AP Board

AP Board 8th Class Physical Science Notes in Telugu & English Medium

by

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Notes in Telugu & English Medium

AP 8th Class Physical Science Notes in English Medium

AP 8th Class Physical Science Notes in Telugu Medium

AP State Board Notes

AP Board 8th Class Biology Notes in Telugu & English Medium

by

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Notes in Telugu & English Medium

AP 8th Class Biology Notes in English Medium

AP 8th Class Biology Notes in Telugu Medium

AP State Board Notes

AP Board 8th Class Physical Science Important Questions and Answers English & Telugu Medium

by

Andhra Pradesh SCERT AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Physics Chapter Wise Important Questions and Answers in English Medium and Telugu Medium are part of AP Board 8th Class Textbook Solutions.

Students can also read AP Board 8th Class Physical Science Solutions (Physics & Chemistry) for exam preparation.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Physical Science Important Questions and Answers English & Telugu Medium

AP 8th Class Physical Science Important Questions and Answers in English Medium

AP 8th Class Physics Important Questions and Answers in Telugu Medium

AP Board 7th Class Telugu Important Questions and Answers

by

Andhra Pradesh SCERT AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Telugu Chapter Wise Important Questions and Answers are part of AP Board 7th Class Textbook Solutions.

Students can also read AP Board 7th Class Telugu Solutions for exam preparation.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Telugu Important Questions and Answers

AP 7th Class Telugu Important Questions and Answers New Syllabus

7th Class Telugu Important Questions Sem 1

AP 7th Class Telugu Important Questions Sem 2

AP 7th Class Telugu Chapter Wise Important Questions (Old Syllabus)

AP Board 7th Class English Important Questions and Answers

by

Andhra Pradesh SCERT AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class English Chapter Wise Important Questions and Answers are part of AP Board 7th Class Textbook Solutions.

Students can also read AP Board 7th Class English Solutions for exam preparation.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class English Important Questions and Answers

AP 7th Class English Important Questions and Answers

7th Class English Important Questions Sem 1

AP 7th Class English Important Questions Sem 2

AP Board 8th Class Biology Important Questions and Answers English & Telugu Medium

by

Andhra Pradesh SCERT AP State Board Syllabus 8th Class Biology Chapter Wise Important Questions and Answers in English Medium and Telugu Medium are part of AP Board 8th Class Textbook Solutions.

Students can also read AP Board 8th Class Biology Solutions for exam preparation.

AP State Syllabus 8th Class Biology Important Questions and Answers English & Telugu Medium

AP 8th Class Biology Important Questions and Answers in English Medium

AP 8th Class Biology Important Questions and Answers in Telugu Medium

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy

by

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions 13th Lesson Principles of Metallurgy

10th Class Chemistry 13th Lesson Principles of Metallurgy Textbook Questions and Answers

Review of Your Previous Knowledge

Question 1.
Can you mention some articles that are made up of metals?
Answer:
Jewellery, conducting wires, utensils, etc.

Question 2.
Do metals exist in nature in the form same as that we use in our daily life?
Answer:
No, they exist as ores and minerals.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy

Question 3.
Have you ever heard the words like ore, mineral and metallurgy?
Answer:
Yes, these words are related to extraction of metals.

Question 4.
Do you know how these metals are obtained?
Answer:
These metals are generally extracted from their ores.

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
List three metals that are found in nature as oxide ores.
Answer:
The three metals that are found in nature as oxide ores are

  1. Bauxite (Al2O3 2H2O)
  2. Haematite (Fe2O3)
  3. Zincite (ZnO).

Question 2.
List three metals that are found in nature in uncombined form.
Answer:
The three metals that are found in nature in uncombined form are

  1. Gold
  2. Silver
  3. Platinum.

Question 3.
Write a note on dressing of ore in metallurgy.
(OR)
What is concentration of Ore? List various physical methods that are used to enrich the ore.
Answer:

  • Ores that are mined from the earth are usually contaminated with large amount of impurities such as soil and sand, etc.
  • Concentration or dressing means, simply getting rid of as much of the unwanted rocky material as possible from the ore. The impurities like sand and clay are called gangue.

The physical methods adopted in dressing of the ore or enriching the ore depends upon the difference between physical properties of ore and gangue.

Methods of dressing or concentration of the ore:
1. Hand picking :
If the ore particles and the impurities are different in one of the properties like colour, size, etc. using that property, the ore particles are handpicked separating them from other impurities.

2. Washing:

  • We use washing method with water to separate dust from rice, dal and vegetable fruits, etc.
  • Ore particles are crushed and kept on a slopy surface. They are washed with controlled flow of water. Less densive impurities are carried away by water flow, leaving the more densive ore particles behind.

3. Froth flotation:
This method is mainly useful for sulphide ores. The ore with impurities is finely powdered and kept in water taken in a flotation cell. Air under pressure is blown to produce froth in water. Froth so produced, takes the ore particles to the surface whereas impurities settle at the bottom. Froth is separated and washed to get ore particles.

4. Magnetic separation:
If the ore or impurity, one of them is magnetic substance and the other is non-magnetic substance, they are separated using electromagnets.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy

Question 4.
What is an ore? On what basis a mineral is chosen as an ore?
Answer:
Ore :
A mineral from which a metal can be extracted economically and conveniently is called ore.
A mineral is chosen as an ore if the mineral is economical and profitable to extract.

Example:
Aluminium is the common metal in the Earth’s crust in all sorts of minerals. It is economically feasible and profitable to extract from bauxite which contains 50-70% of aluminium oxide.

Question 5.
Write the names of any two ores of iron.
Answer:
The names of two ores of iron :

  1. Haematite (Fe2O3)
  2. Magnetite (Fe3O4).

Question 6.
How do metals occur in nature ? Give examples to any two types of minerals.
Answer:

  • The earth’s crust is the major source of metals.
  • Sea water also contains some soluble salts such as sodium chloride and magnesium chloride etc.
  • Some metals like gold (Au), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) are available in nature in free state as they are least reactive.
  • Other metals are found in nature in the combined form due to their more reactivity.
  • The elements or compounds of the metals which occur in nature in the earth’s crust are called minerals.

Examples :
Minerals in oxide form :
Bauxite, Zincite, Magnetite, etc.

Minerals in sulphide form :
Copper iron pyretes, Galena, etc.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy

Question 7.
Write short notes on froth flotation process.
(OR)
Which method is useful for concentration of sulphide ore? Explain the method.
Answer:
Froth Floatation process :

  • This method is mainly useful for sulphide ores which have no wetting property whereas impurities get wetted.
  • The ore with impurities is finely powdered and kept in water taken in a floatation cell.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy 1
Froth floatation process for the concentration of sulphide ores

  • Air under pressure is blown to produce froth in water.
  • Froth so produced takes the ore particles to the surface whereas impurities settle at the bottom.
  • Froth is separated and washed to get ore particles.

Question 8.
When do we use magnetic separation method for concentration of an ore? Explain with an example.
(OR)
Write the name of the method we use to separate the ore or impurity in which one of them is magnetic substance. Draw a neat diagram indicating the method.
Answer:
If the ore or impurity, one of them is magnetic substance and the other non-magnetic substance they are separated using electromagnets.
Ex :
Iron from iron ore (Fe3O4) is separated from its impurity by passing through a magnetic field. The field attracts magnetic ore (Iron) and repels the non-magnetic impurities.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy 2

Question 9.
Write short notes on each of the following :
i) Roasting
ii) Calcination
iii) Smelting
Answer:
i) Roasting :
Roasting is a pyrochemical process in which the ore is heated in the presence of oxygen or air, below its melting point. Generally, reverberatory furnace is used for roasting.
Ex:
Zinc blende on heating with oxygen in reverberatory furnace forms zinc oxide as solid and liberating sulphur dioxide as gas.
2Zns(s) + 3O2(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)

ii) Calcination :
Calcination is a pyrochemical process in which the ore is heated in the absence of air. The ore gets generally decomposed in this process.
Ex: MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g)

iii)Smelting:
Smelting is a pyrochemical process, in which the ore is mixed with flux and fuel, then is strongly heated.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy

Question 10.
What Is the difference between roasting and calcination? Give one example for each.
(OR)
Roasting and Calcination are the methods to extract crude metals from ores. What is the difference between Roasting and Calcination?
Answer:

Roasting Calcination
1. Roasting is a pyrochemical process in which the ore is heated in the presence of air below its melting point. 1. Calcination is a pyrochemical process in which the ore is heated in the absence of air.
2. It is an oxidation reaction. 2. It is a decomposition reaction.
3. It requires oxygen. 3. It doesn’t require oxygen.
4. It is suitable to sulphide ores. 4. It is suitable to carbonate ores.
5. Ex : 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2 5. Ex : CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Question 11.
Define the terms:
i) gangue
ii) slag.
Answer:
i) Gangue:
The impurity present in the ore is called gangue.
(or)
Unwanted impurity associated with ore.

ii) Slag:
The impurities found from molten metal during poling process of refining are called slag.

Question 12.
Magnesium is an active metal if it occurs as a chloride in nature, which method of reduction is suitable for its extraction?
Answer:

  • The method of reduction which is useful for chloride of magnesium which is active is electrolytic reduction.
  • Fused MgCl2 is electrolysed with steel cathode (-) and graphite anode (+). The metal (Mg) will be deposited at cathode and chlorine gas liberates at the anode.
    At cathode : Mg2+ + 2 e– → Mg
    At anode : 2 Cl– → Cl2 + 2e–

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy

Question 13.
Mention two methods which produce very pure metals.
Answer:
Methods which produce very pure metals are :

  1. Electrolytic Reduction
  2. Smelting.

(OR)

  1. Distillation
  2. Poling.

Question 14.
Which method do you suggest for extraction of high reactivity metals? Why?
Answer:
1.The only method which is suitable for extraction of high reactivity metals is electrolysis of their fused compounds.

2. Other methods are not suitable due to following reasons :
a) Simple reduction methods like heating with C, CO, etc. to reduce the ores of these metals are not suitable because the temperature required for the reduction is too high and more expensive.

b) Electrolysis of their aqueous solutions are also not preferable because water in the solution would be discharged at the cathode in preference to the metal ions.

Question 15.
Suggest an experiment to prove that the presence of air and water is essential for corrosion. Explain the procedure.
(OR)
Write the experimental procedure to prove that water and air are essential for rusting of iron articles.
(OR)
How can you prove that the presence of air and humid are essential for corrosion?
(OR)
Explain in brief, an experiment to prove that the presence of air and water are essential for corrosion.
Write the precautions to be taken in the experiment to show air and water are essential for rusting iron articles and also write the experimental procedure.
Answer:
Aim :
To prove that the presence of air and water is essential for corrosion or for rusting of iron articles.

Apparatus :
3 boiled test tubes, 3 corks, boiled distilled water, anhydrous calcium chloride, clean iron nails.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy 3

Procedure :

  • Take three test tubes and place clean iron nails in each of them.
  • Label these test tubes A, B and C. Pour some water in test tube A and cork it.
  • Pour boiled distilled water in test tube B, add about 1 ml of oil and cork it. The oil will float on water and prevent the air from dissolving in the water.
  • Put some anhydrous calcium chloride in test tube C and cork it. Anhydrous calcium chloride will absorb the moisture.
  • Leave these test tubes for a few days and then observe.
  • We will observe that iron nails rust in test tube A, but they do not rust in test tubes B and C.

Observation :

  • In test tube A, the nails are exposed to air and water. Hence, the nails rusted.
  • In test tube B, the nails are exposed only to water, but not to air, because the oil float on water and prevent the air from dissolving in the water. Hence, the nails are not rusted.
  • In test tube C, the nails are exposed to dry air, because anhydrous calcium chloride will absorb the moisture, if any, from the air. Hence, the nails are not rusted.

Conclusion :
From the above experiment we can prove that air and water are essential for corrosion.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy

Question 16.
Collect information about extraction of metals of low reactivity silver, platinum and gold and prepare a report.
(OR)
Prepare a report with the collected information about extraction of metals of low reactivity silver, platinum and gold.
Answer:
Extraction of Silver:

  1. Silver can be extracted from Ag2S by using displacement from aqueous solution.
  2. Ag2S is dissolved in KCN solution to get dicyanoargentate (I) ions.
  3. From these ions Ag is precipitated by treating with Zinc dust powder.
    Ag2S + 4 CN– → 2 [Ag(CN)2]– + S2-
    2[Ag(CN)2]–(aq) + Zn(s) → [Zn(CN)4]2-(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Extraction of Gold :

  1. Gold is extracted from gold ore like electrum. Impurities are separated from the gold by treating gold ore with a weak cyanide solution.
  2. Zinc is added and a chemical reaction takes place which separates the gold from ore.
  3. Pure gold is removed from the solution with a filter press.

Extraction of Platinum:

  1. The extraction of platinum from ore is a complex process and includes milling the ore, a froth flotation process, and smelting at high temperatures.
  2. This removes the base metals, notably iron and sulphur and concentrate platinum.

Question 17.
Draw the diagram showing
i) Froth flotation
ii) Magnetic separation.
(OR)
Draw a neat diagram and label the parts that shows froth floatation process for the concentration of sulphide ore.
Answer:
i)
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy 1
ii)
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy 2

Question 18.
Draw a neat diagram of reverberatory furnace and label it neatly.
(OR)
Draw a neat labelled diagram of a reverberatory furnace.
Answer:
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy 4

Question 19.
What is activity series? How does it help in extraction of metals?
Answer:
Activity Series :
We can arrange metals in descending order of their reactivity. This series of writing metals is called activity series.

Uses of activity series the extraction of metals :

  • Activity series is extremely useful in extraction of metals because we can judge the nature of metal and how it exists.
  • High reactive metals like K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al are so reactive that they are never found in nature in free state.
  • The moderate reactive metals like Zn, Fe, Pb, etc. are found in the earth’s crust mainly as oxides, sulphides and carbonates.
  • The least reactive metals like Au, Ag, Pt are found even in free state in nature.

Question 20.
What is thermite process? Mention its applications in daily life.
Answer:
Thermite Process :

  • Thermite process is the chemical reaction which takes place between metal oxides and aluminium.
  • When highly reactive metals such as sodium, calcium, aluminium, etc. are used as reducing agents, they displace metals of lower reactivity from the compound.
  • This reaction is highly exothermic. The amount of heat evolved is so high that the metals can he directly converted into molten state.

Applications in daily life :

  • The reaction if Iron (III) oxide (Fe203) with aluminium is used to join railing of railway tracks or cracked machine parts.
    2 Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2 Fe + Heat.
  • And also used for joining of cracked metal utensils in the house.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy

Question 21.
Where do we use hand picking and washing methods in our daily life ? Give examples.
How do you correlate these examples with enrichment of ore?
Answer:
Daily life examples for hand picking:

  • Separating mud particles from rice is an example for hand picking because the colour and size of these two are different.
  • Similarly, the ore particles and the impurities are different in one of the properties like colour, size, etc. are separated by hand picking.

Daily life examples for washing :

  • We can clean some vegetables like potatoes by controlled flow of water. Less densive impurities are carried away by the flow leaving the more densive potatoes.
  • Similarly, ores are washed with controlled flow of water. Less densive impurities i are carried away by water flow, leaving the more densive ore particles behind.

Fill In The Blanks

1. The method is suitable to enrich the sulphide ores.
2. Arranging metals in the decreasing order of their reactivity is called
3. The method suitable for purification of low boiling metals.
4. Corrosion of iron occurs in the presence of and
5. The chemical process in which the ore is heated in the absence of air is called
Answer:

  1. Froth flotation
  2. activity series
  3. distillation
  4. air, water
  5. calcination

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The impurity present in the ore is called ………………….
A) Gangue
B) Flux
C) Slag
D) Mineral
Answer:
A) Gangue

2. Which of the following is a carbonate ore?
A) Magnesite
B) Bauxite
C) Gypsum
D) Galena
Answer:
A) Magnesite

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy

3. Which of the following is the correct formula of Gypsum?
A) CuSO4 • 2 H2O
B) CaSO4 • ½ H2O
C) CuSO4 • 5 H2O
D) CaSO4 • 2 H2O
Answer:
D) CaSO4 • 2 H2O

4. The oil used in the froth flotation process is
A) kerosene oil
B) pine oil
C) coconut oil
D) olive oil
Answer:
B) pine oil

5. Froth flotation is method used for the purification of ………………. ore.
A) sulphide
B) oxide
C) carbonate
D) nitrate
Answer:
A) sulphide

6. Galena is an ore of ………………..
A) Zn
B) Pb
C) Hg
D) Al
Answer:
B) Pb

7. The metal that occurs in the native form is ………………
A) Pb
B) Au
C) Fe
D) Hg
Answer:
B) Au

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy

8. The most abundant metal in the earth’s crust is …………………
A) silver
B) aluminium
C) zinc
D) iron
Answer:
B) aluminium

9. The reducing agent in thermite process is ………………….
A) Al
B) Mg
C) Fe
D) Si
Answer:
A) Oxidise

10. The purpose of smelting an ore is to ……………….. it.
A) Oxidise
B) Reduce
C) Neutralise
D) None of these
Answer:
B) Reduce

10th Class Chemistry 13th Lesson Principles of Metallurgy InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 238

Question 1.
How are the metals present in nature?
Answer:
Some metals like gold (Au), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) are available in nature in free sjate. Other metals mostly are found in nature in the combined form.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 240

Question 2.
What metals can we get from the ores mentioned in the Table – 1?
Answer:
The metals are Aluminium (Al), Copper (Cu), Magnesium (Mg), Silver (Ag), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Sodium (Na), Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Calcium (Ca).

Question 3.
Can you arrange metals in the order of their reactivity?
Answer:
The order of reactivity is like this : Ag < Cu < Pb < Mn < Fe < Zn < Al < Mg < Ca < Na.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy

Question 4.
What do you notice in Table – 2?
Answer:
We notice that ores of many metals are oxides and sulphides. ______

Question 5.
Can you think how we get these metals from their ores?
Answer:
We can get metals from their ores by using various extracting techniques.

Question 6.
Does the reactivity of a metal and form of its ore (oxides, sulphides, chlorides, carbonates, sulphates) has any relation with process of extraction?
Answer:
Yes, they have relation. Metals like K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al are so reactive. They exist in all forms whereas moderate reactive metals like Zn, Fe, Pb, etc. exist as oxides, sulphides and carbonates. The least reactive metals are found even in free state.

Question 7.
How are metals extracted from mineral ores?
Answer:
The extraction of a metal from its ores involves mainly in three states. They are :

  1. Concentration or Dressing
  2. Extraction of crude metal
  3. Refining or purification of the metal.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 248

Question 8.
Do you know why corrosion occurs?
Answer:
Corrosion occurs due to reaction of metal with both air and water.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy

Question 9.
What are the conditions under which iron articles rust?
Answer:
Iron articles get rust due to both air and water.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 251

Question 10.
What is the role of furnace in metallurgy?
Answer:
Furnace is used to carry out pyrochemical process in metallurgy.

Question 11.
How do furnaces bear large amounts of heat?
Answer:
Furnaces have metallic lining. So they bear large heats.

AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding

Question 12.
Do all furnaces have same structure?
Answer:
No, they have different structures.

10th Class Chemistry Textbook Page No. 239

Question 13.
Do you agree with the statement “All ores are minerals but all minerals need not be ores.? Why?
Answer:

  • Yes, I agree with the statement. The elements or compounds of the metals which occur in nature in the earth’s crust are called minerals whereas ore is a mineral from which the metal is profitably extracted.
  • For example, aluminium exists in two mineral forms that is clay and bauxite. But aluminium is mainly extracted from bauxite which contains 70% aluminium oxide.
  • So Bauxite is an ore of aluminium whereas clay is not ore.
  • So all ores are minerals but all minerals need not be ores.

10th Class Chemistry 10th Lesson Principles of Metallurgy Activities

Activity – 1
1. How do you classify ores based on their formula?
Answer:
1) Look at the following ores.
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy 5

2) Identify the metal present in each ore.
3) Classification of ores as oxides, sulphides, chlorides, carbonates, and sulphates as follows :
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy 6
AP SSC 10th Class Chemistry Solutions Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy 7

AP Board 6th Class Science Important Questions and Answers English & Telugu Medium

by

Andhra Pradesh SCERT AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Chapter Wise Important Questions and Answers in English Medium and Telugu Medium are part of AP Board 6th Class Textbook Solutions.

Students can also read AP Board 6th Class Science Solutions for exam preparation.

AP State Board Syllabus 6th Class Science Important Questions and Answers

AP 6th Class Science Chapter Wise Important Questions in Telugu Medium

6th Class Science Important Questions Sem 1

AP 6th Class Science Important Questions Sem 2

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

by

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Textbook Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

10th Class Hindi Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी Textbook Questions and Answers

InText Questions (Textbook Page No. 13)

प्रश्न 1.
नदियाँ किसमें विलीन होती हैं?
उत्तर:
नदियाँ समुद्र में विलीन होती हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
इसमें किस – किसको एक बताया गया है?
उत्तर:
इसमें मानव जाति, मानव धर्म तथा सारी दुनिया को एक बताया गया है।

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

प्रश्न 3.
‘मानव जाति एक है।’ इस पर अपने विचार बताइए।
उत्तर:
मानव जाति एक है। जिस प्रकार अनेक स्थानों से बहनेवाली नदियाँ अंत में समुद्र में मिलती हैं। उसी प्रकार अलग – अलग धर्म में जन्म लिये मनुष्य भी अंत में परमात्मा के पास पहुँचते हैं। इसलिए हम कह । सकते हैं कि मानव जाति एक है उददश्य छात्रों में कविता, गीत आदि की रचना शैली का विकास करना और उनमें देशभक्ति के साथ-साथ विश्वबंधुत्व, विश्वशांति, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण आदि सद्गुणों का विकास करना तथा भारत को और भी सशक्त कर अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर अग्रसर करने की प्रेरणा देना इस पाठ का मुख्य उद्देश्य है। विधा विशेष प्रस्तुत कविता देशभक्ति की भावना पर आधारित है। यह गेय कविता है। इसमें तुकांत शब्द प्रथम प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया व सामान्य भविष्य में हैं। यह कविता बच्चों में सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग और | समर्पण की भावना जागृत कर, उन्हें विश्वबंधुत्व की ओर कदम बढ़ाने की प्रेरणा देती है।

InText Questions (Textbook Page No. 14)

प्रश्न 1.
ऊँच – नीच का भेद मिटाने के लिए हम क्या – क्या कर सकते हैं?
उत्तर:
ऊँच – नीच का भेद मिटाना हमारा प्रथम आशय व कर्तव्य है। इसके लिए अपनी ओर से हम भी कुछ कर सकते हैं।

  • सब लोगों से मिलजुलकर रहते एकता की भावना बढानी है।
  • सबसे प्रेमपूर्वक व्यवहार करते नफ़रत की भावना को छोड देना है।
  • समानता का बीज बोते लोगों के दिलों में विश्वास भरना है।
  • जाति, धर्म, भाषा, प्रांत, जैसे भेद भावों को छोडते लोगों की सहायता करनी है।
  • सबका आदर – सम्मान करना है।
  • सबकी उन्नति में समान अवसर देना है।

प्रश्न 2.
हमें अपने जीवन में कैसा पथ अपनाना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
हमें जीवन में सदा सत्य और न्यायमार्ग पर चलना है। श्रद्धा और प्रेम का उत्तम भाव दिल में रखकर दीन – दुखियों की सेवा करनी है। खुद खुश रहते सब को सुखी रखने का न्याय पथ हमें अपनाना चाहिए। अहिंसा और धर्ममार्ग को अपनाना चाहिए। त्याग भावना को अपनाना चाहिए।

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

प्रश्न 3.
हम भटकने वालों को राह कैसे दिखा सकते हैं?
(या)
बेराहों को राह कैसे दिखा सकते हैं?
उत्तर:
भटकने वाले लोगों को जीवन की वास्तविकता समझाने का प्रयत्न करना है। सही मार्गदर्शन करते उनको खुशियाँ पाने का ज्ञान अवगत कराना है। न्याय और सत्य मार्ग पर आगे बढने ज्ञानपूर्ण सलाह देते भटकनेवालों को राह दिखा सकते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग और समर्पण की बगिया महकाने के लिए हम क्या – क्या कर सकते हैं?
(या)
हम खुशियों की बगिया कैसे महकायेंगे?
उत्तर:
मानव सामाजिक प्राणी है। हमारे मानव जीवन में सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण, प्रेम आदि महान गुणों का विशेष महत्व है। ऐसे उत्तम गुणों की बगिया महकाने हम पहले दुनिया के सारे क्लेश मिटाने का प्रयत्न करेंगे। विश्व बंधुत्व का मूलमंत्र खुद अपनाते लोगों को श्रद्धा और प्रेम का अद्भुत दृश्य दिखायेंगे। इस तरह सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग और समर्पण की बगिया महका सकते हैं। धरती को स्वर्ग बना सकते हैं।

अर्थग्राह्यता-प्रतिक्रिया

अ) प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए।
प्रश्न 1.
यह गीत आपको कैसा लगा ? अपनी पसंद और नापसंद का कारण बताइए।
उत्तर:
“हम भारतवासी” गीत मुझे बहुत पसंद आया। यह गीत सरल, सुबोध और प्रभावशाली है। देशभक्ति भावना जगाकर, विश्वबंधुत्व की ओर हमें अग्रसर होने की प्रेरणा देनेवाला है। भारतवासियों के सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण आदि गुणों का समर्थन करते हुए दुनिया को पावन धाम बनाने की महत्वाकांक्षा रखती है। सारे विश्व के लोगों के विविध क्लेशों को मिटाकर एक धर्म कुटुंब बनने की प्रेरणा देनेवाला है। भारतीय संस्कृति की गरिमा बढाने वाला है। खासकर भारतीयों के धर्म, जाति, संप्रदाय रूपी विषमताओं को भगाकर सब में अपनापन जगानेवाला है।

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

प्रश्न 2.
दुनिया को ‘पावन धाम’ बनाने के लिए हम क्या – क्या कर सकते हैं?
उत्तर:
दुनिया को पावन धाम बनाने के लिए

  • ऊँच – नीच का भेद मिटायेंगे।
  • निराशा की भावना भगाकर विश्वास जगायेंगे।
  • उलझे लोगों को वास्तविकता बतायेंगे। बेराहों को राह दिखायेंगे।
  • सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण, विश्व बंधुत्व की भावना जगायेंगे।

आ) दिया गया पद्यांश पढ़िए और इसके मुख्य शब्द पहचान कर लिखिए।

मन में श्रद्धा और प्रेम का अद्भुत दृश्य दिखायेंगे।
सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण की बगिया महकायेंगे।
जग के सारे क्लेश मिटाकर, धरती को स्वर्ग बनायेंगे।
विश्वबंधुत्व का मूल मंत्र हम, दुनिया में सरसायेंगे।

जैसे : श्रद्धा, …………………,
…………………………..,
…………………………..,
उत्तर:
प्रेम, सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण, क्लेश, विश्वबंधुत्व के सहारे धरती को स्वर्ग बनाना।

इ) निम्नलिखित भाव से संबंधित कविता की पंक्तियाँ पहचानकर लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
संसार में व्याप्त सारे विवादों को मिटाकर, हम धरती को स्वर्ग बनायेंगे।
उत्तर:
जग के सारे क्लेश मिटाकर, धरती को स्वर्ग बनायेंगे।

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

प्रश्न 2.
जीवन पथ से भटके लोगों को रास्ता दिखाएँगे।
उत्तर:
भटक रहे जो जीवन पथ से, उनको राह दिखायेंगे।

प्रश्न 3.
हम भेदभाव दूर करेंगे। हम सब मिलजुलकर रहेंगे।
उत्तर:
ऊँच – नीच का भेद मिटाकर, दिल में प्यार बसायेंगे।

ई) नीचे दिया गया पद्यांश पढ़कर सही उत्तर पहचानिए।
आज़ादी अधिकार सभी का जहाँ बोलते सेनानी,
विश्व शांति के गीत सुनाती जहाँ चुनरिया ये धानी,
मेघ साँवले बरसाते हैं, जहाँ अहिंसा का पानी,
अपनी माँगें पोंछ डालती, हँसते – हँसते कल्याणी,
ऐसी भारत माँ के बेटे मान गँवाना क्या जाने,
मेरे देश के लाल हठीले शीश झुकाना क्या जानें।

1. धानी रंग की चुनरी कौन – सा गीत सुना रही है?
अ) अधिकार का
आ) आज़ादी का
इ) विश्वशांति का
ई) अहिंसा का
उत्तर:
इ) विश्वशांति का

2. भारत के लाल कैसे हैं?
अ) सजीले
आ) साँवले
इ) हठीले
ई) निराले
उत्तर:
इ) हठीले

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

3. सैनिक किसे सभी का अधिकार मानते हैं? ‘
अ) आज़ादी को
आ) शांति को
इ) अहिंसा को
ई) मान को
उत्तर:
अ) आज़ादी को

4. “मान” शब्द का विलोमार्थक है
अ) निरमान
आ) दुरमान
इ) अपमान
ई) स्वमान
उत्तर:
इ) अपमान

5. भारत माँ के बेटे क्या गाँवाना नहीं चाहते हैं?
अ) आज़ादी
आ) मान
इ) शीश
ई) अधिकार
उत्तर:
आ) मान

अभिव्यक्ति – सृजनात्मकता

अ) इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन – चार पंक्तियों में लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
उलझनों से बचे रहने के लिए हमें कैसी सावधानियाँ लेनी चाहिए?
उत्तर:
उलझनों से बचे रहने के लिए

  • धार्मिक भेद – भाव न रखना चाहिए।
  • उत्तम मानवीय मूल्यों को बनाये रखना है।
  • पारस्परिक सहयोग की भावना होना है।
  • हमेशा सतर्क, जागरूक रहना है।
  • बौद्धिक विकास करना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 2.
निराशावादी और आशावादी के स्वभाव में क्या अंतर होता है?
उत्तर:
निराशावादी में निराशा की भावना होती है। वह निष्क्रिय होता है। जीवन दुखद होता है। उलझा रहता है। आशावादी में आशा की भावना होती है। वह सक्रिय होता है। जागरूक रहता है। सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग समर्पण होती है।

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

आ) गीत में ‘धरती को स्वर्ग’ बनाने की बात कही गयी है। हम इसमें क्या सहयोग दे सकते हैं?
(या)
पूरे विश्व को स्वर्ग का धाम कैसे बना सकते हैं?
उत्तर:
कविता का नाम : हम भारतवासी
कवि का नाम : आर.पी.निशंक
हिंदी के विख्यात कवि हैं आर.पी. निशंक| इस कविता के ज़रिये कवि छात्रों में देश भक्ति, विश्वबंधुत्व, विश्वशांति, सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण आदि महान सद्गुणों का विकास करना चाहते हैं।

“हम भारतवासी” कविता में धरती को स्वर्ग बनाने की बात पर प्रकाश डाला गया है। सच्चे भारतीय होने के कारण हम भी अपना पूरा सहयोग दे सकते हैं।

  • हम मानवों में भरे जाति – धर्म, वर्ग – वर्ण, ऊँच – नीच, अमीर – गरीब जैसे भेदभावों को दूर कर
  • सकते हैं। इससे एकता की भावना बढकर सब लोग प्रेम से रह सकते हैं।
  • सत्य, अहिंसा, सेवा, त्याग, प्रेम आदि का महत्व समझाकर विश्व बंधुत्व की भावना जगा सकते हैं।
  • स्वार्थ भाव से भरे लोगों को स्वार्थरहित, पक्षपात रहित और सहनशील बनाकर देश प्रेमी बना सकते हैं।
  • दुःख में धीरज धर लेने का आत्मविश्वास उनमें भरकर निराशावाद दूर भगाकर आशावादी बना सकते हैं।
  • जीवन पथ से भटके लोगों को मार्गदर्शन करके उन्हें सक्रिय मार्ग पर लगा सकते हैं।
  • हर्ष – विषाद आपस में बाँटकर अपनापन बढा सकते हैं। – एक दूसरे के प्रति आदर का भाव रखते, प्रेमालू बना सकते हैं।

एक बात में कहे तो वसुदैक कुटुंबकम बना सकते हैं। ऐसा करके हम भी धरती को स्वर्ग बनाने में अपना पूरा सहयोग दे सकते हैं।

विशेषता : इस कविता में देश भक्ति और नैतिक मूल्य बताये गये हैं।

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

इ) विश्वशांति की राह में समर्पित किस महान व्यक्ति का साक्षात्कार आप लेना चाहेंगे? साक्षात्कार में उनसे पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्नों की एक सूची तैयार कीजिए।
उत्तर:
विख्यात नेता से साक्षात्कार लेने के लिए मैं निम्न लिखित इस प्रश्नावली को तैयार करूँगा।
वे प्रश्न इस प्रकार हैं –

  • महोदय। विश्वशांति के लिए आप अविरल प्रयत्न कर रहे हैं। क्या आप यह बता सकते हैं कि विश्वशाँति माने क्या है? उसकी क्या आवश्यकता है?
  • आपको इस महत्वपूर्ण कार्य में पदार्पण करने का विचार क्यों और कैसे आया? इसके क्या कारण हो सकते हैं?
  • आपके इस पवित्र यज्ञ में किन-किन सज्जनों ने आपका सहयोग दिया ?
  • अपनी संकल्प सिद्धि के इस पावन काम में आपने कौनसे त्याग किये ? वे कहाँ तक फलदायी हुये हैं?
  • आपको इस काम में कहाँ तक सफलता मिली है?
  • आपके इस पुण्य कार्य में कौन-सी अडचनों का सामना करना पड़ा?
  • आगे आनेवाली पीढी को आपका संदेश क्या है?
  • सुना है कि इस विश्वशांति के पावन यज्ञ में सफल हुए व्यक्ति को नोबेल पुरस्कार से सम्मानित करते हैं। आपको यह पुरस्कार मिले तो आप कैसा अनुभव करते ?

ई) सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग आदि भावनाओं का हमारे जीवन में क्या महत्व है?
उत्तर:
हमारे जीवन में सच्चाई से बढ़कर कोई तपस्या नहीं होती। सत्य से जीवन सुखद बनता है। इसके आचरण से सच्चरित्र और महान बनता है। समाज में वंदनीय और पूजनीय बनता है।

किसी को क्षमा करना और हर प्राणी पर दया करना मनुष्य का कर्तव्य होना चाहिए। अहिंसा से दया और भाईचारे का जन्म होता है।

त्याग भावना से प्रेम और भाईचारा भाव बढ़ता है। चारों ओर संतोष होता है। भोग से त्याग श्रेयस्कर होता है।

भाषा की बात

अ) कोष्ठक में दी गयी सूचना पढ़िए और उसके अनुसार कीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
दुनिया, अमृत, पावन (वाक्य प्रयोग कीजिए। पर्याय शब्द लिखिए।)
(जैसे – यह दुनिया बड़ी निराली है। विश्व, जग, संसार)
उत्तर:
वाक्य प्रयोग
अमृत : देव जाति के लोगों ने अमृत का पान किया है।
पावन : बापूजी का यह पावन उदेदश्य आदर्शनीय है।

पर्याय शब्द
अमृत – सुधा, पीयूष
पावन – पवित्र, पुनीत

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

प्रश्न 2.
निराशा, त्याग, प्यार (विलोम शब्द लिखिए। उससे वाक्य प्रयोग कीजिए।)
(जैसे – निराशा × आशा, हमें जीवन में आशा बढानी चाहिए।)
उत्तर:
विलोम शब्द
त्याग × स्वार्थ
प्यार × घृणा

वाक्य प्रयोग
त्याग : त्याग भावना उत्तम है, स्वार्थ भावना अधम है।
प्यार : प्यार से रहना चाहिए। ईर्ष्या या घृणा पाप है।

प्रश्न 3.
खुशी, बगीचा, भावना (वचन बदलिए। वाक्य प्रयोग कीजिए।)
(जैसे – खुशी – खुशियाँ, बच्चों को खेलों से बहुत सारी खुशियाँ मिलती हैं।)
वचन वाक्य प्रयोग
उत्तर:
खुशी – खुशियाँ : वे सब मिलकर खुशियाँ मना रहे हैं।

बगीचा – बगीचे : बैगलूर में कई सुंदर बगीचे हैं।
भावना – भावनाएँ : हमें अपने दिलों में सदा अच्छी भावनाएँ रखनी हैं।

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

आ) सूचना पढ़िए और उसके अनुसार कीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
पवन, पावन, निराशा (संधि विच्छेद कीजिए।)
उत्तर:
संधि विच्छेद
पवन = पो + अन
पावन = पौ + अन
निराशा = निः + आशा

प्रश्न 2.
भारतवासी, जीवनज्योत (समास पहचानिए।)
उत्तर:
भारतवासी : → तत्पुरुष समास (भारत के वासी)
जीवनज्योत → कर्मधारय समास(जीवन रूपी ज्योत)

इ) इन्हें समझिए और वाक्य प्रयोग कीजिए।
1. खुशी
2. खुशियाँ
3. खुशियों में
उत्तर:

  1. वह खुशी मनाती है। यह खुशी संज्ञा शब्द है।
  2. त्यौहार के दिन लोग खुशियाँ मनाते हैं। खुशी का बहुवचन खुशियाँ हैं।
  3. अच्छे लोग सदा खुशियों की दुनिया में रहते हैं। संबंध बोध कारक हैं।

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

ई)1. नीचे दिया गया उदाहरण समझिए। उसके अनुसार दिये गये वाक्य बदलिए।
AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी 1
उत्तर:
AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी 2

2. कविता में आये मुहावरे पहचानिए और अर्थ लिखिकर वाक्य प्रयोग कीजिए।
उत्तर:
1. पावन धाम बनाना = पवित्र स्थल बनाना
हमें दुनिया को पावन धाम बनाना चाहिए।

2. अमृत रस सरसाना = प्रेम भावना जगाना
भारतवासी सभी लोगों के दिलों में अमृत रस सरसायेंगे।

3. विश्वास जगाना = यकीन दिलाना
निराशावादी लोगों में विश्वास जगाने की आवश्यकता है।

4. राह दिखाना = सही रास्ता दिखाना
अध्यापक छात्रों को राह दिखाते हैं।

5. दिल में प्यार बसाना = एकता बनाना
नेता लोगों के दिल में प्यार बसाते हैं।

6. तथ्य दीप समझाना = यथार्थ / वास्तव बताना
तथ्य दीप समझाने से अहित कार्य नहीं होते।

7. कुहासा तोडना = स्पष्ट करना
मन में व्याप्त कुहासा तोडने से सुखी रह सकते हैं ।

परियोजना कार्य

शांति के पथ पर समर्पित किसी महान व्यक्ति के बारे में जानकारी इकट्ठा कर कक्षा में प्रस्तुत कीजिए।
उत्तर:
जिम्मी कार्टर जिम्मी कार्टर का पूरा नाम जेम्स अर्ल कार्टर जूनियर है। (जन्म अक्तूबर 1, 1924) एक अमेरिकी राजनेता हैं जो 1976 से 1980 तक संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के 39 वें राष्ट्रपति रहे। राष्ट्रपति बनने से पहले वे संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका की नौसेना में कार्यरत रहें, जॉर्जिया में सेनेटर रहे, और जॉर्जिया के गवर्नर भी रहे। राष्ट्रपति कार्यकाल के बाद वे मानव अधिकार संस्थाओं एवं परोपकारी संस्थाओं के साथ जुड़े रहे। उन्हें 2002 में नोबेल शान्ति पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया।

प्रारंभिक जीवन :
जिम्मी कार्टर का जन्म जॉर्जिया के प्लेन्स नामक शहर में वाइस क्लीनिक अस्पताल में हुआ था जहाँ उनकी माँ लिलियन कार्टर नर्स थीं। उनके पिता अर्ल कार्टर का खेत था जिसमें वे कपास एवं मूंगफली उगाया करते थे। 1926 में जिम्मी की छोटी बहन ग्लोरिया, 1929 में रूथ, और 1937 में छोटे भाई बिली का जन्म हुआ। 1941 में जिम्मी ने प्लेन्स हाई स्कूल से दसवीं कक्षा पास की । 1941 में जिम्मी ने अमेरिकन्स शहर में स्थित जॉर्जिया साउथवेस्टर्न कॉलेज में पढ़ाई शुरू की। 1942 में उन्होंने यह कॉलेज छोड़ जॉर्जिया इंस्टिट्यूट ऑफ़ टॅकनॉलोजी में दाखिला लिया। 1943 में उन्हें एनापोलिस , मैरीलैंड स्थित यू. एस नेवल अकैडमी में दाखिला मिल गया और वे 1946 में वहाँ से उत्तीर्ण हुए। उत्तीर्ण होने के पश्चात वे संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका की नौसेना की पहली परीक्षनात्मक पनडुब्बी में कार्यरत हुए।

जुलाई 7, 1947 को कार्टर ने बहन रूथ की सहेली एलानोर रोज़ालिन स्मिथ से विवाह कर लिया। 1947 में कार्टर के पुत्र जॉन विलियम का जन्म हुआ, 1950 में जेम्स अर्ल II का, 1952 में डॉनल जेफ़्फ़ी … का और 1967 में पुत्री एमी लिन का जन्म हुआ। 1953 में जिम्मी के पिता अर्ल की मृत्यु होने पर जिम्मी अपनी पत्नी के साथ जॉर्जिया वापिस लौट गए, पिता के खेती के कारोबार को संभालने के लिए।

कैरियर : 1962 में कार्टर को जॉर्जिया सेनेट में चुना गया। 1966 में उन्होंने जॉर्जिया को गवर्नर पद के लिए चुनाव लड़ा परन्तु जीत नहीं पाए। 1971 में वे फिर जार्जिया के गवर्नर पद के चुनाव में खड़े हुए और जीते। जिम्मी कार्टर, मेनाम बेगिन और अनवर अल-सदात 1978 में कैम्प डेविड में। 1977 में वे संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के 39 वे राष्ट्रपति बने। राष्ट्रपति के तौर पर इनके कार्यकाल में निम्न मुख्य घटनाएँ हुई।

1978 में कैम्प डेविड में कार्टर ने मिस्र के राष्ट्रपति अनवर अल – सदात और इजराइल के प्रधानमन्त्री मेनाखेम बेगिन के बीच समझौता करवाया जिसके नतीजे में 1979 में इज़राइल और मित्र के बीच में शान्ति कायम हुई।

1 जनवरी 1979 को संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका ने चीनी जनवादी गणराज्य को राजनयिक मान्यता दी और दोनों के बीच में राजनयिक संबंध कायम हुए। इसी के साथ चीनी गणराज्य की राजनयिक मान्यता रद्द कर दी गयी और राजनयिक संबंध औपचारिक रूप से तोड़ दिए गए यद्यपि दोनों देशों ने अनौपचारिक रूप से राजनयिक संबंध जारी रखे।

1979 में हुई ईरान की इस्लामी क्रांति के दौरान नवंबर में तेहान में स्थित अमेरिकी दूतावास पर उग्रवादी छात्रों ने कब्जा कर लिया और 50 से अधिक अमेरिकी बंधी बना लिए गए। जब ईरान और संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका कोई कूटनीतिक समाधान नहीं कर सके तो 1980 में सैन्य बल पर बंदियों को . छुड़ाने की नाकाम कोशिश की गई जिसमें अमेरिकी सैनिकों की जान गई। अंत में बंधी 1981 में 444 दिनों के पश्चात छोड़े गए।

सोवियत संघ के अफ़गानिस्तान पर हमला करने पर कार्टर ने आदेश दिया कि संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के खिलाड़ी मॉस्को में हो रहे 1980 ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलिम्पिक खेलों का बहिष्कार करेंगे। वे 1980 में राष्ट्रपति चुनाव में पुनः खड़े हुए परन्तु हार गए।

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

राष्ट्रपति कार्यकाल के पश्चात :
राष्ट्रपति कार्यकाल समाप्त होने के बाद कार्टर ने मानव अधिकार संबंधित अनेक संस्थाओं, एवं अनेक परोपकारी संस्थाओं के साथ काम किया है। 1982 में कार्टर ने अटलांटा, जॉर्जिया स्थित एमरी विश्वविद्यालय में कार्टर प्रेसिडेंशियल सेंटर की स्थापना की जो लोकतंत्र और मानव अधिकार संबंधित कार्य करता है।

कार्टर ने राष्ट्रपति कार्यकाल के पश्चात अनेक पुस्तकें भी लिखी हैं।
कार्टर को 2002 में नोबेल शान्ति पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया।

हम भारतवासी Sunnary in English

We are Indians. We transform India into a holy heaven. We show the marvellous images of care and love in our hearts.

We fill our hearts with love discarding the feelings of high and low, rich and poor etc. We sprinkle the sap of ambrosia removing the mist patches like jealousy and hatred. We dispel the despair, fill hope and dispense confidence. We are Indians. We transform the world into a holy heaven.

We make the people who are extrapped in problems and difficulties realise the fact. We show the proper way to the people are led astray from the path of life. We enkindle the lights of life with the lamps of joy.

We are Indians. We transform India into a holy heaven.

We show the marvellous images of care and love in our hearts. We grow the groves of truth, non-violence, sacrifice, dedication and devotion. We remove all the adversities from the world and make it a heaven. We chant the spell of fraternity, universal rapport and make others chant.

We are Indians. We transform India into a holy heaven. We show the marvellous images of care and love in our hearts.

हम भारतवासी Summary in Telugu

మేము భారతీయులం. మేము ప్రపంచాన్ని పావనధామంగా తయారుచేస్తాం. మనస్సుల్లో శ్రద్ధ మరియు ప్రేమల అద్భుత దృశ్యాలను చూపుతాము.

ఉన్నవారు – లేనివారు (ఉన్నతమైన – నిమ్నమైన) అనే భేదభావాలు లేక హృదయాలలో ప్రేమను నింపుకుంటాము. ఈర్ష్యా – ద్వేషం అనే మంచు తెరలను తొలగించి అమృతరసాన్ని చిలికిస్తాం. నిరాశను దూరం చేసి ఆశను నింపి విశ్వాసాన్ని రేకెత్తిస్తాం, మేల్కొలుపుతాం. మేము భారతీయులం. ప్రపంచాన్ని పావనధామంగా తీర్చిదిద్దుతాం.

సమస్యలలో చిక్కుకుని ఊగిసలాడుతున్న ప్రజలకు యదార్థాన్ని తెలియజేస్తాం. జీవన పథం నుండి దారి మళ్ళి తిరుగుతున్నవారికి దారి చూపిస్తాం. సంతోష దీపాలతో జీవన జ్యోతులను వెలిగిస్తాం.

మేము భారతీయులం. ప్రపంచాన్ని పావనధామంగా తీర్చిదిద్దుతాం.

మనస్సుల్లో శ్రద్ధ, ప్రేమల అద్భుత దృశ్యాలను చూపుతాం. సత్యం, అహింస, త్యాగం, సమర్పణ మొదలైన తోటలను పెంచుతాం. ప్రపంచంలోని అన్ని కష్టాలను తొలగించి భూమిని స్వర్గంలా తీర్చిదిద్దుతాం. విశ్వబంధుత్వ మూలమంత్రాన్ని ప్రపంచంలో జపింపజేస్తాం, జపిస్తాం.

మేము భారతీయులం. ప్రపంచాన్ని పావనధామంగా తయారుచేస్తాం. మనస్సుల్లో శ్రద్ధ మరియు ప్రేమల అద్భుత దృశ్యాలను చూపుతాం.

अभिव्यक्ति-सृजनात्मकता

2 Marks Questions and Answers

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दो या तीन वाक्यों में लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
दुनिया को ‘पावन धाम’ बनाने के लिए हम क्या – क्या कर सकते हैं?
उत्तर:
मैं सच्चे भारतीय होने के कारण सारी दुनिया को पावन धाम बनाना चाहता हूँ। यह मेरा प्रमुख कर्तव्य है। इसके लिए मैं पहले अपने दिल में निर्मल और उत्तम भावनाएँ भर लूंगा। सबके दिलों में एकता और सौभ्रातृत्व भावना जगाने का प्रयत्न करूँगा। प्रेम भाव का महत्व समझाते लोगों को भेद – भावों से दूर रहने का आग्रह करूँगा। सारी मानव जाति एक है – यह नारा देते भक्ति और धर्मयुक्त जीवन बिताने बाध्य करूँगा। खुद सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, आत्म समर्पण जैसे उत्कृष्ट गुणों का प्रचार करते लोगों को रास्ता दिखाऊँगा।

प्रश्न 2.
आर.पी. निशंकजी के बारे में आप क्या जानते हैं? लिखिए।
उत्तर:

  • आर.पी.निशंक आधुनिक हिंदी साहित्यकारों में विशिष्ट स्थान रखते हैं।
  • इनकी रचनाओं का मुख्य प्रतिपाद्य देश भक्ति है। समर्पण, नंवकुर, मुझे विधाता बनना है, तुम भी मेरे साथ चलो, जीवन पथ में, कोई मुश्किल नहीं आदि उनकी चर्चित काव्य रचनाएँ हैं।

अभिव्यक्ति-सृजनात्मकता

4 Marks Questions and Answers

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छह पंक्तियों में लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
निराशा को दूर करने के क्या – क्या उपाय हैं?
उत्तर:
निराशा को दूर करने के लिए ये उपाय हैं –

  • मन में श्रद्धा और प्रेम का अद्भुत दृश्य दिखाने से निराशा दूर हो जाती है ।
  • दिल में प्यार बसाने से निराशा दूर कर सकेंगे |
  • हम दूसरों में विश्वास जगायें तो निराशा दूर हो जायेगा ।
  • ऊँच – नीच के भेद – भावों को मिटाने से भी निराशा दूर हो जायेगी।

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

प्रश्न 2.
विश्व बंधुत्व का अर्थ क्या है?
उत्तर:

  • एक ही परिवार के सभी लोग जिस प्रकार बंधुत्व भाव से रहते हैं, उसी प्रकार विश्व भर के लोगों से बंधु भावना से रहना ही विश्व बंधुत्व है । केवल भारतीयों और भारत देश में ही विश्व बंधुत्व की भावना प्राचीन काल से आज तक चल रही है।
  • हम हर हमेशा कहते भी हैं कि सर्वेजना सुखिनो भवंतु |
  • जिस प्रकार हम प्रांतीय एवं जातीय भावना से रहते हैं उसी प्रकार विश्व बंधुत्व की भावना से भी रहना है।
  • सारे विश्व की मंगल भावना ही विश्व बंधुत्व भावना है ।

प्रश्न 3.
ऊँच – नीच का भेद भाव मिटाने के लिए हमें क्या करना है?
उत्तर:

  • ऊँच – नीच का भेद मिटाने के लिए हमें सबके प्रति श्रद्धा और प्रेम को दिखाना है ।
  • सबके दिलों में प्यार बसाना है ।
  • नफ़रत के कुहासे को तोडना है ।
  • सामाजिक, आर्थिक , राजनीतिक एकता से हम ऊँच – नीच के भेद -भावों को मिटा सकते हैं ।
  • दूसरों के निराशा को दूर करने से भी कुछ हद तक भेद भाव मिटा सकेंगे।
  • हमारे पास जो कुछ आवश्यकता से अधिक है उसे ज़रूरतमंदों को दे देने से भी भेदभावों को हटा सकेंगे।

प्रश्न 4.
किसी काम को आत्मविश्वास के साथ क्यों करना है?
उत्तर:

  • हम जो भी करें आत्मविश्वास के साथ करें तो वह काम ज़रूर पूरा होगा | सफल होगा |
  • आत्मविश्वास में अद्भुत शक्ति निहित है ।
  • आत्मविश्वास से हम जितने भी कष्ट से कष्ट एवं मुश्किल काम को भी बहुत आसानी के साथ कर सकते हैं।
  • आत्मविश्वास हम में जीने की शक्ति को बढ़ाता है ।

प्रश्न 5.
जीवन पथ से भटकने वालों को हम कैसे राह दिखा सकते हैं?
उत्तर:

  • मन में श्रद्धा और प्रेम का अद्भुत दृश्य दिखाकर हम जीवन पथ में भटकने वालों को राह दिखा सकते हैं।
  • उलझन में उलझे लोगों को तथ्य दीप समझाकर राह दिखा सकेंगे |
  • हम खुशियों के दीप जलाकर जीवन ज्योत जलाकर जीवन पथ से भटकने वालों को राह दिखा सकते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
विश्व शांति से आपका अभिप्राय क्या है?
उत्तर:

  • विश्व बंधुत्व भावना ही विश्वशांति है ।
  • सारी दुनिया भर में शांति स्थापना ही विश्व शांति है ।
  • देश भर के लोग मन में श्रद्धा तथा प्रेम के अद्भुत दृश्यों के साथ रहेंगे तो वही विश्व शांति है ।
  • सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण आदि भावों से हम रहेंगे तो विश्वशांति अवश्य होगी।
  • युद्ध, दुख, लालच और सभी पीडाओं को मिटाने का एक मात्र साधन है – विश्वशांति ।
  • जहाँ शांति है वहाँ सुख है, जहाँ सुख है वही स्वर्ग है । यह सब विश्व शांति के द्वारा ही साध्य है।

अभिव्यक्ति-सृजनात्मकता

8 Marks Questions and Answers

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर आठ या दस पंक्तियों में लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
भारत की संस्कृति सारे विश्व को लुभाती है। इस कथन पर व्याख्या कीजिए|
उत्तर:
शीर्षक का नाम : “हम भारतवासी” है।
कवि का नाम : “आर.पी.निशंक’ है।

  • भारतीय संस्कृति की मुख्य विशेषताएँ ये हैं कि
  • भारतीय संस्कृति में ऊँच – नीच का भेद मिटाकर दिल में प्यार बसाने की शक्ति है।
  • सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण जैसे सद्गुणों का विकास करने की शक्ति है।
  • जग के सारे क्लेशों को मिटाकर धरती को स्वर्ग बनाने की शक्ति है।
  • विश्व के सारे लोगों में प्रेम और शांति की स्थापना कर सकती है।
  • विश्व बंधुत्व रूपी मूलमंत्र दुनिया में सरसाने की शक्ति इस संस्कृति में है।
  • इस प्रकार हम कह सकते हैं कि भारत की संस्कृति सारे विश्व को लुभाती है।

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

प्रश्न 2.
“भारतीय, विश्वशांति और विश्वबंधुत्व की पवित्र भावनाओं से दुनिया को पवित्र धाम बनायेंगे” हम भारतवासी कविता के आधार पर स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
शीर्षक का नाम : “हम भारतवासी” है।
कवि का नाम : “आर.पी.निशंक” है।

  • हम भारतवासी दुनिया को पावन धाम बनायेंगे। मन में श्रद्धा और प्रेम का अद्भुत दृश्य दिखायेंगे।
  • हम सब में ऊँच-नीच का भेद मिटाकर दिल में प्यार बसायेंगे।
  • हम नफ़रत को दूर कर अमृत बरसायेंगे।
  • हम सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग और समर्पण की बगिया को महाकायेंगे।
  • जग के सारे क्लेशों को मिटाकर धरती को स्वर्ग बनायेंगे।
  • विश्व बंधुत्व रूपी मूल मंत्र हम दुनिया में सरसायेंगे।
  • इस प्रकार भारतीय विश्वशांति, विश्व बंधुत्व की भावनाओं से दुनिया को पवित्र धाम बनायेंगे।

प्रश्न 3.
विश्वशांति और विश्वबंधुत्व की भावना भारतवासी कैसे फैलायेंगे?
उत्तर:

  • हम भारतवासी कविता के कवि श्री आर.पी. निशंक है।
  • ये महान हिंदी साहित्यकार है, इनकी कविताओं का मुख्य विषय देश भक्ति है।
  • प्रस्तुत कविता ‘मातृभूमि के लिए ‘संग्रह’ से लिया गया है।
  • इस कविता में भारतीयों के लक्षणों के बारे में बताया गया है।
  • भारतवासी दुनिया को पावन धाम बनायेंगे।
  • श्रद्धा और प्रेम से दुनिया का मार्ग निर्देशन करेंगे।
  • ऊँच – नीच का भेद मिटायेंगे, सब से प्यार करेंगे।
  • नफ़रत मिटाकर अमृत रस सरसायेंगे, निराशा दूर भगाकर विश्वास जगायेंगे।
  • उलझन में फंसे लोगों को राह दिखायेंगे, जीवन पथ से भटके लोगों को राह दिखायेंगे।
  • सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण आदि भावों से भरा समाज बनायेंगे।
  • इस तरह विश्वशांति और विश्वबंधुत्व की भावना फैलायेंगे।

प्रश्न 4.
हम भारतवासी कविता का सारांश अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
आर.पी. निशंक कृत “हम भारतवासी” पाठ का सारांश अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
हम भारतवासी
कविता का नाम : हम भारतवासी
कवि का नाम : श्री आर. पी. निशंक
रचनाएँ : समर्पण, नवंकुर,जीवन पथ में, मुझे विधाता बनना हैं, तुम भी मेरे साथ चलो, कोई मुश्किल नहीं आदि।
पुरस्कार : पद्म श्री

सारांश :
आधुनिक हिंदी साहित्यकारों में आर.पी. निशंक जी विशिष्ट स्थान रखते हैं। अपनी इस कविता में आप छात्रों में देश भक्ति भावना के साथ विश्व बंधुत्व विश्वशांति, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण आदि उत्तम गुणों का विकास करना चाहते हैं।

कवि कहते हैं कि हम भारतवासी दुनिया को पावन धाम बनायेंगे। हम अपने मन में श्रद्धा और प्रेम का अद्भुत दृश्य दिखायेंगे। सब में ऊँच – नीच का भेद मिटाकर दिल में प्यार बसायेंगे। नफ़रत को दूर भगाकर अमृत बरसायेंगे। निराशा को दूर करके लोगों में विश्वास जगायेंगे। उलझनों में उलझे लोगों को तथ्य दीप समझायेंगे।

जीवन पथ से भटकनेवालों को सच्चा राह दिखायेंगे। खुशियाँ रूपी दीप जलाकर जीवन ज्योत जलायेंगे। सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, और समर्पण की बगिया महकायेंगे।

जग के समस्त क्लेशों को मिटाकर शक्तिभर धरती को स्वर्ण बनायेंगे। वसुदैक कुटुबंम भावना हम दुनिया से सरसायेंगे।

ऐसे सच्चे आशय मन में रखकर हम दुनिया को पावन धाम बनाने में अपना पूरा जीवन लगा देंगे।

विशेषताएं:
1. इस कविता में देश भक्ति, विश्व बंधुत्व, विश्व शांति, अहिंसा, त्याग अदि भाव व्यक्त किये गये हैं।
2. यह प्रेरणादायक कविता है।

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

प्रश्न 5.
“हम भारतवासी” कविता विश्व – बंधुत्व की ओर कदम बढाने की प्रेरणा देती है। – समझाइए।
उत्तर:
कवि : रमेश पोखरियाल निशांक’
जन्म : 15 अगस्त 1958
रचनाएँ : समर्पण, नवंकुर, मुझे विधाता बनाना है, तुम भी मेरे साथ चलो, जीवन पथ में, कोई मुश्किल नहीं आदि।
रचना का मुख्य विषय : देशभक्ति

एक ही परिवार के सभी लोग जिस प्रकार बंधुत्व भाव से रहते हैं उसी प्रकार विश्वभर के लोगों से बंधु भावना से रहना ही विश्व बंधुत्व है। सारे विश्व की मंगल कामना भारतीयों में आदिकाल से ही निहित है। इसी भावना के अन्तर्गत भारतवासी कहते हैं कि –

  • हम भारतवासी दुनिया को पवित्र स्थल बनाएँगे।
  • श्रद्धा और प्रेम से दुनिया का मार्गदर्शन करेंगे।
  • लोगों में ऊँच – नीच भेद मिठाकर सब में प्यार भरेंगे।
  • लोगों के बीच में हुई नफरत का भाव मिटाकर अमृत रस सरसाएँगे। उनके निराशा को दूर भगाकर उनमें विश्वास जगाएँगे।
  • उलझन में फसे और जीवन पथ से भटके लोगों को सही राह दिखाएँगे।
  • समाज को सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण आदि भावों से भरेंगे।

इन भावनाओं से हमें पता चलता हैं कि यह कविता विश्व बंधुत्व की ओर कदम बढाने की प्रेरणा जरूर देती है।

प्रश्न 6.
धरती को स्वर्ग कैसे बना सकते हैं?
(या)
भारतवासी किन पवित्र भावनाओं से धरती को स्वर्ग बनाना चाहते हैं? विवरण दीजिए ।
उत्तर:

  • विश्वशांति से धरती को स्वर्ग बना सकते हैं।
  • आपस में प्रेम, श्रद्धा और प्यार आदि भावों को जगाकर धरती को स्वर्ग बना सकते हैं ।
  • दिल में ऊँच – नीच के भेदभावों को दूर करके धरती को स्वर्ग बना सकेंगे।
  • वैर भाव, ईर्ष्या, द्वेष आदि के बिना आपस में सहयोग के साथ रहकर धरती को स्वर्ग बना सकेंगे।
  • विश्व बंधुत्व भावना से रहकर धरती को स्वर्ग बना सकेंगे।
  • सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण आदि सर्वोन्मत अंशों को प्रधानता देकर धरती को स्वर्ग बना सकेंगे ।
  • मनुष्यों में निराशा को दूर भगाकर आशा दीप जलाकर धरती को स्वर्ग बना सकेंगे ।

प्रश्न 7.
निशंक जी किन भावनाओं से दुनिया को पावन धाम बनाना चाहते हैं?
उत्तर:
“हम भारतवासी” नामक कविता के कवि हैं श्री आर. पी. निशंक | “हम भारतवासी” नामक कविता में कवि देश भक्ति के साथ – साथ विश्वबंधुत्व, विश्वशांति, सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण आदि सद्गुणों का विकास छात्रों में करते हैं।

कवि कहते हैं कि हम भारतवासी दुनिया को पावन धाम बनायेंगे | मन में श्रद्धा और प्रेम का अद्भुत दृश्य दिखायेंगे । हम सबमें ऊँच – नीच का भेद मिटाकर दिल में प्यार बसायेंगे | नफ़रत नामक कुहासे को तोड़कर हम अमृत सरसायेंगे | हम खुशी में निराशा को दूर भगाकर विश्वास जयायेंगे ।

कवि और कहते हैं कि उलझनों में उलझे लोगों को तथ्य दीप समझायेंगे | जीवन पथ से भटकते रहने वालों को राह दिखायेंगे | हम खुशियों के दीप जलाकर जीवन ज्योत जलायेंगे ।

कवि और कहते हैं हम सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग और समर्पण की बगिये को महकायेंगे | जग के सारे क्लेशों को मिटाकर धरती को स्वर्ग बनायेंगे | विश्वबंधुत्व रूपी मूलमंत्र को हम दुनिया में सरसायेंगे |

AP SSC 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 हम भारतवासी

प्रश्न 8.
‘वसुधैक कुटुंबम” की भावना को आर. पी. निशंक जी ने अपनी कविता में सुंदर ढंग से व्यक्त किया है – स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
“हम भारतवासी” नामक कविता के कवि हैं श्री आर. पी. निशंक | “हम भारतवासी” नामक कविता में कवि देश भक्ति के साथ – साथ विश्वबंधुत्व, विश्वशांति, सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग, समर्पण आदि सद्गुणों का विकास छात्रों में करते हैं।

कवि कहते हैं कि हम भारतवासी दुनिया को पावन धाम बनायेंगे | मन में श्रद्धा और प्रेम का अद्भुत दृश्य दिखायेंगे | हम सबमें ऊँच – नीच का भेद मिटाकर दिल में प्यार बसायेंगे | नफ़रत नामक कुहासे को तोड़कर हम अमृत सरसायेंगे | हम खुशी में निराशा को दूर भगाकर विश्वास जयायेंगे ।

कवि और कहते हैं कि उलझनों में उलझे लोगों को तथ्य दीप समझायेंगे | जीवन पथ से भटकते रहने वालों को राह दिखायेंगे | हम खुशियों के दीप जलाकर जीवन ज्योत जलायेंगे ।

कवि और कहते हैं हम सत्य, अहिंसा, त्याग और समर्पण की बगिये को महकायेंगे । जग के सारे क्लेशों को मिटाकर धरती को स्वर्ग बनायेंगे । विश्वबंधुत्व रूपी मूलमंत्र को हम दुनिया में सरसायेंगे |

‘वसुधैक कुटुंबम’ का अर्थ है विश्व बंधुत्व की भावना । इस प्रकार आर. पी. निशंक अपनी कविता में “वसुधैक कुटुंबम’ की भावना को अपनी कविता “हम भारतवासी” में उभारा है |

AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 21 Human Rights and Fundamental Rights

by

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 21st Lesson Human Rights and Fundamental Rights Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 21st Human Rights and Fundamental Rights

9th Class Social Studies 21st Lesson Human Rights and Fundamental Rights Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Which of the following is not an instance of an exercise of a fundamental right
a) Workers from Bihar go to Punjab to work on the farms
b) Religious minority set up a chain of schools
c) Men and women government employees get the same salary
d) Parents’ property is inherited by their children
Answer:
d) Parents’ property is inherited by their children

AP Board Solutions

Question 2.
Which of the following freedoms is not available to an Indian citizen?
a) Freedom to criticise the government
b) Freedom to participate in armed revolution
c) Freedom to start a movement to change the government
d) Freedom to oppose the central values of the Constitution
Answer:
b) Freedom to participate in armed revolution

Question 3.
Which of these statements about the relationship between democracy and rights is more valid? Give reasons for your preference.
a) Every country that is a democracy gives rights to its citizens.
b) Every country that gives rights to its citizens is a democracy.
c) Giving rights is good, but it is not necessary for a democracy.
Answer:
I prefer the first sentence. The reasons are –
a)

  1. All democratic countries ensure certain rights to its citizens.
  2. Rights are reasonable claims of the people.
  3. Democratic governments strive to preserve equal ground for all.

b)

  1. During the early days of modern history, all despotic governments granted certain rights to the people. That was done under great pressure.
  2. Therefore every country that gives rights to its citizens is not a democratic.

c) The rights are so important that they are also expressed by many democratic countries and codified by the UNO and find first place in the universal declaration of human rights. Hence it is necessary for democracy to give rights.

Question 4.
Are these restrictions on the right to freedom justified? Give reasons for your answer.
a) Indian citizens need permission to visit some border areas of the country for reasons of security.
b) Outsiders are not allowed to buy property in some areas to protect the interest of the local population.
c) The government bans the publication of a book that can go against the ruling party in the next elections.
Answer:
a)

  1. Yes, it is justifiable.
  2. It is the responsibility of the government to protect the life of the people.
  3. Border areas are high risk areas and tension always persists there.
  4. Hence permission is necessary.

b)

  1. No, not justifiable.
  2. People in democracy have freedom to reside in any part of India.
  3. Hence, this statement is against the fundamental rules.
  4. But, there is one clause in our Constitution itself, that we cannot buy property in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
  5. So Jammu and Kashmir is an exemption to the fundamental rule.

c)

  1. No, not justifiable.
  2. Democracies grant civil liberties to its citizens.
  3. Under civil liberties, we can express our ideas through media or books.
  4. But generally, government bans certain books in order to avoid internal tensions.

Question 5.
Look through this chapter and the previous one and make a list of the six Fundamental Rights in the Constitution.
(OR)
What are fundamental rights? How are these helping us to live better?
(R)
Write any four fundamental rights enjoyed by the citizens of India.
Answer:
There are six fundamental rights. They are :

  1. Right to equality
  2. Right to freedom
  3. Right to religious freedom
  4. Right against exploitation
  5. Right to education and culture
  6. Right to constitutional remedies.

Fundamental rights protect the liberties and freedom of the citizens against any invasion by the state, prevent the establishment of the authoritarian and dictatorial rule in the country. They are very essential for the all-round development of the individuals and the country.

AP Board Solutions

Question 6.
Are the Fundamental Rights being violated in each of the following cases? If so, which Fundamental Right or Rights? Discuss with your classmates.
a) Suppose a person is kept in a police station for 4 days without being told the reasons, which law was broken?
b) Suppose your neighbor tries to claim some of your land as her own.
c) Suppose your parents do not allow you to go to school. They make you take up a job in a match factory instead because they cannot afford to feed you properly.
d) Suppose your brother refuses to give you the land that you have inherited from your father.
Answer:
a)

  1. In the first case, arresting a person without proper reason and keeping in a police station for 4 days is against the fundamental rights.
  2. “Rights to life” and personal liberty ensures that “no one can be arrested without being told the grounds for his arrest.
  3. “Hebeaus Corpus” writ protects the individuals from the arrest.

b)

  1. Occupation of one’s land by another is not a violation of fundamental rights.
  2. Right to property is a legal right.

c)

  1. Not allowing a child to go to school is definitely violation of fundamental right.
  2. “Right to education” is a part of “right to life”.
  3. Government is responsible for providing free and compulsory education to all the children up to the age of 6 to 14 years.

d)

  1. Refusal on part of your brother to give you land that you inherited is not violation of fundamental rights.
  2. Right to property is a legal right and civil courts will solve the problem.

Question 7.
Suppose you are an advocate. How would you argue the case for a group of people who come to you with the following request:
“The river in our area is getting very polluted by the factories upstream. We get our drinking water from the river. People in our villages keep falling ill because of the polluted water. We have complained to the government but there has been no action from their side. This is surely a violation of our Fundamental Rights.” ;
Answer:

  • Being an advocate I would like to file a writ in the court for the interests of the public.
  • This is surely a violation of our fundamental rights.
  • Hence I argue the case in such a way that immediately stay order would be issued to close down the factory.
  • When the government did not respond to our complaints, courts would definitely safeguard our interests.

AP Board Solutions

Question 8.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Abolition of Title’ and answer the following question:
Abolition of Title:
In another move to remove arbitrary and unequal classification of the aristocratic class and the bourgeoise, the Constitution prohibits the State from conferring any titles. The British government had created an aristocratic class known as Rao Bahadurs and Khan Bahadurs in India -these titles were also abolished. Citizens of India cannot accept titles from a foreign State. However, military and academic distinctions can be conferred on the citizens of India. The awards like the Bharat Ratna, the Paramveer Chakra, and the Padma Vibhushan cannot be used by the recipient as a title and do not, accordingly, come within the constitutional prohibition.
The awards can’t be used by the recipient as a title. Why?
Answer:

  • In order to remove arbitrary and unequal classification of the aristocracy and middle class, the constitution prohibits the state from conferring any titles.
  • Hence the awards like the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Vibhushan cannot be used by the recipients as a title.

Question 9.
Analyse an incident you know about where the Fundamental Rights are violated.
Answer:

  • The 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots was a four-day period during which sikhs were massacred by members of the secular-centrist Congress party of India, some estimates that more than 2000 were killed. (Religious violation)
  • Dalits and indigeneous peoples continue to face discrimination, exclusion and acts of communal violence.
  • Narco analysis test (against to the Indian constitution), “nobody may be made a witness against himself, etc.

Question 10.
Invite a senior advocate into your classroom and collect the following information by conducting an interview.
– violation of fundamental rights and its consequences
– violation of children rights
– ways of struggle for rights in democracy
– any other related
Answer:
Students : Good morning sir.
Advocate : Good morning children.
Students : Sir, today we are going to known about the fundamental rights and importance of other rights from you sir.
Advocate : Yes, children, I will explain. What do you know about.
Students : Sir what will happen, if we violate fundamental rights.
Advocate : Courts will punish us.
Students : Sir please explain one example?
Advocate : If any person is created a nusence in the public places, he created inconvience to the freedom of other people. Then the police arrested that person and kept in the prision.
Students : What will happen when violate the children’s rights?
Advocate : Children are the tomorrow’s citizens generally 6-14 years age is considred as children. So that age children should be in school. But if they did not go to school and work in any where the owner will punish by government / court. Parents should provide education to their children. That is their fundamental right.
Students : Sir what are the ways to struggle for rights in democracy?
Advocate : Students in a democracy always we are fighting for our rights. We will achieve our rights in a peaceful manner. So movements will be in a democratic manner not in a violent manner. These are in through petitions, strikes etc.
Students : Sir please explain any other related issues.
Advocate : Children fundamental rights are provided by our constitution. We will enjoy that not violate and not create any inconvienient to others it will we create any we will punish by government and lost our valuable future also.
Students : Thank you sir.
Advocate : Ok children. Bye.

9th Class Social Studies 21st Lesson Human Rights and Fundamental Rights InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a few important features of Preamble you studied last year. (Text Book Page No. 256)
Answer:
The Preamble is the heart and soul of our constitution. The important features are –

  1. The Preamble starts with the words “We the people of India”. This ensures that sovereignty vests with the people.
  2. It also confirms or ensures justice, equality, liberty, and fraternity to all its citizens.
  3. It declares our country as sovereign, socialistic, secular, democratic, republic. Each of the words have different meaning.

Question 2.
What kinds of rights to equality does the Constitution ensure? Give examples. (Text Book Page No. 259)
Answer:
The Constitution ensures the following rights to equality to its citizens.

  1. Equal protection of law * The laws apply to all in the same manner, regardless of a person’s income, status, background, etc.
  2. Social Equality – The state condemns any sort of discriminations of human beings.
  3. Equality of opportunity – The constitution guarantees equality of opportunity for all citizens regarding education or employment.
  4. Abolition of untouchability.
  5. Abolition of titles – In order to remove inequalities “Titles” of any sort are abolished.

Question 3.
What would happen if the Fundamental Right to Equality was not in the Constitution? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 259)
Answer:

  1. Democratic systems preserve equal grounds for all.
  2. Democracies work on the principle of equality which is also known as “rule of law”.
  3. If the fundamental “Right to equality” was not in the Constitution, the very essence of democracy would be lost.

Question 4.
What associations are there in your area? (Text Book Page No. 261)
Answer:
There are so many associations in my area. Some of them are –

  1. Teachers Associations
  2. Workers Association
  3. Foremen’s Association
  4. Students’ Associations
  5. Auto – Rickshaw Association
  6. Trade Union Associations
  7. Rice Millers’ Associations
  8. Fishermen’s Associations, etc.

AP Board Solutions

Question 5.
Why are workers’ unions formed? What problems do they face? (Text Book Page No. 261)
Answer:
Workers unions are formed to protect the rights of workers and to solve their problems. These unions hold meetings to discuss their problems and take their demands to the officers of the factory. The following are their problems.
a) Their working conditions will not be healthy.
b) Salaries, dearness allowances, pensions, etc., will not be paid to them in time.
c) Sometimes their services will not be regularised.
d) They will not provide any educational facilities to their children of the factory workers.
e) Medical reimbursement, generally, not given to them.

Question 6.
Why do people want to move and settle in various parts of the country? (Text Book Page No. 261)
Answer:
In search of job opportunities people move and settle in various parts of the country.

Question 7.
What do you remember about the difference between the role of the police and that of the court? (Text Book Page No. 262)
Answer:

  • Police generally file a case on any person who had committed a crime.
  • He has to submit the accused in the case before the court.
  • The court decides whether a person is guilty or not. And finally gives judgement.

Question 8.
What are the different types of schools you see in your area? Why do you think are there such different types of schools? (Text Book Page No. 262)
Answer:
There are the following types of schools
Basing on the management –

  1. Zilla Parishad School
  2. Mandal Parishad Schools
  3. Government Schools
  4. Social Welfare Schools
  5. Tribal Welfare Schools
  6. Government aided schools
  7. Private Schools

Basing on the classes –

  1. Primary Schools (I class to 5th class)
  2. Upper Primary Schools (1st class to 7th class)
  3. High Schools (6th class to 10th class)

The children, whose parents are rich and can afford private school, go to private schools. And rest of the children generally go to government schools.

AP Board Solutions

Question 9.
Can anyone not follow any religion if he/she wishes? (Text Book Page No. 263)
Answer:
No, everyone can follow whatever religion they want. “Right to religious freedom” is our fundamental right.

Question 10.
State some instances of violations of Human Rights. (Text Book Page No. 266)
Answer:

  1. Arbitrary arrests
  2. Denial of right to information and corruption
  3. Sexual cruelty
  4. Rape of women
  5. Delay in investigation of crimes
  6. Female infanticide
  7. Kidnapping for ransom
  8. Deplorable conditions of women, children and downtrodden people
  9. Discrimination against women in the family
  10. Cruelty to domestic servants

The above are some instances of the violations of human rights. These violations continue unchecked because people are not aware of their human rights.

Question 11.
Read the passage and answer the following questions. (Text Book Page No. 262)
The Constitution states, “no child below the age of 14 shall be employed to work in any factory or mines or engaged in any other hazardous employment.” Accordingly, laws have been made that prohibit children from making matches, crackers, beedis, and carpets, or doing printing and dyeing, etc.
Do you think this right has been made available to children in the villages and cities in your area?
Answer:
There are number of children who are still working in small scale industries like dyeing, printing, beedi making etc.

AP Board Solutions

Question 12.
Discuss whether you think each of the following is a violation of the Fundamental Right to Equality, Also discuss whether you think it is constitutionally right or wrong to do such things. (Text Book Page No. 259)

  • While filling water from a public source, some people object if the vessel of another person touches their pots.
  • Some communities are never provided a place to live within the village but always outside.
  • In some schools, certain children are not allowed to serve water because they belong to a particular caste.
  • Members of some communities do not go to many places of worship because they fear that they will be ill treated or beaten up.

Answer:

  • The above examples are the clear evidences of practice of untouchability.
  • The practice of untouchability is a crime.
  • Anyone doing so is punishable under law.

AP Board Solutions

Question 13.
With the help ofthe teacher find out the minimum wages in your state. (Text Book Page No. 262)
Answer:
Minimum wages were received by the people in different sector in our state.
Male – Rs. 200 (per day) – Female – Rs. 150 (per day)
Teacher – Rs. 300 to 2000 (per day).

Agriculture labour
Male – Rs. 180 (per day)
Female – Rs. 120 (per day)

Mason
Male – Rs. 300 (per day)
Female – Rs. 180 (per day)

Question 14.
How does the practice of “Sati” violate fundamental rights? (Text Book Page No. 263)
Answer:

  • No citizen can be denied his life and liberty except by law.
  • “The right to life” does not include “the right to die”, and hence suicide, forced death or sati, etc. are offences.
  • “Sati”, hence, is violation of fundamental right of “the right to live”.

Question 15.
What is the responsibility of the government towards workers who are able to find some work, in the city but don’t have a proper place to live? (Text Book Page No. 261)
Answer:

  • Our Government has introduced subsidised housing schemes to the people of below poverty line.
  • Under urban basic schemes, Indira Aavas Yojana, Rajiv Gruha Yojana, etc., so many people acquired houses.
  • They are constructed in the prime localities of the cities.
  • Most of the slums in the cities were removed.
  • Development is still going on in this regard.

AP Board Solutions

Question 16.
Write a petition to the NHRC if you know any instances of human rights violation in your area. (Text Book Page No. 266)
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Social Studies Solutions Chapter 21 Human Rights and Fundamental Rights 1

Question 17.
Is there a State Human Rights Commission in our state? Find out about its activities. (Text Book Page No. 266)
Answer:
Yes, there is a State Human Rights Commission in our state.
A Human Rights Commission, also known as a Human Relations Commission is a body set up to investigate, promote or protect human rights.

Its activities are

  1. Inquire into any violation of human rights.
  2. Look into negligence in the prevention of human rights violation by a public servant.
  3. They can take cognizance either sumotu or on a petition presented to it or on an order of a court.
  4. They intervene in any proceeding involving allegation of violation of human rights pending before a court etc.

 

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion

by

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Physical Science Solutions 1st Lesson Motion

9th Class Physical Science 1st Lesson Motion Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
As shown in following figure, a point traverses the curved path.
Draw the displacement vector from given points A to B.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 1
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 2
As the point traverses from A to B, the displacement is the shortest distance between A and B. Hence the displacement vector will be as follows.

Question 2.
“She moves at a constant speed in a constant direction.” Rephrase the same sentence in fewer words using concepts related to motion. (AS 1)
Answer:
“She moves with constant velocity”.

Reason :
Constant speed in a constant direction is nothing but ‘constant velocity’.

Question 3.
What is the average speed of a Cheetah that sprints 100 m in 4 sec? What if it sprints 50 m in 2 sec? (AS 1, AS7)
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 9

Question 4.
Correct your friend who says, “The car rounded the curve at a constant velocity of 70 km/h”. (AS 1)
Answer:
“The car rounded the curve at a constant speed of 70 km/h”.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion

Reason :
In a circular motion, speed remains constant but velocity changes.

Question 5.
Suppose that the three balls shown in figure below start simultaneously from the top of the hills. Which one reaches the bottom first? Explain.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 14
Answer:
Ball from first hill reaches the bottom first.
Reason :

  1. In the first hill, the ball has uniform rectilinear motion.
  2. So, the speed and velocity have same magnitude and direction.
  3. In the second and third hills, the ball takes curved path.
  4. So, the direction of velocity changes.

Question 6.
In the figure given below distance vs time graphs showing motion of two cars A and B are given. Which car moves fast? (AS 1)
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 3
Answer:
Car A moves fast.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 4
Reason :

  1. If we draw perpendiculars to X and Y axes from A and B respectively, we can observe that A covers large distance (S1) within a short time (t1).
  2. Find the slopes of the lines OA and OB at any instant. Slope of OA is high. Hence car A moves faster.

Question 7.
Draw the distance vs time graph when the speed of a body increases uniformly. (AS 5)
Answer:
Let us consider a car moves as shown in the table.

Time (t) sec Distance in meters
0 sec 0 meters
1 sec 3 meters
2 sec 6 meters
3 sec 9 meters
4 sec 12 meters
5 sec 15 meters

Now draw a s-t graph.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 16

Question 8.
Draw the distance-time graph when its speed decreases uniformly. (AS 5)
Answer:
Let us consider the movement of a car after applying brakes.

Time (t) sec Distance in meters
0 sec 20 meters
1 sec 18 meters
2 sec 16 meters
3 sec 14 meters
4 sec 12 meters
5 sec 10 meters

Now draw distance-time graph.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 16

Question 9.
A car travels at a speed of 80 km/h during the first half of its running time and at 40 km/h during the other half. Find the average speed of the car. (AS 1, AS 7)
Answer:
Let the total running time = x hrs
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 17

Question 10.
A car covers half the distance at a speed of 50 km/h and the other half at 40 km/h. Find the average speed of the car. (AS 1, AS 7)
Answer:
Let the total distance = x km.
First half is covered with a speed of 50 km/h.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 18

Question 11.
Derive the equation for uniform accelerated motion for the displacement covered in its nth second of its motion. (sn = u + a ( n – \(\frac{1}{2}\)) (AS 1)
Answer:
We know that distance travelled by an object in t seconds Is s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at²
∴ Distance travelled in ‘n’ seconds, s(n sec) = un + \(\frac{1}{2}\)an² ………. (1)
Distance travelled in (n – 1) seconds, s(n – 1) = u(n – 1) + \(\frac{1}{2}\) a(n – 1)² …….. (2)
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 10

Question 12.
A particle covers 10m in first 5 sec and 10m in next 3 sec. Assuming constant acceleration. Find initial speed, acceleration and distance covered in next 2 sec. (AS 1, AS 7)
Answer:
Distance covered in first 5 sec = 10
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 19
To find the distance covered in next 2 sec, we have to find the initial speed after 8 sec
i.e., the final velocity after 8 sec.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 20

Question 13.
A car starts from rest and travels with uniform acceleration ‘α’, for some time and then with uniform retardation ‘β’ and comes to rest. The time of motion is “t”. Find the maximum velocity attained by it. (αβt/(α+β)) (AS 1, AS 7)
Answer:
Acceleration a = a m/sec²
Initial speed u = 0 m/sec
Let the time be t1 sec.
From equation v = u + at
⇒ v = 0 + αt1
\(\therefore \mathrm{t}_{1}=\frac{\mathrm{v}}{\alpha} \mathrm{sec}\)
Retardation a = – β m/sec²
Initial speed ‘u’ is equal to the final
velocity with acceleration ‘α’
= u = αt1 m/sec
Final velocity v = 0 m/sec
Let the time be t2 sec
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 21

Question 14.
A man is 48m behind a bus which is at rest. The bus starts accelerating at the rate of 1 m/s², at the same time the man starts running with uniform velocity of 10 m/s. What is the minimum time in which the man catches the bus? (AS 1, AS 7)
Answer:
Bus is at rest.
∴ u = 0; a = 1 m/sec²
Let the bus cover the distance ‘s’ in ‘n’ seconds.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 22
A man running with uniform velocity, v = 10 m/sec.
Distance covered by man in n seconds = 10 nm.
But after ‘n’ seconds the man catches the bus.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 23

∴ The minimum time in which the man catches the bus is 8 sec.

Question 15.
A body leaving a certain point “O” moves with a constant acceleration. At the end of the fifth second, its velocity is 1.5 m/s. At the end of the sixth second, the body stops and then begins to move backwards. Find the distance traversed by the body before it stops. Determine the velocity with which the body returns to point “0”. (AS 1)
Answer:
Velocity in 5th sec = 1.5 m/sec ; The body comes to rest in 6th sec.
∴ Final velocity in 6th sec, v = 0
∴ Acceleration in 6th sec is v = u + at ⇒ 0 = 1.5 + a. 1 ⇒ a = -1.5 m/sec²
[The velocity in 5th sec becomes the initial velocity for 6th sec]
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 11
After 6 sec, the body comes to rest.
∴ v = 0, a = -1.5 m/sec², u = ?, t = 6 sec.
v = u + at ⇒ 0 = u – 1.5 × 6 ⇒ u = 9 m/sec.
∴ Distance traversed by the body in 6 sec. i.e., before it stops.
s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at² = 9 × 6 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × – 1.5 × 6² = 54 – 27 = 27m.
For backward journey,
u = 0 m/sec, t = 6 sec, a = -1.5 m/sec²
v = u + at ⇒ v = 0 – 1.5 × 6 ⇒ v = – 9
∴ Velocity for backward journey is – 9 m/sec.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion

Question 16.
Distinguish between speed and velocity.(AS 1)
Answer:

Speed Velocity
1. The distance covered in unit time is called average speed. 1. The displacement of an object per unit time is called average velocity.
2. Speed = \(\frac{\text { Distance }}{\text { Time }}\) 2. Velocity =\(\frac{\text { Displacement }}{\text { Time }}\)
3. Speed is scalar. 3. Velocity is vector.
4. Speed gives the idea of how fast the body moves. 4. Velocity gives the idea of how fast the body moves in specified direction.

Question 17.
What do you mean by constant acceleration? ((AS 1)
Answer:

  • Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
    2
  • It gives an idea how quickly velocity of a body is changing.
  • Acceleration is uniform, when in equal intervals of time, equal changes of velocity occurs.
  • For example, while driving a car, if we steadily increase the velocity from 30 km/h to 35 km/h in 1 sec and 35 km/h to 40 km/h in the next second and so on. In this case the acceleration is 5km/h, is said to be constant acceleration.
    AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 5

Question 18.
When the velocity is constant, can the average velocity over any time interval differ from instantaneous velocity at any instant ? If so, give an example; if not, explain why. (AS 2, AS 1)
Answer:
No. Here velocity is constant.
∴ Average velocity over any time interval is same and the instantaneous velocity at any instant is same.

Ex : Let us consider a car moves on a straight road with constant velocity say 10 m/s.
1) Now let the distance covered (AB) by the car in 1 s = 10 m.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 6

2) Distance covered in 2s (AC) = 20 m.
Average velocity from A to C is \(\frac{20 m}{2 s}\) = 10 m/s.

3) Instantaneous velocity at A or B or C at any point = 10 m/s.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion

Question 19.
Can the direction of velocity of an object reverse when its acceleration is constant? If so give an example; if not, explain why? (AS 2, AS 1)
Answer:
Yes. In case of a vertically projected body, while the body is moving up, the direction of velocity is upward, whereas while it is falling down, the direction of velocity is downward. Acceleration in both the cases is constant (numerically).

Question 20.
A point mass starts moving in a straight line with constant acceleration V’. At a time t after the beginning of motion, the acceleration changes sign, without change in magnitude. Determine the time t0 from the beginning of the motion in which the point mass returns to the initial position. (AS 1)
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 45 AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 12

Question 21.
Consider a train which can accelerate with an acceleration of 20 cm/s² and slow down with deceleration of 100 cm/s². Find the minimum time for the train to travel between the stations 2.7 km apart. (AS 1)
Answer:
Let the Acceleration of the train a = 20 cm/s²
Deceleration of the train β = 100 cm/s²
Distance between the two stations s = 2.7 km = 27 × 104 cm
Let the minimum time for the train to travel between the two stations is t sec.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 13

Question 22.
You may have heard the story of the race between the rabbit and tortoise. They started from same point simultaneously with constant speeds. During the journey, rabbit took rest somewhere along the way for a while. But the tortoise moved steadily with lesser speed and reached the finishing point before rabbit. Rabbit woke up and ran, but rabbit realized that the tortoise had won the race. Draw distance vs time graph for this story. (AS 5)
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 8

  1. OX – movement of tortoise.
  2. OABC – movement of rabbit
  3. Rabbit and tortoise start at O’.
  4. After time tj rabbit is at A and tortoise is at P.
  5. Rabbit takes rest up to time t2.
  6. After time t2, tortoise is at Q, but rabbit has no displacement.
  7. After time t3, the tortoise reaches the destination ‘X’.
  8. But rabbit reaches the destination after time t4.

Question 23.
A train of length 50 m is moving with a constant speed of 10 m/s. Calculate the time taken by the train to cross an electric pole and a bridge of length 250 m. (AS 1)
Answer:
Length of the train 50 m.; Speed of the train v = 10 m/s.
Distance travelled while crossing an electric pole = Length of the train = s = 50 m.
∴ Time taken to cross the electric pole ‘t’ = \(\frac{s}{v} \Rightarrow t=\frac{50}{10}\) = 5 s.
Length of the bridge = 250 m.
Distance travelled while crossing the bridge = Length of train + Length of bridge
= 50 + 250 = 300 m.
∴ Time taken to cross the bridge = \(\frac{300 \mathrm{~m}}{10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}}\) = 30 sec.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion

Question 24.
Two trains each of having a speed of 30 km/h are headed at each other in opposite direction on the same track. A bird flies off one train to another with a constant speed of 60 km/h when they are 60 km apart till before they crash. Find the distance covered by the bird and how many trips the bird can make from one train to the other before they crash. (AS 1)
Answer:
Speed of each train = 30 km/hr
Speed of the bird = 60 km/hr
Distance between the two trains = 60 km
These two trains crash in one hour.
The bird flies a distance of 60 km till before the two trains crash.
The bird can make number of trips (infinity) before they crash.

Question 25.
A Stone dropped from top of a well reaches the surface of water in 2 seconds, find the velocity of stone while it touches the surface of water and what is the depth of the water surface from top of well (g=10m/s²) (Using V = U + at, S = Ut + 1/2 at²)
Answer:
Given that
t = 2s
u = 0 m/s [∵ free fall body]
v = ?
Depth s = ?
a = g = 10 m/s²

i) v = u + at
v = 0 + 10 × 2 = 20 m/s

ii) s = ut + – \(\frac{1}{2}\)at²
= 0 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 10 × 2²
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 10 × 4
= 20 m
Hence, velocity of stone while it touches the surface of water = 20 m/s
Depth of the water surface from the top of well = 20 m.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion

Question 26.
An object moving with 6m per second execute an acceleration 2 m/s² in next 3 seconds. How much distance it covered? (s = ut + 1/2 at²)
Answer:
u = 6 m/s; t = 3 sec; a = 2 m/s²
s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at²
= 6 × 3 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 2 × 3² = 18 + 9 = 27 m
The object covers 27 m in 3 sec.

Question 27.
A car stopped after travelling distance 8 m due to applying brakes at the speed of 40 m/s. Find acceleration and retardation of car in that period, (v² – u² = 2as)
Answer:
Here u = 40 m/s; v = 0 (vehical stopped); s = 8 m; a =?
v² – u² = 2as 0 – 40² = 2 × a × 8
a = \(\frac{-(40)(40)}{2 \times 8}\) =-100m/s
Acceleration = 100 m/s² with retordation on (-sign).

9th Class Physical Science 1st Lesson Motion InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 1

Question 1.
If earth is in motion, why don’t we directly perceive the motion of the earth?
Answer:
Earth is in motion. We, the people on the earth also move with a speed equal to that of the earth. We cannot directly perceive the motion of the earth, because of this.

Question 2.
Are the walls of your classroom at rest or in motion? Why?
Answer:
The walls are at rest in view of our observation. When we discuss this in view of the motion of the earth, the walls are also in motion.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion

Question 3.
Have you ever experienced that the train in which you sit appears to move when it is at rest? Why?
Answer:
This happens when we sit in a stationary train and, the train on another track starts moving.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 2

Question 4.
Why do we observe these changes?
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 39
Answer:
These changes are due to the point of observation. We know that earth is a sphere, the upward direction of the vertical position on its surface decisively depends upon the place on the earth’s surface, where the vertical is drawn.

Question 5.
Are the terms relative or not?
Answer:
The terms “longer”, “shorter”; “up” and “down”, etc. are relative to each other.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 4

Question 6.
What answer may the passenger give to the driver?
Answer:
The car is in motion with respect to the observer on the road, but at rest with respect to the passenger. Because motion is a combined property of the observer and the body which is being observed.

Question 7.
How do we understand motion?
Answer:
A body is said to be in motion when its position is changing continuously with time relative to an observer.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 6

Question 8.
Can you measure the average speed and average velocity?
Answer:
Yes, we can measure the average speed and average velocity.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion

Question 9.
How can you differentiate speed and average velocity?
Answer:

  1. Speed gives the idea of how fast the body moves.
  2. Velocity is the speed of an object in a specified direction.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 7

Question 10.
Can you find the speed of the car at a particular instant of time?
Answer:
Yes, we can find the speed of the car at any instant of time by looking at its speedometer

Question 11.
What is the speed of the car at the instant of time ‘t3‘ for given motion?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 40
The instantaneous speed is represented by the slope of the curve at a given instant of time. We can find the slope of the curve at any point on it by drawing a tangent to the curve at that point. The slope of the curve gives speed of the car at that instant.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 8

Question 12.
In what direction does an object move? Distance vs time graph
Answer:
The object moves in the direction tangential to the direction of the motion of the string.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion

Question 13.
Which motion is called uniform? Why?
Answer:
The motion of the body is said to be in uniform when its velocity is constant.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 9

Question 14.
What is the shape of the graph?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 41
The shape of the graph for a body which is in uniform motion is a straight line as shown in the figure.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 10

Question 15.
a) What is the shape of the graph?
Answer:
It is a curve.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 42

b) Is it a straight line or not? Why?
Answer:
The graph is not a straight line because the speed is changing irregularly.

Question 16.
Draw velocity vectors in the given figure at times t = 0, 1s, 2s, 3s.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 28
From the graph, we conclude that when the ball moves down the inclined plane its speed increases gradually but its direction remains constant.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 43

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 11

Question 17.
Draw velocity vectors at times t = 1s, 2s, 3s in the given figure.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 29
From the graph, we conclude that when the ball moves up the inclined plane its speed decreases gradually, but the direction of motion remains constant.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 44

Question 18.
Can you give few examples for motion of an object where its speed remains constant but velocity changes?
Answer:
For the bodies which are in uniform in circular motion the speed remain constant but velocity change. Ex : Rotation of earth, revolution of moon around the earth, etc.

Question 19.
Is the direction of motion constant? How?
Answer:
No, the direction of motion also changes continuously.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion

Question 20.
Can you give some more examples where speed and direction simultaneously change?
Answer:
Motion of a rocket, horizontally projected body, kicked football, a cricket ball bowled by a bowler, etc.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 12

Question 21.
What is acceleration? How can we know that a body is accelerating?
Answer:

  1. Acceleration gives an idea how quickly velocity of a body changing.
  2. It is equal to the rate of change in velocity.
  3. While travelling in a bus or car, when the driver presses the accelerator, the passen¬gers sitting in the bus experience acceleration. Their bodies press against the seats due to acceleration.

Question 22.
At which point is the speed maximum?
Answer:
At B, the speed will be maximum.

Question 23.
Does the object in motion possess acceleration or not?
Answer:
Any object which is in motion possesses acceleration.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 5

Question 24.
What is the displacement of the body if it returns to the same point from where it started? Give one example from daily life.
Answer:
When a body returns to the same point where it is started, then the displacement is zero.
Ex: A man starts from his home, goes to a market and returns home. Then his displacement is zero.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion

Question 25.
When do the distance and magnitude of displacement become equal?
Answer:
The distance and the magnitude of displacement become equal when the body moves along a straight line in one direction.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 6

Question 26.
What is the average speed of the car if it covers 200 km in 5 h?
Answer:
Distance = 200 km ; Time = 5 h
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 34

Question 27.
When does the average velocity become zero?
Answer:
The average velocity of a body becomes zero when its displacement is zero.

Question 28.
A man used his car. The initial and final odometer readings are 4849 and 5549 respectively. The journey time is 25h. What is his average speed during the journey?
Answer:
Distance covered = 5549 – 4849 = 700 km.
Time = 25h.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 35

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 9

Question 29.
Very often you must have seen traffic police stopping motorists or scooter drivers who drive fast and fine them. Does fine for speeding depend on average speed or instantaneous speed? Explain.
Answer:
Instantaneous speed.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion

Question 30.
One airplane travels due north at 300 km/h and another airplane travels due south at 300 km/h. Are their speeds the same? Are their velocities the same? Explain.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 36

  1. Speed is same.
  2. Velocities are same in magnitude but differs in direction in the observer’s point of view.

Question 31.
The speedometer of the car indicates a constant reading. Is the car in uniform motion? Explain.
Answer:
Yes.

  1. The indicator in speedometer changes its position even for a small change in speed.
  2. As it indicates a constant reading, the car moves equal distances at equal intervals of time.
  3. Hence the motion is uniform.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 11

Question 32.
An ant is moving on the surface of a ball. Does it’s velocity change or not? Explain.
Answer:
Velocity changes.
As the ant is moving on the surface of a ball, it has to go in circular motion.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion

Question 33.
Give an example of motion where there is a change only in speed but no change in direction of motion.
Answer:
Motion of a bus on the road.

9th Class Physical Science Textbook Page No. 13

Question 34.
What is the acceleration of a race car that moves at constant velocity of 300 km/h?
Answer:
Velocity = 300 km/h = \(300 \times \frac{5}{18}=\frac{500}{6}\) = 83.33 m/sec
As the velocity is constant, the acceleration is also constant.
∴ Acceleration = 83.33 m/sec².

Question 35.
Which has the greater acceleration, an airplane, that goes from 1000 km/h to 1005 km/h in 10s or a skateboard that goes from zero to 5km/h in 1 second?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 37

Question 36.
What is the deceleration of a vehicle moving in a straight line that changes its velocity from 100 km/h to a dead stop in 10 sec?
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 38

Question 37.
Correct your Mend who says “Acceleration gives an idea of how fast the position changes.”
Answer:
“Acceleration gives the idea of how fast the position changes in a given direction.”

9th Class Physical Science 1st Lesson Heat Activities

Activity 1 Distance and Displacement

Question 1.
Draw a graph showing the difference between distance and displacement.
Answer:

  • Take a ball and throw it into the air with some angle to the horizontal.
  • Observe its path and draw it on paper.
  • The figure shows the path taken by the ball.
  • The distance ASB gives the distance travelled by the ball.
  • The length of \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{AB}}\) gives the displacement of the ball.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 24

Displacement:
Displacement is the shortest distance between initial and final points in a specified direction represented by a vector.

Distance :
Distance is the length of the path traversed by an object in a given time interval.

Activitie – 2 Drawing displacement vectors

Question 2.
Draw displacement vectors from A to B in the following situations.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 25
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 26

Activitie – 3 Measuring the average speed

Question 3.
How can the average speed be measured?
Answer:

  1. Select two positions (say A and B) 50 meters apart in the ground.
  2. Ask some students to stand at point A.
  3. Ask another group of students with stop watches to stand at B.
  4. When you clap your hand, the students at A start running towards the point B in any direction or path.
  5. At the same time the students at B start their stop watches.
  6. Observe that for each runner there is a student at B to measure the time taken for completing the race.
  7. Note the time taken by each student to cover the distance between the points A and B in the table given below.
    Student Time taken to reach B (Sec.) Average speed (50 ft) m/s
    A1 t1 ………
    A2 t2 ………
    A3 t3 ………
  8. The student who took the least time to reach B (from A) is said to be the fastest runner.
  9. The student who is fastest runner has the greatest average speed.
  10. Thus we measure the average speed of any moving body.

Activity – 4 Observing the direction of motion of a body

Question 4.
Show that the direction of velocity is tangent to the path at a point of interest when a body is in uniform circular motion.
Answer:

  • Carefully whirl a small object on the end of the string in the horizontal plane.
  • Release the object while it is whirling on the string.
  • We observe that the body along the tangent at the point where we released the body.
  • Try to release the object at different points on the circle and observe the direction of motion of object after it has been released form the string.
  • We will notice that the object moves on a straight line along the tangent to the circle at the point where we released it.

Activity – 5 Understanding uniform motion

Question 5.
Describe uniform motion.
Answer:
1) Consider a cyclist moving on a straight road.
2) The distance covered by him with respect to time is given in the following table.

Time (t in seconds) Distance (s in meters)
0 0
1 4
2 8
3 12
4 16
– –

3) Draw distance vs time graph for the given values in the table.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 27
4) The graph will be as shown in the figure.
5) The straight line graph shows that the cyclist covers equal distances in equal inter¬vals of time.
6) If the direction of motion of the cyclist is assumed as constant, then we conclude that velocity is constant.
7) The motion of the body is said to be uniform when its velocity is constant.

Activity – 6 Observing the motion of a ball on an inclined plane

Question 6.
Describe an activity to explain the situation that “the speed changes but the direction of motion remains constant”.
Answer:
1) Set up an inclined plane as shown in the figure.
2) Take a ball and release it from the top of the inclined plane.
3) The positions of the ball at various times are shown in the figure given below.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 28
4) On close observation we find that when the ball moves down on the inclined plane, its speed increases gradually, and the direction of motion remains constant on inclined plane.
5) Now push the ball till it acquires certain speed and release it with that speed from the bottom of the inclined plane.
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 29
6) We observe that the ball moves upward to a certain distance and comes back to the bottom.
7) From this we conclude that the speed changes but the direction of motion remains constant.

Activity – 7 Observing uniform circular motion

Question 7.
Explain with an example where “speed remains constant, but its velocity changes”.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 30

  • Whirl continuously a stone which is tied to the end of the string.
  • Draw its path of motion and velocity vectors at different positions as shown in figure.
  • Assume that the speed of stone is constant.
  • We observe that the path of the stone is a circle, and the direction of velocity changes at every instant of time, but the speed is constant.
  • In this activity, we observe that though speed remains constant, its velocity changes.

Activity – 8 Observing the motion of an object thrown into air

Question 8.
Explain an activity to observe where speed and direction of motion change continuously.
Answer:
AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 31

  • Throw a stone into the air by making some angle with the horizontal.
  • The path of the stone and velocity vectors are as shown in the figure.
  • Here we observe that the speed of stone is not uniform as it traverses different distances at different intervals of time and finally comes to rest.
  • The direction of motion is also not constant, as shown by the velocity vectors.
  • In this activity, we noticed that the speed and direc¬tion of motion both change continuously.

Lab Activity

Question 9.
Describe an activity to find the acceleration and velocity of an object moving on inclined track.
Answer:
Aim : To find the acceleration and velocity of an object moving on an inclined track. Materials required: Glass marbles, book, digital clock, long plastic tubes and steel plate.
Procedure:

  • Take a long plastic U type flat electrical wire cassing channel of length nearly 200 cm. Use this channel as track.
  • Mark the readings in cm, along the track.
  • Place one end of the track on a book and the other end on the floor.
  • Keep a steel plate on the floor at the bottom of the track.
  • Consider the reading at the bottom of the track as zero.
  • Take a marble having enough size to travel in the track freely.
  • Now release the marble freely from a certain distance say 40 cm.
  • Start the digital clock when the marble is released.
  • It moves down on the track and strikes the steel plate.
  • Stop the digital clock when a sound is produced.
  • Repeat the same experiment for the same distance 2 to 3 times and note the values of times in the table.

AP Board 9th Class Physical Science Solutions Chapter 1 Motion 32

  • Repeat the same experiment or various distances.
  • Draw s -1 graph for above values.
  • Do the above experiment by various slopes of the track and find acceleration in each case.

Conclusions :

  1. As the slope increases, acceleration increases.
  2. When iron block is used, we obtain the same conclusion as above. (The numerical values are less than the numerical values when marble is used)

AP Board 7th Class Hindi Important Questions and Answers

by

Andhra Pradesh SCERT AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Hindi Chapter Wise Important Questions and Answers are part of AP Board 7th Class Textbook Solutions.

Students can also read AP Board 7th Class Hindi Solutions for exam preparation.

AP State Board Syllabus 7th Class Hindi Important Questions and Answers

AP 7th Class Hindi Important Questions and Answers New Syllabus

7th Class Hindi Important Questions Sem 1

AP 7th Class Hindi Important Questions Sem 2

AP 7th Class Hindi Chapter Wise Important Questions (Old Syllabus)