 3.
Look at map 1 once more and find out whether there were any kingdoms in the state in which you live?
Answer:
Optional.

Question 4.
Observe the picture and answer the questions.

a. Where can we find this wall relief?
Answer:
We can find this wall relief in cave 15, Ellora.

b. Who is the male in this?
Answer:
The male is Vishnu or Narasimha.

c. How is he?
Answer:
He is a lion man.

d. This wall relief belonged to the period.
Answer:
This wall relief belonged to the Rashtrakuta period.

e. Name any king of that dynasty.
Answer:
Amoghavarsha.

Question 5.
Read the following passage and answer the questions :
The Emergence of New Dynasties: By the seventh century there were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the subcontinent. Existing kings often acknowledged them as their subordinates or Samanthas. They were expected to bring gifts for their kings or overlords, be present at their courts and provide them with military support. As samanthas gained power and wealth, they declared themselves to be maha-Samantha, maha mandaleshvara (the great lord of a “circle” or region), and so on. Sometimes they asserted their independence from their overlords.
a. What did the existing kings do?
Answer:
Existing kings often acknowledged the big landlords or Warrior chiefs as their subordinates or Samanthas.

b. What were they expected to?
Answer:
They were expected to bring gifts for their kings.

c. What is the meaning of Maha Mandaleshvara?
Answer:
The meaning of Maha Mandaleshvara is the great lord of a circle or region.

d. Who declared themselves as Maha Samantha?
Answer:
As samanthas gained power and wealth, they declared themselves to be maha- Samantha.

e. What happened sometimes?
Answer:
Sometimes they asserted their independence from their overlords.

Question 6.
Read the following and answer the questions.
The “achievements” of Nagabhata:
Many rulers described their achievements in Prashastis.
One prashasti, written in Sanskrit and found in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, describes the exploits of Nagabhata, a Pratihara king, as follows:
The kings of Andhra, Saindhava (Sind), Vidarbha (part of Maharashtra), and Kalinga (part of Odisha) fell before him even as a prince …
He won a victory over Chakrayudha (the ruler of Kanauj);
He defeated the king of Vanga (part of Bengal), Anarta (part of Gujarat), Malva (part of Madhya Pradesh), Kirata (forest peoples), TuruShka (Turks), Vatsa, Matsya (both kingdoms in north India) …

a. What did many rulers do?
Answer:
Many rulers described their achievements in Prashastis.

b. Who was Nagabhatta?
Answer:
He was a Pratihara king.

c. Who won a victory over Chakrayudha?
Answer:
The ruler of Kanauj won a victory over Chakrayudha.

d. Who were ‘Kiratas’?
Answer:
They were forest people.

e. Write two north Indian Kingdoms.
Answer:
Vatsa and Matsya.

Question 7.
Locate the following on the given map.

1. Kakatlyas
2. Chalukyas
3. Pandyas
4. Yadavas
5. Kadambas

Answer:

AP 7th Class Social Important Questions

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Important Questions 10th Lesson Importance of Transport System

Question 1.
What is the raw material? Give one example.
Answer:
Materials required to produce a commodity are called raw materials.
Examples: Bamboo is a raw material for paper, silk is a raw material for Dharmavaram sarees.

Question 2.
How is the transport system helpful to the farmers in your area.
Answer:

1. In order to produce food, farmers need certain resources, such as seed, fertilizers, pesticides, packaging materials and many others. Precisely because of that, transport is an essential aspect of crop production that enables the delivery of agricultural resources to a farmer.
2. After, every harvested Crop needs to be transported, either directly from the field to the market or to the packing house and storage.
   Marks Question

Question 3.
Define child labour? Write any two causes of child labour.
Answer:
Child labour:
The employment of children in an industry or business, especially when illegal or considered exploitative. (OR)
Child labour:
Child labour refers to making Children work so that they are unable to attend schools and perform other childhood activities.
Causes of Child labour:

1. Poverty,
2. Illiteracy of parents
3. Inaccessibility of schools,
4. Lack of quality education etc.

Question 4.
‘Transport System is important in the development of a country.” Write your opinion in your own words about this statement.
Answer:
The transport system is important for country progress and this transport is added high speed and efficiency to the country progress.
It has good physical connectivity in the part of an urban area which is important for economic growth.
It provides proper tourism transportation in a proper manner on the other hand industrialization is well exceed according to the transportation.

Question 5.
Krishna and Ibrahim study in a school in the same class. They live in different places but the distance from their house to school is three kilometres. Ibrahim comes to school on the city bus whereas Krishna travels by school bus. What could be reasons for families of these students to travel by different bus services?
Answer:
Krishna’s family is a rich or higher middle-class family whereas Ibrahim’s family is a lower middle class or poor family.

Question 6.
What are the means of transport?
Answer:
The means of transport are

1. Roadways
2. Railways
3. Airways
4. Waterways.

Question 7.
Observe the pictures and answer the questions.

a. What is the difference between these two vehicles?
Answer:

1. Horse cart – It is manual.
2. Bus – It is mechanical and manual.

b. How many wheels are there for the cart?
Answer:
There are two wheels.

c. Which is preferable in the rainy season?
Answer:
The bus is preferable in the rainy season.

d. Which is the modern means of transport?
Answer:
The bus is the modern means of transport.

e. Which vehicle do you like?
Answer:
I like car.

Question 8.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Roads: In India, most roads are built and maintained by the government. Roads are of different types. Some roads are called National Highways built across different states in the country. For instance, a road network called National Highway No.7 (or 44) runs through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamilnadu. While the Andhra Pradesh state government maintains roads connecting small towns and districts, Panchayats are responsible for village roads many of which are made of gravel. Corporations and Municipalities are responsible for urban roads. Roads laid along international boundaries are called border roads.
a. Who maintain roads in India?
Answer:
In India, most roads are built and maintained by the government.

b. Which roads are called National Highways?
Answer:
The roads built across different states in the country are called National Highways.

c. Through which states do the NH7 run?
Answer:
National Highway No.7 (or 44) runs through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamilnadu.

d. What are responsible for village roads?
Answer:
Panchayats are responsible for village roads.

e. What are responsible, for urban roads?
Answer:
Corporations and Municipalities are responsible for urban roads.

Question 9.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Waterways: Almost all goods traded by Indian traders have been transported to other countries through ports. Port cities or towns are thus major trading centres. Andhra Pradesh has 15 ports out of which Visakhapatnam is the largest port. Rivers s>nch as the Godavari, the Krishna and the Penna and their canals are used as waterways.
a. What is the importance of seaports?
Answer:
Almost all goods traded by Indian traders are transported to other countries through ports.

b. What are major trading centres?
Answer:
Port cities or towns are major trading centres.

c. How many seaports are there in Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
There are 15 ports in Andhra Pradesh.

d. What is the largest seaport in Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
Visakhapatnam is the largest port in Andhra Pradesh.

e. What are the rivers in Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
The Godavari, the Krishna and the Penna are important rivers in Andhra Pradesh.

AP 7th Class Social Important Questions

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Important Questions 9th Lesson Production in a Factory – A Paper Mill

Question 1.
The production of bamboo in Andhra Pradesh during different periods is given in the table below. Study the table and answer the following questions. Long Bamboo Production in Andhra Pradesh.

Year	Long Bamboo (in Lakh No.s)
2011 – 12	2
2012 – 13	4
2013 – 14	7
2014 – 15	8
2015 – 16	9

i) Draw a rough bar diagram to represent the data.
Answer:
Bargraph. Long Bamboo Production in Andhra Pradesh

ii) What trend do you observe in bamboo production over the years?
Answer: Bamboo production has been increasing over the years.

Question 2.
As a student write any four suggestions you would like to give for reducing paper wastage.
Answer:

1. Copy on both sides of the paper.
2. Buy recycled paper.
3. Use chlorine-free paper.
4. Eliminate unnecessary subscriptions.
5. Use a routing slip.

Question 3.
“One of the major challenges before us is to find out how to balance our need for various kinds of goods and the ill effects of the factory system and how to make the life of workers comfortable and dignified.”
What do you understand by “to balance our need for various kinds of goods”? Discuss some of the ill effects of the factory system and suggest ways to make the life of workers comfortable and dignified.
Answer:
Basing on the resources available and the overproduced in the factories we can balance our needs.
The owners also should produce goods according to the demand of the public. This also can balance our needs.
Ill effects of the factory system:

1. Usually, factory owners try to reduce their costs by employing casual workers even for regular work.
2. Sometimes they bring new machines which require fewer workers.

Suggestions:
In such situations, the workers and their unions resort to agitations and then bargain with the managers to improve their lot.

Question 4.
Copy the following Flow Chart into your main answer sheet and fill the empty boxes with the clues given below.

Clues:

1. The small wood chips are sent to the fiber line section. The wood chips are boiled with some chemicals. Then it becomes creamy.
2. Wood is brought into the mill.
3. The liquid pulp is Spread on thin screens over a cylinder.
4. The paper is cut in the cutting machines according to the size required.

Answer:

Question 5.
Have you ever visited any factories? Describe it.
Answer:
Yes, I have visited Ice factory, a milk factory, and a Rajahmundry paper mill. Those were thrilling experiences to me. When I went to Vijayawada I visited Ice factory in Durgapuram. I felt so happy when I saw the ‘Ice blocks’ under the wooden floor.

I saw this type of arrangement there. When I collected the water drops into my hands, I felt it is very cool.

Question 6.
What is called raw material?
Answer:
Materials required to produce a commodity are called raw materials.

Question 7.
Observe the given picture and answer the questions.

a. What is the wood in the lorry?
Answer:
Bamboo

b. What is the machine in the picture?
Answer:
It is a Bamboo lifter.

c. Is anybody operating the machine? (Imagine)
Answer:
Yes, somebody is operating the machine.

d. Where is the wood?
Answer:
The wood is in the truck.

e. What is it used for?
Answer:
It is used for making paper.

Question 8.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.

WORKING IN PAPER MILL

A factory employs a large number of workers of different kinds – some work on machines, some help them, some take care of electrical fittings, some help in transporting the materials, etc. Some of them are highly qualified like engineers while others may have education from ITI and polytechnic colleges. Still, others may be illiterates doing manual work like cleaning. A factory also employs people on different terms and conditions.
a. Whom does a factory employ?
Answer:
A factory employs a large number of workers of different kinds – some work on machines, some help, some help in transporting the materials, etc.

b. Who is highly qualified in them?
Answer:
Engineers are highly qualified in them.

c. What are the other two courses mentioned here?
Answer:
I.T.I. and polytechnic.

d. Who does manual work?
Answer:
Some others, maybe illiterates, do the manual work.

e. How does a factory employ people?
Answer:
A factory employs people on different terms and conditions.

Question 9.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Factories use heavy machinery which is run by electricity. Paper mill needs electricity for operating its machines. For example, the paper mill requires nearly 25 Mega Watt every year. More than half of the electricity requirement is met through the factory’s own power generators. Besides electricity, the mill requires a large quantity of clean water throughout the year.
1. ………. use heavy machinery.
Answer:
Factories

2. The paper mill requires nearly ………… every year,
Answer:
25 Mega Watt

3. Besides electricity, the mill requires a large quantity of ………….. water.
Answer:
Clean Water

Question 10.
Read the following and answer the questions.

WORKING HOURS AND SHIFTS

This paper mill runs all 24 hours a day. The workers work in three shifts of eight hours each. They are ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ shifts. In each shift, about 800-900 Workers are at work.
A Shift: 6 AM to 2 PM
B Shift: 2 PM to 10 PM
C Shift: 10 PM to 6 AM (Night Shift)
Night shift workers get a special allowance.

1. The paper mill runs ……….. in a day.
Answer:
all 24 hours.

2. A, B, C are ……………
Answer:
shifts
3. ……….. workers get a special allowance.
Answer:
Night shift

Question 11.
Why do you think the paper mill works round the clock? Compare this with how agricultural fieldwork takes place.
Answer:
Paper is the most important thing we use. It is useful to us in many ways. To meet the need, the paper mill works through the day and night.
The agriculture fieldwork is quite different from this millwork. The workers in the fields work for 4 to 6 hours only.

Question 12.
Why are the authorities of paper mills dividing the work into shifts?
Answer:
Nobody can work continuously for 24 hours. There is a need for more production. So the authorities are dividing the work into shifts.

Question 13.
Draw a picture of the factory you visited and using your imagination describe 300 words on what could happen inside a factory.
Answer:
Last year I went to my grandmother’s house in Eluru during the vacation. There I went to visit ‘Sri Krishna Jute Mill’. It was established before Independence. It is giving employment opportunities to many people. At 8.00 A.M. the ‘Siren’ was blown. Then the first shift started. Many employees entered the factory with cheerful faces and meals carriages in their hands. They started their work.
There were many heavy machines in the factory. Administrative Block and Work Block are separate. There were some arrangements for staff entertainment also like carroms, chess, etc. They have three shifts daily.
I found the following steps in Jute processing.

Jute Bales in Godowns
↓
Selection
↓
Softening
↓
Piling/conditioning
↓
Carding
↓
Drawing and Doubling
↓
Spinning
↓
Winding
↓
Beeming / Dressing
↓
Weaving
↓
Calendering

I found beautiful jute bags there.
When I had a talk with some employees I came to know the following issues about them.

1. They work very hard in 3 shifts.
2. The salaries were very less.
3. There were no educational facilities for their children.
4. The staff was not provided with quarters.
5. Once the factory was locked out due to some reasons.

After knowing all these I felt sorry for their living conditions.

Question 14.
Mark the four districts with paper mills on the map of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:

AP 7th Class Social Important Questions

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Important Questions 8th Lesson Industrial Revolution

Question 1.
Write any two innovations which led to the industrial revolution in Europe.
Answer:

1. Spinning Jenney
2. Steam engine

Question 2.
Development and expansion of industries lead to a gradual increase in people to Urban areas. Comment on consequences of Urbanisation.
Answer:
Due to this

1. Slums are increasing.
2. Substandard housing with very poor living conditions.
3. Physical deterioration of its housing overcrowding, high density, poor access, and lack of infrastructure services.
4. Restricted access to the water supply.
5. Increase living conditions.
6. Inadequate health care facilities etc.

Question 3.
Explain Industrial Revolution considering the following points,

1. the putting-out system.
2. proto – industrialisation,
3. major inventions and their contribution,
4. the factory system of production.

Answer:

1. The putting-out system:
   In this system, traders gave advances to small farmers and artisans to produce textile goods.
   1. In this system capitalists controlled what product was to be made.
   2. Different activities could be done in different parts of the country.
   In this system is more time-consuming.
2. Proto – Industrialisation:
   In this system, traders brought together the crafts persons under one roof so that they did not have to go to each one’s home or explain their requirements to each person.
   Here, the control of the trader over the crafts persons increased.
3. Major inventions and their contributions:
   In this period so many new machines were invented by Europeans. Those are useful in the production process.
   Ex: James Watt – Steam Engine
4. Factory system of production:
   In this system in the place of simple tools and manual power, new machines and steam power came to be increasingly used.

Question 4.
“Major changes swept industries with the coming of machines, Machines could be worked by even unskilled persons. Thus, skilled artisans were no longer required. In their place, a large number of women and children were employed and made to work for meager wages.”
Discuss the hardships faced by women and child laborers during the industrial revolution.
Answer:

1. Conditions had often been toxic and dangerous.
2. Women face abuse and discrimination.
3. Women were paid less than men.
4. Child labour also worked more than 12 hours a day.
5. Children were often faced with difficulties and workplace abuses.
6. In mines, factories or other workplaces, kids would work in hot and hazardous conditions for low wage rates and that for long exhausting hours.
7. The factories and mines were unsafe and demanding places to work.

Question 5.
If Pravallika argues “Railways in India were built for the benefits of the colonial rulers”. Express your opinion about this argument.
Answer:
No. It is not true. The English built railways not only for the benefit of Indian people but to transport raw material to Indian ports and manufactured goods of England from Indian ports into the country. To transport cheap labour from villages to cities, and to transport their troops fast and easily to the nooks and corners of the country to link up all their trading centers in all parts of the country British established railways in India.

Question 6.
However, as times changed, European countries began to useless and less of their own mineral resources and relied on imports from other countries. The old mining towns and factories were closed down and new factories grew in new areas.
Question: “Due to the Industrial revolution Europe has become a developed continent. Write your comment.
Answer:

1. The industrial revolution spurred growth and attracted a lot of people from villages to cities.
2. Cities expanded rapidly and new cities were being built near factories to house industrial workers who had to live somewhere.
3. This kind of urbanization was not a good thing.
4. City people often lived in cramped, overcrowded housing with poor sanitation and disease and crime multiplied.
5. Workers face harsh conditions both at home and workplace.
6. People laboured for long hours with low wages in dangerous conditions with no job security. That is why the govt enacts laws to improve working conditions.

Question 7.
In the 19th century, the industrial workers of Europe had to face several hardships.
Let us read about the experiences of a child employed in an English coal mine.
“I have been working in these mines since I was four. Workers hew coal with pickaxes and fill the large wagons with it. Our job is to push these loaded wagons to the point from where horses or mules can haul them. This is a very difficult job. Hauling the loaded wagons through water and slush, and over very steep slopes, leaves us very tired. We have to work in this way for more than 12 hours a day. By the time we return home, we are so tired that we don’t even feel like eating. Yesterday, I fell asleep on my way home. My mother searched for me and carried me home.
Q. Comment on the need for the complete removal of child labour from our society.
Answer:

1. The present children are future citizens.
2. Below 14 years if they are working their childhood is exploited and their life span is less.
3. If children are employed in hazardous work they effect by diseases and no longer work.
4. Our country’s development is on children only. So with skill youth not available in India.

Question 8.
When did the factory system of production emerge? How?
Answer:

1. During 1750 – 1850, a new system called the ‘factory system’ emerged.
2. In the place of simple tools and manual power, new machines and steam power came to be increasingly used.
3. Production was now carried on in a place called ‘factory’. Earlier the production was happening in homes.
4. Hundreds of workers were brought together to work in these large factories.
5. Machines became important in place of minor tools and handlooms.
6. They produced goods on a very large scale.
7. Capitalists invested money to bring workers, raw materials, and machines.
8. Everything belonged to the owner of the factory, from raw materials and machines to finished products.

Question 9.
What is meant by Revolution?
Answer:
Revolution means, to bring a fundamental change or transformation of the existing practice. Revolution also means a transformation of ideas, thoughts, and practices of the people. Without revolution or changes, society and its structure remain static.

Question 10.
What is meant by Industrial Revolution?
Answer:

1. During the 18th century, new changes took place in the field of production and distribution.
2. On account of the industrial revolution, manpower was replaced by machine power.
3. Production increased by leaps and bounds.
4. These rapid changes came to be known as Industrial Revolution.
5. Industrial Revolution may be defined as a marked change in the system of production of goods.

Question 11.
What does capitalism mean? Write two advantages of capitalism.
Answer:
Capitalism means the form of organization where industrialists owning money, purchase machinery, raw materials, and run the industries. They enjoy the profits.
Advantages:

1. Goods were produced in plenty.
2. There was employment generation.

Question 12.
Who was employed to work on machines?
Answer:
Machines could be worked by even unskilled persons. Thus skilled artisans are no longer required. In their place, a large number of women and children were employed and made to work for meager wages.

Question 13.
Compare the conditions of workers of a leather tannery and the English workers 150 years ago and find out similarities and differences.
Answer:

S.No.	Conditions of workers in a leather tannery	Conditions of English workers 150 years ago
1.	Most of the workers in a tannery feed the leather to the machines.	In place of skilled workers, women and children were employed.
2.	Machines could be worked by unskilled workers.	Most of the workers start as laborers and learn their skills on the job.
3.	In wet operations, workers wear rubber aprons and gloves to handle wet and slippery hides.	No protection wear was given to the workers. Working in unhygienic conditions.
4.	Dry end workers handle only lightweight.	Children were employed to push heavily loaded wagons to the point where the horses or mules can haul them.
5.	Some tasks in this industry may be unpleasant because of the sights and smells.	In the dyeing units of the textile industry and in other chemical Industries there used to be unhygienic conditions.
6.	Many tannery workers work the day shift eight hours a day, forty hours a week.	Workers had to work more than 12 hours a day.
7.	The average earnings of a worker is Rs. 500 to Rs. 600 a day.	The workers had to work with meager wages, with which they cannot satisfy their minimum needs.
8.	Most tanneries offer health insurance, paid holidays, and paid vacations. Some tanneries offer pensions.	No such facilities were there.
9.	Workers form unions to protect their rights.	Workers did not have any right to form unions.

Question 14.
What is meant by Proto – industrialization?
Answer:

1. The traders brought together the craftspersons under one roof so that they did not
   have to go to each one’s home or explain their requirements to each person.
2. They set up small workshops called manufactories.
3. The craftsmen brought their own tools and worked with raw materials given by the trader.
4. The trader then took the produce and sold it in the market.
5. In this way slowly the control of the trader over the craftspersons increased. This phase is called ‘Proto – industrialization’.

Question 15.
How did the need for self-driven machines emerge in England?
Answer:
As the demand for cloth, and other handicrafts increased many times, many artisans could not increase the production to cope with the demand. In addition to that cloth made on looms by the artisans was very much expensive. If there were machines that could spin yarn faster and wave cloth faster, the cloth could be produced at a lower price. As a result of the pressure of trade and work, several people attempted making self-driven machines in England.

Question 16.
Explain the Transport Revolution caused by the invention of the Steam Engine.
Answer:
The invention of the steam engine boosted the shipping industry. It also reduced the cost of transportation by one-third of the cost of road transport. Yet people looked for better ways of transportation. The next big thing in the context of transport was the adaptation of steam engines to locomotives. George Stephenson’s locomotive pulled heavy loads along a 64-kilometer track from Liverpool to Manchester at 46-kilometer speed in an hour.
In the 1840s, John Loudon Me Adam devised a method of laying roads using broken stones. This created a hard surface which was an important advancement in road construction. Within another decade bitumen-based binding which we see in our areas as tar(mac) roads were built. This was further followed by the use of motor cars.

Question 17.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
During 1750 – 1850, a new system called the ‘factory system’ emerged. In the place of simple tools and manual power, new machines and steam power came to be increasingly used. Production was now carried on in a place called ‘factory’, unlike what we read earlier where production was happening in homes. Hundreds of workers were brought together to work in these large factories. Machines became important in place of minor tools and handlooms. They produced goods on a very large scale.
1. When did the new system emerge?
Answer:
During 1750 – 1850 a new system emerged which is called the ‘factory system’.

2. What is meant by the factory?
Answer:
A place where production was carried on is called a factory.

3. Which became important in place of minor tools?
Answer:
Machines

4. How did they produce goods?
Answer:
They produced goods on a large scale.

5. Where was the production happening earlier?
Answer:
Earlier the production was happening in the houses of workers or craftsmen.

Question 18.
“Industrial revolution led to increasing of urban slums in towns and life in slums became common scenario.” Explain it. (OR)
What are the problems faced by the people living in the urban slums?
(OR)
Which type of problems are the people who reside in urban slums facing today?
Answer:

1. Industries and other urban activities gave people the necessary livelihood.
2. People moved to the towns and settled down in makeshift houses and shelters.
3. They were cramped and had little sanitation and other facilities.
4. Accidents, diseases, and epidemics were common. Most workers’ residential areas lacked proper ventilation, health, and sanitation facilities.
5. Slums became a common scenario in towns and cities especially near the factories and
   mines.
6. At the same time, distinct quarters came up for the rich and powerful which were well provided in terms of open spaces, sanitation, water supply, roads, and other facilities.
7. Slowly people fought for civic rights and the conditions of the worker’s quarters too improved.
8. People were accustomed to luxurious life and towns were polluted.

Question 19.
What are the sources of energy needed to run machines?
Answer:

1. Energy is available from coal, electricity, petroleum, and so on.
2. Initially, industries depended upon energy coal, and steam.
3. Subsequently, several other sources of energy like thermal and hydroelectricity, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear energy, and solar energy have been harnessed.

Question 20.
Do you know any factories nearby?
Compare the conditions of work of that factory with that of English factories 150 years ago.
Answer:
Yes. I know many factories nearby. There is a spinning mill in our area.
150 years ago i.e., in the nineteenth century the industrial workers of Europe had to face several hardships. The early factories were dreadful places of work.

1. With the Industrial revolution, machinery was used heavily in industrial production. With the introduction of machinery, skilled workers were expelled from their jobs. But these days it cannot be done. These days workers have the right to employment security.
2. In place of skilled labour, the women and children were employed and made to work for meagre wages. But these days child labour is banned and it is a punishable crime if anyone employs children under 14. More than that under the right to income security every worker has the right to get adequate and regular income.
3. Those days the labour were forced to work for more than 12 hours under the whip. But these days every worker should work for only 8 hours a day and he has the right to leisure and rest.
4. Thus the conditions of labourers have been improved a lot these days comparing to those of 150 years ago.

Question 21.
Locate the following on the world map.

1. United Kingdom
2. France
3. Portugal
4. Spain
5. Netherlands
6. Turkey

Answer:

Question 22.
Do you think the arrangement between a scientist-inventor and a capitalist is fair? Give reasons.
Answer:
Yes. It was an agreement. The capitalist Boulton invested the necessary money and also paid Watt a salary. Watt made the steam engine. They made an agreement between them to share profit, two-third to Boulton’s and one-third to Watt’s. These two persons made a large number of steam engines, sold them, and made huge profits.

Question 23.
How were the colonies established?
Answer:
Because of the industrial revolution, industrial production increased so much that the large-scale production of goods needs raw materials in large amounts. But in countries where the industrial revolution took place, the raw materials were not produced.
At the same time production of goods in industries increased manifold. They were unable to sell all their products in their own country. For selling the surplus production they are required to acquire markets of other countries. To buy the raw materials needed for their markets at cheaper rates, and to sell their manufactured products at higher rates to get maximum profits, the industrial countries want to colonize the countries like India.

AP 7th Class Social Important Questions

Andhra Pradesh SCERT AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Chapter Wise Important Questions and Answers in English Medium and Telugu Medium are part of AP Board 6th Class Textbook Solutions.

Students can also read AP Board 6th Class Social Studies Solutions for exam preparation.

AP State Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Important Questions and Answers English & Telugu Medium

AP 6th Class Social Studies Important Questions and Answers in English Medium

• Chapter 1 Our Earth in the Solar System Important Questions
• Chapter 2 Globe – Model of the Earth Important Questions
• Chapter 3 Maps Important Questions
• Chapter 4 Land Forms – Andhra Pradesh Important Questions
• Chapter 5 Early Life to Settled Life Important Questions
• Chapter 6 Early Civilisations Important Questions
• Chapter 7 Emergence of Kingdoms and Republics Important Questions
• Chapter 8 Kingdoms and Empires Important Questions
• Chapter 9 Government Important Questions
• Chapter 10 Local Self-Government Important Questions
• Chapter 11 Indian Culture, Languages and Religions Important Questions
• Chapter 12 Towards Equality Important Questions

AP 6th Class Social Chapter Wise Important Questions in Telugu Medium

• Chapter 1 సౌర కుటుంబంలో మన భూమి Important Questions
• Chapter 2 గ్లోబు – భూమికి నమూనా Important Questions
• Chapter 3 పటములు Important Questions
• Chapter 4 ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ – భూస్వరూపాలు Important Questions
• Chapter 5 సంచార జీవనం నుండి స్థిర జీవనం Important Questions
• Chapter 6 తొలి నాగరికతలు Important Questions
• Chapter 7 సామ్రాజ్యాలు, గణతంత్రాల ఆవిర్భావం Important Questions
• Chapter 8 రాజ్యాలు మరియు సామ్రాజ్యాలు Important Questions
• Chapter 9 ప్రభుత్వం Important Questions
• Chapter 10 స్థానిక స్వపరిపాలన Important Questions
• Chapter 11 భారతీయ సంస్కృతి, భాషలు మరియు మతాలు Important Questions
• Chapter 12 సమానత్వం వైపు Important Questions

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Important Questions 7th Lesson Handicrafts and Handlooms

Question 1.
What do you understand about raw material in the context of basket making? Who collects them?
Answer:
Spines of wild date palm (eatha chettu) tree leaves, knife, etc., are used for basket making. Using a knife basket maker shaves off the leaves and keeps them in hot sunshine to make them dry. The raw material, wild date palm leaves are brought in bundles. Basketmakers collect raw material like a wild date palm, cane and bamboo which are found in forests.

Question 2.
What are the tools used by the basket makers?
Answer:
Basket making is a craftwork that involves the use of wild date palm leaves, cane and bamboo which are found in forests. Using a knife, the basket maker shaves off the leaves and keeps them in hot sunshine to make them dry. The raw material, wild date palm leaves are brought from the forest. Basketmakers or their relatives collect the spines from bushes around their villages and sell them to market makers.

Question 3.
Do you think people like Polaiah should be given ration cards and allowed to vote in Hyderabad?
Answer:
Yes. People like Polaiah should be provided permanent housing and permanent address proof. He should be provided with a voter identity card and he should be allowed to vote in Hyderabad. In the same way, he should be provided with a ration card and it is allowed to avail all the benefits of it for himself.

Question 4.
Name the raw materials to make silk sarees.
Answer:

1. To make silk sarees weavers need silk yarn, colours, cotton thread.
2. These are not produced by weavers they buy them from the market.
3. Silkworms from which silk yarn is made, grow on mulberry leaves.
4. The rearing of silkworms is taken up by small farmers.
5. Cotton is produced in farms and is made into thread either in factories or as a household craft.
6. Colours are often made in factories.
7. Weavers buy yarn and colours from the market.

Question 5.
What are the stages of weaving sarees
Answer:
There are different stages of making the saree.

1. The first of these is preparing the yarn.
2. These yarns are then marked with the design.
3. Their markings of the designs help the weaver to identify what colours need to be dyed into which part of the yarn.
4. Dyeing the yarn is a long repeated process.
5. Each colour needs to be separated and dried one after the other.
6. Only when the colouring is completed/the thread can be used for weaving.

Question 6.
What do you understand about the problems of weavers?
Answer:

1. Andhra Pradesh has the second largest number of handlooms in the country, next to West Bengal.
2. Handloom weavers are facing a serious problem.
3. They face stiff competition from power loom and mill made cloth.
4. Mill made cloth is cheaper. It is made from synthetic yarn which costs much less than cotton or silk.
5. Even though it is popular due to its high quality and unique beauty, the Dharmavaram saree seems to be expensive. But the weavers are not getting rate due to middlemen’s involvement.
6. Fashions in the cities change fast. It is difficult for the weavers to know which designs are in demand.
7. They also have to depend on middlemen for getting raw materials like cotton or silk yarn.
8. Thus middlemen have a good position and are getting the largest share than weavers.
9. Co-operative societies do not provide opportunities for weavers to produce sarees to suit the changing preferences of consumers.
10. This has once again pushed the weavers into the clutches of the middlemen and traders.

Question 7.
What is the role of cooperative societies to help the weavers?
Answer:

1. Andhra Pradesh has the second largest number of handlooms in the country. Weavers are facing many problems.
2. In order to overcome these problems the weavers are encouraged to form cooperative societies.
3. The cooperative societies are meant to help the weavers in buying raw materials at a low price and to arrange for marketing of their cloth.
4. This reduced their dependence upon middlemen and traders.
5. The cooperative societies should help the weavers by training in new designs.

Question 8.
Observe the following table carefully and answer the questions.

	Raw Materials	Tools
Basket making	1. Wild date plam leaves 2. Cane 3. Bamboo	Knife
Handloom weaving	1.   Silk yarn 2.    Colour 3.    Zari	1.   Maggam 2.    Stones 3.    Punched Jacquard cards

a. List the raw materials used to make baskets.
Answer:
Wild date palms, cane and bamboo.

b. What are the raw materials used to make Dharmavaram sarees?
Answer:
Silk yarn, colour and zari.

c. What is the tool used to shave off the leaves?
Answer:
A knife.

d. Where are basket making raw materials found?
Answer:
In forests.

e. How do weavers get silk yarn?
Answer:
Silk yarn is made from silkworms that grow on mulberry leaves.

Question 9.
How are raw materials of silk sarees produced?
Answer:
Weavers need raw materials to make silk sarees. These are not produced by weavers, they buy them from the market.

1. Silk yarn is made from silkworms. They grow on mulberry leaves. The rearing of silkworms is taken up by small farmers.
2. Cotton is produced in farms and is made into thread either in factories or as a household craft.
3. Colours are often made in factories. Weavers buy yarn and colours from the market.

Question 10.
Describe Dharmavaram sarees.
Answer:

1. Dharmavaram sarees one traditionally woven in the interlocked weft technique.
2. Dharmavaram silk sarees are a benchmark in the traditional craft industry.
3. They are very famous for stacking colour combinations with contrast pallu and border woven with exquisite brocade gold patterns.
4. Additional designs are added to silk sarees using kunrians, chamkies, and stones and also opposite colours.
5. Recently Dharmavaram sarees received patent rights.

Question 11.
Why has Venkatesu’s family begun to weave for a master weaver?
Answer:

1. Venkatesu is a resident of Dharmavaram.
2. All of his family members – he, his wife, son and daughter – in – law work as weavers.
3. Weaving saree is a hereditary occupation for Venkatesu’s family.
4. The income Venkatesu’s family gets from weaving silk sarees is insufficient to run the family.
5. From March to May, Venkatesu’s family is able to weave only a few hours a day
6. Women are distressed a lot because they have to do weaving related works and also take care of the household chores.
7. Earlier, Venkatesu’s family used to weave only for the cooperative society.
8. Later, they had to look for additional sources of income to run their families.

Question 12.
Why do basket makers migrate, from rural areas to urban areas?
Answer:

1. Basket making is craftwork that involves the use of wild date palm leaves, cane and bamboo which are found in forests.
2. There has been depletion of forests due to their extensive exploitation for big industries.
3. This affects the livelihoods of people who have traditionally depended on forests.
4. Further, the demand for such products has reduced considerably.
5. This forces them to move out of rural areas and migrate to urban areas for survival.
6. This is true for many involved in traditional activities.
7. However, they have to often live in urban areas without basic amenities.

Question 13.
How do master weavers and merchants take control over the weavers to get profits?
Answer:

1. A large amount of handloom cloth materials in Andhra Pradesh are produced and marketed by master weavers and merchants.
2. The master weavers and merchants procure all the raw materials and supply them to weavers and collect the woven cloth.
3. They then sell these materials to wholesale cloth merchants.
4. They pay a stipulated amount as wages for the weaving work.
5. Many master weavers also provide loans to weavers to set up looms, buy other tools and thus restrict them not to weave sarees for other master weavers.
6. They also decide the wages for the work done by the weavers.
7. Since they are interested in raising their incomes, it is natural for them to look for ways to pay less to the weavers.
8. Distressed weaving families should be provided work from cooperative societies and saved from the master weavers.

Question 14.
Appreciate Venkatesu’s family for weaving sarees which is hereditary occupation?
Answer:

1. Venkatesu is a resident of Dharmavaram. AH of his family members – he, his wife, son and daughter-in-law work as weavers.
2. While he was winding yarn, his son Nagendra was engaged in weaving in the maggam (pit loom) set up inside the house.
3. Katcha pattu, spindling of yarn, etc. were used to do different tasks in producing silk sarees.
4. Venkatesu’s wife and daughter-in-law do bobbin winding.
5. There is some work like making saratas for warping done collectively by group of weavers on streets or outside his house.
6. His son Nagendra brings all the raw materials like dyed silk yarn, zari and design from master weaver and sometimes from cooperative society.
7. Venkatesu gets raw materials at a time to weave ten sarees.
8. The whole family has to work for 12 -15 hours a day for nearly 40 – 50 days to weave sarees. They get about Rs. 1300 per saree for the work.

Question 15.
Write a letter to Newspaper Editor explaining their problems of weavers at present?
Answer:

A Letter to Editor

Vijayawada
XXXXXXXX

From,
Y. Lakhmi,
7th Class,
77 – 28 – S/A,
Mangalagiri.

To,
The Editor,
The Hindu News Paper,
Vijayawada.

Dear Sir,

l am a proud reader of your newspaper for the last 10 years.
Here I would like to bring to your notice one burning issue of our society regarding the weaver’s community.
I request you to make a full-page report if possible regarding the facts & figures of Handloom weavers in our state.
Issues like daily wages, family welfare, delay in payment from mill owners. No help (subsidies) from the Government & Ministry.
Lack of collaboration between Designing & Marketing teams. By continuous ignorance of people of this sector cost nation’s heritage and colourful image at world level. We should not let die this fine art of many generations so easily.
I will be humble & society will be grateful to you & your newspaper for so long if we can make some good difference in the lives of weavers.

Thanking you sir,
Y. Lakshmi.

AP 7th Class Social Important Questions

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Important Questions 5th Lesson Europe

Question 1.
Give one reason why the climate of Europe is cooler than that of India?
Answer:
Temperature decreases as the distance from the equator increases.
Since Europe is farther from the Equator than India, so the climate of Europe is cooler than that of India.

Question 2.
Distinguish between an Island and a Peninsula. (OR)
Distinguish between a Peninsula and an Island giving one example for each.
Answer:

Island	Peninsula
1. A piece of land surrounded by water on all sides.	1. A piece of land surrounded by water on three sides and the fourth side is covered by land.
Ex: Sri Lanka, England	Ex: India.

Question 3.
Explain why the Mediterranean Sea was named so?
Answer:
The Mediterranean is derived from the Latin words meaning “the middle of the earth.” During the time of the Roman empire little was known about far Eastern Asia or the Americas or Southern Africa and so the Romans considered they lived in the hub of the universe.

Question 4.
Explain the location of Europe.
Answer:
Europe extends from 35° South to 72° North latitudes and from 10° West to 60° East longitudes. Europe has an area of 10,180,000 square kilometres approximately. It is the second smallest continent. The boundaries of Europe are North – Arctic ocean; South – Mediterranean sea, Caspian and Black seas; East – Ural mountains, West – Atlantic ocean.
The Ural Mountains separate Europe from Asia. The Mediterranean sea separates Europe from Africa. The Mediterranean sea separates Europe in the North from Africa in the South.

Question 5.
Mention the important rivers of Europe.
Answer:

1. Many rivers in Europe originate from the Alphs mountains.
2. River Volga is the largest river in Europe.
3. The second-longest river is the Danube. It is known as an international river.
4. The river Rhine is one of the most important rivers as it flows through several countries and empties itself into the North Sea.
5. Unlike the Rhine, the Volga drains into the Caspian Sea, which is a vast lake.

Question 6.
Explain about the mountains and plains of Europe.
Answer:

1. The Alps, the most important mountain ranges of Europe, are covered with snow all year-round.
2. The Caucasian Mountains, which lie between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea form the southern boundary of Europe.
3. They, too are very high and covered with snow all year-round.
4. There are vast plains in Europe. The whole of Eastern Europe is a vast plain, which stretches across several countries like Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Bylorussia, etc. These plains experience heavy snowfall and bitter cold in winters.
5. When the snow melts in summer, small streams start flowing.
6. These join to form mighty rivers. It is from these plains that rivers like the Dnieper and the Volga, the longest river in Europe, originate.

Question 7.
Find out the names of some of the other Island countries of Europe.
Answer:

1. The sea surrounds some of the European countries, not just on three sides but on all four sides.
2. These are Island countries.
3. Great Britain and Ireland are Island countries in Europe.

Question 8.
What are the important crops that are grown in Europe?
Answer:

1. Food crops that are grown in Europe are wheat, maize, rye, barley and oats. Sugar is manufactured from beet in Russia, Ukraine and Germany.
2. A commercial crop that is grown in Europe is ‘Tobacco’.
3. Fruits that are farmed in Europe are apples, pears, peaches, grapes, oranges, palm and olive, etc.
4. Fruits like grapes are used for making wine.

Question 9.
What are trade winds? Explain.
Answer:
The ships of those times had sailed to harness wind power. They sailed with ease with the winds blowing westwards towards America. These winds blow westwards taking ships from Europe to America. These were not the Westerlies, which blew towards Europe. These were different winds, which blew from the south of Europe towards the southwest direction. They blew throughout the year and took ships from southwest Europe to the east coast of America. These winds are called ‘Trade Winds’.

Question 10.
The Alps stretch across several countries. Find out the names of these countries.
Answer:
France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, etc.

Question 11.
Write the names of two rivers starting from the Alps.
Answer:
Danube and Rhine.

Question 12.
Name the countries across whose borders the Pyrenees stretch.
Answer:
Spain and France.

Question 13.
Name the Mountains stretching Eastern Europe.
Answer:
Caucasus mountains.

Question 14.
Identify the other mountains in Europe and prepare a table.
Answer:
Carpathian mountains; Ural mountains; Scandinavian ranges; Tatra mountains; Appnines and Dinaric Alps mountains; Cantabrian mountains.

Question 15.
Names of oceans or seas into which the following rivers empty themselves.
Answer:

S.No.	River		Ocean/Sea	S.No.	River	Ocean/Sea
1.	Seine		North sea	6.	Vistula	Baltic sea
2.	Rhine		North sea	7.	Volga	Caspian sea
3.	Oder		Baltic sea	8.	Dniper	Black sea
4.	Po		Adriatic Sea	9.	Don	Black sea
5.	Danube		Black sea	10.	W Dvina	Baltic sea

Question 16.
Compare Mediterranean and Andhra Pradesh climates on the following aspects:
Answer:

	Seasons		Rainfall
	Winters	Summers
Mediterranean	Too cold	Warm	Rainfall occurs only in winter.
Andhra Pradesh	Cold	Too hot	Rainfall occurs in rainy seasons.

Question 17.
When does it rain most in your state, in the summer months or in the winter months?
Answer:
In rainy months.

Question 18.
Find out if your region gets light winter showers and the name given to it in the – regional language.
Answer:
Dussehra Musurlu.

Question 19.
Fishing is of importance in …………. whereas fruit growing is important in ……….
Answer:
Coastal areas; Mediterranean countries.

Question 20.
Why do you think the climate of Europe is so different from ours? Discuss among yourselves in the class.
Answer:
The climate of Europe is temperate and Continental in nature. The climate of India is tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and mountain climate. So both are different from each other.

Question 21.
To begin with which part of Europe is along the Atlantic Ocean – the eastern or the western part?
Answer:
Western part.

Question 22.
Observe the following table carefully and answer the questions.

S.No.	Crops	Countries where the crops are grown
1.	Wheat	France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Poland, UK, and Hungary.
2.	Maize	Russia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, France, Italy, etc.
3.	Rye	Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Germany.
4.	Barley	Russia, UK, France, Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Spain.
5.	Tobacco	Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, and Poland.
6.	Oats	Russia, Poland, France, Sweden, Germany, etc.
7.	Olives	Spain, Italy, Greece, France, and Portugal.

1. Mention the important producers of maize in Europe.
Answer:
Russia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, etc.

2. Mention the important producers of barley in Europe.
Answer:
Russia, U.K., France, Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Spain.

3. Which countries are producing rye mainly?
Answer:
Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Germany.

4. Which countries are producing Tobacco mainly?
Answer:
Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, and Poland.

5. Mention two important countries that are producing olives mainly.
Answer:
Spain, Italy, Greece, France, and Portugal.

Question 23.
What is the Dogger Bank? Name the countries which would benefit from the Dogger Bank.
Answer:
The warm currents are very good for fish breeding as they contain ample food materials for the fish. As a result, the fishery industry is very well developed in the North Sea near Britain. This part of the North Sea is called ‘Dogger Bank’. Fish is an important part of the food of the Europeans and fishing is a very important industry in Europe. United Kingdom, Belgium, Netherland, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden would get benefit from Dogger Bank.

Question 24.
Why do you think the climate of Eastern Europe is not so strongly affected by the warm currents?
Answer:
The warm currents are from the west side of the continent. So it strongly affects western Europe only but not eastern Europe.

Question 25.
Can you guess the impact of the Westerlies on Europe?
Answer:
The westerlies play an important role in carrying the warm, equitornal wates and winds to the western coasts of continents, especially in the southern hemisphere because of its vast oceanic expanse.

Question 26.
What differences did you notice between the climates of India and west Europe?
Answer:
India has a hot type of climate while west Europe has a warm type of climate.

Question 27.
Can you reason why is it possible to raise two crops in the Mediterranean countries?
Answer:
The Mediterranean countries are the southernmost countries in Europe. As a result, the winters here are not too cold and summers are warm. It does not rain all through the year as in Western Europe. It rains here only in winter. Such rainy winters and summers are termed Mediterranean climates. So it is possible to raise two crops a year.

Question 28.
Locate the following on the given map.
1. Austria
2. Spain
3. Portugal
4. Germany
5. Russia
6. Italy
7. France
8. Ukraine
9. Poland
10. Norway.
Answer:

Question 29.
Observe the map and answer the following.

a. Name the mountains to the east of Europe.
Answer:
Ural mountains.

b. Name the ocean to the west of Europe.
Answer:
The Atlantic Ocean.

c. Look in the atlas and find the name of the sea just south of Europe.
Answer:
The Mediterranean Sea.

d. Name the island country of Europe.
Answer:
The United Kingdom.

e. Name the mountains that divide Europe from Asia.
Answer:
Ural mountains.

Question 30.
Now you are familiar with the location of Europe. You can take a look at the countries of Europe. Look at the following map to find out their names. Have you heard of some of these countries before?

Answer:
Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, U.K., Netherlands, France, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Poland, Italy, Belarus, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, Turkey, Romania, Russia, Latvia, Lithuani, etc.
I heard about U.K., Russia, Switzerland, and Italy.

Question 31.
Observe the map and answer the following questions.

a. Which of these is a peninsula Greece of France?
Answer:
Greece

b. Are Spain and Portugal peninsulas, too?
Answer:
Spain is a peninsula, but Portugal is not a peninsula.

c. Name the mountain range in the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Scandinavian ranges.

Question 32.
i) Look at a globe to see how far is north Europe from the Equator.
Answer:
Europe is 350 latitudes North of the Equator.

ii) Is Europe even farther north than India?
Answer:
Yes.

iii) Will Norway be warmer than Italy? Why?
Answer:
No, Norway is cooler than Italy because it is on higher latitudes.

Question 33.
Look at the wall map or atlas to identify the names of at least six cities of Europe which are situated on the sea coast.
Answer:
Moscow – Russia
London – U.K.
Berlin – Germany
Istanbul – Turkey
St. Petersburg – Russia
Madrid – Spain

Question 34.
Look at Map 2 (Text P. 42) and name four Mediterranean countries.
Answer:
Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel.

Question 35.
Look at Map 6 (Text PAT) and answer the following questions.
i) Which winds would help the sailors to return to Europe from America?
Answer:
Trade winds.

ii) Could the sail-driven ships use the Trade Winds to return to Europe? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
No, they cannot use the Trade winds to return to Europe.
The reason is that the winds are blowing from south-east to north-west. Europe is on the northeast side of the Trade. Wind.

Question 36.
i) Look at the map (Text P.No. 47 Map 6) can you tell what the new route could be?
Answer:
The new route is the Columbus route.

ii) Looking at the globe to check whether Columbus’ thinking was correct?
Answer:
Yes, he was correct.

iii) Look at the map to be able to tell whether it will be warmer in Spain or in Slovakia.
Answer:
In Spain – there will be mild winters and warm summers. In Slovakia – temperate cool summers, cold, cloudy, humid winters.

Question 37.
Which fruits are grown extensively in southern Europe?
Answer:
The Mediterranean climate is very good for growing juicy fruits. Thus regions with a Mediterranean climate are famous for their fruits. Fruits like olives, figs, grapes, oranges, etc., are grown extensively in southern Europe.

AP 7th Class Social Important Questions

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Important Questions 4th Lesson Oceans and Fishing

Question 1.
Fishing with the mechanical boat is risky than the Karratheppa. Why?
Answer:
Compared to the Karrateppa, there is far more risk of life in Marapadava (Mechanised boat) because it goes far into the sea and it is difficult to swim over to shore in times of trouble.
What is worse, there is no first aid in the big boats, nor any life jacket. Fishing is a risky and brave occupation.

Question 2.
Study the table given below and answer the following questions.
Distribution of Fresh Water on Earth

Sl.No.	Source	Percentage
1	Ice caps and Glaciers	68.7%
2	Groundwater	30.1%
3	Surface water (lakes, swamps, rivers)	0.3%
4	Others	0.9%

a) Where do we have the highest percentage of fresh water on the Earth?
Answer:
Ice caps and Glaciers.

b) Give any two sources of surface water.
Answer:
Lakes, swamps, rivers, etc.

Question 3.
Read the info chart given below and answer questions a and b.

a) Where is the most fresh water on the earth found?
Answer:
More fresh water on the earth is found in Icecaps & Glaciers.

b) What percentage of the freshwater is accessible?
Answer:
Accessible surface freshwater is 1%.

Question 4.
“The lives of fishermen are risky and troublesome” – Comment in your own words.
Answer:
I agree with the above statement.

1. Most of the Fishermen do not own mechanical boats. They depend on others boats and go fishing.
2. Always they are taking money from middlemen for diesel and kit expenses.
3. Again they sell the day’s catch of fish to the middlemen at the rate he fixes.
4. They don’t have any profits.
5. There is no First Aid in the big boats nor any life jacket.

Their life is risky and troublesome. While they go fishing, if any cyclone hits that area, they are not able to reach the coast of the ocean.

Question 5.
What is an ocean? Name the oceans in the world.
Answer:
The vast body of salt water that covers a considerable portion of the earth’s crust is called the ocean. There are three major oceans in the world. They are the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the Indian ocean. Apart from these three, waters of the Arctic and Antarctic are also described as oceans.

Question 6.
What are the two types of ocean currents? Give examples.
Answer:
Ocean currents are of two types. They are:
1) Warm currents: They flow from the equator towards poleward regions.
Eg: The Gulf stream and the Atlantic drift.
2) Cold currents: They flow from poleward regions towards the equator.
Eg: The Labrador current, The Greenland current.

Question 7.
What are high tides and low tides?
Answer:
High tide: The bulge of seawater is high tide.
Low tide: The level of the seawater reduces. It is low tide.
High tides and low tides occur twice each day.

Question 8.
Explain the different types of nets.
Answer:
Nets are of different types based on different sizes of the Kannulu (Rings) and the layers of the net. Recently a net known as Ring Net which helps in getting a better catch is being increasingly used by the fishermen. This has helped to reduce migration from the village. Earlier there were nets made up of cotton thread. Now cotton nets have almost been replaced by plastic, nylon and other synthetic, materials. A net lasts for 4 – 5 years. Nets are purchased by weight and the type of rings they contain. Nets cost around Rs. 250-300 per kg. Ring nets weigh around 500 kgs.

Question 9.
What enables the middlemen in the fish business to earn much more money than the fishermen?
Answer:
Some middlemen temporarily store the fish, segregate them and carry them in cold container tanks to faraway places like Kolkata, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kerala, and so on. These people get four times more money than the catcher does. They also provide advances for the fishermen with interest. Fishermen have no option to sell the day’s catch of fish to the middlemen at the rate they choose to fix. Thus middlemen earn more money than fishermen.

Question 10.
Is the water found in your village/town saline or potable? Is it different in different parts of the village/town?
Answer:
In our city, Vijayawada both saline and potable waters are found. The water supplied by Corporation is potable water. In many areas, people use bore pumps for domestic purposes. Of these, some are saline and some are potable.

Question 11.
What are the names you use for different water bodies? Do large or small water¬bodies have different names?
Answer:
Oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ponds, waterfalls, canals, streams, and tanks are the names of different water bodies. All water bodies have different names.

Question 12.
How many meters deep are the water bodies you have seen?
Answer:
I have seen the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, and the Indian ocean at Kanya Kumari in Tamil Nadu the southernmost tip of India. The depth of the Bay of Bengal is 4,694 m, the Arabian sea is 4,652 m and the Indian ocean is 8,047 m.

Question 13.
Please share what you have seen or felt about what lies under the surface of water bodies.
Answer:
There will be many sea animals and many kinds of landforms under the surface of water bodies.

Question 14.
Look at the image of Bhavanapadu village and find the following.

i) Identify the water bodies in the image.
ii) Identify the land that is used for activities other than agriculture in this village.
If so, for what purpose?
Answer:

Question 15.
Read the following para and answer the questions.
Tata Rao owns this boat which he purchased from Markonda in Odisha. It cost him around Rs. 6 lakhs. He borrowed the money from private moneylenders at a high rate of interest. He couldn’t get a bank loan, as he had no fixed assets. Even for daily fishing expenses, he has to get advances from middlemen. He has to invest a minimum of Rupees. 5,000/- per trip for diesel, wages, and other things. Because he has borrowed money from the middleman, Tata Rao has to sell the day’s catch of fish to the middleman at the rate he fixes. By this time the boat is ready for sale and all the twenty members are on the boat. They go up to 15-20 kilometers in the sea.
a. Where did Tata Rao purchase the boat?
Answer:
Tata Rao purchased the boat from Markonda in Odisha.

b. Why could he not get a bank loan?
Answer:
Because he had no fixed assets.

c. Where did he get advance?
Answer:
From Middlemen.

d. How much money did he invest?
Answer:
He invested Rs. 6 lakhs and a minimum of Rs. 5000/- per trip for diesel, wages, and other things.

e. Did he have any other option to sell his day’s catch-offish to anyone at a high rate?
Answer:
No. He had no option but to sell the day’s catch of fish to the middleman.

Question 16.
For what purpose are thermocol boxes shown in the photo lined up in the middleman’s add?

Answer:
Some middlemen temporarily store the fish, segregate them and carry them in cold container tanks faraway places like Kolkata, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kerala, and so on.
Their people store the fish in pheromonal boxes so that they won’t get damaged and middlemen store them for many days.

Question 17.
Write the different crops cultivated in Bhavanapadu village.
Answer:
Fishing is not the only occupation of the people in Bhavanapdu village. They cultivate the land to grow crops and also rear animals and birds. The village soil is mainly loamy and rice is the principal crop grown on it.
They don’t grow any commercial crops.

Question 18.
Explain about the salinity and drinking water in the village.
Answer:
The water in the village is saline. If one digs up to 8 or 10 feet near the beach one can get potable water. But in summer these wells dry up. And it takes a long time for the water to fill up again. If you wait for an hour you may get another pot of water.
The government has sanctioned a protective water project that pumps water from the nearest village known as Suryamanipuram. It gave relief for some time. But cleaning of headwater tank and frequent repair of pumping motor is a hurdle.

Question 19.
In the world map or on the globe, find the names of five seas and five oceans.
Answer:

Seas:

1. The Mediterranean Sea
2. the Arabian Sea
3. Red Sea
4. Dead Sea
5. The Yellow Sea.

Oceans:

1. The Pacific Ocean
2. The Atlantic Ocean
3. The Indian Ocean
4. The Arctic Ocean
5. The Antarctic ocean

Question 20.
How are oceans useful to mankind?
Answer:

1. Ocean water is saline. It contains several mineral salts’ dissolved in it.
2. The oceans are the main source of rainfall.
3. Oceans are storehouses of fish and other seafood.
4. They are the main source of salts.
5. Oceans provide natural highways for international trade.
6. Oceans regulate the temperature of the coastal regions.
7. Oceans are necessary for the balance of the ecological systems.
8. Pearls are found in oysters.
9. Some fish like cod and shark provide us with liver oil which is used as a tonic.
10. Oceans provide us with large quantities and a variety of marine foods such as fish, shrimp, oysters, and crabs, etc.

Question 21.
Describe the social life of the people of Bhavanapadu.
Answer:
A large number of people of Bhavanapadu worship Gangamma, Gowri, and Shiva primarily. They perform puja to their boats and nets. The most important festival is Gowri Purnima. They spend the common good fund of the village on these festivals. Most of the men wear tattoos. There is an open stage, where the dramas, Burra Katha, Hari Katha, and record dances are performed. All these activities are led by the caste headmen called Pillas. They determine the customs and traditions of the people. They even resolve disputes and impose fines. The money collected goes to the common good fund.

AP 7th Class Social Important Questions