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SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 8th Lesson Industrial Revolution Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 8th Lesson Industrial Revolution

7th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson Industrial Revolution Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Correct the false sentences:
Under the putting-out system:
a) Spinners took cotton to the weavers.
Answer:
Correct statement: A cloth trader purchased cotton from a supplier and carried it to the spinners.

b) Unlike in the guild system traders controlled what product was to be made.
Answer:
Correct statement: Unlike in the guild system the capitalists controlled what product was to be made.

c) All work was done by the same group of people.
Answer:
Correct statement: Different activities could be done in different parts of the country by different groups of people.

Under the Guild system:
a) All small farmers were allowed to learn to weave.
Answer:
Correct statement: All small farmers were forced to learn to weave.

b) Weavers determined the prices and quality of the products.
Answer:
Correct statement: Capitalists determined prices and quality of the products.

Question 2.
Putting out a system is better than factory-based production of textiles. Do you agree?
Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Every system has its own merits and demerits.
Inputting out system different activities of the production could be done in different parts of the country. It consumes a lot of time and it is very much expensive. But in factory system production is carried on in one place called factory. This factory system is time-saving and less expensive when compared to the putting-out system. Inputting – out system every worker and craftsman get employment. But in factory system machines can do the work of several workers at the same time and therefore lakhs of people are expelled from the factories. Thus it leads to unemployment and unrest among the people. In putting out a system the craftsmen and workers control the whole process of production. But in the factory system, the factories are owned and managed by the capitalists. This widens the financial gap between the capitalists and owners. Thus it leads to unrest among the labourers.

Question 3.
If Kruthika argues “Railways in India were built only for the benefit of the people by the colonial rulers”, how can you counter this statement?
Answer:
No. It is not true. The English built railways not only for the benefit of Indian people, but to transport raw material to Indian ports and manufactured goods of England from Indian ports into the country. To transport cheap labour from villages to cities, and to transport their troops fast and easily to the nooks and corners of the country to link up all their trading centres in all parts of the country British established railways in India.

Question 4.
How will an increase in the wages of the workers affect industrial production?
Answer:

1. The workers cannot work with complete skills if they are not paid properly.
2. They cannot satisfy their basic needs with meagre wages.
3. If their pay is increased they can work for more time with enthusiasm.
4.  It results in an increase in production.
5. Then the capitalists won’t mind the increase in their expenditures.
6. Thus the increase in wages leads to an increase in production.

Question 5.
Why did factory owners pay low wages and force workers to work for long hours?
Answer:
Nowadays all facilities of production are owned and managed by capitalists. They invested money in workers, raw materials and machines. In this system, workers worked for wages. When the machines were introduced very few people were required to work on machines, all the rest would be expelled. So there are a lot of surplus workers available at hand for the capitalists. And the labourers are prepared to work even with meagre wages. Thus the capitalists who are aimed to get more and more profits to force the workers to work at low wages and they are forced to work for long hours under the whip.

Question 6.
Why do you think the working conditions in factories should be improved?
Answer:
The following steps are necessary for labourers.

1. Working hours should be reduced.
2. Minimum wages should be fixed.
3. An insurance scheme should be launched.
4. Holidays must be given to the labourers and industrial workers. In 1881 steps were taken for the welfare of the labour class and industrial workers.
5. Major changes swept industries with the coming of machines.
6. Machines could be worked by even unskilled persons. Thus skilled artisans were no longer required.
7. In their place, a large number of women and children were employed and made to work for meagre wages.
8. These conditions should be improved.

Question 7.
Why is it necessary for the government to enact laws to improve the working conditions in factories?
Answer:
The early factories were dreadful places of work. Industrial work had to face several hardships. They are

1. They had to work for more than 12 hours a day.
2. Machines could be worked by even unskilled people. So they were expelled from their jobs.
3. A large number of women and children were employed and made to work for meagre wages.
4. The children under 14 years of age were given hard jobs like pulling and pushing heavy loads and working near dangerous machines.
5. The workers were forced to live in makeshift houses and shelters.
6. Their areas of residence had little sanitation and their houses lacked proper ventilation and health facilities.
7. Accidents, diseases and epidemics were common in their slums.

So it is very much necessary for the governments to enact laws to improve the working conditions.

Question 8.
Why are children not allowed to work in factories?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution provides the Right against exploitation as a fundamental right.
Article 24 prohibits the employment of children in hazardous work as in some factories and mines. The Directive Principles prescribe that

1. the tender age of the children shall not be abused.
2. children are not forced by economic necessity to enter vocations unsuited to their age and strength.
3. children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and
4. childhood is protected against exploitation. Under the Children’s Right to Protection, the children are free from all forms of exploitation, abuse, inhuman or degrading treatment and neglect. So the children should not be employed in factories.

Question 9.
The transport system helps the industry justify this statement in the context of Industrialisation.
Answer:
Yes. It is true. The transport system helps the industry. Cheap and proper transportation is one of the most necessary infrastructures for Industrialisation. After the Industrial revolution industrial production increased so much. They needed raw material in large quantities. The countries did not have the raw material needed for the industry. For example, the cotton needed for producing cloth was grown in India and America. So the English had to import the cotton. In the same way, industrial production increased so much that it had to be sold in other countries. Thus transport is needed to import raw materials and export the manufactured goods to other countries. To carry the cheap labour from the villages to the urban areas the transport is needed. Thus we can justify the above statement ‘Transport system helps the industry’.

Question 10.
Locate the following places on the world map.
a) England b) Portugal c) France d) Spain
Answer:

Question 11.
Read the para ‘Urbanisation and slums on page 82 and comment on it.
Urbanisation and slums: Industrial revolution led to a gradual shift of people from villages to towns. Industries and other urban activities gave people livelihood. As people moved to towns that were newly emerging, they settled down in makeshift houses and shelters which were cramped and had little sanitation or other facilities. Accidents, diseases and epidemics were common. Most workers’ residential areas lacked proper ventilation, health and sanitation facilities. Slums became a common scenario in towns and cities, especially near the factories and mines. At the same time, distinct quarters came up for the rich and the powerful which were well provided in terms of open spaces, sanitation, water supply, roads and other facilities. Slowly people fought for civil rights and the conditions of the workers quarters also improved.
Answer:
Industrialisation led to urbanisation. Slums are caused due to urbanisation. It is very difficult to provide health, sanitation and shelter facilities to the growing population in the urban areas. Public amenities like water, roads and education are also should be provided. The same condition is present in urban areas even today also.

Project Work

Question 1.
You may recall the lesson on agriculture and trade in Class VI. Compare the nature of farmers and traders in Andhra Pradesh with traders in Britain or Europe. You can use a few criteria and tabulate.
Answer:
The traders in Europe were international traders. They earned many profits. They purchase raw materials and market finished goods.
But our traders are local traders. They earn small profits. They purchase the finished goods and sell them with a little margin.

Question 2.
Do you know any child working in a factory or shop? If you find, how do you respond?
Answer:
Yes. If I find it, I will immediately respond to the concerned authorities to take action against child labour.

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 7th Lesson Handicrafts and Handlooms Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 7th Lesson Handicrafts and Handlooms

7th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson Handicrafts and Handlooms Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Do you think people have enough earnings from work like basket making and weaving?
Answer:
No. I think people do not have enough earnings from work like basket making and weaving.

Question 2.
Prepare a list of goods that could have substituted the basket. Discuss with your parents before preparing the list.
Answer:
List of goods which could have substituted the basket: Plastic basket, Plastic tray, Bamboo tray, Bamboo stand, Plastic bucket, Plastic bags, Woollen baskets and bags.

Question 3.
Many new products have replaced handicrafts – identify them and find out where they are produced. Discuss how this could affect the lives of handicrafts persons.
Answer:
a) Basket making:

1. Baskets made of bamboo and eetha chettu leaves require simple investment.
2. Basket makers are using very few materials mostly made of natural sources.
3. But many plastic industries produce goods like baskets with cheap rates.
4. So the demand for such products has reduced considerably.

b) Handloom weavers in Dharmavaram :

1. Dharmavaram sarees one traditionally woven in the interlocked weft technique.
2. Dharmavaram silk sarees are a benchmark in the traditional craft industry.
3. They are very famous for striking colour combinations with contrast pallu and border woven with exquisite brocade gold patterns.
4. Dharmavaram weavers face stiff competition from power loom and mill made cloth.
5. These are cheaper as they are produced on machines.
6. So weavers are not getting many rates for Dharmavaram sarees.

Thus the lives of basket makers and handloom weavers are getting worse.

Question 4.
Why did Polaiah’s family come to Kandukuru? Why does he have no right to vote in Kandukuru?
Answer:

1. Polaiah’s family came to Kandukuru to sell baskets and earn money.
2. a) Polaiah lives in a slum that does not have proper drainage, emits a foul smell and breeds mosquitoes and flies.
   b) The Municipal Corporation officials sometimes evict Polaiah and another basket
   maker families’ huts but they build them again.
   c) So these people like Polaiah don’t have any identity or proof of residence.
   d) In this way Polaiah have been denied voting rights and ration cards in this city

Question 5.
You may find crafts persons like Polaiah producing goods other than baskets. Meet two such persons, collect the following details and discuss them in the class. One sample is given for you.
Answer:

Question 6.
Why do you think patenting Dharmavaram silk saree weaving would help weavers in and around Dharmavaram?
Answer:

1. Dharmavaram is a small town in Ananthapur district in Andhra Pradesh.
2. The weavers here produce unique sarees called silk sarees, which are world-famous.
3. Dharmavaram Sarees are traditionally woven in the interlocked-weft technique.
4. Dharmavaram silk sarees are a benchmark in the traditional craft industry.
5. They are very famous for their striking colour combinations with contrast pallu and border woven with exquisite brocade gold patterns.
6. Recently Dharmavaram sarees received the patent right.
7. This means, no other handloom saree producers in the world can sell sarees in the name of “Dharmavaram silk sarees.”
8. Only those produced in Dharmavaram and its surrounding villages can be sold with this brand name.
9. These sarees are sold in India and abroad at high prices.

Question 7.
Should weavers procure raw materials, weave silk sarees and sell them directly to the people? What are the challenges in it?
(or)
Handloom weavers are facing a serious problem. They face stiff competition from power loom and mill made cloth, these are cheaper as they are produced on machines and also because they use synthetic yarn which is cheaper than cotton or silk even though it is popular due to its high quality and unique beauty, the Dharmavaram saree seems to be expensive. But weavers do not get a good rate due to middle men’s involvement.
Comment on the problems of weavers.
Answer:
Handloom weavers are facing many problems.

1. They face stiff competition from power loom and mill made cloth. Because these are cheaper as they are produced on machines.
2. The weavers are not getting their cost rate due to middle men’s involvement.
3. Their buyers are spread all over the world and they do not have direct contact with them.
4. Fashions in the cities change fast.
5. It is difficult for the weavers to know what kind of design are in demand.
6. Therefore they have to rely on middlemen to know about the designs.
7. Raw materials like cotton or silk yarn are produced in faraway centres.
8. So the weavers have to depend on middlemen for getting raw materials.

Question 8.
Prepare the flow diagram depicting the organisation of production in basket making and handloom textile weaving.
Answer:

1. The flow diagram for basket making:
   
2. The flow diagram for handloom textile weaving:
   

Question 9.
Compare the similarities and differences between basket making and Ikkat saree weaving and fill in the following table.

Answer:

Question 10.
List various handicrafts with locations in Andhra Pradesh and prepare a chart.
Answer:

Note: Please prepare a chart above the matter.

Project Work

Question 1.
Invite a craftsperson to your classroom or visit their workplace. Make a wallpaper showing different processes of their production.
Answer:
Student Activity

Question 2.
Meet different artisans in your village/locality fill in the following table and discuss in the classroom.

Answer:
Student Activity

SCERT AP 7th Class Maths Solutions Pdf Chapter 4 Lines and Angles Ex 4.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Maths Solutions 4th Lesson Lines and Angles Exercise 4.3

Question 1.
Name three pairs of vertically opposite angles in the figure. If ∠AOB = 45°, then find ∠DOE.

Answer:
Vertically opposite angles :
∠AOB, ∠DOE; ∠BOC, ∠EOF; ∠COD, ∠AOF
Given ∠AOB = 45°
In the given figure, ∠AOB is the vertically opposite angle to ∠DOE.
So, ∠DOE = ∠AOB = 45°
∴ ∠DOE = 45°

Question 2.
In the given figure \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{PQ}}\) is a straight line. Check whether x and y are vertically opposite angles or not. Give reason.

Answer:
\(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{PQ}}\) is a straight line. But \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{SR}}\) is not a straight line.
If \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{PQ}}\) and \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{SR}}\) are intersecting lines the x and y become vertically opposite angles.
So, x and y are not vertically opposite angles.

Question 3.
Write any three examples for vertically opposite angles in your surroundings.
Answer:
Scissors, window grills, cross roads, rail cross junctions, etc.

Question 4.
In the given figure, the lines l and m intersect at point P. Observe the figure and find the values of x, y and z.

Answer:
Given l and m are intersecting lines at P.
∠y = 20° (vertically opposite angles)
∠x = ∠z (vertically opposite angles)
∠y + ∠x = 180° (linear pair)
⇒ 20° + ∠x = 180°
⇒ 20° + ∠x – 20° = 180°- 20
⇒ ∠x = 160°
∴ ∠x = ∠z = 160°
∠x = 160°, ∠y = 20° and ∠z = 160°.

Question 5.
In the given figure, two lines \(\overleftrightarrow{\mathbf{A D}}\) and \(\overleftrightarrow{\mathbf{E C}}\) intersects at O. Name two pairs of vertically opposite angles in the given figure.

Answer:
In the given figure \(\overleftrightarrow{\mathbf{A D}}\) and \(\overleftrightarrow{\mathbf{E C}}\) are intersecting at O.
∠AOE = ∠COD (Vertically opposite angles)
∠1 = ∠3
∠EOD = ∠AOC (Vertically opposite angles)
∠EOD = ∠AOB + ∠BOC (we know ∠AOC = ∠AOB + ∠BOC)
∠2 = ∠5 + ∠4

Question 6.
Two lines \(\overleftrightarrow{\mathbf{P S}}\) and \(\overleftrightarrow{\mathbf{Q T}}\) intersect at M. Observe the figure and find x.

Answer:
In the given figure \(\overleftrightarrow{\mathbf{P S}}\) and \(\overleftrightarrow{\mathbf{Q T}}\) are intersecting at M.
∠PMQ = ∠TMS (Vertically opposite angles)
∠QMS = ∠PMT (Vertically opposite angles)
∠QMR + ∠RMS = ∠PMT (we know ∠QMS = ∠QMR + ∠RMS)

But, given, ∠QMR = 40°, ∠RMS = x° and ∠PMT = 105°
⇒ 40° + x° – 40° = 105° – 40°
∴ x° = 65°

Andhra Pradesh AP Board 1st Class English Solutions Lesson 3.2 My Actions Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 1st Class English Solutions Chapter 3.2 My Actions

Textbook Page No. 39

1. Warm-up Time

Ask the children to look at the picture and answer the following questions orally.

Question 1.
What are the children doing in the picture ?
Answer:
children are doing several things like cleaning, running and eating.

Question 2.
When do you brush your teeth ?
Answer:
I brush my teeth in the morning and night.

Question 3.
Do you wash your hands before eating something ?
Answer:
Yes, I wash my hands before eating something.

Question 4.
Why do you wash your hands ?
Answer:
I wash my hands to get rid of germs and dirt.

Textbook Page No. 40

2. Rhyme Time

Recite the poem with appropriate actions and gestures. Ask children to repeat the poem after you.

Answer:
Student Activity

Textbook Page No. 41

3. Action Time

Say the following action words and encourage the children to mimic the actions. Ask children to tick (✓) the picture matching with the correct action words.

Answer:
Student Activity

4. Circle Time

Activity – 1
Note the teacher : Ask the children to stand in a circle.
Say the action words and ask them to mimic.
While doing this, give them a ball and ask them to pick up the ball in the middle of the action.
Increase the speed gradually to have fun.
Answer:
Student Activity

Textbook Page No. 42

5. Fun Time

Activity – 1
Read the words aloud.

Answer:
Student Activity

Activity – 2
Look at the picture and the letters. Colour them.

Answer:
Student Activity

Activity – 3
Find ‘V’ and ‘v’ in the picture. Colour them.

Answer:
Student Activity

Activity – 4
Trace and copy the following letters.

Answer:
Student Activity

Activity – 5
Read the words aloud.

Answer:
Student Activity

Activity – 6
Look at the picture and the letters. Colour them.

Answer:
Student Activity

Activity – 7
Find ‘W’ and ‘w’ in the picture. Colour them.

Answer:
Student Activity

Activity – 8
Trace and copy the following letters.

Answer:
Student Activity

Textbook Page No. 44

6. Practice Time

Read with rhythm
Activity – 1
Elicit the answers by asking relevant questions on the given picture. Ask students to say the sentences given below to reinforce the short vowel sound of ‘I’ Let them repeat after you.

• A kid with a lid.
• A thin kid with a tin lid.
• A thin kid with a tin lid hid.

Answer:
Student Activity

Friendship

Show the following pictures and encourage the students to frame the story.

Answer:
Once there lived some ants in an anthill, there was a river near the ant hill. The ants found that the river was flowing. The level of the water was rising. They did not know what to do. They would die if they stayed there.

The ants appealed to a dove. They climbed onto the leaves of a plant. The dove came near to the leaves of the plant. One by one, the ants climbed on the back of the dove.

The dove flew off and took the ants to a safe place.

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 5th Lesson Europe Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 5th Lesson Europe

7th Class Social Studies 5th Lesson Europe Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
The Atlantic Ocean has a deep impact on the climate of Europe as well as on the life and livelihood of the people of Europe. Collect relevant information and write an essay on the theme.
Answer:
Europe has four dominant types of climate-maritime in the south and mountain in the lands. The maritime climate has moderate temperatures in both summer and winter.
The climate of western Europe is far more moderate due to the marine influences of the relatively warm waters of the North Atlantic Drift, which are brought onshore by the prevailing Westerly winds. The major air pressure systems include the Icelandic. low, dominant in winter but influential all year, which is the origin of cyclonic storms. So impact in the changing weather conditions in western and northern Europe.
The North Atlantic drift brings warmer weather to Europe. Temperatures on the European continent are about 15°F warmer than other areas of the same latitude.

Question 2.
Answer these questions with the help of the maps given in the lesson:
a) Which of the following is not a landlocked (surrounded by land) country?
(Hungary/Romania/Poland/Switzerland)
Answer:
Switzerland.

b) Which mountains lie between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?
(Alps/Caucasus Mountains)
Answer:
The Caucasus.

c) Which countries are on the shores of the Arctic Ocean?
(Russia/Germany/Sweden/Norway)
Answer:
Norway, Sweden, and Russia.

d) Can a ship sail from the Black Sea to the Atlantic Ocean? If yes, trace the route it will have to take.
Answer:
Yes, a ship can sail from the Black Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The route is – the Black Sea to waters between Turkey and Bulgaria → to the Mediterranean Sea → Atlantic Ocean.

Question 3.
Why are harbors built-in deep gulfs or bays?
Answer:

1. Bays and gulfs are parts of the sea enclosed by land on three sides.
2. In a bay, the land curves inwards and the mouth of the bay is usually wide as in the Bay of Bengal.
3. A gulf is a narrow inlet of the sea and has a narrow mouth.
4. Since the bays and gulfs are protected from the storms of the high seas they are very useful for building harbors where ships can be safely anchored and cargo loaded or unloaded.
5. Deep gulfs or bays are preferred for building harbors as Large ships can be anchored in them.
6. Ships need deep waters so that their bottoms do not touch the seafloor.

Question 4.
Why are the winters less severe in Western Europe than in Eastern Europe?
Answer:

1. Besides its distance from the Equator, the climate of Europe is influenced by another factor – the Atlantic Ocean and the winds blowing from it.
2. This impact is felt more by the regions along the Atlantic Ocean than the ones which are far inland.
3. In the winters it is quite cold in Western Europe but it is even colder in Eastern Europe,
4. Thus countries like Poland and Russia have severe winters while France and Great Britain are comparatively warmer.
5. Russians winters are so cold that the rivers and even the nearby seas freeze
6. However, this does not happen in the countries of West Europe along the sea coast.
7. This difference must be because of the nearness of Western Europe to the Atlantic Ocean.

Question 5.
Name four countries on the coast of the Black Sea.
Answer:
The following are the countries on the coast of the Black Sea.

1. Ukraine
2. Romania
3. Bulgaria
4. Turkey

Question 6.
How do the Westerlies benefit the people of Western Europe?
Answer:
The Westerlies, which blow throughout the year also bring ample moisture to Northern and Western Europe. Since these winds blow from the sea they carry a lot of moisture and regularly cause rainfall. This is why it rains throughout the year in Northern and Western Europe. While it rains only for a few months in our country, there are light showers all around the year in Western Europe. The skies there are usually clouded. While we, in India, eagerly await cool showers, the people of Western Europe long for bright sunny days.
Western Europe also benefits in other ways from the Gulf Streams. The warm currents are very good for fish breeding as they contain ample food materials ic’- the fishes. As a result, the fishery industry is very well developed in the North Sea near Britain. This part of the North Sea is called ‘Dogger Bank’. Fish is an important part of the food of the Europeans and fishing is a very important industry in Europe.

Question 7.
What are the characteristics of the Mediterranean climate? Name the countries which have a Mediterranean climate.
Answer:
The countries of Southern Europe have the Mediterranean Sea to their south. They are called ‘Mediterranean Countries’. The lands along the Mediterranean Sea have a distinct climate called the ‘Mediterranean climate’.
The Mediterranean countries are the southernmost countries of Europe. As a result, the winters here are not too cold and summers are warm. It does not rain all through the year as in Western Europe. The Westerlies blow here during the winter months only. These winds bring rain to the Mediterranean countries. In other words, it rains here only in winter. Such rainy winters and dry summers are termed as a Mediterranean climate. Several regions in other continents too have a Mediterranean climate. This climate is very good for growing juicy fruits.
The Mediterranean type of climate is found in Portugal, Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Croatia, Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece and Ukraine.

Question 8.
What are the factors that limit European agriculture?
Answer:
A very large part of Europe is mountainous and not suitable for agriculture. In eastern and northern Europe, it is not possible to cultivate land in winter, due to extreme cold. As a result, it is possible to rain only one crop in a year.

Question 9.
Name the important crops of southern Europe.
Answer:
Wheat, barley, oats, rye, sugar – beet, potato, and fruits are the important crops in southern Europe.

Question 10.
How can you say that trade and cultural relations have been developed among the countries due to the discovery of new sea routes by European sailors?
Answer:

1. Europeans overseas expansion led to the contact between the old and new worlds producing the Columbian exchange, named after Columbus.
2. It involved the transfer of goods unique from one hemisphere to another.
3. It led to the age of Imperialism, where European colonial powers came to control most of the planet.
4. The European appetite for trade commodities, empires, and slaves greatly affected many other areas of the world.
   So I can say that trade and cultural relations have been developed due to the discovery of new sea routes by European sailors.

Question 11.
Read the last para of this lesson and comment on it.

Industrial Revolution in Europe

The industrial revolution as you know started in England around 1750 and soon factory production spread to France, Holland, Germany, Spain, Russia, etc. Countries like England and Germany, which had large reserves of coal and other minerals, took lead in developing new industries.
However, as times changed, European countries began to use less and less of their own mineral resources and relied on imports from other countries. The old mining towns and old factories were closed down and new factories grew in new areas. Industrialization also enabled the European countries to import agricultural goods from other countries. Thus, they relied less on the agriculture of their countries for their food and raw material requirements. Hence, Europe became dependent upon trade with other countries. Initially, this trade was with their colonies in Asia, Africa, and America. However as the colonies became independent, they had to develop new ways of trading with them.
Answer:

1. The industrial revolution started in England around 1750 and soon factory production spread to France, Holland, Germany, Spain, Russia, etc. Countries like England and Germany which had large reserves of coal and other minerals took lead in developing new industries. –
2. However, as times changed, European countries began to use less and less of their own mineral resources and relied on imports from other countries.
3. The old mining towns and old factories were closed down and new factories grew in new areas.
4. Industrialization also enabled the European countries to import agricultural goods from other countries.
5. Thus they relied less on the agriculture of their countries for their food requirements and raw material requirements.
6. Hence Europe became dependent upon trade with other countries.
7. Initially, this trade was with their colonies in Asia, Africa, and America.
8. However as the colonies became independent, they had to develop new ways of trading with them.

Question 12.
How is agriculture similar or different in Europe from that of our country?
(OR)
How are agricultural practices similar or different in Europe from those practiced in India? Explain.
Answer:
Indian agriculture is quite different from European agriculture.

1. Seasons: In our country, we have three seasons winter, summer, and rain.
2. In Europe, they have four seasons winter, spring, summer, and autumn.

Agricultural seasons:

1. In our country, we have two agricultural seasons Rabi and Kharif mean winter and monsoon. Crops are grown nearly eight to 10 months a year.
2. Summer is the season of agriculture in Europe. There is no need for irrigation as the occasional showers are sufficient for the crops. The cultivation is possible only for 6 to 7 months.
3. A very large part of Europe is mountainous and not suitable for agriculture.
4. In India as much as 55% of the land is cultivable.

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 4th Lesson Oceans and Fishing Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 4th Lesson Oceans and Fishing

7th Class Social Studies 4th Lesson Oceans and Fishing Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Does Bhavanapadu look like the place you live in? What differences and similarities can you think of? Compare them on the following aspects,
a. Sources of livelihood
b. Types of employment
c. Water sources
d. Agriculture practices
Answer:
No. Bhavanapadu is a village on the coastline of Andhra Pradesh. Ours is a village Nandamaru, Unguturu Mandal in West Godavari district.

Question 2.
How many types of ocean movements are there? Which of them is useful to the fishermen
Answer:
The water of the oceans is never still. There are different kinds of movements of water.
Ocean waters have three kinds of movements. They are:

1. Waves: When the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls, they are called waves. They are formed when gentle winds scrape across the ocean surface. The faster the wind, the bigger will be the waves.
2. Currents: In the oceans, water is found to move from one part to another in big streams. These streams flow constantly in a definite direction on the surface of the ocean a called ocean currents. The ocean currents are of two types – The warm currents and the cold currents. The warm currents flow from the equatorial region towards the poles. The cold currents flow from the poles to towards the equatorial regions.
3. Tides: Tides are the rhythmic rise and fall in the level of the water in the oceans every day. All places on the coast experience some hours of low tide and some hours of high tide. Tides do not rise to the same height every day. When the tide is high water comes up to the coast for some distance. Then as the low tide begins, the water moves back from the land. The tides are of great help to fishing. Tides at some places take away the mud brought down by rivers and prevent silting.

Question 3.
What is the difference between fishing with Mechanical boats and that of Karrateppa?
Answer:

Question 4.
Write the process of getting a mechanical boat ready for fishing?
Answer:
The boat is made ready the day before with all the necessary things properly loaded. Before launching into the sea :

1. The fishermen check the engine.
2. They also check the rope puller.
3. The additional stock of diesel is kept in the boat.
4. They keep their food packages in the boat.
5. They pray to the goddess in whom they have a strong faith.

Question 5.
What does the tool kit of fisherman contain?
Answer:
The fisherman has a special tool kit for repairing the nets which consists of Nulukarralu (net remaining fork), Nulukanda (thread), and a flattened stick that determines the net ring size.

Question 6.
What are the similarities that you find between the surface of the earth and the bottom of the sea?
Answer:
The floor of the ocean is just like the surface of the earth. The bottom of the sea is not a flat surface. It consists of hills, mountains, plateaus, plains, and trenches, etc.

Question 7.
Collect information about the aquifers of your village/town and fill in the table. Analyze the benefits.

Answer:

Question 8.
Make an album that reflects the life of fishermen.
Answer:
These pictures express the life of fishermen.

Question 9.
Locate the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh and write them down.
Answer:

1. P.S.R. Nellore
2. Prakasam
3. Guntur
4. Krishna
5. East Godavari
6. West Godavari
7. Visakhapatnam
8. Vizianagaram
9. Srikakulam

Question 10.
What solutions do you show to the fishermen for not depending on the middlemen for money?
Answer:
The fishermen should form themselves as an association or should open a cooperative bank. The association or bank should act as middlemen for the sake of money.

Question 11.
Across the last 4 chapters, we studied many different aspects of water. Here is more information about the availability of water on our Earth. Look at them carefully and explain the availability of water resources on the Earth.

Answer:
71% of our Earth is covered with water.
a) Out of the total water on earth, 97% is saline water and 3% is freshwater.
b) Out of the total freshwater, icecaps and glaciers are 68.7%, groundwater 30.1%, surface water is 0.3% and other is 0.9%.
c) Out of the total fresh surface water, lakes are 87%, swamps are 11% and rivers are 2%.

Question 12.
How do you support the statement ‘The life of fishermen is tied up with seas’.
Answer:
I supported the following statement. The life of fishermen is tied up With seas, why because he doesn’t know any other work. From childhood days onwards he depends on the sea to catch the fish and continue his life. He earns money for his family through fishing only. He has no capacity to live in either village or town because he has no assets and large lands. His main occupation is fishing only. He felt that the sea or Ocean is god and world to him also.

Question 13.
Read the first para of page 32 and comment on it.

Fishing Village on the Coastal Plains

Ocean water is always saline. It contains several mineral salts dissolved in it. The oceans are the main source of rainfall. Oceans are storehouses of fish and other seafood. They are the main source of salts. Oceans provide natural highways for international trade. Let us visit Bhavanapadu, a fishing village near the coast of Andhra Pradesh, and study the life of people living near the ocean.
Answer:
The oceans are useful to us in many ways

1. We get salt from the ocean water.
2. Seas abound in mineral wealth.
3. Oceans provide us with large quantities and a variety of marine foods such as fish, shrimp, oysters, and crabs, etc.
4. The oceans serve as water transport systems from one continent to another continent. It is cheaper to transport heavy cargo through navigation.
5. Pearls are found in oysters.

Project

Read some writings which reference the lifestyle of fishermen. Eg: Samajanv Musalodu, Aatu-Potu (Janjhavathi Kathalu)
Answer:
Students’ Activity.

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 3rd Lesson Tanks and Ground Water Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 3rd Lesson Tanks and Ground Water

7th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Tanks and Ground Water Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Correct the incorrect sentences:
a) Water flows from the plains to the plateau. (✕)
Answer:
Water flows from the plateau to the plains.

b) There is a thick deposit of sand and gravel in the plains. (✕)
Answer:
There is a thick deposit of alluvium in the plains.

c) Groundwater will never dry. (✕)
Answer:
Groundwater will dry sometime.

d) It is easy to dig wells in Rajahmundry. (✓)
Answer:
Correct

Question 2.
The wells shown in this figure are situated on the plains of the Godavari. But there seems to be a mistake in the figure. Can you correct it?

Answer:
The water level should be the same.

Question 3.
In which of these places do you expect maximum percolation to take place?

Answer:
B

Question 4.
When the owners of some wells in Pallerla started using high-powered motors to draw water from the wells, the owners of other wells noticed that their wells were drying up. Discuss the possible solution to the problem.
Answer:
The owners of other wells should resist that owner from using high-power motors. And the owner also should take necessary preventive steps to store rainwater/ underground water.

Question 5.
In areas where there is a shortage of groundwater, should there be any restrictions on digging tube wells? Why?
Answer:
The areas which have a shortage of groundwater are stated as notified areas by Central Ground Water Authority. In these areas, there is permission for only one tube well to meet the drinking and domestic purpose of water, its diameter should be 100 mm, and the capacity of the pump should not exceed 1 HP. It should have a rainwater harvesting system on the premises. Otherwise, the ‘holding capacity in the matter inside the earth will be lessened.

Question 6.
Think about the ways to restore the groundwater in your area?
Answer:
In our area also people draw more water from the ground, so the groundwater is decreasing over time. I think the following steps are useful to enhance groundwater

1. Vegetation like trees and grasses and bunds are used to enhance groundwater.
2. We follow watershed development projects.
3. Under these projects trees and grasses are planted on the hill slopes from where a stream starts and small bunds are built across streams to stop the flow of water.
4. I suggest the people store rainwater in tanks and not dig wells too deep in the ground.
5. I think tanks should be developed in our village which helps the people not only in giving them and their animals drinking water, but also irrigating their fields in such a way that even in drought years people could raise at least some crops.

Question 7.
Observe the following picture and compare it with your locality.

Answer:
Our village is ‘Kalisipudi’ village in West Godavari District. There are no hills around our village like here. We have two water tanks – one is for drinking water and the another is for cultivation. Rainwater is saved in one tank. Water from* the canal, which was dug from the river Godavari, will be turned to another tank. Our farmers use tractors for ploughing. Our residences are far away from our fields. Draw the map of your village and locate the water resources of your village in it.

Question 8.
Draw the map of your village and locate the water resources of your village in it.
Answer:
A village picture – (with well, water tank)

Question 9.
Read the third para of page 27 and write a comment on it.
Water quickly flows into streams and into rivers. However, if the flow of the j rainwater were to be checked by vegetation or bunds, then there would be a greater possibility of the water percolating into the soil to join the groundwater.
Answer:
After runoff comes the last step of the water cycle, percolation.
Percolation occurs when the water on the earth’s surface in the run-off stage seeps underground. That is why in the old days they used wells to retrieve water.

Project

Collect the following information about the tanks/kuntas.

Answer:
Students’ Activity.

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 2nd Lesson Rain and Rivers Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 2nd Lesson Rain and Rivers

7th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Rain and Rivers Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Explain how water changes into water vapour and how clouds are formed from it.
Answer:

1. The story of rain begins with water vapour. When we dry our wet clothes in the open, we see that the water disappears after a while, and the clothes dry.
2. Similarly, if we keep some water on a plate, it dries up in a couple of days.
3. Actually, water in the cloth or in the plate becomes water vapour and mixes with the air through a process called ‘evaporation’.
4. So even when water is not boiling there is evaporation.
5. There are several water bodies on the earth’s surface – oceans, rivers, lakes, etc.
6. There is constant evaporation of water from these water bodies.
7. In fact, wherever there is moisture, like on a wet cloth, there is evaporation.
8. There is evaporation from our bodies, from trees, plants and soil.
9. When water vapour rises with hot air and reaches high up in the sky, it gets cooled.
10. With the cooling, water vapour is transformed into tiny water droplets.
11. These droplets gather around minute dust or smoke particles in the air and v gradually increase in size.
12. These small drops of water gather to form the clouds.

Question 2.
Where do evaporation and cloud formation take place on a large scale?
Answer:

1. There are several water bodies on the earth’s surface – oceans, rivers lakes, etc.
2. There is constant evaporation of water from these water bodies.
3. Since evaporation takes place all over the earth’s surface, clouds are also being formed all over.
4. However, it is on the surface of the oceans that maximum evaporation and cloud formation take place.
5. After all, oceans are vast water bodies extending up to thousands of kilometres.
6. As a result, it also rains very heavily on the oceans.
7. Clouds travel inland for thousands of kilometres to bring rain to us.

Question 3.
How do the clouds reach deep inland?
Answer:
Clouds travel inland for thousands of kilometres to bring rain to us. These winds come all the way from the Arabian sea and the Bay of Bengal and they transport the rainy clouds. They are called “Monsoon winds’. They are also called ‘South West Monsoon winds, as they blow from that direction. Their winds blow only in the summer.
There are two arms of the monsoon winds: One blows from the Arabian sea and the other from the Bay of Bengal.
When the South-West monsoon sets around the beginning of June the winds carrying the clouds also reach Andhra Pradesh. These winds reach the Rayalaseema districts of Chittoor and Kurnool first. However they bring very little rain as most of the moisture in the clouds falls down in rain in the Western Ghats and only dry clouds and winds, reach Rayalaseema. The mountain ranges like the Western Ghats in the path of a rain-bearing wind cause them to rise. Rising air cools down and water vapour condenses faster. Further ascent leads to rainfall.

Question 4.
Where does it rain maximum? Choose the right option.
A) sea coasts that are in the direction of the winds.
B) Mountains that are in the direction of the winds.
C) Lands far away from the seas.
Answer:
Sea coasts that are in the direction of the winds.

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks choosing the correct options (bank, tributaries, flood-plain river valley)
a) A river flows through the …………… .
b) Streams or rivers joining a larger river are called the …………… of the main river.
c) The entire valley of a river which is filled with water during the floods is called the …………… of the river.
Answer:
a) river valley
b) tributaries
c) flood – plain.

Question 6.
The Godavari flows from the west to the east. Why?
Answer:
The plain through which the rivers in Andhra Pradesh flow is high in the North – West. It slopes towards the South-East. The rivers originate in the West. Hence they naturally flow towards the South-East and finally join the Bay of Bengal.
Rivers like the Krishna and the Godavari start from the Western Ghats which receive heavy rains. The rainwater slowly percolates into the ground and flows into the river all through the year.

Question 7.
Describe the main stages of the water cycle. (or)
Describe the different stages of the water cycle.
Answer:
Main stages of the water cycle:
Humidity: The amount of invisible water vapour present in the atmosphere is known as humidity.
Evaporation: The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere due to solar radiation.
Condensation: The transformation of Water vapour to liquid water droplets in the air, creating clouds and fog.
Precipitation: Condensed water vapour that falls to the earth’s surface.

Question 8.
There may be streams and rivers flowing near your village or town. Find out about them and fill in the table below.

Answer:

Question 9.
Do the rivers in your area contain water throughout the year? Find out from elders if they had more water in earlier times.
Answer:
No, the rivers in our area do not contain water throughout the year; Our elders also expressed the same.

Question 10.
How can people be prepared to face the disasters? (or)
What can the Government do to help the people meet the challenges of disasters like cyclones and floods?
Answer:

1. Cyclones and floods are seasonal phenomena. During the cyclone listen to radio or TV weather reports and in case of a cyclone/flood warning, ensure that everyone is alerted. This is usually done through loudspeakers or by going from door to door.
2. Keep an emergency kit ready at home. These kits should contain important papers, some food, some money and emergency telephone numbers.
3. The nearest available place where refuge could be sought in case of a cyclone
   should be identified in advance.
4. Wherever necessary, the walls of the house, roofing, doors and windows should be strengthened.
5. When you get a cyclone warning, store adequate drinking water and food grains in waterproof bags.
6. Do not venture outside, especially into the sea during and after the warning has been sounded.
7. Close doors and windows and stay indoors.
8. Move to a pucca building if you feel your house is not strong enough.
9. If the cyclone strikes while you are in a vehicle, stop but keep away from the seashore, trees, electric poles and other objects that may be uprooted during the gale.
10. If the cyclone wind suddenly drops, do not go out, as it could be the eye of the cyclone. Wait till the official all-clear declaration is made officially.
11. Listen to Radio / TV for updates on the situation.
12. Even after all-clear has been sounded take necessary precautions while moving to or out of your house. There may be partially uprooted trees or poles.
13. Look out for snakes that may have come out of their holes. Do not enter floodwaters. They may be too deep.
14. As a student group, you can play a very significant role in spreading awareness about the above precautions.

Question 11.
Collect the pictures showing cyclones and floods and prepare an album.
Answer:

Question 12.
Make a poster on the devastation of the flood.
Answer:

Floods Devastation

Climate change has contributed to a rise in extreme weather events. Climate change v/ill increase the frequency of heavy rainstorms/ puffing many communities at risk for devastation from floods.
As rains become heavier, streams, rivers and lakes can overflow, increasing the risk of waterborne pathogens flowing into drinking water sources. Downpours can also damage critical infrastructure.
Flooding can cause a range of health impacts and risks, including death and injury, contaminated drinking water, hazardous material spills increased populations of disease-carrying insects and rodents, mouldy houses and community disruption and displacement.
Local communities across the country can prevent floods and heavy rains from devasting their homes, buildings and agricultural land by updating the safety methods.

Project

Observe in your village/locality where the water is being wasted, furnish the details in a table, discuss the reasons, suggest the ways how water can be saved.

Answer:

Students can go through AP Board 8th Class Maths Notes Chapter 9 Area of Plane Figures to understand and remember the concepts easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Maths Notes Chapter 9 Area of Plane Figures

→ Area of a triangle = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × base × height = \(\frac{1}{2}\) bh

→ Area of a quadrilateral = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × length of a diagonal × Sum of the lengths of the perpendiculars drawn from the remaining two vertices on the diagonal
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) d(h₁ + h₂)

→ Area of a trapezium = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × sum of the lengths of parallel sides × distance between them
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) h(a + b)

→ Area of a rhombus = Half of the product of diagonals = \(\frac{1}{2}\) d₁d₂

→ Angle at the centre of a circle = 360°

→ Area of a circle = πr²
Where ‘r’ is the radius of the circle, π = \(\frac{22}{7}\) or 3.14 nearly

→ Circumference of a circle = 2πr

→ Area of a circular path (or) Area of a Ring = π(R² – r²) or π(R + r) (R- r)
When R, r are radii of outer circle and inner circle respectively.

→ Width of the path w = R – r

→ Area of a sector A = \(\frac{x^{\circ}}{360^{\circ}}\) × πr² where x° is the angle subtended by the arc of the sector at the center of the circle and r is radius of the circle. (OR) A = \(\frac{lr}{2}\) where Tis thdength of the arc.
Length of the arc of a sector = \(\frac{x^{\circ}}{360^{\circ}}\) × 2πr