AP State Board Notes

Students can go through AP State Board 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 4 Motion and Time to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 4 Motion and Time

→ An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its surroundings in a given time.

→ An object is said to be at rest if there is no change in its position with respect to its surroundings in a given time.

→ Motion is relative to the observer.

→ If a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in uniform motion.

→ If a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in non¬uniform motion.

→ We classify the motion of bodies as

• Translatory motion
• Rotatory motion
• Oscillatory motion.

→ If all parts of a moving body move in the direction of motion then the motion is said to be in translatory motion.

→ If a body in translatory motion moves along a straight line then the motion is called rectilinear motion.

→ If a body in translatory motion moves along a curved path then the motion is called curvilinear motion.

→ The ‘to’ and ‘fro’ motion of an object about a fixed point always following the same paths is called oscillatory motion.

→ The basic unit of time is a second (s).

→ The speed of an object is the distance travelled by it is a unit of time.

→ 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s.

→ Motion is a common experience in our life.

→ An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position.

→ The motion of all particles of a moving body follows a circular path with respect to a fixed centre or axis of rotation.

→ We measure time by using different instruments like electronic clocks, digital clocks etc.

→ A speedometer helps us to know the speed of a vehicle.

→ Units of speed in the SI system is meters per second.

→ MotIon: A meaningful or expressive change in the position of the body or a part of the body; a gesture.

→ Rest: Termination or absence of motion.

→ Translatory motion: If all parts of a moving body move in the direction of motion then the motion is said to be in translatory motion.

→ Rotatory motion: if a body moving in a circular path around a fixed point.

→ Axis of rotation: An imaginary line passing through the fixed point of rotatory motion.

→ Oscillatory motion: The body is in to and fro motion along the same path of motion.

→ Speed: Distance travelled and divided by the time of travel.

→ Average speed: Speed of an object as the distance travelled by it in a unit of time.

→ Speedometer: Añ instrument for indicating speed.

→ Odometer: An instrument that indicates the distance travelled by a vehicle.

→ Rectilinear: Moving in a straight line or lines.

→ CurvIlinear: Following a curved line.

→ Like minutes and hours, week, fortnight, month, season, Ayanami are also units for measuring time. Sundial, sand clock, water clock etc. are used primitively to measure the time.

→ Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895):
Louis Pasteur was born in a village Dole in France on 27th December 1822. His father was a soldier. As a school student, Pasteur was a weak-minded scholar.
During his college days, he was inspired by the Lectures of Dumas the famous scientist. Thus Pasteur became a chemist after picturing his Doctorate.

Later Pasteur came to be known for his Pasteurisation, Antirabies vaccination etc. Pasteur dedicated his life to the invention of many precautionary measures to save lives. He died on 27th September 1895 and his grave was erected in the same institute where he conducted his experiments till his death.

Students can go through AP Board 7th Class Social Notes 1st Lesson విశ్వం మరియు భూమి to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP Board 7th Class Social Notes 1st Lesson విశ్వం మరియు భూమి

→ జీవరాశులున్న ఏకైక గ్రహం భూమి.

→ విశ్వాన్ని అధ్యయనం చేసే శాస్త్రాన్ని ఖగోళశాస్త్రం అంటారు. దీనిని రష్యన్ భాషలో “కాస్మాలజీ” అని ఆంగ్లంలో “ఆస్ట్రానమీ” అంటారు.

→ ఖగోళశాస్త్రంలో శాస్త్రీయ పరిశోధన ‘టెలిస్కోప్’ను కనుగొన్న గెలీలియో అనే ఇటాలియన్ ఖగోళ శాస్త్రవేత్తతో ప్రారంభమయింది.

→ విశ్వం యొక్క ఆవిర్భావం గురించి ‘మహా విస్ఫోటన (బిగ్ బ్యాంగ్) సిద్ధాంతం’ తెలియజేస్తుంది.

→ మహా విస్ఫోటన సిద్ధాంతాన్ని బెల్జియం దేశానికి చెందిన ఖగోళ శాస్త్రవేత్త జార్జిస్ లెమైటర్ ప్రతిపాదించాడు.

→ ప్రస్తుత విశ్వం 13.7 బిలియన్ సం||రాల క్రితం చిన్న అణువు నుండి ప్రారంభమై నేటికీ విస్తరిస్తోందని అతను గట్టిగా నమ్మాడు.

→ ‘విశ్వం’ అనే పదం లాటిన్ పదమైన ‘యూనివర్సమ్’ నుండి ఉద్భవించింది. దీని అర్థం ‘మొత్తం పదార్థం’ మరియు “మొత్తం అంతరిక్షం”.

→ విశ్వం సెకనుకు 70 కి.మీ. మేర విస్తరిస్తోంది.

→ ఖగోళ శాస్త్రవేత్తల ప్రకారం విశ్వంలో కనీసం 125 బిలియన్ గెలాక్సీలున్నాయి.

→ గెలాక్సీ యొక్క ఒక అంచు నుంచి మరో అంచుకు దూరం 1,20,000 కాంతి సంవత్సరాలు.

→ కాంతి సంవత్సరం అనేది దూరాన్ని కొలిచే ఒక ప్రమాణం. కాంతి ఒక సం||లో ప్రయాణించగల దూరం.

→ కాంతి సెకనుకు 3,00,000 కి.మీ. వేగంతో ప్రయాణిస్తుంది.

→ మన సౌర కుటుంబంలో 8 గ్రహాలున్నాయి. అవి బుధుడు, శుక్రుడు, భూమి, కుజుడు (అంగారకుడు), బృహస్పతి (గురుడు), శని, వరుణుడు మరియు ఇంద్రుడు.

→ శాస్త్రవేత్తల అంచనా ప్రకారం 4. 6 బిలియన్ సం||రాల క్రితమే మన సౌర కుటుంబం ఆవిర్భవించింది.

→ భూకేంద్రక సిద్ధాంతాన్ని టాలెమి అనే ఈజిప్టు ఖగోళ శాస్త్రవేత్త ప్రతిపాదించాడు.

→ సూర్యకేంద్రక సిద్ధాంతాన్ని నికోలస్ కోపర్నికస్ అనే పోలిష్ ఖగోళ శాస్త్రవేత్త ప్రతిపాదించాడు.

→ భూమి విశ్వానికి కేంద్రమని నమ్మే సిద్ధాంతం భూకేంద్రక సిద్ధాంతం.

→ సూర్యుడు సౌరవ్యవస్థకు కేంద్రమని నమ్మే సిద్ధాంతం సూర్యకేంద్రక సిద్ధాంతం.

→ నీహారిక పరికల్పన ప్రకారం గ్రహాలు సూర్యునితో సంబంధం ఉన్న ధూళి మరియు వాయువులతో కూడిన మేఘం నుండి ఏర్పడ్డాయి.

→ ఒక ప్రాంతంలోని మొక్కలు, జంతువులు మరియు సూక్ష్మజీవులతో కూడిన అన్ని జీవ మరియు జీవరహిత కారకాలతో పనిచేసే సహజ వ్యవస్థను పర్యావరణం అంటారు.

→ భూమి యొక్క రాతి పొరను శిలావరణము అంటారు.

→ శిలావరణములో భూస్వరూపాలను మూడు శ్రేణులుగా విభజించారు. అవి మొదటి శ్రేణి, రెండవ శ్రేణి, మూడవ శ్రేణి.

→ శిలావరణము (లిథోస్పియర్) అనే పదం ‘లిథో’ మరియు స్నెరా అనే గ్రీకు పదాల నుంచి ఉద్భవించింది. లిథో అంటే ‘రాయి’ మరియు స్పైరా అంటే ‘గోళం’ లేదా బంతి అని అర్ధం.

→ పర్యావరణం (ఎన్విరాన్మెంట్) అనే పదం ఫ్రెంచ్ పదం అయిన ‘ఎన్విరోనర్’ అంటే ‘పొరుగు’ అనే అర్ధం నుంచి ఉత్పన్నమైంది.

→ భూమి అంతర్భాగం మూడు పొరలను కలిగి ఉంది. అవి : 1) భూ పటలం, 2) భూ ప్రావారం, 3) భూకేంద్ర మండలం.

→ వ్యవసాయం మరియు నివాసాల కోసం మనం ఉపయోగించే ఆవరణం శిలావరణము.

→ భూమి యొక్క ఉపరితలంలో ఉన్న అన్ని నీటి వనరులను సమష్టిగా జలావరణం అంటారు.

→ హైడ్రోస్పియర్ (జలావరణం) అనే పదం ‘హైడర్’ మరియు ‘స్పైరా’ అనే గ్రీకు పదాల నుండి ఉద్భవించింది. ‘హైడర్’ అంటే నీరు మరియు స్పైరా అంటే గోళం లేదా బంతి అని అర్ధం.

→ జలమును సమృద్ధిగా కలిగి ఉన్న ఏకైక గ్రహం కనుక భూమిని “జలయుత గ్రహం” అని పిలుస్తారు. – భూమి యొక్క ఉపరితలం సుమారు 2/3 వ వంతు (71%) నీటితో ఆవరించి ఉంది.

→ కేవలం 1% నీరు మాత్రమే మన అవసరాలకు ఉపయోగపడుతుంది. మిగిలిన 99% నీరు మంచు, ఉప్పు నీరు మొదలగు రూపంలో ఉంటుంది.

→ భూమి లోపల రాళ్ళ పొరల మధ్య లోతుగా ఉండే జలాన్నే భూగర్భ జలం అంటారు.

→ భూమి చుట్టూ ఉన్న గాలి యొక్క మందపాటి పొరను వాతావరణం అంటారు.

→ వాతావరణం (అట్మాస్ఫియర్) అనే పదం ‘అట్మోస్’ మరియు ‘స్పెరా’ అనే గ్రీకు పదాల నుండి ఉద్భవించింది. అట్మోస్ అంటే ‘ఆవిరి’ అని ‘స్పైరా’ అంటే గోళం లేదా బంతి అని అర్థం.

→ ఆక్సిజన్ “ప్రాణ వాయువు” గా పరిగణించబడుతుంది.

→ వాతావరణంలో ట్రోపో, స్ట్రాటో, మెసో, థర్మో మరియు ఎక్సో అనే ‘5’ (ఆవరణాలు) పొరలు కలవు.

→ వృక్షాలు, జంతువులు, కంటికి కనిపించని అసంఖ్యాక సూక్ష్మజీవులు మరియు మానవులు కలిసి ఉండే ఆవరణాన్ని జీవావరణం అంటారు.

→ జీవావరణం (బయోస్పియర్) అనే పదం గ్రీకు పదాలైన ‘బయోస్’ మరియు స్పెరా నుండి ఉద్భవించింది. ‘బయోస్’ అంటే ‘జీవితం’ మరియు స్పెరా అంటే ‘గోళం’ లేదా ‘బంతి’.

→ ప్రతి సంవత్సరం జూన్ 5వ తేదీని ప్రపంచ పర్యావరణ దినోత్సవంగా జరుపుతున్నాం.

→ ప్రతి సంవత్సరం ఏప్రిల్ 22వ తేదీని ప్రపంచ ధరిత్రీ దినోత్సవంగా జరుపుతున్నాం.

→ ప్రతి సంవత్సరం మార్చి 22వ తేదీని ప్రపంచ జల దినోత్సవంగా జరుపుతున్నాం.

→ ప్రతి సంవత్సరం సెప్టెంబరు 16వ తేదీని ప్రపంచ ఓజోన్ దినోత్సవంగా జరుపుతున్నాం.

→ వాతావరణంలో ఆక్సిజన్ 21% కలదు.

→ వాతావరణంలో నైట్రోజన్ 78% కలదు.

→ వాతావరణంలో కార్బన్ డై ఆక్సైడ్ 0.03% కలదు.

→ వాతావరణంలో ఆర్గాన్ 0.93% కలదు.

→ మానవులతో ఏర్పడిన పరిసరాలను ‘మానవ పర్యావరణం’ అంటారు. ఇది వ్యక్తి కుటుంబం, సమాజం, మత, విద్య, ఆర్థిక, రాజకీయ పరిస్థితులను కల్గి ఉంటుంది.

→ మానవులు తయారు చేసిన పరిసరాలను మానవ నిర్మిత పర్యావరణం అంటారు. ఇది భవనాలు, కర్మాగారాలు, ఉద్యానవనాలు, రోడ్లు, వంతెనలు, ప్రాజెక్ట్లు మరియు స్మారక చిహ్నాలు మొ||న వాటిని కల్గి ఉంటుంది.

→ పర్యావరణంలోనికి వివిధ రకాల మలినాలు చేరడాన్ని కాలుష్యం అంటారు.

→ విపత్తు అనేది స్వల్ప లేదా దీర్ఘకాలికంగా సంభవించే తీవ్రమైన అంతరాయం.

→ వరద అనేది పొడిగా ఉన్న భూమిని మునిగిపోయేలా చేసే అధిక నీటి ప్రవాహం.

→ భూమి అంతర్భాగంలో అకస్మాత్తుగా విడుదలయ్యే తరంగాల ప్రభావంతో భూమి కంపించడాన్ని “భూకంపం” అంటారు.

→ ఏదైనా విపత్తును నివారించడానికి అవసరమైన చర్యలతో ప్రణాళిక రూపొందించడం, నిర్వహించడం మరియు అమలు చేయడం యొక్క నిరంతర, సమగ్ర ప్రక్రియనే విపత్తు నిర్వహణ అంటారు.

→ పదవ పంచవర్ష ప్రణాళికలో మొదటిసారిగా విపత్తు నిర్వహణ “అభివృద్ధి అంశం”గా నిర్ణయించబడింది.

→ విశ్వం : ఊహించలేని అనేక అంశాలు కలిగి ఉన్న విస్తారమైన అంతరిక్షమును విశ్వం అంటారు.

→ సౌర కుటుంబం : సూర్యుడు, గ్రహాలు, ఉపగ్రహాలు, గ్రహశకలాలు, ఉల్కలు మరియు తోకచుక్కలు మొదలైన ఖగోళ వస్తువులు కల్గిన వ్యవస్థ.

→ పర్యావరణం : ఒక ప్రాంతంలోని మొక్కలు, జంతువులు మరియు సూక్ష్మజీవులతో కూడిన అన్ని జీవ మరియు జీవరహిత కారకాలతో కలిసి పనిచేసే సహజ వ్యవస్థను పర్యావరణం అని అంటారు.

→ కాలుష్య కారకాలు : పర్యావరణాన్ని కలుషితం చేసే అంశాలు : ఉదా : శిలాజ ఇంధనాలను మండించటం, అడవుల నిర్మూలన, పారిశ్రామిక వ్యర్థాలు.

→ విపత్తులు : అనుకోకుండా పెద్ద ఎత్తున భారీగా ధన, ప్రాణ, ఆస్తి నష్టం కల్గించే ప్రమాదాలు. ఇవి సహజంగా సంభవిస్తాయి. ప్రకృతి విపత్తుకు ఉదా : భూకంపాలు, సునామి మొదలైనవి.

→ ఖగోళశాస్త్రం : విశ్వాన్ని అధ్యయనం చేసే శాస్త్రాన్ని ఖగోళ శాస్త్రం అంటారు.

→ ఖగోళ శాస్త్రవేత్త : అంతరిక్షంలో నక్షత్రాలు, గ్రహాలు మరియు ఇతర సహజ వస్తువులను అధ్యయనం చేసే వ్యక్తియే ఖగోళ శాస్త్రవేత్త.

→ మహా విస్ఫోటన (బిగ్ బ్యాంగ్) సిద్ధాంతం: ఈ విశ్వం 13.7 బిలియన్ సం||రాల క్రితం ఒక చిన్న అణువు నుండి ప్రారంభమై నేటికీ విస్తరిస్తోందని తెలియజేసే సిద్ధాంతం. దీనిని జార్జిస్ లెమైటర్ ప్రతిపాదించాడు.

→ కాంతి సంవత్సరం : కాంతి సంవత్సరం అనేది దూరాన్ని కొలిచే ఒక ప్రమాణం, కాంతి ఒక సం||లో ప్రయాణించగల దూరం.

→ భూకేంద్రక సిద్ధాంతం : భూమి ఈ విశాల విశ్వానికి కేంద్రమని ఈ సిద్ధాంతం చెబుతోంది.

→ సూర్యకేంద్రక సిద్ధాంతం : సూర్యుడు ఈ విశాల విశ్వానికి కేంద్రమని ఈ సిద్ధాంతం చెబుతోంది.

→ శిలావరణము : భూమి యొక్క రాతి పొర. + జలావరణము : భూమి యొక్క ఉపరితలంలో ఉన్న అన్ని నీటి వనరులను సమష్టిగా జలావరణం అంటారు.

→ వాతావరణము : భూమి చుట్టూ ఉన్న గాలి యొక్క మందపాటి పొర.

→ జీవావరణము : వృక్షాలు, జంతువులు, కంటికి కన్పించని అసంఖ్యాక సూక్ష్మజీవులు మరియు మానవులు కలసి ఉండే ఆవరణం.

→ భూమి అంతర్భాగం : 1) భూపటలము, 2) భూ ప్రావారము, 3) భూ కేంద్రము.

→ వాతావరణంలోని పొరలు : ‘ట్రోపో, స్టాటో, మెసో, థర్మో మరియు ఎక్సో ఆవరణములు.

→ మానవ పర్యావరణం : మానవులతో ఏర్పడిన పరిసరాలు. ఉదా : కుటుంబం, మతం.

→ మానవ నిర్మిత పర్యావరణం : మానవులు తయారు చేసిన పరిసరాలు.
ఉదా : భవనాలు, కర్మాగారాలు.

→ పర్యావరణ కాలుష్యం : పర్యావరణంలోనికి వివిధ రకాల మలినాలు చేరడాన్ని పర్యావరణ కాలుష్యం అంటారు.

→ విపత్తు : విపత్తు అనేది స్వల్ప లేదా దీర్ఘకాలికంగా సంభవించే తీవ్రమైన అంతరాయం.

→ విపత్తు నిర్వహణ : ఏదైనా విపత్తును నివారించడానికి అవసరమైన ప్రణాళిక రూపొందించడం, నిర్వహించడం మరియు అమలు చేయడం యొక్క నిరంతర మరియు సమగ్ర ప్రక్రియ.

→ నీటి కాలుష్యం : నీటి నాణ్యతలో ఏదైనా భౌతిక, జీవ లేదా రసాయనిక మార్పు జరిగి దానివల్ల జీవులపై దుష్ప్రభావం ఏర్పడినట్లయితే దానిని నీటి కాలుష్యంగా పరిగణిస్తారు.

→ పాలపుంత : మన సౌర వ్యవస్థ ఉన్న గెలాక్సీ.

→ పారిశ్రామిక విప్లవం : పారిశ్రామిక రంగంలో వచ్చిన ఆకస్మిక మార్పులు (ఉత్పత్తి రంగం).

→ వాయు కాలుష్యం : గాలిలో కార్బన్ డయాక్సెడ్ వంటి హానికరమైన మూలకాల పెరుగుదల.

→ కిరణజన్య సంయోగ : కార్బన్ డయాక్సెడ్ మరియు నీటి నుండి పోషకాలను సంశ్లేషణ చేయడానికి మొక్కలు సూర్యరశ్మిని ఉపయోగించే ప్రక్రియ.

→ గురుత్వాకర్షణ శక్తి : విశ్వంలోని రెండు వస్తువుల మధ్య ఉన్న ఆకర్షణ శక్తి.

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Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 17 The Making of Independent India’s Constitution to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 17 The Making of Independent India’s Constitution

→ The constitution outlines the structure and powers of the government and its organs like executive, legislature, judiciary, etc.

→ It indicates the nature of the future society which has to be built by the joint efforts of the state and the society.

→ The Constitution of India was prepared and adopted by the Constituent Assembly,

→ The Provincial Assemblies indirectly elected members and the Princely States nominated members to Constituent Assembly.

→ A Drafting Committee was set up under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and its task was to prepare the final draft taking into account all viewpoints.

→ The Draft Constitution is a formidable document containing 895 Articles and 8 Schedules (In the text-only 315 Articles were given). (At present Indian Constitution contains 448 Articles and 12 Schedules.)

→ We have Parliamentary Democracy in our country.

→ The USA has Presidential Democracy in their country.

→ Our President can do nothing contrary to the advice of the Council of Ministers nor can he do anything without their advice,

→ We have a federal system with single citizenship, a single integrated judiciary, and a common All India Civil Service.

→ Whereas the USA has a federal system with dual citizenship, dual judiciary, and duality of services.

→ Our Constitution supported decentralization under article 40 to set up and expand Gram panchayats or local self-governance.

→ Our Constitution abolished untouchability in any form under article 17.

→ Amending the articles can be initiated only by the Parliament.

→ Some amendments should get 2/3rd members’ approval in both the houses of Parliament – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

→ Some articles may be amended only with acceptance from the state legislatures as well.

→ In the Keshavanada Bharati case, it was argued that certain provisions in the Indian Constitution cannot be changed under any circumstances like Fundamental Rights.

→ Drafting Committee: A committee appointed by the Constituent Assembly for preparing the first draft of the Constitution.

→ Constituent: An assembly whose purpose is to frame a Constitution for the Assembly country

→ Preamble: Introduction which embodies the basic principles on which Constitution is based.

→ Concurrent list: A list of 47 items given in part XI of the Constitution of India, concerned with the relation between the Union and States. This part is divided between legislative and administrative powers.

→ Unitary principles A strong Centre, a single Constitution, flexibility of the Constitution, single citizenship, inequality of representation in the upper house, etc.

→ Federal principles: Rigiil and written Constitution, decentralization of powers, power to alter the boundaries.

→ Citizenship The state of being vested with the rights, privileges, and duties of a citizen.

→ Presidential system: A presidential system is a republic system of government where a head of government is also head of state.

→ Parliamentary system: A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state in which the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from, and is held accountable to the legislature, the executive.

→ Amendment: A procedure is laid down in the Constitution itself by which changes can be brought about. This is an amendment.

→ Constitution: A Constitution is a body of laws and rules according to which a country is governed.

→ Polity: The system of government or political organization.

→ Dual Polity: Union at the center and states at the periphery each with sovereign powers assigned to them by the Constitution.

→ Federal system: Dual polity (or) a system of two governments at two levels with well-defined powers.

→ Sovereign state: A state having supreme power (in internal and external affairs) and fully independent.

→ Socialist state: One which tries to bring about economic and social equality.

→ Secular state: A state which does not have any religious concern or does not interfere with the religious affairs of people.

→ Justice: Everyone should be treated with equal fairness or everyone should be given his/her due.

→ Equality: Each individual is assured of equality of status and opportunity for development.

AP State Syllabus 6th Class Social Studies Notes in Telugu & English Medium

AP 6th Class Social Notes in English Medium

• Chapter 1 Our Earth in the Solar System Notes
• Chapter 2 Globe – Model of the Earth Notes
• Chapter 3 Maps Notes
• Chapter 4 Land Forms – Andhra Pradesh Notes
• Chapter 5 Early Life to Settled Life Notes
• Chapter 6 Early Civilisations Notes
• Chapter 7 Emergence of Kingdoms and Republics Notes
• Chapter 8 Kingdoms and Empires Notes
• Chapter 9 Government Notes
• Chapter 10 Local Self-Government Notes
• Chapter 11 Indian Culture, Languages and Religions Notes
• Chapter 12 Towards Equality Notes

AP 6th Class Social Notes in Telugu Medium

• Chapter 1 సౌర కుటుంబంలో మన భూమి Notes
• Chapter 2 గ్లోబు – భూమికి నమూనా Notes
• Chapter 3 పటములు Notes
• Chapter 4 ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ – భూస్వరూపాలు Notes
• Chapter 5 సంచార జీవనం నుండి స్థిర జీవనం Notes
• Chapter 6 తొలి నాగరికతలు Notes
• Chapter 7 సామ్రాజ్యాలు, గణతంత్రాల ఆవిర్భావం Notes
• Chapter 8 రాజ్యాలు మరియు సామ్రాజ్యాలు Notes
• Chapter 9 ప్రభుత్వం Notes
• Chapter 10 స్థానిక స్వపరిపాలన Notes
• Chapter 11 భారతీయ సంస్కృతి, భాషలు మరియు మతాలు Notes
• Chapter 12 సమానత్వం వైపు Notes

AP State Board Notes

Students can go through Andhra Pradesh SCERT AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Maths Notes Pdf in English Medium and Telugu Medium to understand and remember the concepts easily. Besides, with our AP State 7th Class Maths Notes students can have a complete revision of the subject effectively while focusing on the important chapters and topics. Students can also read AP Board 7th Class Maths Solutions for exam preparation.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Maths Notes in Telugu & English Medium

AP 7th Class Maths Notes in English Medium

• 1st Lesson Integers Notes
• 2nd Lesson Fractions, Decimals and Rational Numbers Notes
• 3rd Lesson Simple Equations Notes
• 4th Lesson Lines and Angles Notes
• 5th Lesson Triangles Notes
• 6th Lesson Data Handling Notes
• 7th Lesson Ratio and Proportion Notes
• 8th Lesson Exponents and Powers Notes
• 9th Lesson Algebraic Expressions Notes
• 10th Lesson Construction of Triangles Notes
• 11th Lesson Area of Plane Figures Notes
• 12th Lesson Symmetry Notes

AP 7th Class Maths Notes in Telugu Medium

• 1st Lesson పూర్ణ సంఖ్యలు Notes
• 2nd Lesson భిన్నాలు మరియు దశాంశాలు Notes
• 3rd Lesson సామాన్య సమీకరణాలు Notes
• 4th Lesson రేఖలు మరియు కోణాలు Notes
• 5th Lesson త్రిభుజాలు Notes
• 6th Lesson దత్తాంశ నిర్వహణ Notes
• 7th Lesson నిష్పత్తి మరియు అనుపాతం Notes
• 8th Lesson ఘాతాంకాలు మరియు ఘాతాలు Notes
• 9th Lesson బీజీయ సమాసాలు Notes
• 10th Lesson త్రిభుజాల నిర్మాణం Notes
• 11th Lesson సమతల పటాల వైశాల్యాలు Notes
• 12th Lesson సౌష్ఠవము Notes

AP 7th Class Maths Notes in English Medium (Old Syllabus)

• Chapter 1 Integers Notes
• Chapter 2 Fractions, Decimals and Rational numbers Notes
• Chapter 3 Simple Equations Notes
• Chapter 4 Lines and Angles Notes
• Chapter 5 Triangle and Its Properties Notes
• Chapter 6 Ratio – Applications Notes
• Chapter 7 Data Handling Notes
• Chapter 8 Congruency of Triangles Notes
• Chapter 9 Construction of Triangles Notes
• Chapter 10 Algebraic Expressions Notes
• Chapter 11 Exponents Notes
• Chapter 12 Quadrilaterals Notes
• Chapter 13 Area and Perimeter Notes
• Chapter 14 Understanding 3D and 2D Shapes Notes
• Chapter 15 Symmetry Notes

AP State Board Notes

These AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Maths Notes provide an extra edge and help students to boost their self-confidence before appearing for their final examinations.

Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Biology Notes Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Biology Notes Chapter 9 Adaptations in Different Ecosystems

→ Adaptation is a physiological or structural characteristic of an organism, becomes suited to a particular environment

→ Organisms in nature create adaptable situations around them on the basis of their needs.

→ Organisms need shelter, food, light, air and many other things for their survival

→ Adaptations in xerophytic plants are succulent stems, reduced leaves and have a deep root system.

→ Animals living in the deserts also show adaptive characteristic features.

→ Microscopic planktons have droplets of oil in their cells that keeps them float

→ Each form of marine life has become adapted to a specific area with a relatively narrow variation in salinity, temperature and light

→ Aquatic animals have certain adaptations to fight the pressure of the underwater current

→ Marine life has adapted to an incredible variety of conditions and habitats.

→ Marine adaptations include symbiosis, camouflage, defensive behaviour, reproductive strategies etc.

→ The marine ecosystem is divided into euphotic zone, bathyal zone and abyssal zone.

→ Based on the light penetration freshwater ecosystem is divided into a littoral zone, limnetic zone and profundal zone.

→ Partially submerged plants have numerous air spaces inside the stems, leaves, roots that aid in gaseous exchange and buoyancy.

→ Plants in temperate regions shed their leaves before the winter.

→ In tropical regions, some plants shed their leaves before the start of summer.

→ Animals living in cold regions have a thick layer of fat or thick fur coat covering their bodies.

→ To protect themselves from the extremes of hot and cold conditions, animals adapt to hibernation and aestivation. E.g.: frog

→ Animals living in the bottom layers of the sea are scavengers or predators are one usually blind

→ Mangroves: Plants grown at seashores. Growing ¡na wet and salty places.

→ Precise: Exact, accurate.

→ Adaptations: It ¡s a feature that ¡s common in any population because it provides some improvements for better survival.

→ Succulent stem: Water is stored in the tissues of the stem.

→ Xerophytes: Plants that were grown in fewer water areas like deserts.

→ Scorching: Burn superficially.

→ Pebble plants: Smooth, round water-storing plants leave store water.

→ Ornamental plants: Decorative plants are kept in pots at homes.

→ Adder snake: A small poisonous snake often with diamond-shaped marks on its back.

→ Nocturnal: Animals that are active during the night.

→ Beneath: Lower position.

→ Strenuous: Energetic

→ Ecosystem: Unit of a biosphere. It comprises both biotic and abiotic components.

→ Incredible: Impossible or very difficult to believe.

→ Blubber: The fat of whales and other sea animals.

→ Photosynthesis: It ¡s the process of preparing carbohydrates by plants in the presence of sunlight, chlorophyll, water and carbon dioxide. It is an anabolic process.

→ Respiration: It ¡s a catabolic process. Carbohydrates are broken down into water and carbon dioxide releasing energy.

→ Barnacles: Fish that attaches itself to objects underwater. e.g. Ample to rocks and bottoms of ships.

→ Transpiration: The loss of water vapour from a plant, especially through the stomata.

→ Herring gulls: A large North Atlantic bird of gull family with black tips to its wings.

→ Camouflage: The way in which an animal’s colours or shape matches its surroundings and makes ¡t difficult to see.

→ Symposium: A small conference. A meeting at which experts have discussions about a particular subject.

→ Trout: A common freshwater fish that is used for food.

→ Herring: A North Atlantic fish that swims ¡n very large groups and is used for food.

→ Bioluminescence: Refers to the production of light by living organisms. It ¡s common in deep-sea organisms, and in some insects. e.g. Fireflies.

→ Puddle: Small amount of water or liquid especially rain that has collected in one place on the ground.

→ Scavengers: Animal feeding on dead organisms which it has not killed.

→ Euphotic zone: The top layer of a sea through which light can penetrate, allowing photosynthesis to take place. It is usually 200 m in depth.

→ Bathyal zone: It is usually 200 m to 2000 m depth. Dimly light can penetrate. Light is not sufficient to perform photosynthesis.

→ Abyssal zone: The zone from 2000 m to 6000 m depth. There is no light and always dark.

→ Littoral zone: The shallow zone near the seashore. The water near the shore is usually muddy.

→ Limnetic zone: It is the open water zone at the top of the water body that receives a good deal of light.

→ Profundal zone: It ¡s dimly light and cold. Most heterotrophs are found in this region.

→ Phytoplanktons: Free-floating plants living near the surface oía sea or lake.

→ Amphibians: Animals that can live in water and also on land. E.g.: Frogs, toads etc.

→ Aestivation: Summer sleep. This refers to a state of inactivity which some animals undergo during long periods of drought or heat.

→ Hibernation: Winter sleep.

→ Crustacean: Any creature with a soft body that ¡s divided into sections and a hard out shell. E.g.: Crabs, shrimps etc.

→ Wading birds: Birds walk or move with difficulty ¡n water.

→ Finch: A small bird with a sharp beak. Our state bird is also a finch.

→ Though these are called Living stones they are not stones. The swollen leaves are adapted to desert conditions, minimizing water loss and storing water. These are also called Pebble Plants. Each pebble is actually a leaf with a cut window that lets in light. The stone-like appearance deceives the animals and saves them from being eaten.

→ Animals that are active during the night and sleep during the day are called Nocturnals. These creatures generally have highly developed senses of hearing and smell. They have especially adapted eyesight to see well in dark. Animals like bats, emit a high pitched sound that bounces off objects to find prey or protect from predators.

Cats, Rats, Bats, Owls are the Nocturnals generally seen in our surroundings. Some insects like crickets, firefly and fishes like cuttlefish are active during the night only. Some desert animals become nocturnals in order to escape extreme daytime heat.

→ Electric Eel is an electric fish. It is capable of generating powerful electric shocks of up to 600 Volts when uses for hunting self-defence. It is an apex predator. Despite its name, it is not an eel, but rather a knife fish.

→ Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882):

• Charles Darwin was a British scientist who laid the foundation of the theory of natural selection.
• In 1831, he joined a five-year expedition on the survey ship H.M.S. Beagle and reached Galapagos islands, 500 miles away from South America.
• He studied the different organisms of the islands.
• Darwin noticed that each island supported its own form of finch which were closely related but differed in important ways.
• Darwin observed that these birds had adapted to their surroundings for food and shelter and showed a lot of variation even within the same species.
• In 1859 Darwin published on the origin of species by natural selection.

Students can go through AP Board 8th Class Maths Notes 1st Lesson అకరణీయ సంఖ్యలు to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP Board 8th Class Maths Notes 1st Lesson అకరణీయ సంఖ్యలు

→ p, q లు పూర్ణసంఖ్యలయి, q ≠ 0 అయితే \(\frac{p}{q}\) రూపంలో రాయగల సంఖ్యలను అకరణీయ సంఖ్యలు అంటారు. అకరణీయ సంఖ్యా సమితిని ‘Q’ అనే అక్షరంచే సూచిస్తారు.
Q = {x/x ∈ \(\frac{p}{q}\),q ≠ 0}

→ అకరణీయ సంఖ్యలు సంకలనం, వ్యవకలనం దృష్ట్యా సంవృత ధర్మాన్ని పాటిస్తాయి.

→ అకరణీయ సంఖ్యలు గుణకారం దృష్ట్యా సంవృత ధర్మాన్ని పాటిస్తాయి. కానీ భాగహారం దృష్ట్యా సంవృత ధర్మాన్ని పాటించవు.

→ పూర్ణాంకాలు :

పరిక్రియలు	ఉదాహరణలు	వ్యాఖ్య
సంకలనం	2, 3 లు పూర్ణాంకాలు 2 + 3 = 5 మరియు 3 + 2 = 5 ∴ 2 + 3 = 3 + 2	పూర్ణాంకాలు సంకలనం దృష్ట్యా వినిమయ ధర్మాన్ని పాటిస్తాయి.
వ్యవకలనం	3 – 2 మరియు 2 – 3 లు సమానమేనా ? కాదు	వ్యవకలనం దృష్ట్యా స్థిత్యంతర ధర్మాన్ని పాటించవు.
గుణకారము	3 × 2 = 2 × 3 = 6	గుణకారం దృష్ట్యా స్థిత్యంతర ధర్మాన్ని పాటిస్తాయి.
భాగహారము 4 + 2 = ? 2 : 4 = ? 4	2, 2 + 4 లు సమానమేనా ? కాదు	భాగహారం దృష్ట్యా స్థిత్యంతర ధర్మాన్ని పాటించవు.

→ పూర్ణాంకాలు :

→ a యొక్క సంకలన విలోమం = – a [∵ a + (-a) = 0 ]

→ a యొక్క గుణకార విలోమం = \(\frac{1}{a}\) [a × \(\frac{1}{a}\) = 1]

→ ‘0’ అకరణీయ సంఖ్యల సంకలన తత్సమాంశం.

→ 1 అకరణీయ సంఖ్యల గుణకార తత్సమాంశం.

→ ఒక అకరణీయ సంఖ్య మరియు దాని సంకలన విలోమములు వ్యతిరేక గుర్తులు కలిగి ఉంటాయి.

→ ఒక కరణీయ సంఖ్య లవహారాలను తారుమారు చేయగా (వ్యుతమం చేయగా) లభించేది దాని గుణకార విలోమం.

→ విభాగన్యాయం : a, b, c లు ఏవైనా మూడు అకరణీయ సంఖ్యలు అయితే a(b + C) = ab + ac మరియు a (b – C) = ab – ac

→ ప్రతి అకరణీయ సంఖ్యను సంఖ్యారేఖ పై చూపవచ్చు.

→ ఏవైనా రెండు అకరణీయ సంఖ్యల మధ్య అనంతమైన అకరణీయ సంఖ్యలు ఉండును. రెండు అకరణీయ సంఖ్యల మధ్య మరో అకరణీయ సంఖ్యను ఉంచటానికి సగటు భావన ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.

→ ఒక అకరణీయ సంఖ్యను అంతంగల దశాంశంగాను లేదా అంతం లేని ఆవర్తిత దశాంశంగాను వ్రాయవచ్చు.

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 4 Refraction of Light at Curved Surfaces to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 4 Refraction of Light at Curved Surfaces

→ The lens is an optical system with two refracting surfaces.

→ The lens which is thicker at its centre than edges is called a convex (or) converging lens.

→ The lens which is thicker at its edges than the centre is called a concave (or) diverging lens.

→ The lemon in the water of the glass tumbler appears bigger than its actual size when viewed from the sides of the tumbler due to refraction.

→ The relation between refractive indices of media, object distance, image distance and radius of curvature is given by
\(\frac{n_{2}}{v}-\frac{n_{1}}{u}=\frac{\left(n_{2}-n_{1}\right)}{R}\)

→ In the case of plane surfaces, R & f are infinity. Power is equal to zero.
∴ \(\frac{n_{2}}{v}=\frac{n_{1}}{u}\)

→ Each curved surface of a lens is part of a sphere.

→ The centre of the sphere which contains the part of the curved surface is called the centre of curvature.

→ The midpoint of the lens is called a pole (or) optical centre.

→ The point from which rays seem emanating is called focal point or focus (F). (or) The point where rays converge is called the focal point of focus.

→ Every lens has two focal points.

→ The distance between the focal point and pole is called focal length which is denoted by f.

→ The line that joins the centre of curvature and the pole is called the principal axis.

→ The distance between the centre of curvature and pole is called the radius of curvature (R).

→ Any ray passing through the principal axis is un-deviated.

→ Any ray passing through the pole is also un-deviated.

→ The rays passing parallel to the principal axis converge at focus or diverge from focus.

→ The ray passing through the focus of the convex lens will take a path parallel to the principal axis after refraction.

→ When parallel rays fall on the lens making a certain angle with the principal axis the rays converge at a point or appear to diverge from a point lying on a focal plane.

→ If the size of the image is larger than that of an object, it is called a magnified image.

→ Lens formula is \(\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}=\frac{1}{f}\)
v = image distance
u = object distance
f = focal length.

→ Lens maker formula is \(\frac{1}{f}\) = (n -1)\(\left(\frac{1}{R_{1}}-\frac{1}{R_{2}}\right)\)
n is the absolute refractive index
R₁ R₂ are radii of curvature.

→ Lens: A lens is formed when a transparent material is bounded by two spherical surfaces.

→ Focal Length (f) The distance between the focal point and optic centre (pole) is called the focal length of the lens. It is denoted by f.

→ Focus (F): The point of converging lar) the point from which rays seem emanating is called focal point or focus.

→ The optic centre or Pole (P): The midpoint of a thin lens is called a pole or optical centre.

→ Principal axis: The line joining the centre of two curved surfaces is called the principal axis
(or)
The line joining the centre of curvatures and the pole.

→ The radius of curvature (R): The distance between the centre of curvature and the optic centre is called the radius of curvature.

→ Centre of curvature (C): The centre of the sphere which contains the part of the curved surface is called the centre of curvature.

→ Focal plane: A plane that is perpendicular to the principal axis at the focus is called the focal plane.

→ Beam: A number of rays combined together are called a beam.

→ Ray: The straight-line path along which the light travels, in a homogeneous medium, is called a ray.

→ Convergent beam: When a group of light rays fall on a convex lens after refraction meets at a point is called a convergent beam.

→ Divergent beam: When a group of light rays fall on a concave lens after refraction move away from a point is called a divergent beam.

→ Parallel beam: When a group of light rays parallel to each other is called a parallel beam.

→ Real image: The image formed on the screen is called a real image.

→ Virtual image: The ¡mage which cannot be formed on the screen is called a virtual image.

→ Aperture: The effective width of a lens through which refraction takes place ¡s called the aperture.

→ Magnifying glass: A glass, which enlarges an object.

→ Biconvex or Double convex lens: A lens that may have two spherical surfaces bulging outwards is called a double convex lens.

→ Biconcave or Double concave Pens: It is bounded by two spherical surfaces curved inward.

→ Lens formula: \(\frac{1}{\mathrm{v}}-\frac{1}{\mathrm{u}}=\frac{1}{\mathrm{f}}\)
v = image distance
u = object distance
f = focal length of tens

→ Lens maker’s formula: \(\frac{1}{f}\) = (n -1)\(\left(\frac{1}{R_{1}}-\frac{1}{R_{2}}\right)\)
n = Absolute refractive index
R₁ = Radius of curvature of the first surface
R₂ = Radius of curvature of the second surface

→ Enlarged image (Magnified image): If the size of the image is greater than that of an object, it is called an enlarged (or) magnified image.

→ Diminished image: If the size of the image is less than that of an object, it Is called a diminished Image.

→ Object distance (u) : Distance between object and lens (optic centre).

→ Image distance (v) : Distance between image and lens (optic centre).

→ Sir David Brewster (11 Dec. 1781 – 10 Feb. 1868):

• Sir David Brewster was a Scottish physicist, mathematician, astronomer, inventor, writer, historian of science.
• Most noted for his contributions to the field of optics.
• He studied the double refraction by compression and discovered the photoelastic effect.
• William Whewell dubbed him the ‘Father of modern experimental optics and ‘The Johannes Kepler of optics’.
• He Is well recognized by the Inventor of Kaleidoscope and stereoscope.

Students can go through AP State Board 8th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 9 Electrical Conductivity of Liquids to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 9 Electrical Conductivity of Liquids

→ Some liquids also conduct electricity as some solids do.

→ The materials which allow an electric current to pass through them easily are called good conductors of electricity.

→ The materials that do not allow current to pass through them are called bad or poor conductors of electricity.

→ Some liquids are good conductors of electricity and some are poor conductors. Distilled water does not allow the current to pass through it.

→ Rainy water and water used at homes is a good conductor of electricity due to dissolved salts.

→ Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of acids, bases, salts. The electrolyte is a solution of a substance through which electric current can pass. The process of decomposition of the solution of the compound by passing electricity is called electrolysis.

→ The metallic rods or plates used for electrolysis are called electrodes.

→ The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of electricity is called electroplating.

→ The passage of an electric current through a conducting liquid causes chemical reactions. The resulting effects are called chemical effects of current.

→ An electrolytic cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

→ Good conductors: The materials which allow an electric current to pass through them easily are called good conductors of electricity.

→ Bad conductors or: The materials which do not allow passage of current through poor conductors them areca lied poor conductors or bad conductors of electricity.

→ Electrodes: The metallic rods or plates used in the electrolysis process are called electrodes.

→ Electrolyte: Electrolyte is a solution of a substance through which electric current can pass.

→ Electrolysis: The process of decomposing a solution of the compound into constituent elements or ions by passing electricity is called electrolysis.

→ Electroplating: Electroplating is a process in which one metal ¡s coated with another metal by using an electrolysis process.

→ Electrolytic cell: Electrolytic cell ¡s a device that converts chemical energy into electric energy.

→ Volta cell: First primary cell made by Volta.

→ LED: Light Emitting Diode. The diode glows when the current passes through it.

→ Key: This connects or disconnects an electrical circuit.

→ Corrosion: Decay of a metal due to reaction with air, moisture, and carbon dioxide.

→ William Nicholson (1753 – 1815):

• He was a British chemist
• He conducted many experiments on the chemical effects of current
• In 1800 he had shown that if electrodes were immersed in water, and a current was passed, bubbles of oxygen and hydrogen were produced.
• Oxygen bubbles formed on the electrode connected to the positive terminal of the battery and hydrogen bubbles formed on the other electrode.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Social Studies Notes in Telugu & English Medium

AP 8th Class Social Notes in English Medium

• Chapter 1 Reading and Analysis of Maps Notes
• Chapter 2 Energy from the Sun Notes
• Chapter 3 Earth Movements and Seasons Notes
• Chapter 4 The Polar Regions Notes
• Chapter 5 Forests: Using and Protecting Them Notes
• Chapter 6 Minerals and Mining Notes
• Chapter 7 Money and Banking Notes
• Chapter 8 Impact of Technology on Livelihoods Notes
• Chapter 9 Public Health and the Government Notes
• Chapter 10 Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam Notes
• Chapter 11A National Movement: The Early Phase 1885-1919 Notes
• Chapter 11B National Movement: The Last Phase 1919-1947 Notes
• Chapter 12 Freedom Movement in Hyderabad State Notes
• Chapter 13 The Indian Constitution Notes
• Chapter 14 Parliament and Central Government Notes
• Chapter 15 Law and Justice: A Case Study Notes
• Chapter 16 Abolition of Zamindari System Notes
• Chapter 17 Understanding Poverty Notes
• Chapter 18 Rights Approach to Development Notes
• Chapter 19 Social and Religious Reform Movements Notes
• Chapter 20 Understanding Secularism Notes
• Chapter 21 Performing Arts and Artistes in Modern Times Notes
• Chapter 22 Film and Print Media Notes
• Chapter 23 Sports: Nationalism and Commerce Notes
• Chapter 24 Disaster Management Notes

AP 8th Class Social Notes in Telugu Medium

• Chapter 1 పటాల అధ్యయనం – విశ్లేషణ Notes
• Chapter 2 సూర్యుడు – శక్తి వనరు Notes
• Chapter 3 భూ చలనాలు – రుతువులు Notes
• Chapter 4 ధృవ ప్రాంతాలు Notes
• Chapter 5 అడవులు – వినియోగం, సంరక్షణ Notes
• Chapter 6 ఖనిజాలు, గనుల తవ్వకం Notes
• Chapter 7 ద్రవ్యం, బ్యాంకింగ్ Notes
• Chapter 8 జీవనోపాధులు – సాంకేతిక విజ్ఞాన ప్రభావం Notes
• Chapter 9 ప్రజారోగ్యం – ప్రభుత్వం Notes
• Chapter 10 బ్రిటిష్, నిజాంల పాలనలో భూస్వాములు, కౌలుదార్లు Notes
• Chapter 11A జాతీయోద్యమం : తొలి దశ 1885 – 1919 Notes
• Chapter 11B జాతీయోద్యమం : మలి దశ 1919 – 1947 Notes
• Chapter 12 భారత ఎన్నికల వ్యవస్థ Notes
• Chapter 13 భారత రాజ్యాంగం Notes
• Chapter 14 పార్లమెంటు – కేంద్ర ప్రభుత్వం Notes
• Chapter 15 చట్టం, న్యాయం – ఒక సన్నివేశ అధ్యయనం Notes
• Chapter 16 జమీందారీ వ్యవస్థ రద్దు Notes
• Chapter 17 పేదరికం – అవగాహన Notes
• Chapter 18 హక్కులు – అభివృద్ధి Notes
• Chapter 19 సాంఘిక, మత సంస్కరణోద్యమాలు Notes
• Chapter 20 లౌకికత్వం – అవగాహన Notes
• Chapter 21 ఆధునిక కాలంలో కళలు – కళాకారులు Notes
• Chapter 22 సినిమా – ముద్రణా మాధ్యమాలు Notes
• Chapter 23 క్రీడలు : జాతీయత, వాణిజ్యం Notes
• Chapter 24 విపత్తులు – నిర్వహణ Notes

AP State Board Notes

Students can go through AP State Board 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 1 Heat to understand and remember the concept easily.

AP State Board Syllabus 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 1 Heat

→ Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness.

→ When two bodies attain the same degree of hotness or coldness then they are said to be in thermal equilibrium.

→ If two different systems, A and B, (thermal contact) are in thermal equilibrium individually with another system C, then the systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

→ Heat is a form of energy in transit that is transferred from the body at a higher temperature to the body at a lower temperature.

→ 1 cal = 4.18 J

→ S.l. unit of temperature is Kelvin (K).

→ 0° C = 273 K

→ Temperature in Kelvin = 273 + Temperature in Celsius.

→ Temperature measured on the Kelvin scale is called Absolute Temperature.

→ The bodies possess kinetic energy when they are in motion.

→ The average kinetic energy of the molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

→ The rise in temperature depends on the nature of the material.

→ The specific heat of a material is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of material by a unit.

→ The molecules of the system have different energies between molecules. The total energy of the system is called the internal energy of the system.

→ The heat is needed to raise the temperature of a certain mass of the substance to a certain level by using the equation Q= mSΔT, where ‘S’ is called the specific heat of the substance.

→ C.G.S. unit of specific heat is cal/g-°C.

→ S.l. unit of specific heat is J/kg – K.

→ 1 cal/g-°C = 4.186 x 103 J/Kg – K.

→ The oceans behave like heat storehouses of earth.

→ Watermelon brought out from the refrigerator retains its coolness for a longer time than any other fruit because of its large percentage of water.

→ The samosa seems to be cool outside but it is hot when we eat it because the curry inside the samosa contains ingredients with higher specific heat.

→ Net heat lost = Net heat gain.
This is known as the principle of the method of mixtures.

→ The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of the substance by one unit.
S = \(\frac{\mathrm{a}}{\mathrm{m} \Delta \mathrm{T}}\)

→ Specific heat of solid pieces given by equation Ss = \(\frac{\left[m_{1} S_{c}+\left(m_{2}-m_{1}\right) S_{w}\right]\left(T_{3}-T_{1}\right)}{\left(m_{3}-m_{1}\right)\left(T_{2}-T_{3}\right)}\)

→ The process of escaping molecules from the surface of a liquid at any temperature is called evaporation. ’

→ Evaporation is a surface phenomenon and is a cooling process.

→ The rate of evaporation of a liquid depends on its surface area temperature and the amount of vapor already present in the surrounding air.

→ The phase change from gas to liquid at the surface of the liquid is called condensation.

→ The amount of water vapor present in the air is called humidity.

→ Boiling is a process in which the liquid phase changes to the gaseous phase at a constant temperature at a given pressure.

→ The boiling point of water is 100° C or 373 K.

→ Heat energy is used to change the state of water from liquid to vapor (gas). This is called the latent heat of vaporization.

→ Latent heat of vapourization (L) = \(\frac{\mathrm{Q}}{\mathrm{m}}\)
Units in C.G.S – cal/gm.
Units in S.l. – J/kg.

→ The latent heat of vaporization of water is 540 cal/gm.

→ The process of converting a solid into a liquid is called melting.

→ The heat energy required to convert 1 gm of solid completely into liquid at a constant temperature is called the latent heat of fusion.

→ Latent heat of fusion (L) = \(\frac{\mathrm{Q}}{\mathrm{m}}\)
C.G.S units – cal/gm.
S.l. units – J/kg.

→ Latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal/gm.

→ The process in which the substance in the liquid phase changes to the solid phase by losing the same energy from it is called freezing.

→ Water expands on freezing.

→ Condensation is the reverse process of evaporation.

→ Temperature is a measure of thermal equilibrium.

→ Temperature: The degree of hotness or coldness is called temperature.
(OR)
It is a measure of the hotness or coldness of a body.

→ Heat: Heat is a form of energy. It is transferred from a hot body to a cold body.
(OR)
Heat is transferred from the body at a higher temperature to a lower temperature.

→ Thermal equilibrium: Two bodies having the same degree of hotness or coldness.
(OR)
If the temperature of the various parts of two bodies is the same and equal to the surroundings, it Is said that the two bodies are in thermal equilibrium.
(OR)
In between two bodies no net transfer of heat when they are in contact.

→ Specific heat The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of the substance by one degree centigrade.

→ Evaporation: The process of escaping molecules from the surface of a liquid at any temperature.
(OR)
It is the conversion of a substance from liquid to vapor (gas).

→ Condensation: Condensation is defined as the phase change from gas to liquid at the surface of the liquid.

→ Humidity: The amount of water vapor present in the air.

→ Dew: The water droplets condensed on the surface are known as dew.

→ Fog: Thick mist formed due to condensation of vapor on the dust particles.

→ Boiling: Boiling is the process in which the liquid phase changes to the gaseous phase at a constant temperature.

→ Latent heat of vaporization: The amount of heat required to convert one gram of liquid into vapor at a constant temperature.

→ Melting: The process of converting solid into liquid.

→ Freezing: The process in which a substance in the liquid phase changes to the solid phase by losing some energy.

→ The temperature in Kelvin: 273 + Temperature in Celsius.

→ Internal energy: The energy possessed by the system by virtue of its molecular motion and molecular configuration.

→ Principle of the method of mixtures: Net heat lost by the hot bodies is equal to net heat gained by the cold bodies.
Net heat lost = Net heat gain

→ Boiling point: Thetemperatureatwhich liquid undergoes boiling.

→ Latent heat of fusion: The heat energy required to convert 1 gm of solid completely into liquid at a constant temperature.

→ Celsius temperature scale: The temperature scale which has a lower limit of 0° C and a higher limit of 100° C and is divided into 100 parts.

→ Kelvin scale: A temperature scale that has a lower fixed point 273.15 K and an upper fixed point of 373.15 K is called the Kelvin scale.

→ Calorie: It is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1° C.
1 cal =4.18J

→ Joule: Theunitofenergyofwork. 1 joule of work is done when a force of 1 Newton moves through 1 meter.

→ Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion.
KE = \(\frac{1}{2}\)mv2 or \(\frac{3}{2}\)RT

→ Vapour: The gaseous state of a substance is called vapor.

→ Lord Kelvin (1824 – 1907):

• Lord Kelvin of Scotland studied at Cambridge University, was a champion rower, and later became a professor of
  natural philosophy at the University of Glasgow.
• Lord Kelvin invented the Kelvin scale in 1848 used on thermometers.
• The Kelvin scale measures the ultimate extremes of hot and cold.
• Kelvin developed the idea of absolute temperature. It is called the second law of thermodynamics and developed the dynamical theory of heat.
• In the 9th century, scientists were researching the possibility of the lowest temperature. Time Kelvin scale uses the same units of Celsius scale but it starts at absolute zero.
• Absolute zero is 0°C which is – 273 K.

→ James Prott Joule (18181 1889):

• Joule was a British physicist, famous for his research into electricity and thermodynamics.
• In 1840, he sent a paper entitled on the Production of Heat by Voltaic Electricity to the prestigious Royal Society in London.
• In 1843 Joule calculated the amount of mechanical work needed to produce an equivalent amount of heat. This quantity was called the mechanical equivalent of heat.
• The principle of energy conservation involved in Joule’s work gave rise to the new scientific discipline known as thermodynamics.
• He died at Sale, Cheshire, England, on October 11, 1889.
• The SI unit for amount of heat is named in Joule’s honor

Students can go through Andhra Pradesh SCERT AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Maths Notes Pdf in English Medium and Telugu Medium to understand and remember the concepts easily. Besides, with our AP State 9th Class Maths Notes students can have a complete revision of the subject effectively while focusing on the important chapters and topics. Students can also read AP Board 9th Class Maths Solutions for exam preparation.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Maths Notes in Telugu & English Medium

AP 9th Class Maths Notes in English Medium

• Chapter 1 Real Numbers Notes
• Chapter 2 Polynomials and Factorisation Notes
• Chapter 3 The Elements of Geometry Notes
• Chapter 4 Lines and Angles Notes
• Chapter 5 Co-Ordinate Geometry Notes
• Chapter 6 Linear Equation in Two Variables Notes
• Chapter 7 Triangles Notes
• Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Notes
• Chapter 9 Statistics Notes
• Chapter 10 Surface Areas and Volumes Notes
• Chapter 11 Areas Notes
• Chapter 12 Circles Notes
• Chapter 13 Geometrical Constructions Notes
• Chapter 14 Probability Notes
• Chapter 15 Proofs in Mathematics Notes

AP 9th Class Maths Notes in Telugu Medium

• 1st Lesson వాస్తవ సంఖ్యలు Notes
• 2nd Lesson బహుపదులు మరియు కారణాంక విభజన Notes
• 3rd Lesson జ్యామితీయ మూలాలు Notes
• 4th Lesson సరళ రేఖలు మరియు కోణములు Notes
• 5th Lesson నిరూపక జ్యామితి Notes
• 6th Lesson రెండు చరరాశులలో రేఖీయ సమీకరణాలు Notes
• 7th Lesson త్రిభుజాలు Notes
• 8th Lesson చతుర్భుజాలు Notes
• 9th Lesson సాంఖ్యక శాస్త్రము Notes
• 10th Lesson ఉపరితల వైశాల్యములు మరియు ఘనపరిమాణములు Notes
• 11th Lesson వైశాల్యాలు Notes
• 12th Lesson వృత్తాలు Notes
• 13th Lesson జ్యామితీయ నిర్మాణాలు Notes
• 14th Lesson సంభావ్యత Notes
• 15th Lesson గణితములో నిరూపణలు Notes

AP State Board Notes

These AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Maths Notes provide an extra edge and help students to boost their self-confidence before appearing for their final examinations.