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AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Notes

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AP Intermediate 1st Year Chemistry Notes

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AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Important Questions Chapter Wise Pdf 2022-2023 | Jr Inter Chemistry Important Questions

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AP Intermediate 1st Year Chemistry Important Questions with Answers Chapter Wise 2022

Intermediate 1st Year Chemistry Important Questions Chapter Wise 2022

  • Chapter 1 Atomic Structure Important Questions
  • Chapter 2 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Important Questions
  • Chapter 3 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Important Questions
  • Chapter 4 States of Matter: Gases and Liquids Important Questions
  • Chapter 5 Stoichiometry Important Questions
  • Chapter 6 Thermodynamics Important Questions
  • Chapter 7 Chemical Equilibrium and Acids-Bases Important Questions
  • Chapter 8 Hydrogen and its Compounds Important Questions
  • Chapter 9 The s-Block Elements Important Questions
  • Chapter 10 The p-Block Elements – Group 13 Important Questions
  • Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements – Group 14 Important Questions
  • Chapter 12 Environmental Chemistry Important Questions
  • Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry-Some Basic Principles and Techniques Important Questions

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Intermediate 1st Year Chemistry Syllabus

TS AP Inter 1st Year Chemistry Syllabus

Chapter 1 Atomic Structure (20 Periods)

  • 1.1 Sub-atomic particles
  • 1.2 Atomic models-Rutherford’s Nuclear model of the atom
  • 1.3 Developments to Bohr’s model of the atom.
    • 1.3.1 Nature of electromagnetic radiation
    • 1.3.2 Particle nature of electromagnetic radiation-Planck’s quantum theory
  • 1.4 Bohr’s model for the hydrogen atom
    • 1.4.1 Explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen
    • 1.4.2 Limitations of Bohr’s model
  • 1.5 Quantum mechanical considerations of sub-atomic particles
    • 1.5.1 Dual behaviour of matter
    • 1.5.2 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
  • 1.6 Quantum mechanical model of an atom. Important features of the Quantum mechanical model of the atom.
    • 1.6.1 Orbitals and quantum numbers
    • 1.6.2 Shapes of atomic orbitais
    • 1.6.3 Energies of orbitals
    • 1.6.4 Filling of orbitals in atoms, Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity
    • 1.6.5 Electronic configurations of atoms
    • 1.6.6 Stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

Chapter 2 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties (20 Periods)

  • 2.1 Need to classify elements
  • 2.2 Genesis of periodic classification
  • 2.3 Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table
  • 2.4 Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100
  • 2.5 Electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table
  • 2.6 Electronic configuration and types of elements s.p.d. and f blocks
  • 2.7 Trends in physical properties:
    • 2.7.1 (a) Atomic radius, (b) Ionic radius, (c) Variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) Ionization enthalpy, (e) Electron gain enthalpy, (f) Electro negativity
    • 2.7.2 Periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Valence or Oxidation states, (b) Anomalous properties of second-period elements – diagonal relationship.
    • 2.7.3 Periodic trends and chemical reactivity.

Chapter 3 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (20 Periods)

  • 3.1 Kossel – Lewis approach to chemical bonding
  • 3.2 Ionic or electrovalent bond – Factors favourable for the formation of the ionic compounds-Crystal structure of Sodium chloride – General Properties of ionic compounds.
  • 3.3 Bond Parameters – bond length, bond angle, bond enthalpy, bond order, and resonance – Polarity of bonds dipole moment.
  • 3.4 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theories. Predicting the geometry of simple molecules.
  • 3.5 Valence bond theory – Orbital overlap concept-Directional properties of bonds-overlapping of atomic orbitals strength of sigma and pi bonds-Factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds.
  • 3.6 Hybridisation-different types of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals -shapes of simple covalent molecules.
  • 3.7 Coordinate bond – definition with examples.
  • 3.8 Molecular orbital theory – Formation of molecular orbitals. Linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)- conditions for a combination of atomic orbitals – Energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals – Bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules – H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2 and O2
  • 3.9 Hydrogen bonding-cause of formation of hydrogen bond-Types of hydrogen bonds-inter and intra molecular – General properties of hydrogen bonds.

Chapter 4 States of Matter: Gases and Liquids (15 Periods)

  • 4.1 Intermolecular forces
  • 4.2 Thermal Energy
  • 4.3 Intermolecular forces Vs Thermal interactions
  • 4.4 The Gaseous State
  • 4.5 The Gas Laws
  • 4.6 Ideal gas equation
  • 4.7 Graham’s law of diffusion – Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
  • 4.8 Kinetic molecular theory of gases
  • 4.9 Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas(No derivation)- Deduction of gas laws from Kinetic gas equation.
  • 4. 10 Distribution of molecular speeds – rms, average and most probable speeds -Kinetic energy of gas molecules.
  • 4.11 Behaviour of real gases – Deviation from Ideal gas behaviour – Compressibility factor Vs Pressure diagrams of real gases.
  • 4.12 Liquefaction of gases
  • 4.13 Liquid State – Properties of Liquids in terms of intermolecular interactions – Vapour pressure, Viscosity, and Surface tension (Qualitative idea only. No mathematical derivation).

Chapter 5 Stoichiometry (15 Periods)

  • 5.1 Some Basic Concepts – Properties of matter – uncertainty in Measurement – significant figures, dimensional analysis
  • 5.2 Laws of Chemical Combinations – Law of Conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions, the law of multiple proportions, Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes, Dalton’s atomic theory, Avogadro law, principles, and examples.
  • 5.3 Atomic and molecular masses- mole concept and molar mass concept of equivalent weight.
  • 5.4 Percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds.
  • 5.5 Stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations.
  • 5.6 Methods of expressing concentrations of solutions-mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, and normality.
  • 5.7 Redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation, and reduction reactions-redox reactions in terms of electron transfer.
  • 5.8 Oxidation number concept.
  • 5.9 Types of Redox reactions-combination, decomposition, displacement, and disproportionation reactions.
  • 5.10 Balancing of redox reactions- oxidation number method, half-reaction(ion-electron) method.
  • 5.11 Redox reactions in titrimetry

Chapter 6 Thermodynamics (10 Periods)

  • 6.1 Thermodynamic terms
    • 6.1.1 The system and the surroundings
    • 6.1.2 Types of systems and surroundings
    • 6.1.3 The state of the system
    • 6.1.4 The Internal Energy as a state function, (a) Work (b) Heat (c) The general case, the first law of Thermodynamics
  • 6.2 Applications
    • 6.2.1 Work
    • 6.2.2 Enthalpy. H- a useful new state function
    • 6.2.3 Extensive and intensive properties.
    • 6.2.4 Heat capacity
    • 6.2.5 The relationship between Cp and Cv
  • 6.3 Measurement of “U and H”: calorimetry.
  • 6.4 Enthalpy change, ‘rH’of reactions-reaction Enthalpy, (a) Standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) Enthalpy changes during transformations, (c) Standard enthalpy of formation, (d) Thermo chemical equations, (e) Hess’s law of constant heat summation.
  • 6.5 Enthalpies for different types of reactions, (a) Standard enthalpy of combustion (“cH°) (b) Enthalpy of atomization (“a Ho). Phase transition, sublimation, and ionization, (c) Bond Enthalpy (“bond H6) (d) Enthalpy of solution (“sol Ho), and dilution.
  • 6.6 Spontaneity, (a) Is a decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity? (b) Entropy and spontaneity are the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs Energy and spontaneity.
  • 6.7 Gibbs Energy change and equilibrium.
  • 6.8 Absolute entropy and the third law of thermodynamics.

Chapter 7 Chemical Equilibrium and Acids-Bases (15 Periods)

  • 7.1 Equilibrium in a physical process
  • 7.2 Equilibrium in chemical process – dynamic equilibrium.
  • 7.3 Law of chemical equilibrium- Law of mass action and equilibrium constant.
  • 7.4 Homogeneous equilibria, the equilibrium constant in the gaseous system, Relationship between K and Kc.
  • 7.5 Heterogeneous equilibria.
  • 7.6 Applications of equilibrium constant.
  • 7.7 Relationship between equilibrium constant K reaction quotient Q arid Gibbs energy G.
  • 7.8 Factors affecting equilibrium Le-chatelier’s principle applies to the industrial synthesis of ammonia and sulphur trioxide.
  • 7.9 Ionic Equilibrium in solutions.
  • 7.10 Acids, bases, and salts – Arrhenius, Bronsted- Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases.
  • 7.11, Ionisation of acids and bases – Ionisation constant of water and ifs ionic product- pH scale -ionisation constants of weak acids-ionization of weak bases-relation between Ka and Kb -di and polybasic acids and di poly acidic bases-factors affecting acid strength-common ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases-hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions.
  • 7.12 Buffer solutions-designing of buffer solution-preparation of the acidic buffer.
  • 7.13 Solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts, solubility product constant common ion effect solubility of Ionic salts.

Chapter 8 Hydrogen and its Compounds (8 Periods)

  • 8.1 Position of hydrogen in the periodic table.
  • 8.2 Dihydrogen-occurrence and isotopes.
  • 8.3 Preparation of dihydrogen
  • 8.4 Properties of dihydrogen
  • 8.5 Hydrides:ionic. covalent, and non-stiochiometrichydrides
  • 8.6 Water-physical properties; structure of water, ice. Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water temporary and permanent hardness of water
  • 8.7 Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation; physical properties; structure and chemical properties; storage and uses
  • 8.8 Heavy water
  • 8.9 Hydrogen as a fuel

Chapter 9 s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals) (8 Periods)
Group 1 Elements:

  • 9.1 Alkali metals; electronic configurations; atomic and ionic radii; ionization enthalpy hydration enthalpy; physical properties; chemical properties; uses.
  • 9.2 General characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals; oxides; halides; salts of oxy acids.
  • 9.3 Anomalous properties of lithium: differences and similarities with other alkali metals, diagonal relationship; similarities between lithium and magnesium.
  • 9.4 Some important compounds of sodium- Sodium Carbonate; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Hydroxide; Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate.
  • 9.5 Biological importance of Sodium and Potassium.

Group 2 Elements:

  • 9.6 Alkaline earth elements; electronic configuration; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties; chemical properties; uses.
  • 9.7 General. characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals: oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxyacids (carbonates; sulphates, and nitrates).
  • 9.8 Anomalous behavior of beryllium; its diagonal relationship with aluminium.
  • 9.9 Some important compounds of calcium: Preparation and uses of calcium oxide; calcium hydroxide; calcium carbonate; plaster of Paris; cement.
  • 9.10 Biological importance of calcium and magnesium.

Chapter 10 p-Block Elements Group 13 (8 Periods)
Boron Family

  • 10.1 General introduction – electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electronegativity; physical & chemical properties.
  • 10.2 Important trends and anomalous properties of boron.
  • 10.3 Some important compounds of boron-borax, orthoboric acid, and diborane.
  • 10.4 Use of boron, aluminium, and their compounds.

Chapter 11 p-Block Elements Group 14 (8 Periods)
Carbon Family

  • 11.1 General introduction – electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electronegativity; physical & chemical properties.
  • 11.2 Important trends and anomalous properties of carbon.
  • 11.3 Allotropes of carbon
  • 11.4 Uses of carbon
  • 11.5 Some important compounds of carbon and silicon-carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, Silica, silicones, silicates, and zeolites.

Chapter 12 Environmental Chemistry (8 Periods)

  • 12.1 Definition of terms: Air, Water, and Soil Pollutions
  • 12.2 Environmental pollution
  • 12.3 Atmospheric pollution; tropospheric pollution; gaseous air pollutants (oxides of sulphur; oxides of nitrogen; hydrocarbons; oxides of carbon (CO; CO2), Global warming and greenhouse effect.
  • 12.4 Acid Rain-particulate pollutants-smog.
  • 12.5 Stratospheric Pollution: formation and breakdown of ozone-ozone hole-effects of depletion of the ozone layer.
  • 12.6 Water Pollution: causes of water pollution; international standards for drinking water.
  • 12.7 Soil Pollution: pesticides, industrial wastes.
  • 12.8 Strategies to control environmental pollution – waste management- collection and disposal
  • 12.9 Green chemistry: green chemistry in day-to-day life; dry cleaning of clothes; bleaching of paper; synthesis of chemicals.

Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry-Some Basic Principles and Techniques and Hydrocarbons (25 Periods)

  • 13.1 General introduction
  • 13.2 Tetravalency of carbon: shapes of organic compounds
  • 13.3 Structural representations of organic compounds
  • 13.4 Classification of organic compounds
  • 13.5 Nomenclature of organic compounds
  • 13.6 Isomerism
  • 13.7 Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms
    • 13.7.1 Fission of covalent bond
    • 13.7.2 Nucleophiles and electrophiles
    • 13.7.3 Electron movements in organic reactions
    • 13.7.4 Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds
    • 13.7.5 Types of Organic reactions
  • 13.8 Methods of purification of organic compounds
  • 13.9 Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds
  • 13.10 Quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds

Hydrocarbons

  • 13.11 Classification of Hydrocarbons.
  • 13.12 Alkanes- nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only)
    • 13.12.1 Preparation of alkanes
    • 13.12.2 Properties-physical properties and chemical reactivity, substitution reactions- halogenation (a free radical mechanism), combustion, controlled oxidation, isomerization, aromatization, reaction with steam, and Pyrolysis.
  • 13.13 Alkenes- Nomenclature, the structure of ethane, Isomerism (structural and geometrical).
    • 13.13.1 Methods of preparation.
    • 13.13.2 Properties: Physical and chemical reactions, the addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, Hydrogen halides Mechanism-ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov’s anti-Markovnikov’s or Kharasch effect). Oxidation, ozonolysis, and polymerization.
  • 13.14 Alkynes- nomenclature and isomerism, the structure of acetylene. Methods of preparation of acetylene.
    • 13.14.1 Physical properties, chemical reactions- the acidic character of acetylene, addition reactions of hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halides, and water. Polymerization.
  • 13.15 Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism. Structure of benzene, resonance, and aromaticity.
    • 13.15.1 Preparation of benzene, Physical properties, Chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Electrophilic substitution reactions- nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Craft’s alkylation, and acylation.
    • 13.15.2 Directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene, Carcinogenicity and toxicity.

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Intermediate 1st Year Economics Syllabus

TS AP Inter 1st Year Economics Syllabus

Paper – I Introductory Economic Theory

Unit – I Introduction
a) Origin and meaning of Economics –
b) Definitions of Economics; Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, Lionel Robbins, Paul Samuelson, & Jocob Viner. Concept of Economics – Micro & Macro Economics Deductive and Inductive Method, Static and Dynamic Analysis, Positive and Normative Economics. Goods: (Free, Economic, Consumer, Producer, and Intermediary), Wealth, Income, Utility, Value, Price, wants and welfare.

Unit – II Theory of Consumers Behaviour
a) Cardinal and Ordinal Utility, the law of Diminishing Marginal Utility – Limitations – Importance; law of Equi-Marginal Utility Limitations and –Importance of the Law, Indifference Curve Analysis – Properties and Consumer’s Equilibrium.

Unit – III Theory of Demand
a) Meaning – Demand Function – Determinants of Demand, Demand Schedule – Demand Curve, Law of Demand, Exceptions to Law of Demand – Causes for the downward slope of the demand curve, Types of Demand – Price Demand, Income Demand, and Cross Demand,
b) Elasticity of Demand – Meaning and Types – Price Elasticity, and Income Elasticity and Cross Elasticity – Price Elasticity-Types; Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand- Point Method. Arc Method, Total Outlay Method. Determinants of Elasticity of Demand; Importance of Elasticity of Demand

Unit – IV Theory of Production
a) Meaning – Production Function – Factors of Production; Short-run and Long-run Production Function; Law of variable proportions
b) Law of returns to scale; Economies of Scale – Internal and External
c) Supply – Supply Function – Determinants of Supply –– Law of Supply
d) Cost Analysis – Basic Concepts of Costs- (Money, Real, Opportunity, Fixed and Variable, Total, Average and Marginal costs)
e) Revenue Analysis – Revenue under perfect and imperfect competition

Unit – V Theory of Value
a) Meaning and Classification of Markets – Perfect competition – features – price determination- Short-run and Long-run equilibrium of a firm and Industry b) Imperfect Competition – Monopoly – Price Determination – Price-Discrimination-Monopolistic Competition- Features- Meaning of Oligopoly – Duopoly

Unit – VI Theory of Distribution
a) Determination of Factor Prices – Marginal Productivity Theory
b) Rent – Ricardian theory of Rent – Modern theory – Quasi Rent – Transfer earnings.
c) Wages – Meaning and types of wages – Money and Real wages
d) Interest- Meaning – Gross and Net interests
e) Profits – Meaning – Gross and Net profits

Unit – VII National Income
a) Definitions of National Income and Concepts
b) Measurement of National Income – Census of Product Method – Census of Income Method – Census of Expenditure Method
c) Methods of Measuring National Income in India; Problems and importance

Unit – VIII Macro Economics Aspects
a) Classical theory of Employment –J.B. Say Law of Markets- Limitations – J.M. Keynes Effective Demand.
b) Public Economics – Public Revenue – Public Expenditure – Public debt – Components of Budget.

Unit – IX Money, Banking and Inflation
a) Money – Definitions and Functions of money – Types of Money
b) Banking – Commercial Banks – Functions; Central Bank – Functions – Reserve Bank of India – Net Banking.
c) Inflation – Definitions – Types – Causes and Effects of inflation – Remedial Measures

Unit – X Statistics for Economics
a) Meaning, Scope and Importance of Statistics in Economics with Diagrams (Bar diagrams and Pie diagrams) Measures of central tendency – Mean, Median, Mode.

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AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material Pdf | Intermediate 1st Year Accountancy Textbook Solutions

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Intermediate 1st Year Accountancy Syllabus

TS AP Inter 1st Year Accountancy Syllabus

Chapter 1 Book Keeping and Accounting

  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Book Keeping
  • 1.3 Accounting
  • 1.4 Basic Accounting Terms

Chapter 2 Accounting Principles

  • 2.1 Accounting Principles
  • 2.2 Accounting Concepts
  • 2.3 Accounting Conventions
  • 2.4 Accounting Standards

Chapter 3 Double Entry Book Keeping System

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Meaning
  • 3.3 Advantages
  • 3.4 Account
  • 3.5 Classification of Accounts

Chapter 4 Journal

  • 4.1 Meaning
  • 4.2 Proforma
  • 4.3 Illustrations

Chapter 5 Ledger

  • 5.1 Meaning
  • 5.2 Advantages of Ledger
  • 5.3 Posting

Chapter 6 Subsidiary Books

  • 6.1 Meaning of the Subsidiary Books
  • 6.2 The Need / Advantages of Subsidiary Books
  • 6.3 Types of Subsidiary Books
  • 6.4 Preparation of Subsidiary Books
    • 6.4.1 Purchase Book
    • 6.4.2 Purchase Returns Book
    • 6.4.3 Sales Book
    • 6.4.4 Sales Return Book
    • 6.4.5 Cash Book
    • 6.4.6 Bills Receivable Book
    • 6.4.7 Bills Payable Book
    • 6.4.8 Journal Proper

Chapter 7 Journal Proper

  • 7.1 Meaning
  • 7.2 Advantages
    • 7.2.1 Opening Entries
    • 7.2.2 Purchases of Assets on Credit
    • 7.2.3 Sale of Asset on Credit
    • 7.2.4 Rectification entries
    • 7.2.5 Adjustment entries
    • 7.2.6 Closing journal entries
    • 7.2.7 Transfer entries
    • 7.2.8 Other entries

Chapter 8 Cash Book

  • 8.1 Meaning of Cash Book
  • 8.2 Characteristics and Advantages
    • 8.2.1 Characteristics
    • 8.2.2 Advantages
  • 8.3 Importance
  • 8.4 Various kinds of Cash Book and their Preparation
    • 8.4.1 Simple Cash Book
    • 8.4.2 Double column Cash Book
    • 8.4.3 Triple column Cash Book
    • 8.4.4 Petty Cash Book

Chapter 9 Bank Reconciliation Statement

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Nature Of The Cash Book And Bank Pass Book (Bank Statement)
  • 9.3 Meaning and Advantages of Bank Reconciliation Statement
  • 9.4 Procedure for Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement
  • 9.5 Reasons for Difference
  • 9.6 Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement
    • 9.6.1 Favourable Balances
    • 9.6.2 Unfavourable Balance or Overdraft Balance
    • 9.6.3 When extracts from Cash Book and Pass Book are given

Chapter 10 Trail Balance

  • 10.1 Meaning
  • 10.2 Features or Characteristics
  • 10.3 Merits
  • 10.4 Limitations
  • 10.5 Types of Preparation
  • 10.6 Proforma
  • 10.7 Key Points

Chapter 11 Errors and their Rectifications

  • 11.1 Errors
  • 11.2 Types of Errors
  • 11.3 Rectification of Errors
  • 11.4 Suspense Account

Chapter 12 Final Accounts

  • 12.1 Meaning
  • 12.2 Objectives
  • 12.3 Advantages and Limitations
  • 12.4 Capital and Revenue Items
  • 12.5 Preparation of Trading Account
  • 12.6 Preparation of Profit & Loss Account
  • 12.7 Balance Sheet

Chapter 13 Final Accounts with Adjustments

  • 13.1 Meaning
  • 13.2 Types of Adjustments
  • 13.3 Summary of Adjustments
  • 13.4 Accounting Treatment to the Adjustments given in Trial Balance

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AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Study Material Pdf | Intermediate 1st Year Commerce Textbook Solutions

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Intermediate 1st Year Commerce Syllabus

TS AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Syllabus

Chapter 1 Concept of Business

  • 1.1 Introduction to Business
  • 1.2 Classification of Economic Activities
  • 1.3 Characteristic Features of Business
  • 1.4 Objectives of Business
  • 1.5 Social Responsibility of Business

Chapter 2 Business Activities

  • 2.1 Industry
  • 2.2 Commerce
  • 2.3 Hindrances involved in Commerce
  • 2.4 Branches of Commerce
  • 2.5 Inter relationship between Industry, Trade and Commerce
  • 2.6 Distinction between Industry, Commerce and Trade

Chapter 3 Forms of Business Organisation

  • 3.1 Concept of Business organisation
  • 3.2 Forms of Business organisation
  • 3.3 Sole Proprietorship

Chapter 4 Joint Hindu Family Business and Cooperative Society

  • 4.1 Joint Hindu Family form of Business Organisation
  • 4.2 Cooperative Society

Chapter 5 Partnership

  • 5.1 Meaning and Definition
  • 5.2 Features
  • 5.3 Types of Partners
  • 5.4 Advantages and Limitations
  • 5.5 Registration of Partnership
  • 5.6 Partnership Deed
  • 5.7 Rights and Duties of Partners
  • 5.8 Dissolution of Partnership Firms

Chapter 6 Joint Stock Company – Formation

  • 6.1 Joint Stock Company
  • 6.2 Features
  • 6.3 Classification of Companies
  • 6.4 Distinction between Private Company and Public Company
  • 6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages

Chapter 7 Formation of a Company

  • 7.1 Steps In Formation of a Company
  • 7.2 Promotion
  • 7.3 Functions of Promoters
  • 7.4 Types of Promoters
  • 7.5 Incorporation of a Company or registration
  • 7.6 Capital subscription
  • 7.7 Commencement of Business
  • 7.8 Memorandum of association
  • 7.9 Articles of association
  • 7.10 Prospectus
  • 7.11 Minimum Subscription
  • 7.12 Certificate of Commencement of Business

Chapter 8 Sources of Business Finance-I

  • 8.1 Meaning of Business Finance
  • 8.2 Nature of Business Finance
  • 8.3 Need for and Significance of Business Finance
  • 8.4 Classification of Sources of Funds
  • 8.5 Factors Determining the choice of Sources of Finances

Chapter 9 Sources of Business Finance-II

  • 9.1 Non-institutional Sources of Finance
  • 9.2 Institutional sources of Finance
  • 9.3 International sources of Finance

Chapter 10 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)

  • 10.1 Meaning and definition of Enterprise and MSMEs
  • 10.2 Registration requirements under the MSMED Act, 2006
  • 10.3 Significance of MSMEs
  • 10.4 Privileges offered To Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises
  • 10.5 Other Promotional Measures For MSMEs

Chapter 11 Multi National Corporations (MNCs)

  • 11.1 Meaning and definitions
  • 11.2 Necessity of Globalization
  • 11.3 Multi-national Corporations
  • 11.4 Features of MNCs
  • 11.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of MNCs

Chapter 12 Emerging Trends in Business

  • 12.1 Meaning and Definition of E-Business
  • 12.2 Scope of E-business
  • 12.3 Benefits of E-business
  • 12.4 Opportunities and challenges of business in 21st Century
  • 12.5 Opportunities
  • 12.6 Challenges

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Intermediate 1st Year Civics Syllabus

TS AP Inter 1st Year Civics Syllabus

Chapter 1 Scope and Significance of Political Science
Meaning of Political Science, Origin of Political Science, Definitions of Political Science, Nature of Political Science, Scope of Political Science, Significance (or) Importance of Politica Science

Chapter 2 State
Meaning and definition of State, State and Its Essential elements – Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty, Other elements of the State – International recognition, permanence, general obedience, and popular will, Relationship between State and Society, DIfferences between Stat. and Society, Relationship between State and Association, Differences between State and Association, Relationship between State and Government, Differences between State and Government

Chapter 3 Nationalism
Meaning and definitions of Nation, Meaning and definition of Nationality, Essential Elements of Nationality, Nationalism, Differences between Nation and State, Differences between Nation and Nationality, National self-determination, India is a Nation State, Uni-national State, Multi-national State, Connotations of Nationality, Different phases of Nationalism, Merits and Demerits of Nationalism

Chapter 4 Law
Meaning of Law, Definitions of Law, Features of Law, Sources of Law, Classification of Law, Law and Morality Relationship, Law and Morality Differences, Relation between Law and Liberty, Differences between Law and Liberty, Rule of Law

Chapter 5 Liberty and Equality
Introduction to Liberty, Meaning of Liberty, Definitions of Liberty, Aspects of Liberty, Characteristics of Liberty, Types of Liberty, Safeguards of Liberty, Elements Threatening of Individual Liberty, Introduction to Equality, Meaning of Equality, Aspects of Equality, Essential features of Equality, Types of Equality, Various obstacles to Equality, Relation between Liberty and Equality

Chapter 6 Rights and Responsibilities
Introduction, Meaning and Definition of Rights, Features of Rights, Classification of Rights, Important Civil Rights, Important Political Rights, Important Economic Rights, Fundamental Rights, Safeguards of Rights, Human Rights, Features of Human Rights, Responsibilities, Types of Responsibilities, Important Responsibilities of a citizen, Relationship between Rights and Responsibilities

Chapter 7 Justice
Introduction, Definitions, Major Concepts of Justice, Connotations of Justice, Aspects of Justice, Evolution of Justice, Sources of Justice, Types of Justice, Social Justice, Achievement of Social Justice

Chapter 8 Citizenship
Introduction, Definition, Aliens, Methods of Acquiring Citizenship, Loss of Citizenship, Qualities of good Citizen, Hindrances to good Citizenship, Suggestions for overcoming the hindrances to good Citizenship, Types of Citizenship, Global or Universal Citizenship, Significance of Citizenship

Chapter 9 Democracy
Introduction, Origin, Evolution, and growth of Democracy, Features of Democracy, Types of Democracy, Merits of Democracy, Demerits of Democracy, Essential conditions to the success of Democracy, Importance of Democracy, Working of Democracy in India, Devices of Direct Democracy, Future of Democracy in India

Chapter 10 Secularism
Introduction, Origin of Secularism, Meaning and definitions of Secularism, Interpretations on Secularism, Types of Secularism, Factors that led to the spread of Secularism, Conceptions of Secularism, Dimensions of Secularism, Secularism Vs Theocracy, Meaning of Theocracy, Differences between Secular State and Theocratic State, Merits of Secularism, Meaning of Secular State, Features of Secular State, Importance of Secular State, Secularism in the Indian context, Suggestions for making India as a Secular State

Chapter 11 Constitutions
Introduction, Definitions of Constitution, Essential features of the Constitution, Classification of Constitution

Chapter 12 Government
Introduction, Meaning of Government, Classification of Governments, Unitary Government, Federal Government, Distinction between Unitary and Federal Governments, Parliamentary Government, Presidential Government, Differences between Parliamentary and Presidential Governments, Theory of Separation of Powers, Organs of Government, Legislature, Executive, Judiciary

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AP Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Notes

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AP Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Important Questions with Answers Chapter Wise 2022

Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter Wise 2022

  • Chapter 1 Diversity of Living World Important Questions
  • Chapter 2 Structural Organisation in Animals Important Questions
  • Chapter 3 Animal Diversity-I: Invertebrate Phyla Important Questions
  • Chapter 4 Animal Diversity-II: Phylum Chordata Important Questions
  • Chapter 5 Locomotion and Reproduction in Protozoa Important Questions
  • Chapter 6 Biology in Human Welfare Important Questions
  • Chapter 7 Type Study of Periplaneta Americana Important Questions
  • Chapter 8 Ecology and Environment Important Questions

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AP Intermediate 1st Year Botany Important Questions with Answers Chapter Wise 2022

Intermediate 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter Wise 2022

Unit I Diversity in the Living World

  • Chapter 1 The Living World Important Questions
  • Chapter 2 Biological Classification Important Questions
  • Chapter 3 Science of Plants – Botany Important Questions
  • Chapter 4 Plant Kingdom Important Questions

Unit II Structural Organisation in Plants – Morphology

  • Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants Important Questions

Unit III Reproduction in Plants

  • Chapter 6 Modes of Reproduction Important Questions
  • Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Important Questions

Unit IV Plant Systematics

  • Chapter 8 Taxonomy of Angiosperms Important Questions

Unit V Cell Structure and Function

  • Chapter 9 Cell: The Unit of Life Important Questions
  • Chapter 10 Biomolecules Important Questions
  • Chapter 11 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Important Questions

Unit VI Internal Organisation of Plants

  • Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants Important Questions

Unit VII Plant Ecology

  • Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services Important Questions

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TS AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Weightage to Content: Units

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Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Syllabus

TS AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Syllabus

Unit I Zoology – Diversity of Living World

  • 1.1 What is life?
  • 1.2 Nature, Scope & meaning of zoology
  • 1.3 Branches of Zoology
  • 1.4 Need for classification- Zoos as tools for the study of taxonomy
  • 1.5 Basic principles of Classification: Biological system of classification- (Phylogenetic classification only)
  • 1.6 Levels of Hierarchy of classification
  • 1.7 Nomenclature – Bi & Trinominal
  • 1.8 Species concept
  • 1.9 Kingdom Animalia
  • 1.10 Biodiversity – Meaning and distribution (Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity(alpha, beta, and gamma), other attributes of biodiversity, the role of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, methods of conservation, IUCN Red data books, Conservation of wildlife in India – Legislation, Preservation, Organisations, Threatened species.

Unit II Structural Organization in Animals

  • 2.1 Levels of organization, Multicellularity: Diploblastic & Triploblastic conditions.
  • 2.2 Asymmetry, Symmetry: Radial symmetry, and Bilateral symmetry (Brief account giving one example for each type from the representative phyla)
  • 2.3 Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, and Eucoelomates: Schizo & Entero coelomates (Brief account of the formation of coelom)
  • 2.4 Tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous tissues. (make it a little more elaborative)

Unit III Animal Diversity – I: Invertebrate Phyla
General Characters – Strictly restrict to 8 salient features only
Classification up to Classes with two or three examples – Brief account only

  • 3.1 Porifera
  • 3.2 Cnidaria
  • 3.3 Ctenophora
  • 3.4 Platyhelminthes
  • 3.5 Nematoda
  • 3.6 Annelida (Include Earthworm as a type study strictly adhering to NCERT textbook)
  • 3.7 Arthropoda
  • 3.8 Mollusca
  • 3.9 Echinodermata
  • 3.10 Hemichordata

Unit IV Animal Diversity – II: Phylum: Chordata
General Characters – Strictly restrict to 8 points only Classification up to Classes – Brief account only with two or three examples

  • 4.1 Sub phylum: Urochordata
  • 4.2 Sub phylum: Cephalochordata
  • 4.3 Sub phylum: Vertebrata
  • 4.4 Super Class: Agnatha
  • 4.4.1 Class Cyclostomata
  • 4.5 Super Class: Gnathostomata
  • 4.5.1 Super Class: Pisces
  • 4.5.2 Class: Chondrichthyes
  • 4.5.3 Class: Osteichthyes
  • 4.6 Tetrapoda
  • 4.6.1 Class: Amphibia (Include Frog as a type study strictly adhering to NCERT textbook)
  • 4.6.2 Class: Reptilia
  • 4.6.3 Class: Aves
  • 4.6.4 Class: Mammalia

Unit V Locomotion & Reproduction in Protozoa

  • 5.1 Locomotion: Definition, types of locomotor structures pseudopodia (basic idea of pseudopodia without going into different types), flagella & cilia (Brief account giving two examples each)
  • 5.2 Flagellar & Ciliary movement – Effective & Recovery strokes in Euglena, Synchronal & Metachronal movements in Paramecium
  • 5.3 Reproduction: Definition, types. Asexual Reproduction: Transverse binary fission in Paramecium & Longitudinal binary fission in Euglena. Multiple fission, Sexual Reproduction.

Unit VI Biology & Human Welfare

  • 6.1 Parasitism and parasitic adaptation
  • 6.2 Health and disease: introduction (follow NCERT) Life cycle, Pathogenicity, Treatment & Prevention (Brief account only)
    1. Entamoeba histolytica 2. Plasmodium vivax 3. Ascaris lumbricoides 4. Wuchereria bancrofti
  • 6.3 A brief account of pathogenicity, treatment & prevention of Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common cold, & Ringworm.
  • 6.4 Drugs and Alcohol abuse

Unit VII Type study of Periplaneta Americana

  • 7.1 Habitat and habits
  • 7.2 External features
  • 7.3 Locomotion
  • 7.4 Digestive system
  • 7.5 Respiratory system
  • 7.6 Circulatory system
  • 7.7 Excretory system
  • 7.8 Nervous system – sense organs, the structure of ommatidium.
  • 7.9 Reproductive system

Unit VIII Ecology & Environment

  • 8.1 Organisms and Environment: Ecology, population, communities, habitat, niche, biome, and ecosphere (definitions only)
  • 8.2 Ecosystem: Elementary aspects only Abiotic factors – Light, Temperature & Water (Biological effects only), Ecological adaptations
  • 8.3 Population interactions
  • 8.4 Ecosystems: Types, Components, Lake ecosystem
  • 8.5 Food chains, Food web, Productivity and Energy flow in Ecosystem, Ecological pyramids – Pyramids of numbers, biomass, and energy.
  • 8.6 Nutrition cycling – Carbon, Nitrogen, & Phosphorous cycles (Brief account)
  • 8.7 Population attributes Growth, Natality, and Mortality, Age distribution, and Population regulation.
  • 8.8 Environmental issues

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